翻译第6讲 Conversion
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07翻译第六讲 Conversio1
07翻译第六讲Conversion Translation is a process concerning two languages. Since there are differences in the structures, grammar, and expressions between the two languages, sometimes conversion is necessary. This chapter is mainly about the conversion of word classes,(词类转换) conversion of sentence members（转换句子成分）, and conversion of perspectives.(转换视角)Conversion of English Nouns 英语名词的转译Nouns or nominal（名词性的）forms, especially action nouns and other abstract nouns, find their wider use in English while verbs or multi-verbal forms are much preferred in Chinese. This is one of the important differences between the two languages. In translation, therefore, the conversion of English nouns into Chinese verbs, and subsequently English adjectives into Chineseadverbs, becomes one of the techniques frequently employed for smooth representation in idiomatic Chinese.English nouns can be converted into Chinese verbs in the following cases.1. 由动词派生的名词2. 具有动作意义的名词3. 以-er结尾表示身份或职业的名词English Nouns→Chinese verbsHe admires the President’s stated decision to fight for the job.My admiration for him grew more.Indo-China is a drain on French resources. The international food shortage had a direct impact on Kuwait and other barren desert countries.It is mighty to make him work (on) Saturdays, when all the boys is (are) having holiday, but he hates work more than anything else, and I’ve got to do some of duty by him, or I’ll be ruination of the child.More examples:1. One after another, speakers called for the downfall of imperialism, abolition of the system of exploration of man-by-man, liberation of the oppressed of the world.发言人一个接一个表示要打倒帝国主义，要消灭人剥削人的制度，要解放全世界被压迫的人民。
1-5：英汉互译实践与技巧 (课堂PPT)
英国的J.Catford：“翻译是把一种语言的文字材 料替换为另一种语言的对等的文字材料。”
《现代汉语词典》：“翻译是把一种语言文字的 意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。”
8
Ⅱ. Nature and Scope of Translation
翻译的性质和范围
Nature性质：
Translation is not a word for word activity
许建平 《英汉互译实践与技巧》清华大学出版社 2006年 郭著章、李庆生《英汉互译实用教程》武汉大学出版社
1996年 张培基 《英汉翻译教程》上海外语教育出版社 1980年 张光明 《英语实用文体翻译》中国科学技术大学出版社
2009年 连淑能 《英汉对比研究》高等教育出版社 1993年 李瑞华 《英汉语言文化对比研究》上海外语教育出版社
7
Ⅱ. Nature and Scope of Translation 翻译的性质和范围
英 国 翻 译 教 育 家 Peter Newmark ： “ It is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. 翻译是按作者的创造意图把一篇文章的意思 用另一种语言描述出来的过程。”
2
实用文体翻译1：简历 实用文体翻译2：求职信 实用文体翻译3：通知 实用文体翻译4：致辞 实用文体翻译5：企业或学校简介 实用文体翻译6：六级英语 实用文体翻译7：考研英语 实用文体翻译8：新闻英语 实用文体翻译9：论文题目、摘要 实用文体翻译10：科技英语
3
Suggested reading books and websites
《现代汉语词典》：“翻译是把一种语言文字的 意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。”
8
Ⅱ. Nature and Scope of Translation
