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英汉互译中的语义比较摘要：英语和汉语这两种语言分别隶属于世界两大语系。
从其形态上看两者没有相似之处，但从语义上有其异同性。
英语和汉语有很多同义词，众多专家和学者在英汉互译方面做了大量研究，但这一类研究大多是从文化背景和文化差异方面入手的。
作者运用义素分析法与语义比较对英汉语义进行微观层次的分析并以此指导翻译实践。
关键词：英汉互译语义比较义素分析一、引言语言是社会的产物，是一种音译结合的符号系统，为人类进行沟通交际所服务。
汉语属于汉藏语系，汉语族；英语属于印欧语系，日耳曼语族，西日耳曼语支。
对这两种分别隶属于世界两大板块的语言来说，两者在其形态上没有相似之处，更找不到两者间语音上的对立规律（外来借词除外），但从语义上有其相似性。
同义词的存在在英语和汉语中屡见不鲜，众多专家和学者也在英汉互译方面做了大量研究，这一类研究大多是从文化背景和文化差异方面入手的，成果丰富。
语言学规律告诉我们，在同一种语言范围内寻找概念完全对等的词是非常困难的。
而在两种语言之间，寻找概念完全相同的词，更是难上加难。
英汉两种语言在词义界定上虽有大量相似之处，但存在更多的是差异。
所以，只有准确把握英汉语义上的异同性，才能在翻译中最大限度地忠于原文。
语义学是研究语言意义的科学，是语言学的重要分支，其研究范围除语言学外，还涉及哲学、社会学、文学等多个学科，是一门跨学科的学问。
本文主要运用义素分析法与语义比较对英汉语义进行微观层次的分析，分析难免带有主观色彩，没有音位分析那样精确、系统，仍有不完善之处，但我认为，要比较英语和汉语的关系，从语义上入手，则更具有现实意义。
二、语义比较（一）对英汉义素的分析比较hjelmslev和jakonbson借鉴音位学中的区别性特征（distinctive feature）理论，提出了义素（sememe）的概念，指出可以将语义成分，即义素作为语义学中说明词汇结构的最基本、最小的单位。
义素是词义的最小语义构成成分，又叫做语义特征。
![[教育]英汉互译-语义翻译](https://uimg.taocdn.com/2b28a55b0b4e767f5acfceb6.webp)
第一节汉译英第一步：不用看全文，而是直接看需要翻译的句子。
如果句中出现了模糊不清的信息或者不认识的单词需要通过上下文的信息加以辨认和推测，则需要把句子回归原文。
『例』Environments where passive smoking is unavoidable make it difficult to lead a health y life. 第二步：找出句子的主干结构，即句子的主谓宾或主系表。
『例』Environments where passive smoking is unavoidable make it difficult to lead a health y life.『解析』划线句子的主干应当是 Environments make it difficult to lead a healthy life. it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的不定式to lead a healthy life。
翻译：环境使得（人们）很难健康地生活。
第三步：把一些局部的、修饰的信息，即定语、主语、补语以及同位语翻译出来，放在合适的位置。
『例』Environments (where passive smoking is unavoidable) make it difficult to lead a healt hy life.『解析』enviroments后面有一个where引导的限制性定语从句对其进行修饰，然后再把它翻译出来修饰“enviroments”：被动吸烟不可避免的环境使得（人们）很难健康地生活。
第四步：把原文的句子全部抛开，看中文翻译如何用中文表达流畅就怎样表达。
对上面的译文进一步修饰后，进行润色：在被动吸烟不可避免的环境下，人们很难以健康的生活方式来生活。
三、测试重点英译汉的过程中普遍存在的问题有如下几种，这也是英译汉的测试重点和考试重点：（1）句子中有的单词不认识，影响了句子的连贯性。
翻译练习第一部分句子翻译1. 选词(1) In every Chinese city, we got into the streets, shops, parks, theatres, and restaurants.(2) The levels of voltage, current, and power are, on their own, not sufficient for demarcation.(3) Mr. Collins seemed likely to sink into insignificance; to the young ladies he certainly was nothing.(4) As he said this, she could easily see that he had no doubt of a favorable answer. He spoke of apprehension and anxiety, but his countenance expressed real security.(5) I was in several minds how to dress myself on the important day, being divided between my desire to appear to advantage, and my apprehensions of putting on anything that might impair my severely practical character in the eyes of the Misses Spenlow.(6) She watched him grow and develop day by day and it was a never-ending wonder as he began to walk and talk and reason.(7) Sorrow came -- a gentle sorrow -- but not at all in the shape of any disagreeable consciousness -- Miss Taylor married. It was Miss Taylor's loss which first brought grief. It was on the wedding-day of this beloved friend that Emma first sat in mournful thought of any continuance.(8) Della finished her cry and attended to her cheeks with the powder rag.(9) Twenty dollars a week doesn't go far. Expenses had been greater than she had calculated.(10) Don't expect comfort. You've just got to be thankful if we get a bed to sleep on and a roof over our heads.(11) In practice, the selected interval thickness is usually a compromise between the need for a thin interval to maximize the resolution and a thick interval to minimize error.(12) Among the most productive contributions the broader international community can now make to rebuilding economic strength in East Asia is to assist these countries to develop their economic and financial policy, management and governance capacities.(13) When the history of the Nixon Administration finally written, the chances are that his Chinese policy will stand out as a model of common sense and good diplomacy.(14) The issue of insanity as a defense in criminal cases is at the interface of medicine, law and ethics.(15) I think your suggestion will work.(16) The frontier forces had to operate against the invaders.(17) The simplest way to succeed in business is to buy low and sell high.(18) We express our gratitude for the outstanding and challenging speech of Mr. Smith.(19) As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication from his employees.(20) The show ran 120 performances.(21) 如在解释上遇有分歧，应以英文本为准。
1.The merger raises a number of issues which will need to be addressed as a matter of urgency and in a manner which is fair to employees of both companies.A.这次合并引出了很多亟需处理的问题，处理这些问题时需要以一种对两家公司雇员都公平的方式进行。
B.这次合并使一定数量的问题上升为亟需处理的问题，只有解决这些问题才能保证对两家公司都公平。
C.这次合并中有很多问题上升为亟需解决的问题，在解决这些问题时要保证对两家公司都不失公平。
D.这次合并引出了一定数量的亟需处理的问题，在处理时需以一种对两家公司的雇员都公平的方式进行。
2.It is desirable for a teacher to have a genuine capacity to understand the minds and feelings of children, since most teachers are school'teachers.A.自从大多数老师到学校工作以后，他们就觉得培养孩子的能力、努力去理解孩子的思想和情感是每一个老师的欲望。
B.既然大多数老师都在学校工作，因此老师应具备真正的理解孩子们的思想和情感的能力。
C.自从大多数老师到学校工作以后，一个老师最好具有真正的理解力和孩子般的情感。
D.既然大多数老师都在学校工作，因此一个老师应既有真正的能力，又能理解孩子们的思想和情感。
3.Many of the world's languages are disappearing as modern communications, migration（人口迁移）and population growth end the isolation of ethnic groups. At least half the world's 6, 000 languages will likely die out in the next century and only 5 percent of languages are safe, meaning they are spoken by at least l million people and receive state backing, experts say.答案解析：1.【答案】A【难点分析】本句结构的主干不难找到，为“The merger raises a number of issues.”（这次合并引出了很多问题）。
