社科院考博英语历年真题必背固定搭配

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国社会科学院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Russia’s economy — until recently one of the fastest growing in Europe — is in dire straits. Traditional industries such as steel are hurting badly. The decade-long consumer boom has turned into a slump as unemployment soars. The government has cash to spend after years of sensible budget policies, but the central bank will be forced to keep interest rates high as long as inflation is stuck in double digits and trust in the ruble remains shaky.The reversal in Russia’s economic fortunes is particularly pain ful. Since 1998 — the year of Russia’s last financial crisis —the economy has expanded eight-fold. As oil prices rocketed, so did the country’s self-confidence. Not content with presiding over the economic boom, the President Vladimir Putin vowed to resto re his country’s great power status. Talks about a partnership with the West gave way to belligerent statements about a new Cold War. In the summer of 2008, Russian tanks trundled into Georgia. In early 2009, a dispute with neighboring Ukraine led Russia to cut off gas flows, leaving people in some European Union countries freezing and factories idle. Most Europeans want to see Russia stable and well-off. But they also believe that the economic crisis might bring opportunities for a political rapprochement. Some hope that the recession might just make the Russian leadership a little more humble or at least trigger reforms that would make it easier for the E. U. to strengthen trade and investment links.But while Russia’s relations with the U. S. have been th awing since Barack Obama took over the White House, E. U.-Russia relations remain frosty. Talks about a new bilateral treaty on political and economic cooperation have made little headway. Hopes for a free trade agreement between Brussels and Moscow have withered after Russia put its application for membership in the World Trade Organization on ice. E. U. -Russia energy cooperation remains stuck, which increases the risk of yet another gas crisis. Europeans have responded to Moscow’s ideas about constructin g a “new European security architecture” with a distinct lack of enthusiasm. Most importantly, perhaps, Russia is incensed about E. U. efforts to draw the countries that lie between the E. U. and Russia closer into its orbit. Russia has traditionally regarded Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova and other former Soviet states along its border as its “privileged sphere of influence”,in the words of President Dmitry Medvedev. The E. U.’s new “Eastern Partnership” initiative, launched in May, offers these countries econo mic integration and stronger political ties. Although the E. U. has shied away from talking about the prospect of membership,however distant, it hopes to help its eastern neighbors to become richer, more stable and more democratic. This would leave them better equipped to withstand Russian meddling and bullying.Moscow is particularly unhappy about the E. U.’s offer to include Belarus — traditionally a staunch Moscow ally —in the Eastern Partnership, albeit on the condition that Minsk improve its shoddy human-rights record. When the E. U. recently offered a multibillion-dollar loan to help modernize the Ukrainian pipeline system — conduit for 70% of Russian gas sales to Europe 一 Russian leaders were furious. Moscow has also tried to foil European attempts to build stronger energy links with Azerbaijan. Potential for conflict exists in Georgia, where E. U. observers are the only ones left after Russia force Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and United Nations’ monitors to leave Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Wary of ceding influence to Europe, the Russians have stepped up efforts to maintain their traditional fighting weight in the region. They have given large loans to neighbors hit by the economic crisis and sought to strengthen regional security and economic organizations that tie their neighbors closer to Moscow. They have also taken a more hands-on approach to “frozen conflicts” in Moldova and the Caucasus to keep neighboring governments on their toes.E. U. officials like to insist that its eastern policy does not clash with Russian interests in their common neighborhood. They have asked Russia to take part in some regional initiatives such as an effort to strengthen energy security. So far, though, Russia has refused to play ball. But the E. U. cannot simply pull back and allow Russia to dominate Eastern Europe. It must stick firmly to its objective of helping its neighbors to decide their own destiny. If Europe is to remain credible, there is no other course worth pursuing.1.Which of the following titles would best describe this article?2.Which of the following words best describes the tone of the passage?3.For the author, which of the following adjectives best describes President Putin’s attitude?4.What does the phrase “on their toes” m ean?5.For the author, which of the following should be considered a top priority to ensure peace and stability in Eastern Europe?问题1选项A.Europe and Russia’s Continental Rift.B.Russia’s Geopolitical Role.C.Financial and Economic Mayhem in Russia.D.Crisis Averted between Russia and E .U.问题2选项A.Argumentative.B.Satirical.C.Objective.D.Critical.问题3选项A.Diplomatic.B.Pugnacious.C.Pusillanimous.D.Infantile.问题4选项A.To render neighboring governments impotent.B.To weaken the resolve of the neighboring governments.C.To keep the neighboring governments on a state of constant alert.D.To gain the support of the neighboring governments.问题5选项A.The E.U. should acknowledge Russia’s pan European initiatives.B.Russia’s new se curity and energy initiatives will foster pan European cooperation.C.Russia must agree to promote bilateral, multilateral and regional economic cooperation.D.E.U. should acknowledge Russia’s pan European initiatives.B.Russia’s new security and energy initiatives will foster pan European cooperation.C.Russia must agree to promote bilateral, multilateral and regional economic cooperation.D.E.U. should acknowledge Russia’s pan European initiatives.B.Russia’s new security and energy initiatives will foster pan European cooperation.C.Russia must agree to promote bilateral, multilateral and regional economic cooperation.D.E.U. should acknowledge Russia’s pan European initiatives.B. Russia’s new security and energy initiatives will foster pan European cooperation.C. Russia must agree to promote bilateral, multilateral and regional economic cooperation.D.E.U. should acknowledge Russia’s pan European initiatives.B. Russia’s new security and energy initiatives will foster pan European cooperation.C. Russia must agree to promote bilateral, multilateral and regional economic cooperation.D. Bilateral contacts between Russia and individual E.U. member states reinforce rather than undermine common E .U. objectives.【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C【解析】第1题:1.主旨大意题。

社科院考博英语真题常用固定搭配：以S开头search for寻找;搜查;竭力想;苦想see about照料;安排;留意;查看see off送行see to it(that)注意做到;务必要;留心使…send for通知某人来;派人去请;请人送来;请人寄来sever the purpose适合目的;有用;有助于;解决问题set about着手(开始)做某事攻击，乱揍set back耽搁，延缓;推迟;使退步;阻碍;(把钟)往回拨set fire/light to放火引燃;纵火/点火see free放走;释放set off出发;开始(追跑);燃放(鞭炮);引起;触发;装饰，衬得好看set out着手做某事;装饰;整理;出发，动身;陈述;阐述set up树立;建起;安装;成立;修建;恢复疲劳，休养好settle down坐下来;安居下来;安家;安定下来;冷静下来;降临short of不足;缺乏show off卖弄;夸示;显眼;炫耀;展示;(在…衬托下)显得好看show up出现;露面;显露暴露，揭露;表现出shut down关闭;停业shut up使住口;闭嘴;禁闭;关在里面sit back放松，休息sit by袖手旁观sit for(准备)参加(考试)sit in旁听，参加;列席;出席;代理sit out耐心听完;耐心看完sit/stay up(late)坐起来;端坐;熬夜/晚睡;熬夜slow down/up变缓;减速;慢下来;减弱活力;放松/慢下来，放慢速度so to say/speak可以这么说;打个比方说;可以说(是)speed up加速;加快;催促;加紧stand for代表;表示;主张;支持;拥护;容忍;允许stand out(显得)突出，鲜明;顶得住;抗得住stick it out坚持到底;顶下去;忍耐到底stick out突出;伸出;显眼stick to坚持;遵守;信守;不走题;坚定信赖…still less何况;更不用说stir up掀起;搅起;煽动;激励;唤起subject to有…的倾向;易遭;易患;受制于;根据…succeed in做成(某事);成功succumb to屈服于;死于suffer from患(病);受…之苦sum up总结;概括;总计;概述要点superior/inferior to好于;优于;高于/不及…;劣于;次于本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

1. Keep up with2. Catch up with 赶上3. Come up with 提出4. End up with 以…告终5. Put up with 忍受6. Make up for 补偿/填补7. Live up to 不辜负8. Turn up出现9. Turn down 减少、拒绝10. Turn over 翻转11. Turn in 上缴12. Have access to sth使用，接近，可以利用13. Be used to doing sth 习惯于14. Look forward to doing sth/sth期待，展望15. Get down to sth。

静下心16. Lead to/contribute to…/attribute to…17. Be superior to 优于18. Be inferior to 次于，劣于19. Be senior to 较…年长20. Be junior to 较…年幼21. Prior to sth。

在…之前，先于22. Range from… to…23. Be busy in 忙于做某事24. Be busy doing sth25. Can’t help doing26. Feel like doing 欲于做某事27. Have a good time (in )28. Havedifficulty( trouble) (in)29. Spend/waste time(in)30. It’s no use doing sth无济于事31.There’s no point in32. In the way在路上/bythe way顺便说一句/ in no way决不33. It’s thefirst/second time that34. Catch sb doing sth 撞见，突然碰上35. Call off=cancel36. Have an influence onsth/sb37. Impose sth on/upon sb。

