下载文档原格式
定语从句一. 定语从句的三个概念1. 定语从句: 修饰一个名词或代词的句子/ 用来做定语的句子叫定语从句2. 关系词: 引出定语从句的词叫关系词3. 先行词: 被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
二. 关系词在从句中代替先行词1. 关系词本身没有词义, 代替先行词的词义2. 必须充当定语从句中的一个成分3. 根据它在定语从句中所充当的成分将引导定语从句的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词三. 关系词的选择引导定语从句的关系代词有: who, whom, whose, that, which, as等，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分1. 先行词是人时的三种情况:(1) 先行词是人, 从句中缺少主语时, 用who或that作从句的主语e.g. I have a friend who/ that likes listening to classic music.注意：1) 当先行词是one, ones, anybody, anyone, all, none, those, people 等指人时, 一般用who, 不用thate.g. Those who want to go to the cinema will have to wait at the gate of the school.2) 在以疑问词who开头的句子中, 或关系代词在从句中作表语时, 用that, 不用whoe.g. Who is the man that is shouting there?She is not the girl that she used to be.3) 在there be 句型中, 先行词是人, 只能用whoe.g. There are many people who are singing.(2) 先行词是人, 从句中缺动词宾语或介词宾语时, 用whom或that (介词后不用that)e.g. The teacher wants to return the book to the girl from whom he borrowed it.The teacher wants to return the book to the girl (whom/ that) he borrowed it from.(3) 先行词是人, 从句中缺少定语时, 用whosee.g. Do you know the boy whose parents are on holiday?2. 先行词是物时的三种情况:(1) 先行词是物, 从句中缺少主语时, 用that, which e.g. You’d better not drink water which /that has not been boiled.(2) 先行词是物, 从句中缺少动词宾语或介词宾语时, 用which或that, 注意介词后不用thate.g. This is the house in which once Lu Xun lived .This is the house (which/ that) once Lu Xun lived in.(3) 先行词是物, 且从句中缺少定语时, 用whose或the+名词+of which的结构e.g. We study in the classroom whose door / the door of which faces south.3.下列情况下, 只用that, 不用which引导定语从句(1) 先行词是不定代词, 如all, none, little, few, much, one, some, anything, nothingeverything, something等e.g. Is there anything that you want?(2) 先行词被all, no, every, some, little, few, much, one of , the only, the very, the right, the same等所修饰时e.g. The only thing that he remembered was her name.(3) 先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时e.g. This is the first film that I’ve seen since I came here.She is the most beautiful girl that I had known.(4) 先行词中既有人又有物时e.g. They talked about the teachers and the things (that) they remembered in the school.(5) 以which开头的疑问句中, 多用that引导从句e.g. Which is your book that you always read.引导定语从句的关系副词有: when, where, why , 在定语从句中充当状语的成分, 即在从句中起副词和介词短语的作用1. Wheree.g. This is the house.I was born in the house.=This is the house where I was born. (where代替先行词house)=This is the house which / that / 不填I was born in.=This is the house in which I was born.2. whene.g. We’ll never forget the day.We joined the party on the day.= We’ll never forget the day when we joined the party.= We’ll never forget the day which / that/ 不填we joined the party on.= We’ll never forget the day on which we joined the party.3. whye.g. The reason why I am calling you is to invite you to a party.The reason is that I want to invite you to a party. (表语从句)= The reason why I am calling you is that I want to invite you to a party.