跨文化交际第二章 第二节

《吴为善跨文化交际概论》课程各章节内容要点第一章跨文化语言交际概述第一节文化、语言和交际一、关于文化的概念（一）文化的内涵和特性1、关于文化的内涵概括地讲，文化即是人们所思、所言（言语和非言语)、所为、所觉的总和。

在不同的生态或自然环境下，不同的民族创造了自己特有的文化,也被自己的文化所塑造。

交际即文化，文化即交际，如果没有交际，文化是难以形成的。

科学的提法是:“文化是冻结了的人际交流,而交际是流动着的文化。

"2、关于文化的特性（1）文化由人们的内稳和外显的行为组成。

（2）文化是通过符号被人们习得和传授的知识。

（3）文化是群体行为规则的集合。

（4）文化与社会是潜在现实中两种类型或两个层面上的概念。

（5)文化是历史所衍生及选择的传统观念。

（6）文化和交际具有同一性。

（7）文化是动态多变的。

(8）文化具有选择性。

（9）文化是群体或民族中心主义的意识产物.（10）文化是个非常复杂的系统.（二)文化定势、群体文化、亚文化1、文化定势和群体文化世界上大多数社会中都可能存在着若干群体或社团，这些群体或社团对地域、历史、生活方式、世界观，以及价值观等方面的共享，使其成员形成并发展和强化了自己独特的文化和与其相关的交际文化。

存在两种不同类型的文化范畴：一是全民族的文化,即整体的文化形象，二是具体的个性文化，即是按个人的社会情况或个人所属文化群体为基础的文化，有的学者把这种文化称之为群体文化或副文化。

2、亚文化与亚群体在跨文化交际研究中,对文化分类的一种较为传统的做法是把文化分成主流文化和亚文化。

亚文化是指存在于某一主流文化之中的一种非主流文化，某一少数群体的文化，这一文化中的行为模式区别于主流文化的行为模式。

二、关于语言的概念(一）语言是交际工具1、交际媒介言语交际是人类社会中必需的另一种交换活动，交换的是信息、思想、情感。

语言就是一个符号系统，一个人脑子里贮存了符号和符号的组合规则，他就可以和别人交际，传情达意，沟通信息。

第一章.跨文化交际概论1跨文化交际汉语国际教育本质上是一种跨文化的活动。

新世纪如此广泛而深入的跨文化交际主要是受到以下因素的影响1.交通和通信技术的发展2.经济的全球化3.人口的流动4.广泛的国际交流与合作什么是跨文化交际？跨文化交际既是一种人类的社会活动，也是指一门研究跨文化交际活动的学科。

根据几个定义归纳出跨文化交际的重要特点：1.跨文化交际是不同文化背景的人们之间的交流；2.跨文化交际是通过象征符号来实现的；3.跨文化交际是一种动态的过程4.跨文化交际是一种双向的互动；5.跨文化交际的目标是创建共享的意义跨文化交际是不同文化背景的人们之间的交际，这里的跨文化交际实际上包含着两个层面一个层面是指不同国家和不同民族的人们之间的交际，例如中国人与美国人等另一个层面是指同一个国家或民族中，不同性别、年龄、职业、地域的人们之间的交际，例如男性和女性之间的交往就可以被看做是一种跨文化的交往跨文化交际的特点1.跨文化交际主要指人与人之间面对面的交流面对面的交流既包括了语言交际也包括了非语言交际，而且是一种双向交流和互动的过程2.跨文化交际中涉及很多差异性（陈国明）差异可以是文化传统、价值观、信仰等方面的差异，也涉及行为方式和习俗方面，如手势、衣着、语言使用的差异，同时也涉及个人文化身份和社会角色方面的差异。

这些存在差异的因素相互作用，影响了跨文化交流的过程和结果3.跨文化交际容易引起冲突由于语言、交际风格、非语言行为、思维模式、社会准则、价值观等方面的差异，跨文化交际很容易产生误解和冲突4.跨文化交际的误解和冲突大多属于“善意的冲突”许多冲突往往不是出于人们恶意的动机，而是来源于人们良好的愿望。

在自己文化中得体而礼貌的行为到了另一种文化中却成了无礼的举动，善良的意图却产生了意想不到的误解和不愉快5.跨文化交际常常引起情感上的强烈反应很容易造成心理紧张，人们经常提到的“文化休克”就是形容在跨文化交际中产生的心理反应。