中科院考博英语历年真题必背固定搭配in question讨论中的;谈及的;争论中的in/with respect of/to关于in return回报;付给in search of寻找;搜寻;查究in secret/private/public私下;暗地/不公开;私下;秘密地/当众;公开地in short/brief/sum简言之;总之in spite of虽然;不管;不顾;纵使in support of维护…;支持…;证实…in that因为in/under the circumstances在这种情况下;考虑到这种情况in the course of在…期间;在…的过程中in the end最后;最终;结果;终归in the face of面临;不顾(反对等)in the first place起初;首先;早先(not)in the least/the least bit一点(也不);丝毫(不);(常用于强调否定)in the long/short run结果;最后/暂时：目前in the name of在…的名下;以…的名义;为…的缘故in no/good time立刻;马上，一转眼工夫;迅速地;恰好in vain徒劳;无益in view of鉴于;考虑到independent of独立于…之外;不依赖…的;不受…支配的inform of告诉;报告;通知insist(on/upon)坚决主张;坚决要求;坚持认为;定要;坚持要instead of代替;而不是interfere with干涉;干预;妨碍;干扰;影响involve in涉及;卷入;陷入;使进入;使连累join in参加;加入jump to a conclusion草率决定;贸然断定keep down控制，限制，;低下;蹲下;躺下;压住;压制;镇压;忍住了呕吐;缩减keep from隐瞒，瞒住;避开;使免于keep off驱散;避开;防止，挡住;不接近keep on继续…;不停地…keep to恪守;遵守;遵循;按…办;坚持(做)keep to the(a)minimum控制到最低限度;尽可能短(少)keep under control控制(监视等)keep up(with)跟上;赶上;保持;不落在后面;及时了解(情况)knock down拆除;拆卸;打倒，撞倒;使减价knock off下班，停止工作;减低，扣掉;匆忙做完(写完)knock out敲出;击倒;击昏;使失效;匆匆做好;(药物)使入睡knock over打翻know of/about知道;听说lack of不够;不足;没有laugh off一笑置之;把…当儿戏lay down放下;放弃(想法态度等);拟订(计划等);兴建;规定;制定lay off暂时解雇;休息;休养lay out展开;铺开;摆开;说明，表达(想法等);设计;布置;准备人殓lead the way向导;领路;引路lead to领;带;导向;通向;通往;导致;造成leak out走漏(消息等);(水，煤气等)泄露lean on对…施加压力;讹诈;逼迫;倚靠;依靠leave behind抛弃;忘记带;把…拉下;落后leave out遗漏;省去;删去;不考虑lead to把…借给;把钱贷给;使…增添了…,使…有了let alone更不用说;更别提let down使(人)失望;放下;放(长)衣服;不支持let off免除;放过;放掉(气);放(枪);引爆(炸弹);准许…暂时停止工作let out释放;放走;放(水，气);出租(房屋);把(衣服)放大level off/out稳定;持平;整平;弄平;水平飞行line up排队;列队;整顿;排列整齐;排成行;安排妥当;与…站在一起live on/by继续活着;靠…生活;以食…为生/按照或遵循…(准则)而生活;靠…过活live through渡过;熬过live up to配得上。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国社会科学院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Legally,the term refers to “any substance, with [A]intended use, which results or may reasonably expected to result—directly or indirectly—[B]from its becoming a component or [C]otherwise affecting the characteristics of any food” . This definition include s any substance used in the production, processing, [D]treatment, packaging, transportation orstorage of food.问题1选项A.intendedB.fromC.otherwise affectingD.treatment【答案】D【解析】考查语义。

D选项treatment“处理，待遇”与其前面的processing“加工”在词义上是重复的，应删除。

2.单选题Alternatively, it can be presented by a careful arrangement of objective facts, where psychological development is described purely in terms of behavior, and where the reader’s subjective response is elicited by the minute descriptions of physical reality, as in the greatest Chinese novels like The Dream of the Red Chamber, which convinces the reader that through the novel he is seeing reality itself rather than an artfully contrived semblance of reality.问题1选项A.appearanceB.criticismC.occurrenceD.contrast【答案】A【解析】句中引用了红楼梦，说到它让读者相信自己通过小说看到的是现实本身，划线部分是对比，而不是现实的……。

2021 年考博英语完形填空固定搭配【五篇】above all首要，尤其be absorbed in心于by accident 偶然account for 明on account of 因，因take ⋯into account 考be accustomed to 于add up to 合，in addition 另外in addition to 除⋯⋯之外in advance提前，先take advantage of利用ahead of在⋯⋯前面，先于in the air在流行中，在播中after all于，竟，然all but几乎，差一点，除⋯⋯之外其余都all over普及，到all right行，能at all完全，根本in all 共，共make allowances for 考，及，体in alliance with 与⋯⋯盟leave ⋯a lone 听其自然，不要去管let alone 更不用along with 与⋯⋯一起one after another一个接一个one another互相apart from除去as for至于，就⋯⋯方面as if好似，仿佛as though好似，仿佛as to至于，关于as well也，一aside from除⋯⋯之外ask for求，要求pay attention to 注意on the average 平均，一般来right away立即，上back and forth来回，往返，来来往往地back off放，步，退却back up支持，援助【第二篇】on the basis of根据，在⋯⋯的基上because of因，因on behalf of 代表，了at the best 充其量，至多do / try one ’s best 尽力，努力get the best ofmake the best of 充分利用，妥善理for the better 好，改善get the better of 打，智had better是，on board在船/机上be bound to必定，一定break away脱离，逃跑break down坏，分解，瓦解break in行入，入，打断break into入break out突，爆break through突破break up止，束，打碎catch one ’s breath屏息out of breath喘不过气来，上气不接下气in brief简来说之bring about 带来，造成bring down 降( 价); 把( 某物，某人) 抬下 ( 楼、山 ); 挫伤bring forth 产生，提出bring forward 提出bring out使出现，公布bring to使恢复知觉bring up教育，培养，使成长build up积累，树立，逐步建立in bulk散装，大批burn out烧掉burn up烧完，烧尽call for邀请，要求，需要call forth唤起，引起call off放弃，取消call on / upon访问，拜访call up召集，发动care for照顾，关心take care小心，留神take care of照顾，照料，负责carry off夺去carry on继续下去，坚持下去carry out贯彻，执行，实现in any case无论如何，总之in case假设，万一in no case决不catch on理解，明白catch up with追上，赶上，by chance偶然，碰巧take a chance 冒险一试in charge of 负责，主管take charge of 担任，负责check in办理登记手续check out结帐后离开check upon校对，检查cheer up使快乐，使振奋，快乐起来around / round the clock一齐，一致，共同clear away扫除，收拾clear up整理，收拾，去除，澄清around /round the clock昼夜不停地come off，成功，奏效come on ，来吧，展come out 出版，出，露，局是come round / around来，醒come through，脱【第三篇】come to ，到达come true，到达come up 走近，生come up to 到达，符合come up with 提出，提供in common 共同，共有keep company with 与⋯⋯交往，与⋯⋯伴compare ⋯ to / with 把⋯⋯比作by compare 比起来be concerned with 就⋯⋯来be concerned with 关心in conclusion 最后，之on the condition that 在⋯⋯条件下in connection with / to 关于in consequence 所以，果in consequence of因⋯⋯的故on the contrary 反之，正相反in contrast to 与⋯⋯相反out of control 失去控制under control 被控制住at all costs不惜任何代价，无如何at the cost of以⋯⋯代价count on依靠，指望count up把⋯⋯相加in the course of在⋯⋯程中，在⋯⋯期of course当然cover up掩，掩盖cross out去，取消on cue恰好在个候take one ’s cue from学⋯⋯的，听⋯⋯的告cut across走捷径，抄近路cut back削减，降低cut down削减，减少cut in插嘴，打断cut out 除cut short 突然停止in danger在危中out of danger 脱离危out of date 期to date到当前止up to date新的a great deal of大量的，很多的in debt欠，欠情take delight in以⋯⋯derive from出，由⋯⋯来in detail的die down逐步消失，平息die off相死去die out消失，be on a diet 食make a difference 有影响in the distance 在do away with 除，去掉have nothing to do with 和⋯⋯毫无关系have something to do with 和⋯⋯相关系no doubt 无疑，必定draw up 画出，草dress up穿上盛装，打扮的漂漂亮亮drop by顺便来访drop off减弱，减少drop out退出，离队due to因为，因为off duty下班on duty值班，上班【第四篇】dwell on凝思，详述each other互相on earth究竟，到底;在世界上bring into effect 使生效put into effect 实行，生效in effect有效，实际上take effect 生效，起作用in the end 最后，终于in essence 大体上，本质上at all events 无论如何in any event 无论如何in the event of万一，如果发生for ever永远for example例如with the exception of除⋯⋯之外in excess of 超feed in 入be fed up with 感到feel like 欲，想要a few有些，几个quite a few有相当数目的fill in /out 填充，填写find out 明catch fire 着火set fire to 点燃on fire 着at first 最初，首先first of all 首先as follows 如下make a fool of 玩弄，愚弄on foot 步行in force 有效，施中and so forth等等set free放make friends交朋友be friends with⋯⋯友好to and fro 来来回回in front of 在⋯⋯面前make fun of 取消，嘲弄in the future 今后，将来in general 通常，大体上get along with展，相融洽get away逃脱，离开get down to开始，着手get in入，收，收集get into入，陷入get off离开，身，开始get out of逃避，改掉get over克服get better of 占上，get through 束，完成get together 集合，聚集get up起床，增加give away泄漏，分送give back送，恢复give in投降，屈服give off放出，放give out分，放出give up停止，放弃give way to⋯⋯ 路，被⋯⋯替代go after追求go ahead 开始，前go along with陪同前往，随行go by去go for支持，go into入，研究，go off爆炸，射，身，离开go on ，生go over，复，重温【第五篇】go through，受，go with伴随，与⋯⋯as good as和⋯⋯几乎一，上等于good for永久的good for有效，适用take⋯for granted想当然，理所当然on guard警惕，防范in half一半at hand在附近，即将到来hand down 流下来，hand in交上，交hand in hand手拉着手，合hand on 下来，依次hand out分，散hand over交出，移交in hand在控制中on the other hand另一方面hang about，徘徊hang about下去，等一下hang up 挂断 ()happen to碰巧，偶然hardly any几乎没有，几乎什么也不hardly⋯when一⋯⋯就⋯⋯have on 穿着，戴着head for向，走向lose one ’s head 不知所措at heart上learn by heat 住，背heat and soul 全心全意lose heart 失勇气，失去信心can’t help 禁不住，不得不help oneself 自取所需get hold of 抓住，掌握hold back踌躇，退，阻止，抑制hold on，握住不放hold on to抓住，持hold up起，承，阻at home 在家，在国外，自在，自如home and abroad 国内外in honor of念，向⋯⋯表示敬意on one ’s honor以名誉担保how about如何，怎hundreds of数以百，很多hunger for渴望hurry up赶快，迅速完成in a hurry匆忙地，急于if only要是⋯⋯多好improve on改for instance例如instead of 代替，而不是at intervals 不时，时时by oneself 单独，单身in itself 本身。