(既有定语从句又有表语从句)连接词在句子中的不同作用:e.g. Hangzhou is the place that is very famous. (主语)Hangzhou is the place which I will never forget. (宾语)Hangzhou is the place to which I went last summer. (介词宾语)Hangzhou is the place whose scenery is beautiful. (定语)Hangzhou is the place where I went last summer. (状语)由as 引导的定语从句1. as 引导限定性定语从句时, 先行词常用such和same修饰, as在从句中不省略e.g. We do the same work as they do.2. as 引导的非限定性定语从句，as代表整个主句的意义e.g. We jumped for joy at the news, as was natural.Taiwan, as is known to everyone, is a part of ChinaAs was usual with him, he went out for a walk after dinner.四. 定语从句与其他从句的区分：1. 定语从句与强调句的区分：（去掉it is/was和that 的部分, 若句子成立则为强调句）e.g. It was on that day that he left school. (强调句)2. 定语从句与结果状语从句的区分：（看连接词是不是在句中担当成分, 若担当则为定语从句）e.g. He is such a kind person as everybody likes. (定语从句)He is such a kind person that everybody likes him. (结果状语从句)3. 定语从句与同位语从句的区分：（看连接词是不是在句中担当成分, 若不担当而只表示前面名词的具体内容则为同位语从句）e.g. The news that he had passed the exam surprised us. (同位语从句)The news that we heard surprised us. (定语从句)五. 介词+关系代词引导定语从句时介词或关系代词的选择：1. 介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性搭配e.g. The farm on which I once worked is very beautiful.2. 介词与从句中的动词是一种习惯性搭配：e.g. Who is the man with whom our teacher is talking?3. 介词与从句中的形容词是一种习惯性搭配e.g. Ours is a great country, of which we are proud.4. 表示“所有格”或“整体与部分关系”时, 用介词ofe.g. I was given three books on cooking, the first of which I really enjoyed.There are over 100 teachers, sixth percent of whom are women.定语从句考点分析1. The best work ______ Lu Xun wrote and ______ I have read has been made into a film.A. which; thatB. that; ×C. ×; thatD. ×; ×析：如果两个定语从句并列，关系代词作宾语时前一句的可以省略，但后一句的不可省略，故应选C。
宾语从句1. 宾语从句的含义充当主句宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。
如：She knew that the teacher had seen the film.她知道这位老师看过这部电影。
“that the teacher had seen the film”做 knew 的宾语，同时又是由连接词 that 引导的从句，所以它叫做宾语从句。
2. 宾语从句的分类（1）动词宾语从句：顾名思义，它是位于动词后面的宾语从句。
如：He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class．他问我们班上谁的书法最好。
（2）介词宾语从句：顾名思义，它是位于介词后面的宾语从句。
如：I agree with what you said just now.我同意你刚才说的话。
（3）形容词宾语从句：顾名思义，它是位于形容词后面的宾语从句。
如：I am afraid that I will be late. 恐怕我要迟到了。
3. 引导宾语从句的连接词（1）that：没有含义，在宾语从句中不做成分（2）whether/if：表示是否，在宾语从句中不做成分。
I don't know if /whether he still lives here after so many years. 我不知道这么多年后，他是否还住在这里。
（3）连接代词：what, which, who, whom, whose（在宾语从句中做主、宾、表和定语）连接副词：where, when, how, why（在宾语从句中做状语）The small children don't know what is in their stockings．（what 在宾语从句中做主语）这些小孩子不知道什么在他们的长筒袜里。
Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning？（why 在宾语从句中做原因状语）你能告诉我为什么你今天早上开会迟到吗？4. 在做宾语从句的题目时应注意两点（1）时态：①当主句是现在时态时，宾语从句可以根据需要使用任何时态。
英语被动语态用法归纳总结一、被动语态定义和用法当我们要突出某个行为的执行者时，应使用主动语态来表达，而要强调动作的承受者时，就要使用被动语态来表达。
主语为动作的执行者时，表示主动语态。
e.g. He told the story. (主动语态）他讲了这个故事。
主语为动作的承受者时，表示被动语态。
e.g.The story was told by him. (被动语态）这个故事被他讲了。
二、一般现在时被动语态的各类句式总结如下：1. 肯定句：主语+am / is / are+动词过去分词(+by+动作执行者)2. 否定句：主语+ am / is / are not+动词过去分词(+by+动作执行者)3. 一般疑问句：Am / Is / Are +主语+动词过去分词(+by+动作执行者)4. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ am / is / are + 主语+动词过去分词(+by+动作执行者)e.g. This song is still loved by many young people today.这首歌现在仍然受到许多年轻人的喜爱。
(肯定句)This camera is not made in Japan.这部相机不是日本制造的。
(否定句)—Is the film called Snow White?这部电影是叫《白雪公主》吗？(一般疑问句)—Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t. 是的。
/不是。
—How many people were mentioned in the conversation?(特殊疑问句) 对话中提到了几个人？—Two. 两个。