翻译的性质和范围
Nature性质：
Translation is not a word for word activity
许建平 《英汉互译实践与技巧》清华大学出版社 2006年 郭著章、李庆生《英汉互译实用教程》武汉大学出版社
1996年 张培基 《英汉翻译教程》上海外语教育出版社 1980年 张光明 《英语实用文体翻译》中国科学技术大学出版社
2009年 连淑能 《英汉对比研究》高等教育出版社 1993年 李瑞华 《英汉语言文化对比研究》上海外语教育出版社
7
Ⅱ. Nature and Scope of Translation 翻译的性质和范围
英 国 翻 译 教 育 家 Peter Newmark ： “ It is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. 翻译是按作者的创造意图把一篇文章的意思 用另一种语言描述出来的过程。”
2
实用文体翻译1：简历 实用文体翻译2：求职信 实用文体翻译3：通知 实用文体翻译4：致辞 实用文体翻译5：企业或学校简介 实用文体翻译6：六级英语 实用文体翻译7：考研英语 实用文体翻译8：新闻英语 实用文体翻译9：论文题目、摘要 实用文体翻译10：科技英语
3
Suggested reading books and websites
chapter 6 Conversion of part of speech in translation
词转译成动词 （形容词作表语通常译成动词，特别是表示人的感觉， 意志，愿望等形容词，如：confident, certain, caref ul, cautious, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubt ful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, asham ed, thankful, anxious, grateful, able, etc. ① I am absolutely sure of his honesty. 我绝对肯定他是诚实的。 ②The following plan may become available during the next decade. 下列计划在10年间可能实现。
Ⅰ 转译成动词
4. 副词转译成动词 ① That day he was up before sunrise. 那天他在日出前就起来了。 ②The light was on, the TV was playing, but nobody was in. 灯开着，电视里放着节目，但没有人在家。
Ⅱ 转译成名词
Exercises
（8） The cheapest might be the dearest. 最便宜的产品也可能是价格最昂贵的。 形容词——名词 （9） Economists are confident that this trend is inevitable. 经济学家们深信，这种趋势是不可避免的。 形容词——动词
Ⅰ 转译成动词
1. 名词转译成动词 ①The airline has been in operation for many years. 这家航空公司已经营多年。 ②They went on strike in demand of a 40 percent wage increase. 他们举行罢工，要求工资增加40%。
Ⅰ 转译成动词
4. 副词转译成动词 ① That day he was up before sunrise. 那天他在日出前就起来了。 ②The light was on, the TV was playing, but nobody was in. 灯开着，电视里放着节目，但没有人在家。
Ⅱ 转译成名词
Exercises
（8） The cheapest might be the dearest. 最便宜的产品也可能是价格最昂贵的。 形容词——名词 （9） Economists are confident that this trend is inevitable. 经济学家们深信，这种趋势是不可避免的。 形容词——动词
Ⅰ 转译成动词
1. 名词转译成动词 ①The airline has been in operation for many years. 这家航空公司已经营多年。 ②They went on strike in demand of a 40 percent wage increase. 他们举行罢工，要求工资增加40%。
翻译技巧Conversion
1.名词转译成副词
2.副词转译成名词
It was officially announced that they agreed on a reply to the Soviet Union. 官方宣布，他们就给苏联的复信取得了一致意见。 The child is developing in very way ,morally, intellectually and physicall现方式做保护处理对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑并不能对任何下载内容负责
Conversion in English-Chinese Translation
Group 5