考博英语中使用率较高的固定搭配总结1. out of one’s mind 疯了;发疯;精神不正常;失去理智2. be unworthy of 不值得3. be suitable for 适合于…的4. soak up 汲取(知识等)5. be responsible to 对…负责6. strive to 努力做某事7. at the rear of 在…的后面8. be named after 以…名字命名9. be pleased to 乐意做某事10. used to be 过去曾经是11. bachelor’s degree 学士学位12. be involved in 被卷入……中;涉及到……13. be trapped in 被困在14. fail to 未能15. be guilty of 犯有…罪16. have difficulty doing 做某事有困难17. more or less 或多或少18. draw conclusion from 从…得出结论19. be noted for 以…而闻名20. up-to-date 最新的21. refrain from 克制;抑制;忍住22. afford to (有条件)做;能承担23. have ... in common 有共同之处24. wind its way to 蜿蜒而行25. speed up 加速;使加速26. by any means 无论如何27. be strict with 对…要求严格28. pull through 渡过难关29. place emphasis on 重视;强调30. give top priority to 优先考虑31. be addicted to 对…上瘾;沉溺于32. have no sense of 不知道33. run away from 逃跑，逃离;从…逃出34. bring ...to an end 使结束35. be bound to 必然36. bring about 引起37. break down 瓦解38. a scarcity of 缺乏，缺少39. be bored with 对…感到厌烦40. blame for 责备，责怪41. hold back 抑制; 控制42. to what extent 在何种程度上43. in accordance with 依照;与…一致44. be bent on 专心致力于45. accommodate with 向…供应;提供46. turn out to be 结果是;原来是47. take part in 参加，参与48. pick up 开走，取(车)49. try out 试验50. tidy up 收拾，整理51. sort out 分类，整理52. figure out 想出53. devote…to 把…用于54. talk someone out of 说服某人不做某事55. keep one’s distance from 与…保持一定距离56. burn down 烧毁57. blow up 爆炸58. close down (工厂、企业等)停业;关闭59. major in 主修60. secondary education 中等教育61. find out 弄清62. provide easy access to 提供通往…的便捷途径63. opposite to 与…相反64. to the minimum 至最低限度65. on the site 现场66. a couple of 几个67. lie in 在于68. deal with 处理69. tend to 倾向于70. bring in 请来，带来71. set up 建立72. be confined to 仅限于73. compete with 与…一较高下74. add to 增加75. specialize in 专门研究…76. attach importance to 予以重视77. participate in 参与78. be impressed with 对…印象深刻79. square with 与…协调或一致80. go wrong with 出毛病81. third-party insurance 第三方责任保险82. value-added tax 增值税83. make a hasty decision 做出草率的决定84. take advantage of 利用85. on bad terms with 与…关系不好86. admit to 承认87. break with 和…决裂，和…断绝关系88. focus on 关注于89. be capable of 能够90. interpersonal relationship 人际关系91. broaden the scope (of knowledge) 扩展(知识的)范围92. liberate sb. from the burden 让某人从负担中解脱93. be essential to 对…是必不可少的94. warn against 警告不要(做…)95. push…into 使陷入96. be faced with 面对97. meet the needs of 满足…的需求98. make a fuss about 小题大做99. be tolerant of 对…宽容，能够容忍…100. civil servant 公务员101. get a degree (in administration) 取得(管理学的)学位102. share one’s viewpoint 同意某人的观点103. leave sb. alone 让…一个人呆着，不打扰某人104. give up 放弃105. reflect on 反思，回顾106. write down 记下来，写下来107. arouse the interest 激起兴趣108. serve as 充当…，起…作用109. be suitable for 适合于…110. build up 建立111. up-to-date information 最新信息112. find an ideal solution to 找到对…理想的解决办法113. join hands with 与…携手联合114. result in 导致，结果是115. on one’s own 靠自己116. in case 免得，以防117. be admitted to 加入; 获准做某事118. be concerned about 关心，担忧，挂念119. rely on 依靠，依赖120. appeal for 要求;呼吁121. sooner or later 迟早，早晚122. be opposed to 反对…;与…相对123. be sympathetic with 对…同情124. might as well 倒不如;不妨…;还是…的好125. get rid of 摆脱126. find fault with 挑剔;批评;抱怨127. in consultation with 经与…磋商128. bring into full play 尽情发挥129. leave a ... impression on 留下一个...印象130. make a bargain with 和…做交易131. brush up on 温习;重温，复习，重新练习(本领、技巧以免荒疏)132. apply for 申请133. be aware of 知道;意识到;察觉到;认识到134. file against对……提出诉讼135. pass away 去世136. lack in 缺少于137. have an impact on 对…有影响138. go into shock 休克139. lend out 借出140. be capable of 能够141. inform of 通知;报告142. evolve from 由…进化143. by the time 等到;到…的时候144. attract one’s attention to 引起注意145. do a disservice 帮倒忙146. get through 接通电话147. be flooded with 挤满，充满148. stay away from 离…远点;避开149. lay the foundation of 打下……的基础;奠定了……的基础。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国社会科学院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题It was （）the last time around the track （）I really kicked it in—passing the gossiping girlfriends, blocking out the whistles of boys who had already completed their run and now were hanging out on the grassy hill, I ran---pushing hard, breathing shallowly, knowing full well that I was going to have to hear about it from my disapproving friends for the next few days.问题1选项A.not until...whenB.not until...thatC.until...whenD.until...that【答案】B【解析】由选项及题干可知本题考查“not…until…”强调句型“It is/was not until … that…”，因此B选项符合题意。