三、一般过去时的被动语态被动语态的动词形式为：be+动词的过去分词，其中be为助动词，根据不同的人称和时态有形式的变化。
因此，一般过去时的被动语态为：1. 肯定句：主语+was/were+动词过去分词（+ by+动作执行者）e.g. The letter was written by Jim.2. 否定句：主语+was/were not+动词过去分词（+ by+动作执行者）e.g. The letter wasn’t written by Jim.3.一般疑问句：Was/Were+主语+动词过去分词+（by+动作执行者）e.g. Was the letter written by Jim?4. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+was/were+主语+动词的过去分词+（by+动作执行者）e.g. When was the letter written by Jim?当动词不定式作宾语补足语时，要把主动语态中表人的直接宾语变为被动语态的主语，宾语补足语的位置不变。
初中英语被动语态的用法详解一、被动语态的结构主动语态(The Active V oice表示主语是动作的执行者。
被动语态(The Passive V oice表示主语是动作的承受者。
构成:承受者+助动词be+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者一般现在时:am/is/are+过去分词.一般过去时:was/were+过去分词一般将来时:shall /will be +过去分词现在完成时:have /has been +过去分词现在进行时:am/is/are+being+过去分词.过去将来时:should /would be +过去分词.含情态动词的被动结构:情态动词+be+过去分词.二、被动语态的用法1当我们不知道动作的执行者是谁,或者没有必要指出动作的执行者时,需用被动语态。
2当我们需要强调动作的承受者时,常用被动语态。
3如果需要说出动作的执行者, 用by引导出动作的执行者。
主动语态变为被动语态时,其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致,其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。
三、主动语态变为被动语态的情况1主语+谓语动词+宾语将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
(主动We bought a book yesterday. (被动The book was bought yesterday.2主语+谓语动词+间接宾语+直接宾语将主动语态中一个宾语变为被动语态的主语。
多数情况下将间接宾语变为主语。
如果直接宾语变为主语时,间接宾语前要加介词to / for。
(主动He showed me a book yesterday. (被动I was showed a book yesterday. (被动The book was showed to me yesterday.3主语+谓语动词+复合宾语含有一个由宾语加宾语补足语构成的复合宾语,变为被动语态时,将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语,宾语补足语保留不变,成为主语补足语。
专题十八：定语从句一、定语从句：1.定语从句的概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
2.先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
3.关系词：引导定语从句的连词叫关系词。
如that、which、who、whom、whose、where、when等。
4.由that、which、who、whom、whose引导的定语从句。
关系词指代在定语从句中的作用that既指人也指物作主语、宾语which指物作主语、宾语who指人作主语whom指人作宾语whose既指人也指物作定语二、定语从句：1.先行词是物时，一般情况既可用that，which均可.但下列情况，只用that不用which。
1).当先行词为指物的不定代词，如all、everything、something、anything、nothing、none、the one等时，只能用that。
There is nothing ______ I can do for you .2).先行词被the only, the very, the last, all, no, little等词修饰,只用that。
This is the very book ___ I’m looking for .3).先行词被序数词修饰时，只用that . This is the first nextbook ______ I studied in the middle school .4).先行词为最高级或被最高级修饰时，只能用that。
This is the most beautiful mountain ______ I have ever seen .=I have _____ seen _____ a beautiful mountian .5).先行词既有人也有物时，只能that 。
He told us many interesting things and persons _______ we had .2.先行词是物时，一般情况既可用that也可用which.但下列情况，只能用which不用that。
1).关系代词前有介词时，关系词只能用which 。
This is the building in ______ he lives .2).引导非限定性的定语从句（先行词是物且先行词与关系词用逗号隔开），关系词用which。
His book , ______ was lost last week , has been found now.3.先行词是人时，一般情况下既可用who 也可用that 。
但以下情况下，只能用who。
1).当先行词为those、one、ones、anyone且作主语时,一般用who .Those ____ are singing are all my classmates .2).在there be 句型中，先行词指人时，只能用who。
指物时用that。
There is a girl ______ expects to see you .3).当先行词是I、you、he、they等时，只能用who 。
He ______ plays with fire gets burned .三、定语从句由关系副词when、where、why引导的定语从句。
where = in / at +which when = in / on / at +which why = for + which1.由where引导的定语从句。
1).先行词是表示地点的名词 2).在定语从句中作地点状语Is this the house ____ you lived ?= Is this the house ____ ___ you lived ?= Is this the house ___ you lived in ?2.由when引导的定语从句。