一.转译成动词 （一）名词转译成动词： 1.一些习语中的主体名词可以转译成动词： We mustn’t lose sight of the fact that air pollution is going from bad to worse in our city. 我们不能忽略这一事实，空气污染在我们城市中日益严重。 As the man leaned over，the driver caught his first good look at the small cat-like face. 那个人弯下腰来，司机才第一次看清那张小小的猫儿脸。 2.动词派生的名词（政论文体中出现较多）： The new situation requires the formation of a new strategy. 新形势要求制定新战略。 Keep this dictionary on your desk for easy reference. 把这本词典放在你书桌上，以备随时查阅。 3.含有动作意味的名词可转译成动词： In fact，the abuse of drugs has become one of American most serious social problems. 事实上，滥用毒品已经成为美国最为严重的社会问题之一。 The film took my thoughts back to the days in junior high school. 影片使我回想起在高中的日子。 4.由动词+er构成的名词可转译成动词（不是指其身份和职业，含有较强的动作意味）： His father is a non-smoker，but he is a chain-smoker. 他父亲根本不抽烟，他抽起烟来却一根接一根。 He is a lover of Chinese painting. 他热爱中国画。
2.副词转译成名词
It was officially announced that they agreed on a reply to the Soviet Union. 官方宣布，他们就给苏联的复信取得了一致意见。 The child is developing in very way ,morally, intellectually and physicall现方式做保护处理对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑并不能对任何下载内容负责
Conversion in English-Chinese Translation
Group 5
一.转译成动词 （一）名词转译成动词： 1.一些习语中的主体名词可以转译成动词： We mustn’t lose sight of the fact that air pollution is going from bad to worse in our city. 我们不能忽略这一事实，空气污染在我们城市中日益严重。 As the man leaned over，the driver caught his first good look at the small cat-like face. 那个人弯下腰来，司机才第一次看清那张小小的猫儿脸。 2.动词派生的名词（政论文体中出现较多）： The new situation requires the formation of a new strategy. 新形势要求制定新战略。 Keep this dictionary on your desk for easy reference. 把这本词典放在你书桌上，以备随时查阅。 3.含有动作意味的名词可转译成动词： In fact，the abuse of drugs has become one of American most serious social problems. 事实上，滥用毒品已经成为美国最为严重的社会问题之一。 The film took my thoughts back to the days in junior high school. 影片使我回想起在高中的日子。 4.由动词+er构成的名词可转译成动词（不是指其身份和职业，含有较强的动作意味）： His father is a non-smoker，but he is a chain-smoker. 他父亲根本不抽烟，他抽起烟来却一根接一根。 He is a lover of Chinese painting. 他热爱中国画。
英汉翻译-6 结构的转换
6.2.3 兼动名词结构在句中的位置
兼动名词结构还可以出现在句中多个位置，作宾语、 主语、表语、同位语、状语等句子成分。
例1:
I was delighted at the thought of seeing you again.
【译文】一想到又能见到你，我便十分高兴。
动宾
例2 : Mastery of a language requires hard efforts.
该句的意思可用其他方ly appreciated by the teacher.
② The teacher is deeply appreciative of the students’ work. ③ The teacher is a deep appreciator of the students’ work. ④ The teacher has a deep appreciation of the students’ work.
这类形容词短语结构常用在 be, become,
seem等系动词之后。如果系动词是 be,
become, 可撇开不管，直接把形容词汉译成动
词；如果系动词是seem，可译其含义，再把形
容词译成动词，让seem作为状语，置于动词前。
例1: I am content with my work.
【译文】我很满意我的工作。
动宾
例2：She is envious of your beauty.
【译文】她嫉妒你的美丽。
动宾
例3: The government of my country is deeply concerned at the situation there.
【译文】我国政府深切关注那里的局势。
《英译汉教程》(连淑能主编,高等教育出版社)-第4~6章【圣才出品】
第4章Conversion（转换法）4.1 复习笔记一、Conversion of Word Classes（转换词类）In translation, a word in one language belonging to a certain word class is not necessarily translated into one of the same class in another language.在翻译过程中，一种语言的某一词类不一定要相应地译为另一语言中相应的词类，有时候进行适当转化是十分必要的。
