下载文档原格式
Chapter 2: Language Use and CommunicationCommunication----our ability to share our ideas and feelings----is the basis of human contact.The results and the methods of communication might be different, but the process is the same.Human Communication•Intentional and Unintentional Behavior•Gerald Miller and Mark Steinberg think communication is not a random activity that happens by chance, but rather something that is systematic and planned•while other scholars believe communication takes place whenever people attach meaning to behavior, even if the sender of the message does not expect his or her actions to be communicated. •Communication occurs whenever meaning is attributed to behavior or the residue of behavior.•The Components of Communication1.The Source2.Encoding3.The Message4.The Channel5.The Receiver6.Decoding7.Feedback•A Source: is a person who has a need to communicate. This need may be conscious or unconscious.•Encoding:Because feelings and ideas cannot be shared directly, we must use symbolic representations. we select and arrange verbal and nonverbalsymbols according to our rules of grammar and syntax.•The Massage: encoding produces a message ,which is a set of verbal and nonverbal symbols that a source’s state of being at a par ticular moment. The message is external to the source, while encoding goes on inside the source.•The Channel: the means by which the message move from one person to another is the channel,and the primary channels are sound and sight.•The Receiver: is a person or persons who take the message into account .•Decoding: The receiver decodes the raw energy he or she takes in from the external world and converts it into meaningful experiences. It is information processing. Decoding permits the receiver to attach meaning to the source’s behavior.•Feedback: This is information generated by the receiver and made available to a source that allows the source to make qualitative judgments about the communication while it is taking place.Pragmatics:Language Use•The ProblemLinguistic communication is easily accomplished but not so easily explained.Problems with the message model•1. Disambiguation•2.Under-determination of reference•3.Under-determination of communicative intent•4.Non-literality•5.indirection•6.non-communicative acts•Disambiguation: The message model must be supplemented by principles of contextual appropriateness to compensate for the pervasive ambiguity of natural language.•Example: Flying planes can be dangerous•At an airport zoning, this sentence means the planes flying overhead is dangerous.•At the Pilot’s Insurance Board, this sentence means the risk of piloting planes.•Under-determination of reference:The message model must be supplemented by mechanisms for successfully recognizing the intention to refer to a specific person, place,or thing•Example: the shrewd politician.•Under-determination of communicative intent:•Example:I’ll be there tonight•It might be a prediction, a promise, or even threat, depending upon the speaker’s intentions in the appr opriate circumstances.•Non-literality: we may not mean what our words mean.•Example:Oh that’s just great.•Indirection:A speaker can use the very same sentence to convey quite different messages depending on the context•Example:My car has a flat tire.•It might means requesting a help.•Non-communicative acts: per-locutionary act.Example:•“Raise your hands if you agree!”Dr.William N.Brown begs his Chinese graduate students.•No response.•“Then raise your hands if you disagree!”•Still nothing•“How about raising your hands if you’re awake?”•Some glance about awkwardly, but none dare raise their hands, or break the silent vigil they’re since primary school.•An Inferential adj.可以推论的，据推论得出的Approach to Communication proposes提出four presumptions as the basis of an account of successful linguistic communication.•1.Linguistic Presumption•municative Presumption•3.Presumption of Literalness•4.Conversational Presumptions•Conversational Presumptions:•Relevance : the speaker’s remarks are relevant to the conversation.