英语翻译之词义省略法
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省略是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来,因为译文中虽无其词而已有其意,或者在译文中是不言而喻的。
换言之,省略是删去一些可有可无的,或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文语言习惯的词。
但省略并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去。
以下介绍的是省略介词和省略连词的翻译技巧:1. 省略介词英语较为频繁地使用介词,而汉语使用介词频率较低,因此英语中许多介词或转译成汉语动词,或省略不译。
一般说来,表示时间和地点的介词,译成汉语如出现在句首,大都可以省略,出现在句子的其他位置时大都不省略,例如:1) My family came to America in 1985.1985年我们全家来到美国。
(省略表示时间的介词“in”)或译:我们全家于1985年来到美国。
2) Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.仓库重地,不准吸烟。
(省略表示地点的介词“in”)3) But a passenger at the back of the bus saw him.但坐在巴士尾部的一位女乘客发现他了。
4) His problem began at the airport in Los Angeles.他的问题始于洛杉矶机场。
2. 省略连词由于英语重形合,注重词与词,句与句的关系,并列句、复合句都得靠连接词来表示句子之间的逻辑关系,以连词使用较多;而汉语重意合,彼此逻辑关系不是通过连词表示,而是通过暗含的逻辑关系来表达,所以连词使用较少,在英译汉中需要把某些英语连词加以省略,例如:1) When I said nothing was wrong, my mother answered, “You are my daughter. When something is bothering you, I feel it too.”我跟她说一切正常,母亲回答说:“你是我女儿,你有烦心事,我也能感觉到。
”(省略从属连词“when”)2) In Baltimore, Maryland, he got on a bus and headed straight for the restroom. He thought that if he hid in the restroom, he could ride to New York without paying.在马里兰州的巴尔的摩,他跳上一辆巴士,直奔厕所而去。
第十节省略法省略是删去一些可有可无的,或违背译文语言习惯的词。
一.从语法角度来看(一)省代词1.省略作主语的人称代词(1)英语中通常每句都有主语,如主语不变,译成汉语时不必重复。
1)He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable. 2)But it’s the way I am, and try as I might, I haven’t been able to change it.3)They had murdered his father, they had taken the best of him, they had crushed his whole family.4)Laura wished now that she was not holding that piece of bread-and-butter, but there was nowhere to put it and she couldn’t possibly throw it away.1)他消瘦而憔悴,()看上去很惨。
2)但我就是这个脾气,()虽然几经努力,()却未能改变过来。
3)他们害死了他的父亲,()榨干了他的精力,()毁了他的全家。
4)这时劳拉宁愿()手里没有这块涂上黄油的面包,拿着又没有地方放,()又不可能扔掉。
作业:1.I am 78 years old; I have been confined to my room with a paralytic stroke for the past 14 months.2. Like his friend he had many wonderful ideas, but he only put a few into practice.3. We can measure the amount of water in a pot, but we can’t measure its heat. We haven’t an instrument for that.4. The Grand Dukes always liked new ideas, and later they were good friends of Galileo.(2)泛指的英语人称代词作主语时,即使是第一个主语,汉译时也可省略。
英译汉翻译技巧省略法省略法(omission)是为了行文的简洁和更符合目的与习惯,将一些重复的词语或一些已被涵盖的意义省去的翻译方法,而原文的意义并未因此受到任何损失。
1.When she could no longer decide, she became depressed. Whenever Dwight picked up the baby to take him to his place or to the doctor’s for a checkup, she felt relief.她无法抉择,心情压抑,而前夫马赛一把孩子接走或是送到诊所接受检查她就会有一种轻松感。
2.Rupert with his flexible young knees sat in a hunch-and-crouch pose in imitation of the natives.鲁珀特年龄小,双膝柔韧,学着当地人的样子,弓背缩身地跪坐着。
3.Stainless steel possess good hardness and high strength.不锈钢硬度大,强度高。
4.Penicillin works by not allowing a bacterium to build its cell wall.青霉素的作用是不让细菌制造细胞壁。
5. This is the solid rocky bottom under the ooze and mud of the ocean floor.海底软泥和泥层下面是坚硬的岩石层。
6. There is a 30% increase of our installed capacity with this year.今年,我们的装机容量增加了 30%。
7.在工作中,我们必须避免犯不必要的的错误。
We must avoid making mistakes in our work.8.质子带阳电,电子带阴电,而中子既不带阳电也不带阴电。
英译汉翻译技巧——省略法省略法(ellipsis)是英汉翻译中常用的一种技巧,指的是在翻译过程中,将原文中的一些成分或内容省略掉,不翻译出来,以达到简洁明了的效果。
省略法在英汉翻译中非常常用,因为两种语言在表达方式和结构上存在很大的差异,在进行翻译时,适当地运用省略法能够更符合汉语的表达习惯。
一、省略法的分类根据省略的内容和形式,省略法可分为语义省略和结构省略。
1.语义省略语义省略是指在翻译过程中,省略掉原文中的一些内容,但仍然保留了原文的意义。
这类省略可以通过上下文的推理和理解来补足。
例如,原文中的“Do you want some tea?”可以省略为“Want some tea?”这样的表达。
在进行翻译时,我们可以根据前后文的信息,推测出原文主语是“you”,并在翻译中省略掉这个主语,直接翻译为“想要喝点茶吗?”。
2.结构省略结构省略是指在翻译过程中,省略掉原文中的一些句法结构或成分,以便更符合汉语的表达习惯。
例如,原文中的“I'm going to the store, do you want anything?”可以省略为“I'm going to the store, want anything?”这样的表达。
在进行翻译时,我们可以省略掉原文中的助动词“do”和主语“you”,以达到更简洁的表达效果。
二、运用省略法的原则1.保持语意的完整性在运用省略法时,应尽量保持原文语意的完整性,避免省略导致语意不清或解释不明的情况发生。
例如,原文中的“I'm going shopping. See you later!”可以省略为“I'm going shopping. See you!”这样的表达。
虽然省略了“later”,但是通过上下文的推测,读者仍然能够理解原文的意思。
2.保持句子结构的完整性在运用省略法时,应尽量保持句子结构的完整性,避免省略导致句子结构混乱或文法错误的情况发生。
英语翻译之词义省略法
一、从语法角度来看
(一)省代词
1.省略作主语的人称代词
(1)省略作主语的人称代词
I had many wonderful ideas, but I only put a few into practice.