1. Conversion from English Nouns and Adjectives into Chinese Verbs and Adverbs（英语名词、形容词转换为汉语动词、副词）Nouns or nominal dorms, especially action nouns and other abstract nouns, find their wider use in English while verbs or multi-verbal forms are much preferred in Chinese. In translation, therefore, the conversion of English nouns into Chinese verbs, and subsequently English adjectives into Chinese adverbs, becomes one of the techniques frequently employed for smooth representation in idiomatic Chinese.英语中多用名词或名词短语，尤其是动作名词和其他抽象名词，而汉语中多用动词，甚至多个动词连用的情况。
大学英语精读第3册 第6课 课文翻译及课后答案
大学英语精读第3册第6课课文翻译及课后答案一天的等待他走进我们房间关窗户的时候，我们还未起床。
我见他一副病容，全身哆嗦，脸色苍白，步履缓慢，好像一动就会引起疼痛。
“你怎么啦，宝贝？”“我头痛。
”“你最好回床上去睡。
”“不，我没啥病。
”“你先去睡。
我穿好衣服来看你。
”可是当我来到楼下时，他已穿好衣服，坐在火炉旁。
这个9岁的男孩，看上去病得厉害，一副可怜的模样。
我用手摸了摸他的额头，知道他发烧了。
“你到楼上去睡，”我说，“你病了。
”“我没有病，”他说。
医生来后，量了孩子的体温。
“多少度？”我问医生。
“102度。
”下楼后，医生留下用不同颜色胶囊包装的三种药丸，并嘱咐如何服用。
一种药退烧，另一种润肠、通便，还有一种是去酸。
他解释说，流感细菌只能在酸性环境中生存。
他似乎对流感很内行，并说，如果发烧不超过104度，就用不着担心。
这是轻度流感，只要当心不引起肺炎，就无危险。
我田到房里，记下孩子的体温，并记下各种胶囊的服用时间。
“要不要让我读，点书给你听？”“好的，如果你想读的话，”孩子说。
他的脸色十分苍白，眼窝下方有黑晕。
他躺在床上一动不动，对周围发生的一切漠然置之。
我朗读霍华德·派尔的《海盗故事》，但我看得出他并不在听。
“你感觉怎么样，宝贝？”我问他。
“到目前为止，还是老样子，”他说。
我坐在床的脚端自个儿看书，等着到时间再给他服一粒药丸。
按理，他本该睡着了。
然而，当我抬头看时，他却双眼盯着床的脚端，神情异常。
“你为什么不睡一会儿呢？到吃药时，我会叫醒你的。
”“我宁愿醒着。
”过了一会儿，他对我说：“你不必呆在这里陪我，爸爸，要是这事令你烦恼的话。
”“没有什么可烦恼的。
”“不，我是说，要是这事终将给你带来烦恼的话，你就不必呆在这里。
”我想，或许他有，点儿神志不清了。
11点钟，照规定给他服药后，我便出去了一会儿。
那是个晴朗而又寒冷的日子，地上覆盖着一层已结成冰的冻雨，就像那光秃秃的树木，那灌木丛，那砍下的树枝，以及所有的草坪和空地都用冰漆过似的。
汉英翻译技巧之词类转换法Conversion
汉英翻译技巧之词类转换法 Conver sionConver sion: Conver sionis also a common practi ce in Chines e-Englis h transl ation. It is to change the part of speech into anothe r.1. Verbsto be conver ted into Nouns.1) 林则徐认为，要成功地制止鸦片买卖，就得首先把鸦片销毁。
Lin Zexu believ ed that a succes sful of the tradein opiumshould be preced ed bya of the drug itself.2) 邓小平在―十一大‖上说：―一定要少说空话，多做工作‖。
Deng Xiaopi ng said at the 11th PartyCongre ss,―Theremust be and .‖(v.--n.)3) 绝对不许违反这个原则。
No of this princi ple can be tolera ted. (v.—n.)4)采用这种新装置可以大大降低废品率。
The of this new device will greatl y cut down/reduce the percen tageof defect ive produc ts.5) 他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。
He raisin g the qualit y of produc ts in his speech.6) 中国人民百年以来不屈不挠、再接再厉地英勇斗争，使得帝国主义至今不能灭亡中国，也永远不能灭亡中国。
Thanks to the Chines e people’sunrele nting and heroic during the last hundre d years,imperi alism has not been able to conque r/subjug ate/disint egrat e China, nor will it ever be able to do so.7) 他们一不会做工，二不会种地，三不会打仗。
Conversion 词类转译ppt课件
词类转译——英译汉的词类转换
一、英译汉的词类转换
1. 名词转译为动词
A. 由动词派生的名词
词
1） We have ruled out tool use and invention as ways of telling animal behavior from human behavior.