Chapter 2: Language Use and CommunicationCommunication----our ability to share our ideas and feelings----is the basis of human contact.The results and the methods of communication might be different, but the process is the same.Human Communication•Intentional and Unintentional Behavior•Gerald Miller and Mark Steinberg think communication is not a random activity that happens by chance, but rather something that is systematic and planned•while other scholars believe communication takes place whenever people attach meaning to behavior, even if the sender of the message does not expect his or her actions to be communicated. •Communication occurs whenever meaning is attributed to behavior or the residue of behavior.•The Components of Communication1.The Source2.Encoding3.The Message4.The Channel5.The Receiver6.Decoding7.Feedback•A Source: is a person who has a need to communicate. This need may be conscious or unconscious.•Encoding:Because feelings and ideas cannot be shared directly, we must use symbolic representations. we select and arrange verbal and nonverbalsymbols according to our rules of grammar and syntax.•The Massage: encoding produces a message ,which is a set of verbal and nonverbal symbols that a source’s state of being at a par ticular moment. The message is external to the source, while encoding goes on inside the source.•The Channel: the means by which the message move from one person to another is the channel,and the primary channels are sound and sight.•The Receiver: is a person or persons who take the message into account .•Decoding: The receiver decodes the raw energy he or she takes in from the external world and converts it into meaningful experiences. It is information processing. Decoding permits the receiver to attach meaning to the source’s behavior.•Feedback: This is information generated by the receiver and made available to a source that allows the source to make qualitative judgments about the communication while it is taking place.Pragmatics:Language Use•The ProblemLinguistic communication is easily accomplished but not so easily explained.Problems with the message model•1. Disambiguation•2.Under-determination of reference•3.Under-determination of communicative intent•4.Non-literality•5.indirection•6.non-communicative acts•Disambiguation: The message model must be supplemented by principles of contextual appropriateness to compensate for the pervasive ambiguity of natural language.•Example: Flying planes can be dangerous•At an airport zoning, this sentence means the planes flying overhead is dangerous.•At the Pilot’s Insurance Board, this sentence means the risk of piloting planes.•Under-determination of reference:The message model must be supplemented by mechanisms for successfully recognizing the intention to refer to a specific person, place,or thing•Example: the shrewd politician.•Under-determination of communicative intent:•Example:I’ll be there tonight•It might be a prediction, a promise, or even threat, depending upon the speaker’s intentions in the appr opriate circumstances.•Non-literality: we may not mean what our words mean.•Example:Oh that’s just great.•Indirection:A speaker can use the very same sentence to convey quite different messages depending on the context•Example:My car has a flat tire.•It might means requesting a help.•Non-communicative acts: per-locutionary act.Example:•“Raise your hands if you agree!”Dr.William N.Brown begs his Chinese graduate students.•No response.•“Then raise your hands if you disagree!”•Still nothing•“How about raising your hands if you’re awake?”•Some glance about awkwardly, but none dare raise their hands, or break the silent vigil they’re since primary school.•An Inferential adj.可以推论的，据推论得出的Approach to Communication proposes提出four presumptions as the basis of an account of successful linguistic communication.•1.Linguistic Presumption•municative Presumption•3.Presumption of Literalness•4.Conversational Presumptions•Conversational Presumptions:•Relevance : the speaker’s remarks are relevant to the conversation.•Sincerity: the speaker’s is being sincere.Truthfulness: the speaker is attempting to say something true. •Quantity: the speaker contributes the appropriate amount of information.•Quality: the speaker has adequate evidence for what she says.Four characteristics of human language•1.Symbolic•2.rule-govern3.subjective(the meaning of language are reside in people not in words) •4.dynamic•Language is a part of culture ,culture is carry on by language.The Characteristics of Communication 8•No direct mind-to-mind contact•We can only infer•Communication is symbolic•Time-binding links us together•We seek to define the world•Communication has a consequence•Communication is dynamic•Communication is contextual•Communication is self-reflectiveThe Brain is an open system•Each of us can learn new ideas throughout life,what we know at any one instant is a product of what the brain has experienced.•We can learn from each other•Learning is a lifelong endeavor, we can use the information to which we are exposed to change the way we perceive and interact with the world. We are alike and we are different•We are identical in numerous physiological and chemical ways. We all have a heart, lungs,brain,and the like.we are also literally made of the same stuff:water,salt,and so on. We also seek emotional pleasure and flee injury to our feelings. We are also alike because all of us, regardless of our culture,must eventually face four fundamental issues: 1.life is finite 2.we are isolated from all other human beings 3.we need to make choices 4.the world is a meaningful world•We are different, because each of us is unique and is shaped by countless factors. Our experience of the world is internal, therefore, we each respond to the world differently.In a word, a common beginning, gender, age, culture and the like may bind us, but our isolated minds and unique experience keep us apart. Cultural differences also keep us apart. While the four philosophical issues of death, isolation, free choice and meaning confront everyone, the resolutions we decide upon have their roots deep in each culture.。