2.单选题According to the Koran, it was on a Tuesday that Allah created darkness. Last September 11, when suicide pilots were crashing commercial airliners into crowded American buildings, I did not have to look to the calendar to see what day it was: Dark Tuesday was casting its long shadow across Manhattan and along the Potomac River. I was also not surprised that despite the seven or so trillion dollars that we have spent since 1950 on what is euphemistically called “defense,” th ere would have been no advance warning from the FBI or CIA or Defense Intelligence Agency.While the Bushites have been eagerly preparing for the last war but two—missiles from North Korea, clearly marked with flags, would rain down on Portland, Oregon, only to be intercepted by our missile-shield balloons—the foxy Osama bin Laden knew that all he needed for his holy war on the infidel were fliers willing to kill themselves along with those random passengers who happened to be aboard hijacked airliners.For several decades there has been an unrelenting demonization of the Muslim world in the American media. Since I am a loyal American, I am not supposed to tell you why this has taken place, but then it is not usual for us to examine why anything happens; we simply accuse others of motiveless malignity. “We are good,” G.W. proclaims, “They are evil,” which wraps that one up in a neat package. Later, Bush himself put, as it were, the bow on the package in an address to a joint session of Congress where he shared with them—as well as with the rest of us some-where over the Beltway—his profound knowledge of Islam's wiles and ways: “They hate what they see right here in this Chamber.” I suspect a million Americans nodded sadly in front of their TV sets. “Their lead ers are self-appointed. They hate our freedoms, our freedom of religion, our freedom of speech, our freedom to vote and assemble and disagree with each other.” At this plangent moment what American's gorge did not rise like a Florida chad to the bait?A member of the Pentagon Junta, Rumsfeld, a skilled stand-up comic, daily made fun of a large group of “journalists” on prime-time TV. At great, and often amusing, length, Rummy tells us nothing about our losses and their losses. He did seem to believe that the sentimental Osama was holed up in a cave on the Pakistan border instead of settled in a palace in Indonesia or Malaysia, two densely populated countries where he is admired and we are not. In any case, never before in our long history of undeclared unconstitutional wars have we, the American people, been treated with such impish disdain—so many irrelevant spear carriers to be highly taxed (those of us who are not rich) and occasionally invited to participate in the odd rigged poll.The Bush administration, though eerily inept in all but its principal task, which is to exempt the rich from taxes, has casually torn up most of the treaties to which civilized nations subscribe—like the Kyoto Accords or the nuclear missile agreement with Russia. The Bushites go about their relentless plundering of the Treasury and now, thanks to Osama, Social Security (a supposedly untouchable trust fund), which, like Lucky Strike green, has gone to a war currently costing us $3 billion a month. They have also allowed the FBI and CIA either to run amok or not budge at all, leaving us, the very first “indispensable” and—at popular request—last global empire, rather like the Wizard of Oz doing his odd pretend-magic tricks while hoping not to be found out. Meanwhile, G.W. booms, “Ei ther you are with us or you are with the Terrorists.” That's known as asking for it.1.The author believes that America's defense spending （）.2.The author uses the term “rigged poll” to（）.3.In the essay, President George W Bush's use of dichotomy is portrayed as（）.4.The use of the term “Pentagon junta” indicates the author's belief that（）.5.When the author mentions the Tresury, Social Security, the FBI, and the CIA, he intends to highlight the fact that（）.问题1选项A.a.protects the national securityB.is good for humanityC.primarily fights terrorD.is a misnomer问题2选项A.cast doubt upon the voting processB.refer to public opinion pollsC.remind the reader of political corruptionD.add humor to an otherwise serious article问题3选项A.jingoistic and rationalB.misleading and simplisticC.well-considered and politically expedientD.effective rhetoric that will stand the test of time问题4选项A.the Pentagon has transformed into a populist political machineB.the leaders of America's military establishment were overrepresented in Bush's White HouseC.the military-industrial complex has taken control of America's political processD.journalists have not been able to get solid information from the Bush administration问题5选项A.war-related expenses are like magic tricksB.America is spending harmful amounts of money on “security”C.it is difficult to fund the American empireD.America's empire is not popular, but it may be necessary to maintain “security”.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:B【解析】第1题:1.推理判断题。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国社会科学院考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题It was （）the last time around the track （）I really kicked it in—passing the gossiping girlfriends, blocking out the whistles of boys who had already completed their run and now were hanging out on the grassy hill, I ran---pushing hard, breathing shallowly, knowing full well that I was going to have to hear about it from my disapproving friends for the next few days.问题1选项A.not until...whenB.not until...thatC.until...whenD.until...that【答案】B【解析】由选项及题干可知本题考查“not…until…”强调句型“It is/was not until … that…”，因此B选项符合题意。

2.单选题Government policymakers should consider （）benefit coverage for temporary employees, promoting pay equity between temporary and permanent workers, assisting labor unions in organizing temporary workers, and（） firms to assign temporary jobs primarily to employees who explicitly indicate that preference.问题1选项A.to mandate ...to encourageB.to mandate... encouragingC.mandating ...to encourageD.mandating…encouraging【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。

历年英语试卷中常见的实用词组1 a host of 大量2 a test for检测目的3 a test on对……进行测试4 a test with检测手段5 above all 最重要的;6 according to根据7 achieve equilibrium取得平衡8 achieve one’s purpose达到目的9 achieve success 获得成功10 achieve victory获得胜利11 act on 遵照┄行动，作用于；12 act on对…有影响13 add up to 总计，合计14 add…to 把…加到….15 adhere to 坚持，奉行；16 after all 毕竟，均不合题意；17 agree on对……取得一致意见18 agree to同意19 agree with sb.同意某人的话20 along with 和┄一道,和┄一起;21 alternate (with)交替；22 amount to 合计,共计;23 an equal to与……相当的人/物，(地位)相同的人24 and yet然而25 anything but 一点也不；26 anything like像……那样的东西27 anywhere near接近于28 apart form除……之外尚有29 apply to 向……申请，适用于30 appreciation of对……的欣赏/赞赏31 argue against 反对32 as a result of作为……的结果，由于33 as a result（作为结果，因此）表结果，用不用逗号隔开看情况而定；34 as a whole 作为一个整体，整个看来35 as far as …/are concerned就……而言36 as for至于，就…方面说37 as if好像，仿佛38 as soon as一~就~39 as though好像，仿佛40 as to 至于，关于；41 as well也，一样42 as yet迄今，到目前为止43 aside from 除┄之外;44 associate …with…由……联想到……，把……联系起来45 association with与……的交往46 at a disadvantage处于不利地位47 at a loss不知所措48 at a time每次，一次49 at all 丝毫,根本;50 at any moment即使，随时。

社科院博士生初试考试英语试题及答案细节决定成败，学习重在积累，面对日益严峻的竞争环境，越来越多的在职人员纷纷加入到考博的进修行列中，社会科学院的博士生考试英语试题历来以超难著称，下面我领略一下吧!自2015年起社科院博士生英语考试开始启用如下考题类型，下面我们一起来看看社科院的博士生初试考试英语个性考题吧~试卷第三部分(包括阅读7 选5、概要)，请考生直接写在英语试题答题纸上的指定位置，不再提供额外的答题纸。

PART III: Reading and Writing 10 Section A (10 points) Directions: Some sentences have been removed in the following text. Choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the blanks. There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the blanks.(1) __________________ Player 1 may not know these particular words of wisdom, but chances are she’s thinking much the same as she tries to decide whether to send Player 2 some of her $10 stake. If she does, the money will be tripled, and her anonymous partner can choose to return none, some, or all of the cash. But why should Player 2 send anything back? And why should Player 1 give anything in the first place? Despite the iron logic of this argument, she types in her command to send some money. A few moments later she smiles, seeing from her screen that Player 2 has returned a tidy sum that leaves them both showing a net profit.(2) ___________________ Based on exactly the same cold logic that Player 1 dismissed, the so-called Nash equilibrium predicts that in economic transactions between strangers, where one has to make decisions based on a forecast of another’s response, the optimal level of trust is zero. Yet despite the economicorthodoxy, the behavior of Players 1 and 2 is not exceptional. In fact, over the course of hundreds of such trials, it turns out that about half of Player 1s send some money, and three- quarters of Player 2s who receive it send some back.Zak is a leading protagonist in the relatively new field of neuroeconomics, which aims to understand human social interactions through every level from synapse to society. It is a hugely ambitious undertaking. By laying bare the mysteries of such nebulous human attributes as trust, neuroeconomists hope to transform our self- understanding. (3) _________________ “ As we learn more about the remarkable internal order of the mind, we will also understand far more deeply the social mind and therefore the external order of personal exchange, and the extend ed order of exchange through markets.”(4) __________________ As Zak’s collaborator Steve Knack of the World Bank points out: “Trust is one of the most powerful factors affecting a country’s economic health. Where trust is low, individuals and organizations are more wary about engaging in financial transactions, which tends to depress the national economy.”And trust levels differ greatly between nations. The World Values Survey, based at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, has asked people in countries around the world, “Do you think strangers can generally be trusted?” the positive response rate varies from about 65% in Norway to about 5% in Brazil. (5) __________________ “Policy-makers in these latter countries might be urgently interested in mechanisms that enable them to raise national trust levels,” observes Knack.A. Even more intriguingly, it seems that this urge to respond positively when someone shows trust in us is largely outside ourcontrol.B. Crucially for international economic development, what is true for individuals turns out also to be true for nations.C. Disturbingly, countries where trust is lower than a critical level of about 30%—as is the case in much of South America and Africa – risk falling into a permanent suspicion- locked poverty trap.D. “It’s good to trust; it’s better not to,” goes an Italian proverb.E. They believe their findings even have the potential to help make societies more productive 11 and successful.F. He points out that our brains have been tailored by evolution to cope with group living.G. This outcome doesn’t just flout proverbial wisdom, it thumbs its nose at economic theory.Section B (10 points) Directions: Write a 100—120-word summary of the article in this part.。

2012年中国社会科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Grammar 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and V ocabulary1．But two hurdles stand in the way of Russia’s realizing its space dreams: a collapsing public-education system and a brain drain that for decades has been siphoning off the country’s highly trained engineers as they move to better-paying jobs in the West.A．obstaclesB．propheciesC．hasslesD．outcomes正确答案：A解析：A项意为“障碍”；B项意为“预言”；C项意为“激战”；D项意为“结果”。

句子中画线单词hurdles意为“篱笆，障碍”，因此，A选项符合题意。

2．Its subject is “life-as-spectacle”, for readers, diverted by its various incidents, observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without: the tragic Iliad, however, presents “life-as-experience”: readers are, asked to identify with the mind of Achilles, whose motivations render him a not particularly likeable hero.A．insideB．outsideC．lackingD．surrounding正确答案：B解析：A项意为“内部”；B项意为“外部，外界”；C项意为”缺乏”；D 项意为“周围的，附近的”。

