定语从句与被动语态
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专题十八:定语从句一、定语从句:1.定语从句的概念:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
2.先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
3.关系词:引导定语从句的连词叫关系词。
如that、which、who、whom、whose、where、when等。
4.由that、which、who、whom、whose引导的定语从句。
关系词指代在定语从句中的作用that既指人也指物作主语、宾语which指物作主语、宾语who指人作主语whom指人作宾语whose既指人也指物作定语二、定语从句:1.先行词是物时,一般情况既可用that,which均可.但下列情况,只用that不用which。
1).当先行词为指物的不定代词,如all、everything、something、anything、nothing、none、the one等时,只能用that。
There is nothing ______ I can do for you .2).先行词被the only, the very, the last, all, no, little等词修饰,只用that。
This is the very book ___ I’m looking for .3).先行词被序数词修饰时,只用that . This is the first nextbook ______ I studied in the middle school .4).先行词为最高级或被最高级修饰时,只能用that。
This is the most beautiful mountain ______ I have ever seen .=I have _____ seen _____ a beautiful mountian .5).先行词既有人也有物时,只能that 。
He told us many interesting things and persons _______ we had .2.先行词是物时,一般情况既可用that也可用which.但下列情况,只能用which不用that。
英语被动语态用法归纳总结一、被动语态定义和用法当我们要突出某个行为的执行者时,应使用主动语态来表达,而要强调动作的承受者时,就要使用被动语态来表达。
主语为动作的执行者时,表示主动语态。
e.g. He told the story. (主动语态)他讲了这个故事。
主语为动作的承受者时,表示被动语态。
e.g.The story was told by him. (被动语态)这个故事被他讲了。
二、一般现在时被动语态的各类句式总结如下:1. 肯定句:主语+am / is / are+动词过去分词(+by+动作执行者)2. 否定句:主语+ am / is / are not+动词过去分词(+by+动作执行者)3. 一般疑问句:Am / Is / Are +主语+动词过去分词(+by+动作执行者)4. 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+ am / is / are + 主语+动词过去分词(+by+动作执行者)e.g. This song is still loved by many young people today.这首歌现在仍然受到许多年轻人的喜爱。
(肯定句)This camera is not made in Japan.这部相机不是日本制造的。
(否定句)—Is the film called Snow White?这部电影是叫《白雪公主》吗?(一般疑问句)—Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t. 是的。
/不是。
—How many people were mentioned in the conversation?(特殊疑问句) 对话中提到了几个人?—Two. 两个。
三、一般过去时的被动语态被动语态的动词形式为:be+动词的过去分词,其中be为助动词,根据不同的人称和时态有形式的变化。
因此,一般过去时的被动语态为:1. 肯定句:主语+was/were+动词过去分词(+ by+动作执行者)e.g. The letter was written by Jim.2. 否定句:主语+was/were not+动词过去分词(+ by+动作执行者)e.g. The letter wasn’t written by Jim.3.一般疑问句:Was/Were+主语+动词过去分词+(by+动作执行者)e.g. Was the letter written by Jim?4. 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+was/were+主语+动词的过去分词+(by+动作执行者)e.g. When was the letter written by Jim?当动词不定式作宾语补足语时,要把主动语态中表人的直接宾语变为被动语态的主语,宾语补足语的位置不变。
初中英语被动语态的用法详解一、被动语态的结构主动语态(The Active V oice表示主语是动作的执行者。
被动语态(The Passive V oice表示主语是动作的承受者。
构成:承受者+助动词be+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者一般现在时:am/is/are+过去分词.一般过去时:was/were+过去分词一般将来时:shall /will be +过去分词现在完成时:have /has been +过去分词现在进行时:am/is/are+being+过去分词.过去将来时:should /would be +过去分词.含情态动词的被动结构:情态动词+be+过去分词.二、被动语态的用法1当我们不知道动作的执行者是谁,或者没有必要指出动作的执行者时,需用被动语态。
2当我们需要强调动作的承受者时,常用被动语态。
3如果需要说出动作的执行者, 用by引导出动作的执行者。
主动语态变为被动语态时,其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致,其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。
三、主动语态变为被动语态的情况1主语+谓语动词+宾语将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
(主动We bought a book yesterday. (被动The book was bought yesterday.2主语+谓语动词+间接宾语+直接宾语将主动语态中一个宾语变为被动语态的主语。
多数情况下将间接宾语变为主语。
如果直接宾语变为主语时,间接宾语前要加介词to / for。
(主动He showed me a book yesterday. (被动I was showed a book yesterday. (被动The book was showed to me yesterday.3主语+谓语动词+复合宾语含有一个由宾语加宾语补足语构成的复合宾语,变为被动语态时,将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语,宾语补足语保留不变,成为主语补足语。
从一个例句看定语从句与被动语态的完美结合请大家先看一个句子:We should pay much attention to the good teacher.(我们应该给这个好老师以足够的注意力)这个句子固然不错,但是,若在一篇文章中都是这类平铺直叙的句式结构,就显得单调乏味,令人枯燥了。
我们应当学会一种意思,多种表达,在写作中运用多种句式结构,就会给读者或评分者不一样的感觉。
句式变换的方式多种多样,本文通过例句着重说明如何使定语从句与被动语态达到完美结合。
首先,我们来看看本句变为被动语态的情况:(1)Much attention should be paid to the good teacher(by us).足够的注意力要给予这个好老师。
(2)The good teacher should be paid much attention to(by us).这个好老师应该被给以足够的注意力。
这样就使句子有了主次,有了要重点表达的内容。
例句(1)强调的是much attention,而例句(2)中,则强调的是the good teacher。
其次,我们看看加入定语从句的情况:(3)The attention (that/which) we should pay to the good teacher is much.我们该给这个好老师的注意力是很多的。
(4)The teacher (that/who/whom) we should pay muchattention to is good.我们该给以足够注意力的老师是很好的。
例句(3)中,我们把much attention拆分开来,形成一个主句The attention is much,又通过对attention加上一个定语从句,即(that /which) we should pay to the good teacher,从而达到了对attention的进一步修饰限定。
被动语态一、被动语态概述:语态是动词的一种形式,用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。
英语的语态共有两种:主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,一般说来,只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。
汉语往往用"被"、"受"、"给"等词来表示被动意义。
如:He opened the door. 他打开了这扇门。
(主动语态)The door was opened.这扇门被打开了。
(被动语态)二、被动语态的用法:1、不知道或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。
The bridge was builtlast year.这座桥是去年建造的。
He was electe d chairm an.他被选为主席。
2、当更加强调动作的承受者时。
此时动作的执行者由by引导置于谓语动词之后,不需要时可以省略。
The room hasn't been cleane d yet.房间还没有打扫。
The tigerwas killed by him.老虎被他杀死了。
3、当动作的执行者不是人时,多用被动语态。
如:The window was blownby wind.窗户被风吹开了。
The wholevillag e has been washed away by the flood.整个村庄都被洪水冲走了。