类
我们已经把使用和发明工具，从区分动物和人类行为的方法
ppt课件完整
5
3. 词类转译——英译汉的词类转换
4. 介词与动词的互相转译
英语中的一些介词和介词短语具有动作意义，在翻译中可以转换成 汉语动词，例如：
1) Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty. 千百万山区人终于摆脱了贫穷。
A. 名词派生的动词 1) An interest in people’s deepest feelings characterizes all her writings. 对人们最深沉感情的关注，是她所有著作的特征。
2) She personifies beauty and grace. 她是美丽与优雅的化身。
转
中排除出去了。
译
2）Another way of dealing with enemies is either to have a very good protection or to be able to escape
quickly.
还有一种对付敌人的方式是，要么防卫可靠，要么能够迅速
逃逸。
ppt课件完整
ppt课件完整
3
3. 词类转译——英译汉的词类转换
3. 形容词与副词的转译
一、英译汉的词类转换
1. 名词转译为动词
A. 由动词派生的名词
词
1） We have ruled out tool use and invention as ways of telling animal behavior from human behavior.
类
我们已经把使用和发明工具，从区分动物和人类行为的方法
ppt课件完整
5
3. 词类转译——英译汉的词类转换
4. 介词与动词的互相转译
英语中的一些介词和介词短语具有动作意义，在翻译中可以转换成 汉语动词，例如：
1) Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty. 千百万山区人终于摆脱了贫穷。
A. 名词派生的动词 1) An interest in people’s deepest feelings characterizes all her writings. 对人们最深沉感情的关注，是她所有著作的特征。
2) She personifies beauty and grace. 她是美丽与优雅的化身。
转
中排除出去了。
译
2）Another way of dealing with enemies is either to have a very good protection or to be able to escape
quickly.
还有一种对付敌人的方式是，要么防卫可靠，要么能够迅速
逃逸。
ppt课件完整
ppt课件完整
3
3. 词类转译——英译汉的词类转换
3. 形容词与副词的转译
76--商务英语翻译大二上学期chapter 6-8词类转化法,词义的引申,虚与实的转换
The voyage was a smooth one. The wind is favorable and the weather fair. 译文：一路上非常顺利，风是顺风，天气是晴好的天 气。 析： 这里将favorable翻译成“顺风”、将fair翻译 成“晴好的天气”是考虑到了汉语的通顺表达。如果 将favorable翻译成“有利的”，将fair翻译成“晴朗 的”，则不能够再现原文信息。这里，译文一方面将 形容词转换成名词，从而使得汉语译文更通顺，另一 方面通过重复“风”和“天气”使得原文的意思得到 了强调。
2形容词转译成动词 adjectives converted into verbs
We are especially grateful to you for arranging the meeting for us with the Machinery Trading Delegation at such short notice． 译文：我们特别感谢你们在时间那么短促的情 况下安排我们同机械交易团的成员们会面。 析： 原文中的grateful是与情感有关的形容 词，翻译成汉语时要译成动词。
4概念范围的调整 adjustment of conceptual category
Poetry suffers in translation—and the reader suffers with it. 译文：诗歌经过翻译就要遭殃——诗歌遭殃， 读者就要跟着受罪！ 析： 前一个suffers的外延大而内涵小，后一 个suffers的外延小而内涵大。
A commonplace criticism of American culture is its excessive preoccupation with material goods and corresponding neglect of the human spirit. 译文：人们普遍批评美国文化过于强调对于物 质产品的占有而相应地过于忽视人们的精神生 活。
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翻译第6讲ConversionTranslation is a process concerning two languages. Since there are differences in the structures, grammar, and expressions between the two languages, sometimes conversion is necessary. This part is mainly about the conversion of word classes,(词类转换) conversion of sentence members （转换句子成分）, and conversion of perspectives.(转换视角)Conversion of English Nouns 英语名词的转译Nouns or nominal（名词性的）forms, especially action nouns and other abstract nouns, find their wider use in English while verbs or multi-verbal forms are much preferred in Chinese. This is one of the important differences between the two languages. In translation, therefore, the conversion of English nouns into Chinese verbs, and subsequently English adjectives into Chinese adverbs, becomes one of the techniques frequently employed for smooth representation in idiomatic Chinese.English nouns can be converted into Chinese verbs in the following cases.1. 由动词派生的名词2. 具有动作意义的名词3. 以-er结尾表示身份或职业的名词English Nouns→Chinese verbsHe admires the President’s stated decision to fight for the job.他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩。