社科院考博英语真题常用词汇短语back up支持;倒退be bent on(upon)一心想做(某事)be better of处境更好;情况转好be bound to肯定，注定;一定要;决心be composed of由...组成be concerned with关于...，与...有关;参与...be determined to坚定;坚决;决心be fed up with/about对...厌烦了;讨厌be fit for适合be inclined to倾向于...;想要be obliged to(do)被迫，不得不be obliged to感谢be related to与...相关的，同...有亲戚关系be/get tired/sick of对...失去兴趣;厌烦be/get used/accustomed to习惯于bear/keep in mind记住;牢记bear on/upon对...施加压力;与...有关;对...有影响before long很快;不久以后blow out(使火)熄灭;(轮胎)爆裂blow up炸毁;充气;放大(照片);勃然大怒boil/narrow down(to)压缩成;归结为;简化为...break down(机器)发生故障;(计划，谈判等)失败;分析;分解;破除;战胜;(感情)失控，(身体)垮了break in闯入;打断;训练;使驯服;使习惯于break into闯入;打断;突然开始...;突然...起来break out突然暴发;逃脱break through突破;冲破;克服;挤过break up使粉碎;弄破;解散;结束;解体解散;中断;终止;(学校)放假使苦恼;恳(地)bring down使垮台;失败;击落，打下;降低(物价，温度等)bring forward把...提前;提议;建议;(会计)把(账目)结转到(次页) bring in带来;引进;提出;挣得(报酬等);生产，产生;收获;(陪审团)下(判决)bring out出版;上演;显露出;现出;使人有勇气开口bring up抚养，教育;提出(问题等);呕吐bring/come/put/carry into effect开始生效;实行build up积累;聚集;增进(健康);增强(体格);确立(信誉);吹捧burn down烧光;把...烧成平地burst out/into突然发生;突然...起来，怒放but for除...以外;如果没有by accident/chance(纯粹)偶然地;碰巧;无意by all means务必，一定，千方百计by no means决不，一点，也不by and large大体上;基本上;总的说来by for更加...得多;尤其;最...by means/way of用;以;依靠(某种方法，工具，工艺等)/作为;当作;经由by reason of因为;由于by the way顺便说一句by virtue of因;靠;由于;借助于call for去接人;取(物件);要求;提倡call off宣告终止;取消;(使注意力)转移开;放弃call on/upon指名要(某人)去干(某事);请求;号召;动用call up打电话;召集，召唤;征召(服役);使人回忆起;从计算机中调出(资料)calm/cool down平静下来;使(人)冷静下来capable of(人)敢于;能...的;易于做出...的;(事)能...的;易...的care for/about照顾;关照;喜欢;喜爱/关心;在意carry away使激动得失去控制，使入迷，使倾倒carry back(to)使回忆起carry forward发扬;推进;转入下一页下期等carry off夺走，诱拐;夺去...生命;获得(奖品等)carry on继续;喧闹，起哄;从事;处理;经营;开展carry out完成;落实;贯彻;实现;执行carry through贯彻到底;度过难关;支持到底cast doubt(on)使人怀疑change for the better/worse改进;改善;好转/恶化;每况愈下change/speak one''s mind改变决定或主意/直抒己见charge(sb.)with使负...罪名;托付，使负担check in/out签到;报到;办理(住宿，乘机等)手续;退房登记;办清手续后离开;检查，核对check up体格检查;核对，检查clean up扫除，清洗干净;收拾干净;搬空;肃清;扫除;clear away消除;收拾clear up整理;解决，澄清，说明白;转晴;变好close up关闭;阻塞;(人)互相靠紧;(伤口)愈合come about发生，(风等)改变方向come across(无意中)碰到，找到，想到come along/on来呀;赶快;一道来;赞成;进步/赶快;登台;(病,痛苦)加重，加深;来临;接着开始come back回到原来的(地方，话题等);突然想起;重新流行;恢复，复原，复苏;复辟come down下降，跌价come down to归根结底;实质上是;实际意味着come in到来，出现;进入;兴起;到成熟期;上台执政;其作用come/get/keep in(to)contact/touch与...联系，接触;交往come off松开;脱落;剥落;(如期)发生;实现;奉行;应验come out现出，露出;出版;发行;结果是...;取得(第...名);罢工;解答出来;消失褪去;源于;来自;发表，讲出come(a)round来访;转而同意某看法;恢复知觉;苏醒come to(a standstill/an end/light/no harm/the rescue of)苏醒过来;恢复知觉(停止/结束/发现;显露/无害;无碍/营救;救援) come up with/to提出;赶上;达到...标准;到达;不辜负(众望)compete with/against同...竞争;与...相匹敌;竞赛;竞争complain about/of抱怨;叫屈;申诉;投诉/自诉有...病痛concern about关心;担心count on指望;期待(某人)相助critical of对...持批评态度的;对...苛求的cross out删除;划掉cut down削减;减少;砍伐cut off切断;截止;中断供应(疾病等)使(人)死亡;叫(人)闭口无言cut out割掉;删去;戒掉;省掉cut short剪短;削短;(突然)中止;打断;缩短;从简本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国社会科学院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题An important consequence arises because the social security program is purely pay-as-you-go financed,（）most pension plans,at least in the private sector, are fully funded. Thus, greater contracting-out implies greater prefunding of pension commitments.问题1选项A.whereasB.becauseC.so thatD.therefore【答案】A【解析】考查逻辑关系。

空格前句意：社会保障项目是量入为出提供资金的。

空格后句意：大多数养老计划是全额提供资金。

两句间形成转折关系。

四个选项中只有A选项whereas表示转折，因此A选项正确。

2.单选题What are [A]the qualities that a person needs in order to make a great speech? There is an old Chinese saying [B]that goes, “a man is good because of his mouth, and a horse is good because of its legs.” Humans [C]have ability to communicate through speech, and in speech we have a special opportunity [D]to make impact.问题1选项A.the qualitiesB.that goesC.have abilityD.to make impact【答案】D【解析】考查固定用法。

中国社会科学院研究生院2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷英语（B卷）2017年3月11日8:30–11:30答题说明1.请考生按照答题卡的要求填写相关内容。