我有很多美妙的想法,但是只把少数付诸实践了。
He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.
他瘦弱憔悴,看上去一副可怜相。
(2)英语中,泛指人称代词作主语时,即使是作第一个主语,在汉语译文中往往也可以省略。
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We live and learn.
活到老,学到老。
When will he arrive?—You can never tell.
他什么时候到?——说不准。
The significance of a man is not in what he attained but rather in what he longs to attain.
人生的意义不在于已经获取的,而在于渴望得到什么样的东西。
2.省略作宾语的代词
The more he tried to hide his mistakes, the more he revealed them.
他越是想要掩盖他的错误,就越是容易暴露。
Please take off the old picture and throw it away.
请把那张旧画取下来扔掉。
3.省略物主代词
I put my hand into my pocket.
我把手放进口袋。
She listened to me with her rounded eyes.
她睁大双眼,听我说话。
(二)代词it的省略
Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.
外面一团漆黑,大雨倾盆。
He glanced at his watch; it was 7:15.
他一看表,是七点一刻了。
It took me a long time to reach the hospital.
我花了很长时间才到了医院。
It is the people who are really powerful.
人民才是最强大的。
(三)省略连接词
He looked gloomy and troubled.
他看上去有些忧愁不安。
(省略并列连接词)
As it is late, you had better go home.
时间不早了,你最好回家去吧。
(省略表示原因的连接词) If sinter comes, can spring be far behind?
冬天来了,春天还会远吗?(省略表示条件的连接词)
If I had known it, I would not have joined in to.
早知如此,我就不参加了。
(省略表示条件的连接词)
John rose gloomily as the train stopped, for he was thinking of his ailing mother.
火车停了,约翰郁郁地站了起来,因为他想起了病中的母亲。
(省略表示时间的连接词)
(四)省略冠词
1.英语有冠词,汉语没有冠词;因此,英译汉时往往可将冠词省略。
A teacher should have patience in his work.
当教员的应当有耐心。
(省略不定冠词A)
The horse is a useful animal.
马是有益的动物。
(省略定完词The)
It is out of the question to fly to the moon in the past.
在过去,飞往月球是绝对办不到的事情。
(省略定完词The)
The moon was slowly rising above the sea.
月亮慢慢从海上升起。
(省略定冠词The)
2.英译汉时,省略原文中的冠词是一般情况。
但在某些场合,冠词却不能省略,可以翻译为“一个,每一,这个,那个”等。
例如:
He left without saying a word.
他一句话不说就走了。
Egbert said he was getting a dollar a mile.
埃格伯特说,他(开车)每天一英里就赚一块钱。
This is the book you wanted.
这就是你要的那本书。
(五)省略介词
1.省略表示时间的前置词
The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.
一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。
比较:中华人民共和国成立于一九四九年。
(介词译成汉语在句首时可以省略,在句尾就没有省略)
On July 1, 1997, Hongkong returned to the People’s Republic of China.
一九九七年七月,香港回归了中华人民共和国。
2.省略表示地点的前置词
Smoking is prohibited in public places.
公共场所不准吸烟。
In winter, it is much colder in the North than it is in the South.
冬天,北方的天气比南方冷得多。
如:
He stood by the desk.
他站在桌旁。
I stayed in my brother’s house.
我住在弟弟家里。
(六)省略动词
When the pressure gets low, the boiling-point becomes low.
气压低,沸点就低。
Delivery must be effected within the time stated on the purchase order.
必须在购货单规定的时间交货。
二、从修辞角度看
(一)英语句子中有些短语重复出现,或者具有相同意义的词重复出现,英译汉时可按情况作适当省略。
University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.
报考大学的人,有工作经验的优先录取。
Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or reason.
双方均不得无故解除合同。
(二)根据汉语习惯,译文中可以省略一些可有可无的词。
There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.。