（P62）My admiration for him grew more.我对他越来越钦佩。
Indo-China is a drain on French resources.印度支那战争不断消耗法国的资源。
The international food shortage had a direct impact on Kuwait and other barren desert countries. 全球性粮食短缺现象直接影响了科威特等贫瘠的沙漠国家。
It is mighty to make him work on Saturdays, when all the boys are having holiday, but he hates work more than anyt hing else, and I’ve got to do some of duty by him, or I’ll be ruination of the child.星期六其他孩子都在过假日，你让他干活有点有点难为他。
可是他压根儿恨透了干活儿，比什么都恨，我非得尽些责任不可，不然，我会毁了孩子。
More examples:1. One after another, speakers called for the downfall of imperialism, abolition of the system of exploitation of man-by-man, liberation of the oppressed of the world.发言人一个接一个表示要打倒帝国主义，要消灭人剥削人的制度，要解放全世界被压迫的人民。
2. His acceptance of bribes led to his arrest.他因受贿而被捕.3. Exhaust gases from boilers, vehicles, etc., cause air pollution in cities.锅炉和车辆等排出废气，污染了城市的空气。
4. Insulin is used in the treatment of diabetes, which is marked by a rise in blood sugar as a result of a short supply of insulin in the body.胰岛素用于治疗糖尿病，这种病的特征是由于体内胰岛素分泌不足而引起血糖上升。
5. Aggression took many forms, the unilateral denunciation of treaties and international commitments, interference in the internal affairs of other states, the use of threats against weaker neighbors, the imposition of unequal relationships, outright armed attack against the territories of other states and their dismemberment, the subjugation of colonial peoples and the denial of the right of self-determination and fundamental human rights.侵略有多种形式：单方面废除条约与国际义务，干涉他国内政，威胁较弱邻国，强迫实行不平等条约，露骨地武装进攻他国领土和肢解别国，征服殖民地民族，否认自决权和基本人权。
6 It is agreed that in case of non-performance or defective performance of any obligation under this Contract and its Annexes by either party, any direct damage or loss resulting from such lack of performance will be compensated, as stipulated herein, by the party or parties responsible.双方同意，如果任何一方不履行或错误履行本合同和附件规定的任何义务，由此产生的任何直接损失将由有责任的一方或双方赔偿。
7 The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.在过去的30年中，公共教育中显示的对残疾儿童的巨大关注表明了我们社会中的一种中强烈的情绪，那就是所有的公民，不管其情况有多特殊，都应享有充分发展其能力的机会。
English nouns →Chinese AdjectivesNouns derived from adjectives and nouns without articles as predicative are often converted into adjectives.Examples:1. The APEC meeting in Shanghai was a great success.在上海召开的亚太经合组织会议非常成功。
2. Oh, she is all gentleness, kindness, goodness！她真是最温柔，最体贴，最善良的了！3. His words and deeds testify his honesty.他的言行证明他是诚实的。
4 I recognized the absurdity of dealing with them through intermediaries.我认识到，通过中间人与他们打交道是愚蠢的。
5 He was still more surprised at the singularity of the stranger’s appearance.他看到那个陌生人的外表非常古怪，感到更加惊讶。
6 I am a perfect stranger to nanometer technology.我对纳米技术一窍不通。
7 Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.独立思考在学习中是绝对必要的。
English nouns →Chinese AdverbsExamples:1）I have the honor to inform you that your application has been accepted.我荣幸地通知阁下，您的申请已被接受。
2）The mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor.市长礼节性地来访问城市贫民，为此他赢得了他们.3）He had the kindness t show me the way.他非常热情地给我引路。
4)Ｗe find difficulty in solving the housing problem at present.我们发现目前住房问题难以解决。
5)I had the fortune to meet him.我很幸运地遇见他。