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PART I:Cloze(20points)Directions:Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank.During the mid–1980s,my family and I spent a__(1)__year in the historic town of St. Andrews,paring life there with life in America,we were impressed by a__(2)__ disconnection between national wealth and well-being.To most Americans,Scottish life would have seemed__(3)__.Incomes were about half that in the U.S.Among families in the Kingdom of Fife surrounding St.Andrews,44percent did not own a car,and we never met a family that owned two.Central heating in this place__(4)__south of Iceland was,at that time,still a luxury.In hundreds of conversations during our year there and during three half summer stays since,we ___(5)___notice that,___(6)___their simpler living,the Scots appeared___(7)___joyful than Americans.We heard complaints about Margaret Thatcher,but never about being underpaid or unable to afford wants.Within any country,such as our own,are rich people happier?In poor countries,being relatively well off does make__(8)__somewhat better well off.But in affluent countries,where nearly everyone can afford life’s necessities,increasing affluence matters__(9)__little.In the U.S.,Canada,and Europe,the correlation between income and happiness is,as University of Michigan researcher noted in a1980s16–nation study,“virtually__(10)__”.Happiness is lower __(11)__the very poor.But once comfortable,more money provides diminishing returns.Even very rich people are only slightly happier than average.With net worth all___(12)___ $100million,providing___(13)___money to buy things they don’t need and hardly care about,4 in5of the49people responding to survey agreed that“Money can increase or decrease happiness, depending on how it is used”.And some were indeed unhappy.One fabulously__(14)__man said he could never remember being happy.One woman reported that money__(15)__misery caused by her children’s’problems.At the other end of life’s circumstances are most victims of disabling tragedies.Yet,remarkably, most eventually recover a near-normal level of day-to-day happiness.Thus,university students who must cope with disabilities are__(16)__able-bodied students to report themselves happy,and their friends agree with their self-perceptions.We have__(17)__the American dream of achieved wealth and well-being by comparing rich and unrich countries,and rich and unrich people.That leaves the final question:Over time,does happiness rise with affluence?Typically not.Lottery winners appear to gain but a temporary jolt of joy from their winnings. On a small scale,a jump in our income can boost our morale,for a while.But in the long run, neither an ice cream cone nor a new car nor becoming rich and famous produces the same feelings of delight that it initially___(18)___.Happiness is not the result of being rich,but a__(19)__ consequence of having recently become richer.Wealth,it therefore seems,is like health:Although its utter absence can breed misery,having it does not guarantee happiness.Happiness is__(20)__a matter of getting what we want than of wanting what we have.1. a.underpaid b.prosperous c.affluent d.sabbatical2. a.assumed b.seeming c.seemed d.seemly3. a.precarious b.imprudent c.spartan d.gallant4. a.not far b.as far as c.far from d.far to5. a.virtually b.remarkably c.ideally d.repeatedly6. a.forasmuch b.despite c.considering d.inasmuch7. a.no less b.less c.more d.no more8. a.for b.up c.out d.over9. a.scarely b.intentionally c.surprisingly d.provisionally10.a.diminishing b.negligible c.tripled d.perceivable11.a.in b.on c.upon d.among12.a.exceeded b.exceeding c.excess d.excessive13.a.utter b.messy c.greedy d.ample14.a.prosperous b.triumphant c.jubilant d.victorious15.a.could undo b.could intensifyc.could not undod.could not intensify16.a.as plausible as b.not as plausible asc.as likely asd.not as likely as17.a.ventilated b.deliberated c.speculated d.scrutinized18.a.does b.did c.has done d.is19.a.new b.favorite c.temporary d.normal20.a.more b.less c.better d.worsePART II:Reading Comprehension(30points)Directions:Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. Passage1In the1960s and’70s of the last unlamented century,there was a New York television producer named David Susskind.He was commercially successful;he was also,surprisingly,a man of strong political views which he knew how to present so tactfully that networks were often unaware of just what he was getting away with on their—our—air.Politically,he liked to get strong-minded guests to sit with him at a round table in a ratty building at the corner of Broadway and42nd Street.Sooner or later,just about everyone of interest appeared on his program.Needless to say,he also had time for Vivien Leigh to discuss her recent divorce from Laurence Olivier,which summoned forth the mysterious cry from the former Scarlett O’Hara,“I am deeply sorry for any woman who was not married to Larry Olivier.”Since this took in several billion ladies(not to mention those gentlemen who might have offered to fill,as it were,the breach),Leigh caused a proper stir,as did the ballerina Alicia Markova,who gently assured us that“a Markova comes only once every hundred years or so.”I suspect it was the dim lighting on the set that invited such naked truths.David watched his pennies.I don’t recall how,or when,we began our“States of the Union”programs.But we did them year after year.I would follow whoever happened to be president,and I’d correct his“real”State of the Union with one of my own,improvising from questions that David would prepare.I was a political pundit because in a1960race for the House of Representatives(upstate New York), I got more votes than the head of the ticket,JFK;in1962,I turned down the Democratic nomination for U.S.Senate on the sensible ground that it was not winnable;I also had a pretty good memory in those days,now a-jangle with warning bells as I try to recall the national debt or,more poignantly,where I last saw my glasses.I’ve just come across my“State of the Union”as of1972.In1972,I begin:“According to the polls,our second principal concern today is the breakdown of law and order.”(What,I wonder,was the first?Let’s hope it was the pointless,seven-year—at that point—war in Southeast Asia.)I noted that to those die-hard conservatives,“law and order”is usually a code phrase meaning“get the blacks.”While,to what anorexic,vacant-eyed blonde women on TV now describe as the“liberal elite,”we were pushing the careful—that is,slow—elimination of poverty.But then,I say very mildly,we have only one political party in the United States,the Property Party,with two right wings,Republican and Democrat.Since I tended to speak to conservative audiences in such civilized places as Medford,Oregon;Parkersburg,West Virginia;and Longview,Washington,there are,predictably,a few gasps at this rejection of so much received opinion.There are also quite a few nods from interested citizens who find it difficult at election time to tell the parties apart.Was it in pristine Medford that I actually saw the nodding Ralph Nader whom I was,to his horror,to run for president that year in Esquire?Inspired by the nods,I start to geld the lily,as the late Sam Goldwyn used to say.The Republicans are often more doctrinaire than the Democrats,who are willing to make small—very small—adjustments where the poor and black are concerned while giving aid and comfort to the anti-imperialists.Comprehension Questions:21.We may understand Alicia Markova to be______________.a.A current popular figure in the United Statesb.A much sought-after interview subjectc.A popular,rather than intellectual,interview subjectd.A Russian defector to the United States22.In the passage,the author reminds the reader that the broadcast bands are______________.e.invariably used for the public good b.private,rather than public,propertyc.public,rather than private,propertyd.fair and balanced23.The author now finds it difficult to______________.a.run for Senateb.differentiate between a Republican and a Democratc.remember details or informationd.identify code-words in the media24.The author observes that anti-crime initiatives by America’s political right often either result inor are based upon______________.a.the desire to eliminate povertyb.protection of propertyc.the State of the Uniond.profiling.25.The author was invited to participate in Suskind’s television programs because______________.a.of his varied political experiencef.he turned down the Democratic nomination for U.S.Senateg.his knowledge of Larry Olivierh.his status as an anti-imperialistPassage2Chicag’s segregation of minorities is as old as the city itself.The African-American neighborhoods of today’s South and West sides are located in exactly the same parts of the city as the African-American neighborhoods of1910.And from1930to today,these African America neighborhoods have been represented in Congress and in the state house by African-American politicians,who have done very little(other than pass Federal benefit programs)to lift African-Americans out of poverty.In the2000Census,for example,of the ten poorest census tracts in the entire United States,nine were located in the South and West Side African-American areas ruled by African-American congressmen Bobby Rush and Jesse Jackson Jr.The concept of Western Imperial Colonialism is very popular in the literature of racial exploitation.The continent of Africa was divided up into“colonies”by the major European Imperial powers in a very short period of time:just seven years,from1885to1892.Previously,Britain had seized vast territories belonging to other cultures for hundreds of years.But in20th century America a new type of colony was invented:American urban colonies in the large metropolitan areas from the Midwest and Northeast to Los Angeles.These were made possible by the Great Migration of African-Americans from the South to the North,which began during WWI.As they moved north,African-Americans were immediately confined to ghettoes defined by racial boundaries.No one doubts that this segregation was done intentionally.But it’s important to realize that this segregation was not created by the racist attitudes of the residents of Chicago(Chicago never had slaves)but by the ruling political elite.As soon as the African-American population of Chicago began to expand,the Great Depression hit and put many persons out of work.FDR’s response to this was to create the New Deal programs of welfare,food assistance,and subsidized housing.While this greatly helped unemployed persons of all races,for African-Americans it began the ghettoization of their people into what can only be called urban colonies in the large cities of the north.The pattern seen in the 20largest cities of the United States from1920to2010is remarkably consistent.In192019of the twenty largest cities were all located in the North.All of these nineteen cities were from92.5%to 99%white.The one exception was Baltimore,MD and that was85%white.It had a slightly larger black population only because it was a port of entry for the slave trade.Similarly,all of these cities saw great increases in their black populations starting in1920.By1990these cities were from26to 76%black.These cities did not lose whites because African-Americans moved in.Rather,it is more accurate to say that Americans are a highly migratory group,and the big cities were ports of entry for European immigrants.So as whites left,politicians wanted to maintain their population numbers. By the2010Census the cities with the highest black populations were Detroit,MI,which was83% black,and Newark,NJ which was52%.