•Sincerity: the speaker’s is being sincere.Truthfulness: the speaker is attempting to say something true. •Quantity: the speaker contributes the appropriate amount of information.•Quality: the speaker has adequate evidence for what she says.Four characteristics of human language•1.Symbolic•2.rule-govern3.subjective(the meaning of language are reside in people not in words) •4.dynamic•Language is a part of culture ,culture is carry on by language.The Characteristics of Communication 8•No direct mind-to-mind contact•We can only infer•Communication is symbolic•Time-binding links us together•We seek to define the world•Communication has a consequence•Communication is dynamic•Communication is contextual•Communication is self-reflectiveThe Brain is an open system•Each of us can learn new ideas throughout life,what we know at any one instant is a product of what the brain has experienced.•We can learn from each other•Learning is a lifelong endeavor, we can use the information to which we are exposed to change the way we perceive and interact with the world. We are alike and we are different•We are identical in numerous physiological and chemical ways. We all have a heart, lungs,brain,and the like.we are also literally made of the same stuff:water,salt,and so on. We also seek emotional pleasure and flee injury to our feelings. We are also alike because all of us, regardless of our culture,must eventually face four fundamental issues: 1.life is finite 2.we are isolated from all other human beings 3.we need to make choices 4.the world is a meaningful world•We are different, because each of us is unique and is shaped by countless factors. Our experience of the world is internal, therefore, we each respond to the world differently.In a word, a common beginning, gender, age, culture and the like may bind us, but our isolated minds and unique experience keep us apart. Cultural differences also keep us apart. While the four philosophical issues of death, isolation, free choice and meaning confront everyone, the resolutions we decide upon have their roots deep in each culture.。
跨文化交际试卷（2）学院：班级：学号：姓名：考试方式：（闭卷）考试时间：120分钟I. 案例分析:（每题5分）1、一位外国导师去听一个中国研究生的实习课。
课后教授对学生说“You handled that lesson superbly.”而学生则回答“No, I didn’t do it well enough.”【分析】中国研究生的回答是否恰当？如何恰当地回应导师的评价？2、一位到迪拜的中国游客因好奇盯住看一群当地女孩们的服饰，拿起照相机直接拍摄她们的形象。
这时领队连忙上前制止游客的行为。
【分析】为什么领队要制止中国游客的行为？在阿拉伯国家旅游要注意哪些行为？3、一位瑞士人到泰国旅游，在参观寺庙时穿着短裤，处于好奇对寺庙殿内膜拜的当地人和佛像膜拜进行拍摄，此时，附近的警察走过来制止他的行为，但瑞士游客不听，继续拍照，于是被请到警察局审问。
【分析】为什么瑞士游客的行为受到警察的制止？在泰国旅游要注意哪些禁忌事项？4、杨瑞芳在一家澳大利亚公司做秘书，她和凯西经常一起吃午餐，并且得到凯西很多帮助,成为非常要好的朋友。
然而，当杨瑞芳希望每天都和凯西在一起活动时,凯西似乎有点不耐烦了，她甚至午饭时间也独自外出，而不是和杨一起吃饭。
杨瑞芳很困惑,她无法理解凯西的态度,不知问题出在哪里。
【分析】为什么杨瑞芳很困惑? 问题到底出在哪里?5、中国一行二人，一位男士和一位女士去朝鲜参加一次商务谈判。
男士身着西服、领带，女士穿长裤和正式的上衣。
令中国谈判人员感到奇怪的是，朝方在向中方人员表示礼节性欢迎时，目光不屑一顾地打量中国女士的穿着。
中方女士察觉到不对头，但不知穿着出了什么差错。
【分析】中方女士穿着出了什么差错？在朝鲜正式场合女性穿着要注意什么？6、王总到英国与合作公司老板马丽进行商业合作谈判，马丽邀请王总到她家做客。
王总为了穿得正式一点，系了一条带有条纹的领带。
王总到了马丽家后，主动与马丽握手，这令马丽的老公感到很诧异；进餐时王总高声谈论英国皇家的逸闻趣事，饭后喝茶时，王总先取完茶接着向茶杯里倒了一点冷牛奶，王总的举动让坐在一旁的马丽十分尴尬。
Chapter 2 Staying with a FamilyCase 1Erica: Hello! Thank for coming. Here, let me take your coat.Lin: Hello. Thanks. Here’s some wine for you.Erica: That’s lovely. You really shouldn’t have, Lin. Thank you. Let’s go in and meet the others.分析：无论东方还是西方，去做客总要带点儿礼物。
无论赴晚会还是晚宴，带甁葡萄酒总是适宜的。
有些西方人给女主人买些花儿，或是巧克力。
呈上礼物的时候，对你的礼物低调处理，就是说，不要太多地谈论你的礼物。
上面的范例是，受礼的主人倒要说上两句，以表谢意。
Case 2Erica: Lin, do have some more dessert.Lin: Thank you, but I’m afraid I’ve had enough. It’s wonderful.分析：同世界上其他国家的人一样，西方人也很好客。
他们也总是想让客人吃得多多的。
所有学会怎样在餐桌上婉言谢绝很有用处。
Case 3After the meal and after the table has been cleared. Liu is not sure what to do, but wants to help in some way. At least he wants to offer.Helen: Thanks for your help, Huang.Liu: Pleasure. What can I do now?Helen: Nothing. It’s fine. I’ll rinse these dishes then stack them. It’ll only take a minute.Liu: Does the family usually help?Helen: Well, at special times. Jack sometimes rinses the dishes but you can see he’s really tired tonight.Liu: Let me do it for you.Helen: No truly, it’s okay.Liu: Maybe I can wipe the table then.Helen: That would be helpful. Thanks. You’re really kind, Huang.分析：在西方人家中的就餐的时间里，大家都设法插手帮一下忙，即便是男士也不例外，不要一点不动着开饭。