4、表示客观的说明常用"It is + 过去分词."句型。
It is said that Lucy has gone abroad.据说露茜已经出国了。
It is believ ed that he is a spy. (=He is believ ed to be a spy.)大家相信他是个间谍。
定语从句综合练习一、根据句意,在第一个空白处填入介词,在第二个填入关系代词whom或which:1. The pencil ______________ he was writing broke.2. The two things __________ Marx was not sure were the grammar and some idioms of English.3. Wu Dong, ______________ I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much.4. Her bag, ______________ she put all her books, has not been found.5.I have many friends , ______________ some are businessmen .6. The stories about the Long March, ______________ this is one example, are well written.7. The man ______________ you talked just now is a worker.8. The English play ___________ my students acted at the New Year's party was a great success.二句型比较1. ①The place you visited during your holidays is where I used to be for yearsA whereB whichC in which D.to which②The place you stayed for 3 years is where an ancient city used to be.A whereB whichC thatD to which2.①The day she spent with us was never to be forgotten.A./ B.on which C when D.in which②The day she played with us was never to be forgotten.A. thatB. whenC. whichD. /3.①The reason she gave up teaching was that she was seriously ill.A for thatB for whatC which D.why②The reason he gave me is quite shocking.A thatB for whichC whichD for that4. ① Is this the factory you visited last week?A whereB which C. to which D. in which② Is this factory you visited last week?A. that B which C in which D. the one5. ① The house window faces south is for the doctor.A. whichB. thatC. whoseD. of which② The house the window faces south is for the doctor.A. of whichB. whoseC. whichD. where6.①That is one of those books that ____ worth reading.A. isB. areC. hasD. have②This is the only one of the students whose handwriting ____ the best.A. isB. areC. hasD. have三.改错1.Is this the book your father bought it for you?2.They are talking about the people and the things which they saw on their way home.3.This is the very thing which I can tell you.4.Shanghai is the biggest city,that has a population of more than ten million.5.Who is the man who is speaking to your mother?6.He has written a book, the name of it I have forgotten.7.Is this the city where you visited last year?8.This is the boy his handwriting is the best in our class9.He has three sons,two of them are music lovers.10.As you know it,he has left for America.四. 单项选择1. The woman ____ is talking to my mother is a friend of hers.A. whoseB. whoC. whomD. which2. Because of my poor memory, all ____ you told me has been forgotten.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. as3. Do you remember those days ____ we spent along the seashore very happily?A. whenB. whereC. whichD. who4. Tom did not take away the camera because it was just the same camera ____ he lost last week.A. whichB. thatC. whomD. as5 In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions ____ were asked in French.A. whereB. whoC. in whichD. which6. Finally, the thief handed over everything ____ he had stolen to the police.A. thatB. whichC. whateverD. all7. The foreign guests, ____ were government officials, were warmly welcomed at the airport.A. most of themB. most of thatC. most of whomD. most of those8. Nearby were two canoes(独木舟) ____ they had come to the island.A. whichB. in whichC. thatD. /9. Jack is pleased with ____ you have given him and all ____ you have told him.A. that, whatB. what, thatC. which, whatD. that, which10. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single p erson ____ she could turn for help.A. whomB. whoC. to whomD. form whom11. This is the factory ____ we worked a year ago.A. whereB. thatC. whichD. on which12. They stayed with me three weeks, ____ they drank all the wine I had.A. whichB. which timeC. during which timeD. during which13. I’ve finished writing the novel, ____ is to be published next month.A. thatB. whatC. whichD. when14. ____ is known to all, English is not very difficult to learn.A. WhatB. AsC. ThatD. Which15. It is the first time ____ I have come to your city.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. when被动语态综合练习被动语态的八种基本形式一般现在时_____________________________________________________________________ 一般过去时_____________________________________________________________________ 一般将来时_____________________________________________________________________ 过去将来时_____________________________________________________________________ 现在进行时_____________________________________________________________________ 过去进行时_____________________________________________________________________ 现在完成时_____________________________________________________________________ 过去完成时_____________________________________________________________________*动词主动表示被动的用法1、need,want,require(要求,需要),be worth,后面接doing主动表被动。