(Sources:Census paper No.76and Census2010Quick facts).And since in all the major industrial cities of the North,the destinations of job-seeking African-American migrants were controlled by Democrats,it is overwhelmingly clear that these great pockets of urban poverty were created and maintained by that one political party.Tragically all of these cities have very high rates of segregation,poor education for African-Americans;high unemployment,single motherhood,and crime.In Chicago,“negro wards”as they were then called, were quickly drawn up:their boundaries reflected(and promoted)the racial segregation of the time. Their political representatives were African-American,and they were expected to deliver votes tothe Democratic Party.Most Americans don’t know that Chicago is the center for black politics. Furthermore,since Lincoln freed the slaves,African-Americans in Chicago voted for Republicans, until a Democratic Mayor,Anton Cermak,took over;fired all the thousands of African-Americans who Republicans had given city government jobs,and took over the black vote.Since that time Chicago's African-Americans have been represented exclusively by black politicians,and always lived in poverty.What made the black submachine of Chicago possible was that Chicago already had in place a Democratic Machine.Exploitation is promulgated by urban Democrats as a way to manipulate residents and keep themselves in power.What makes the American Urban Colonialism plan so revolutionary and ingenious is that it does not rely on agreements with foreign governments; the market price of iron ore,or cotton for profits;but on Federal benefit programs.These program dollars are infinitely more reliable and politically stable.Comprehension Questions:26.According to the essay,American cities lost white residents due to______________.a.white voter’s minority rule in the Republican partyb.the influx of European immigrantsc.the migratory nature of Americansd.ghettoization by African-Americans27.The essays convincingly demonstrates that_______________.a.power is more important than peopleb.white Americans are essentially racistc.the Civil War was fought for nothingd.slave trade determined the fate of ethnic minorities in American cities28.The Democratic Machine in Chicago provides incentives in the form of_______________.a.segregation of minoritiesb.high unemployment,single motherhood,and crimec.federal benefit programsd.negro wards29.Obama moved to Chicago because________________.a.the black submachine already had in place a Democratic Machineb.Chicago is the center for black politicsc.the Great Migration of directed African-Americans from the South to the Northd.Chicago is the most segregated city in America30.According to the author,American urban colonialism is the result of_______________.a.the ghettoization of African-American people in American citiesb.the segregation of minoritiesc.the political clientelism of the black submachined.western imperial colonialism in AfricaPassage3It is a well-known hypothesis that newborns can immediately identify the smell of their mother’s amniotic fluid;other than this one potential exception,taste in fragrance can be thought of as nurtured in totality by experience and influence.There is,of course,an argument that nature intervenes to temper a subject’s agency by inducing unfavorable reactions to harmful and poisonous materials that causes a negative olfactory association,for example,the smell of rotten food becoming linked to the experience of food poisoning.However,in most cases the process of deciding bad from good smells is controlled by societal(parental)censorship and its converse—public appreciation.This logic is akin to the French philosopher Louis Althusser’s theory of interpellation in relation to subjectivity and identity-making.For Althusser,human subjectivity (arguably comparable to consciousness itself)is a type of ideology.In Althusser’s view it is impossible to avoid the ideology of subjectivity and for this reason subjects are‘always already interpellated’,even before they are born.Althusser’s philosophy essentially argues that one cannot see oneself outside of ideology and one’s identity is formed by mirroring oneself in the ideology already present.In relation to(olfactory)taste-making,this is significant as taste can be thought of as a subset of subjectivity and therefore choosing a fragrance is an interpellating activity that paradoxically both affirms and displaces a subject’s sense of free agency.The hail comes from marketing and emotive retail experiences;the ideology that of personal enhancement;the moment of interpellation taking place at the point of sale.There are,in my opinion,pertinent links to be made between interpellation and the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan’s work on the mirror stage in infants.This is described by Lacan as the moment when a child sees themselves for the first time in a(conceptual)mirror,recognizes themselves as the image in the mirror,and dissociates the belief in a fragmented body with a visual wholeness threatened by literal and metaphorical fragmentation(of their own body/of the replication of their body in the mirror),resulting in a tension between the physical body and the imaged body.It is also the moment when the child is able to apperceive—the concept of seeing oneself outside of oneself as an object.In an attempt to alleviate this tension, Lacan argues that the child then fully identifies itself with the image,and as a result the Ego is formed through visual means,resulting in a temporary cognitive jubilation in the baby’s apparent mastery over its own image.As Althusser,Lacan sees the ideology of subjectivity as a prerequisite of a developed consciousness.Once this has happened,further understanding of self-presentation and self-fashioning can begin that govern one’s own identity-formation for the rest of life.Although babies are aware of the fragrance stimuli around them at a young age,including the peculiarities of smells produced by them,I would argue that the moment of what I term mature olfactory apperception happens much later than other forms of practical self-awareness and tends to occur around puberty when issues of olfactory urgency arise around bodily changes.I am arguing that the recognition of one’s own scent in a conceptual olfactory mirror at that moment in life gives rise to a strong sense of olfactory hierarchy and cements involuntary links between ideology and perfume.It is no coincidence then that so many fragrance-lovers comment that their interest developed around their teens.To explicate the term further,it can be reasoned that recognition of the difference between personal and external smells in babies in relation to subjectivity is fairly limited,just as is the understanding of the imaged self before the mirror stage.However,given that Lacan argues that the Ego is initially formed through cognitive contradictions in image,the sense of sight is given immediate priority over the other senses,as the baby comprehends the significance of its own bodily image through its presence in social situations.However,the significance of its own smellsis not a subject treated with as much codified authority and therefore little olfactory context is given to the subject.As one approaches puberty and begins to apperceive the idea of a personal whole scent as opposed to a fragmented olfactory reality scent is suddenly put into an important,codified, and relevant context—a context of‘them,me,dirty,clean,sexual’.This is the moment of mature olfactory apperception.Comprehension Questions:31.With the possible exception of an infant’s ability to identify the smell of the amniotic fluid,tastein fragrance is_________________.a.naturalb.artificialc.objectived.subjective32.Mature olfactory apperception is achieved at the moment of_________________.a.pubertyb.fully developed consciousness of one’s own scentc.full comprehension of the significance of one’s own bodily imaged.a visual wholeness threatened by literal and metaphorical fragmentation33.Personal style and choice of a fragrance can be seen as__________________.a.codified authorityb.a conceptual olfactory mirrorc.a subset of subjectivityd.a fragmented olfactory reality34.Apperception can be defined as the induction of the self as__________________.a.an objectb.a subjectc.an imaged.an ego35.According to the author,a teenager’s choice of perfume__________________.a.depends on him/herselfb.is conditioned by ideologyc.is decided by a codified authority.d.is decided by commercePassage4A Cyborg Manifesto is an essay written by Donna Haraway,in which the concept of the cyborg is a rejection of rigid boundaries,notably those separating“human”from“animal”and “human”from“machine”.She writes:“The cyborg does not dream of community on the model of the organic family,this time without the oedipal project.The cyborg would not recognize the Garden of Eden;it is not made of mud and cannot dream of returning to dust.”The Manifesto criticizes traditional notions of feminism,particularly feminist focuses on identity politics,and encouraging instead coalition through affinity.She uses the metaphor of a cyborg to urge feminists to move beyond the limitations of traditional gender,feminism,and politics.Marisa Olson summarized Haraway’s thoughts as a belief that there is no distinction between natural life and artificial man-made machines.Haraway begins the Manifesto by explaining three boundary breakdowns since the20th Century that have allowed for her hybrid,cyborg myth:the breakdown of boundaries between human and animal,animal-human and machine,and physical and non-physical.Evolution has blurred the lines between human and animal;20th Century machines have made ambiguous the lines between natural and artificial;and microelectronics and the politicalinvisibility of cyborgs have confused the lines of physicality.Haraway highlights the problematic use and justification of Western traditions like patriarchy,colonialism,essentialism,and naturalism (among others).These traditions in turn allow for the problematic formations of taxonomies and what Haraway explains as antagonistic dualisms that order Western discourse.These dualisms, Haraway states,have all been systematic to the logics and practices of domination of women, people of color,nature,workers,animals...all those constituted as others.However,high-tech culture provides a challenge to these antagonistic dualisms.Haraway’s cyborg theory rejects the notions of essentialism,proposing instead a chimeric,monstrous world of fusions between animal and machine.Cyborg theory relies on writing as“the technology of cyborgs”,as“cyborg politics is the struggle for language and the struggle against perfect communication,against the one code that translates all meaning perfectly,the central dogma of phallogocentrism”.Instead,Haraway’s cyborg calls for a non-essentialized,material-semiotic metaphor capable of uniting diffuse political coalitions along the lines of affinity rather than identity.Following Lacanian feminists such as Luce Irigaray,Haraway’s work addresses the chasm between feminist discourses and the dominant language of Western patriarchy.As Haraway explains,“grammar is politics by other means,”and effective politics require speaking in the language of domination.As she details in a chart of the paradigmatic shifts from modern to postmodern epistemology within the Manifesto,the unified human subject of identity has shifted to the hybridized posthuman of technoscience,from “representation”to“simulation,”“bourgeois novel”to“science fiction,”“reproduction”to “replication,”and“white capitalist patriarchy”to“informatics of domination.”While Haraway’s “ironic dream of a common language”is inspired by Irigaray’s argument for a discourse other than patriarchy,she rejects Irigaray’s essentializing construction of woman-as-not-male to argue for a linguistic community of situated,partial knowledges in which no one is innocent.Although Haraway's metaphor of the cyborg has been labelled as a post-gender statement,Haraway has clarified her stance on post-genderism in recent interviews.She acknowledges that her argument in the Manifesto seeks to challenge the necessity for categorization of gender,but does not correlate this argument to post-genderism.She clarifies this distinction because post-genderism is often associated with the discourse of the utopian concept of being beyond masculinity and femininity. Haraway notes that gender constructs are still prevalent and meaningful,but are troublesome and should therefore be eliminated as categories for identity.Comprehension Questions:36.According to the text,a cybernetic organism or cyborg must be understood as________________.a.a gender-neutral constructb.a robotc.a posthuman speculative beingd.neither organic nor inorganic37.Haraway poses that gender constructs should be eliminated as categories for identity because________________.a.the paradigmatic shifts from modern to postmodern epistemologyb.post-genderism is often associated with the discourse of the utopian conceptc.they pose an antagonistic dualismd.they pose a non-essential,material-semiotic metaphor38.According to Haraway manicheisms are in competition with one another,creating paradoxicalrelations of domination,particularly________________.a.God/manb.right/wrongc.self/otherd.one/other39.The cyborg is a________________.a.metaphorb.mechanical productc.animistic conceptanic hybrid40.A sonographic fetus would in many ways be the ultimate cyborg because_______________.a.it is“created”in a space of virtualityb.it is neither male nor femalec.it is simultaneously human and animald.it is politically invisible请将以下题目的答案填写在答题纸上。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国社会科学院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题It is believed that dictionaries are highest authority [A]in matter of meaning and usage.[B]Few people ask [C]by what authority the dictionaries say what they say. Now let us see how dictionaries are made. But what follows [D]applies only to those offices where firsthand, original research goes on.问题1选项A.in matter ofB.Few peopleC.by whatD.applies【答案】A【解析】考查名词用法。