1).先行词是表示时间的名词 2).在定语从句中作时间状语I will never forget the days ______ I met him .= I will never forget the days ____ ____ I met him.注：先行词是the last time 时，when 可省略。
When was the last time you saw the parrot ?3.由why引导的定语从句。
先行词为reason 时，一般用why 。
why在句中作原因状语。
We don’t know the reason ______ they didn’t come .四、注意事项：1.关系词在定语从句中作宾语时，常可省略。
The story _____ he told was very popular .A.who B.whom C.whose D. / 2.that 、who 、which 在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词应与先行词保持一致。
I loves singers who _______(write) their own songs ./She is one of the girls who ______(study) hard .3.定语从句中whose 的确定：无论先行词是人或物，在定语从句中做定语用whose 。
判断：看定语从句的主语前有无限定词（my 、your 、Jim’s 等），若没有，则用whose 。
The girl _____ parents work in Beijing is Kate .A. who B. whose C. which D. that专题十二：被动语态的构成及用法一、被动语态被动语态的基本结构为：be+动词的过去分词各种时态的主动、被动语态的结构如下表（以动词do 为例）：时态主动语态被动语态例句主动语态被动语态一般现在时do/does am/is/are+done We clean the classroom.．The classroom is cleaned by us ．一般过去时did was/were+done He made the kite ．The kite was made by him ．现在进行时am/is/are+doing am/is/are+being done She is watering flowers ．Flower are being watered by her ．现在完成时have/has+done have/has+been done Jim has finished the work ．The work has been finished by Jim ．一般将来时will/shall/be going to+do will/shall/be going to+be done They will plant trees tomorrow ．Trees will be planted by them tomorrow ．过去进行was/were+doing was/were+being done She was writing a letter this time A letter was being written by her this time时yesterday．yesterday．过去完成时had+done had+been doneJim hadfinished thework．The workhad beenfinished．过去将来时would/should/begoing to+dowould/should/begoing to+be doneHe said hewould makea kite．He said a kitewould bemade byhim．含有情态动词can/may/must+do can/may/must+bedoneI can findhim．He can befound byme．一．被动语态的用法：在被动语态中，主语是动作的承受者，主要用于下列几种情况：（1）不知道动作的执行者是谁。
如：This watch is made in China．更多资料QQ378459309制作：（2）没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。
如：More trees must be planted every year．。
（3）需要强调或突出动作的承受者时。
如：Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world．（4）句子的主语是动作的承受者。
如：Many houses were washed away by the food．二、主动语态和被动语态的转换1．主动语态变为被动语态（1）要将主动句里的宾语变为被动句中的主语，若主动句中的宾语是人称代词，要将宾语变成主格。
（2）把主动句中的主语变为被动句中的宾语，主格变成宾格，并用by 引导。
（3）谓语动词变成相应的被动形式。
主动语态：动作执行者+谓语动词主动形式+动作承受者被动语态：动作承受者+谓语动词被动形式+动作执行者如：We asked him to sing an English song．(变为被动语态) →He was asked to sing an English song by us．2．带双宾语的谓语动词变为被动语态谓语动词带双宾语时，既可以将间接宾语转化成主语，也可以将直接宾语转化为主语。
若将间接宾语转化为主语，则保留直接宾语；若将直接宾语转化为主语则保留间接宾语，且在被保留的间接宾语前加上介词to 或for。
如：She gave me a book．(变为被动语态) →I was given a book by her．(间接宾语me改为了主语)A book was given to me by her．(直接宾语a book 改为了主语)3．动词短语变为被动语态许多由动词和介词、副词构成的动词短语相当于及物动词，可以有宾语，也可以有被动语态。
在变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成动词短语的介词或副词。
如：We should speak to old men politely．(变为被动语态)Old men should be spoken to politely．(to不可省略)4．带复合宾语的动词变为被动语态宾语加上宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。
变被动语态时，只把宾语变为被动句的主语，宾语补足语保留在原处，成为主语补足语。
如：I heard Jane playing the piano in her room．(变为被动语态) →Jane was heard playing the piano in her room．5．变被动语态后动词形式的选择主动句中在感官动词see，hear，watch，feel，notice等，及使役动词let，make，have等后跟省略to的不定式，变为被动句时，应加上不定式符号to。