A选项中的matter做名词时是可数名词，它后面有meaning和usage两个名词，因此matter应改为matters。

2.单选题In addition to curricula, programs, and comprehensive support services, schools（） sexist bias, harassment, and violence, so a number of school districts and states are currently adopting sexual harassment policies.问题1选项A.have to make a final stand forB.must make an unequivocal stand againstC.have to adopt a firm stand toD.must keep an unambiguous stand over【答案】B【解析】考查情态动词与词组辨析。

社科院考博英语历年真题必背固定搭配do away with除去;废除;干掉;杀死do/try one’s best/utmost努力;尽力而为do/go without没有也行do wrong/justice(to)对待(某人)不公平;冤枉某人/逼真;出色;处置公道;公正对待draw back退回，往后退;不履行draw in拉入，吸人;(火车，汽车)进站，到达;吸收参加;(日子)逐渐变短;收(网);紧缩开支draw on接近;靠近;临近;利用;依赖;凭借;(紧身衣物)穿，戴draw out取出;拔出;(火车，汽车)缓缓开出;(白天)逐渐变长;拉长，延长;拟订draw up起草;拟订;(使车、马)停下dress up化装;装饰;打扮drop in(over)顺访;串门drop off睡着;(客人)一个个地散去;(兴趣等)减弱drop out逃(学);离队出走dry up干瘪;干涸;(思路等)枯竭engage in从事;进行equal to相等;相同;敌得过;担得起;胜任even if/though即使;甚至every other每隔…一(天、周等);所有其他except for/that除…之外;只是fall back(on)撤退;退缩(求助于;投靠;转而依靠)fall behind落后;被甩在后面，拖欠fall on/upon碰到，看到;降临;落到;袭击;适逢(日期)fall out(头发，牙齿)脱落;掉;掉下来;掉队;(队伍)原地解散;不和;吵翻了fall through落空;失败famous for以…著称，闻名;驰名far from远离，远非;根本谈不上;决不是;差得远feel like想做(某事);感到像是…的样子fill in填写;填充;填满;对…提供最新情况;fill out/up填写;长丰满，长胖;变粗装满;填写;充满;占掉(地方或时间)find fault(with)找…岔子;挑剔find out发现;找出;弄清楚;认识到;查明follow up继而进行…;追踪，跟踪fond of爱好;喜欢for all(that)尽管;如此,还是for ever/good永久;永远for/in fear(of)唯恐;以免为…而担心for the sake of为了;为了…的好处，利益free of/from不受…影响的;摆脱了…的from time(door/side)to time(door/side)时时;不定期地(挨家挨户/左右摇摆;晃动)get across(使人)了解;讲清楚get/go ahead赶过;胜过;有进展/开始;进行中;继续下去;走在前面，先走get around/round(to)克服(困难);避开;(消息)传开;(终于有时间)做某事get at够得着;拿得到;弄清，了解;意指，暗示get away(with)逃脱;逃跑get/learn by heart牢记，熟记;背得出get down(to)(使人)不快;沮丧;写下;咽下(to)开始认真做…get even(with)报复，和…算账get/take/catch hold of弄到手;掌握;了解;知道(去向)get in the way妨碍，阻碍get off(with)下车;出发;离去;不涉足，避开;脱下(衣服等);使免遭处罚get on(with)相处;继续做;进行下去;顺利发展;上车;穿(衣);上年纪get out/into离去;逃走;退出;出去;取出;拿出;拨出;出版;谈话吃力;(消息)走漏;泄露/进入;穿上;成癖;陷于;研究;从事于;变成get over越过;恢复;完成，结束;克服(困难);解决难题get rid of除去;丢弃;扔掉;摆脱;消灭get the better胜过，超过;占上风;左右;支配get through完成;到达;渡过;用光;(使人)明白;通过;接通(电话)get together集会;聚会get up起床;站起;举办;安排;化装;打扮get up to到达;赶上give away背弃;出卖;泄露;散掉,给掉(钱财)give in/way(to)屈服;让步;递交;交上;让位于，转变为;听任支配give out分发;分配;失灵;报废;用尽;耗光give rise to引发;导致;产生given that只要是，考虑到;假定，已知go after寻找;追求go by通过;经过;依照…行事;根据…的说法go down去某地;下去;跪下;咽下;(日)落;(船)沉;病倒;垮台;(计算机)停机(故障)go down with为…所接受，为…所相信，为…所心服go for去(做某事);去请，去找，去拿;想要，愿做，喜欢;可应用于;赞成;被认为go in for从事;参加(考试;竞赛);喜欢上(业余爱好)go into调查;研究加入;从事;投入;进人…状态;撞车go off离开;消失;昏过去;睡着;爆炸;爆发出;开始;(食品)变质;进行go out出去;熄灭;公布，发表;过时，不再流行go over越，渡，转向;仔细检查;仔细推敲go through遭遇;经历;熬过;用光(钱);获准，通过go up升高;提高;涨高;增长;盖起;建造起;被烧(炸)毁;(舞台幕布)拉起go with连带;带有;伴随;与…匹配;同…协调grow away from与…疏远起来grow from由…长大，由…发展起来grow in在…方面成长;增加(力量等)grow into成长为,发展为grow on使越来越感兴趣，渐渐成为习惯;加深对…的影响grow out of由…产生;长高大了(衣服等)穿不上;抛弃;戒除(恶习)grow up长大成人;成长;发展hand down(财产，技术或知识)往下传,传给(后人)hand in交进来(去);交上去;递交;面呈hand out派送;分发;(乱)给(批评，处分，忠告等)hand over/on to捐赠;移交;让与;将…移交给;交出;将…送交，依次传递hang about/around闲逛;转悠;观望/闲逛;缠(人);与…泡在一起hang back畏缩不前;迟疑(不肯做某事)hang behind迟迟不离开，落在后面hang on/to稍等;坚持住;赖着不走;抱(推，抓)住不放hang out晾衣服;居住，呆(在某处);停留hang together团结合作，互相支持;一致，不矛盾hang up挂起来;挂上话筒;耽搁，搁置have/give access to得以进入;可以接近have/give an/the advantage over比…占上风;有利/优于…have to do with与…有关系hit on/upon无意中找到;偶然想出hold back犹豫(该不该做某事);阻止;阻碍;隐瞒;忍住hold in抑制(情绪等)，控制住hold on(to)坚持下去;等一等;别挂电话hold on to抓住不放hold out坚持要求;坚持到底;守住;提出;伸出;主张;坚持;维持hold out for坚持(得到…)而不肯妥协hold together(合在)一起;团结在一起hold up举起;托住;支撑;使停滞;耽搁;提出;阻挡;列举，推举;(理论等)经得住hunt for搜索;探求hurry up赶快;快点if only只要;哪怕;要是…就好了;真希望in a sense/way在某种意义上;有一点儿/在某些方面;有几分;稍微in a word总而言之;一言以蔽之in accordance with照;根据;与…一致;合乎in addition(to)加之;另外;除…之外又in advance(of)比…先进;提前;提早;预先;事先;在…之前in any case/event而且;总之;无论如何;好歹in case(of)如果;万一;倘;以便;以防;以备;如有in charge of主持;领导;主管…的;照看…的in common(with)共同;相通;与…同样in conclusion最后;总之in confidence私下里;秘密地;暗中in conflict(with)和…矛盾;和…发生冲突;与…相抵触in connection with关于…;与…有关;有联系in consequence(of)因此;结果;…结果;因为…的缘故in/by contrast/comparison to/with与…对比;对照;和…大不相同/和…比起来;与相比in debt负债;欠钱in defense保卫;保护in detail详细;详尽in disguise伪装;乔装;假装;隐瞒;掩饰;假象;貌似in exchange for交换;调换in favor(of)支持;赞成;对…有利;偏向in force/effect有效;生效;在实施中在有效期中/实际上;事实上有效;生效;在实施中in front of在…的正对面;在…前边;对面;当…的面in general/particular总之;大体上;一般;普遍/尤其;特别in honor of向…表示尊敬;为祝贺…in(the)light of考虑到;依照;根据in line排队;排列;同意;准备就绪;按顺序;受约束in control由…控制;管理in office执政;在位in/within sight看得见;在眼前;在望;不远了in a way有点;稍微;在某种意义上in a big/small way大/小规模地in memory of为纪念…in need/want of需要;急需in order(that/to)以便;为了in other words换句话说;换言之in place of代替;而不是;更换;顶替in progress在进行中;尚未完工in proportion(to/with)和…成比例;和…相关;和…相比本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国社会科学院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The founders, as was the case of almost all their successors, were long on exhortation and rhetoric regarding the value of civic education, but they left it to the textbook writers to distill the essence of those values for school children.问题1选项A.infuseB.disseminateC.extractD.demonstrate【答案】C【解析】划线词的宾语是the essence of those values for school children，从那些价值观中……本质。

A选项infuse“灌输；浸渍”；B选项disseminate“宣传；散步”；C选项extract“提取；提炼”；D选项demonstrate“证明；展示”。

联系句意可知“从那些价值观中提取本质”逻辑通顺，因此C选项符合题意。

2.单选题Unless the announced sale could be explained to the public on grounds other than anticipated future losses, the value of the stock would plummet and, like the old-time capitalists, major investors could cut their losses only by helping to restore their companies’ productivity.问题1选项A.enhanceB.maximizeC.restoreD.plunge【答案】D【解析】句意：除非宣布的出售能够以预期未来亏损以外的理由向公众解释，否则该公司股票的价值将……，而且与过去的资本家一样，主要投资者只有帮助恢复公司的生产率，才能减少亏损。