历史街区的景观改造研究-外文资料翻译

20城市建筑Urbanism and Architecture / 2023.241研究背景北京城历史悠久，孕育了独特而丰富的北京水文化。

历史水系作为城市水系的重要组成部分，在城市开发过程中生态功能弱化[1]。

因此城市历史水系，尤其是小型河段的修复日趋紧迫，很多城市也着手进行历史水系的保护与修复工作。

近年来，遗产保护的对象逐渐从建筑单体、建筑群演变到整体历史环境的可持续保护[2]。

而2013年起各地持续推进海绵城市建设，旨在应对城市水面锐减、下垫面硬化导致的城市雨洪灾害多发问题[3]。

历史水系同时作为城市公共空间与历史文化的载体，遗产保护与生态更新的双重视角将成为城市更新的新思路。

本文选择以北京历史河道——前门三里河作为研究对象，通过追溯其发展演变的过程，找寻其历史文化遗存，可以更加深入地探究北京历史、文化的发展特征。

除此之外，通过对其河道景观改造修复工程进行调研和评估，为其河道历史文化景观的保护与发展提出进一步的策略。

2前门三里河的价值评估作为历史水系，三里河的具体构成要素和保护内容除河道本身外，还包括滨河历史建筑、公共空间、水生动植物、非物质文化遗产、沿河古树名木、滨水街道等[4]。

三里河属于城市建成区内小型河段尺度水系，虽然在宣统年间已经干涸，但仍然拥有以下两类核心价值。

2.1作为文化遗产的价值：历史与文化价值2.1.1三里河的历史变迁三里河历史上是老北京城护城河的泄水河道，拥有极其悠久的历史（见图1）。

据《金史》记载，三里河一带在摘要 北京的城市水系历史悠久，然而其城市建设在较长一段时间内对水系与相关文化遗产的发展造成了破坏。

在海绵城市建设的背景下，古河道的研究及河道景观生态更新实践也迎来了新的机遇。

文章希望从遗产保护与生态更新的双重视角，通过文献研究评估北京前门三里河地区的历史文化价值与生态价值，对2016年进行的三里河景观改造工程展开实地调研和设计分析，总结出在进行河道景观生态更新时所应坚持的三项原则，即历史性原则、生态性原则和景观性原则，并以此提出保护历史建筑与修复传统风貌、传统街巷肌理保护与道路市政设施完善、优化区域景观格局、依托绿色技术四项具体策略。

城市历史街区中公园改造的设计摘要城市历史街区中的公园属于比较特殊的公园类型,是街区的一部分,它的改造对传承和发展街区的历史文化、改善街区的生态环境、满足城市居民的功能需要、促进街区的良性发展具有重要意义。

通过雨湖公园改造设计对历史街区公园改造的重点、难点及主要内容等进行了探讨,以期为历史街区公园的发展提供借鉴思路。

关键词历史街区;公园改造;设计;理念;主要内容TransformationDesignofPublicParkinUrbanHistoricalStreetsLI Da-peng 1WU Yi 1CHEN Yan 2(1 Central South University of Forestry & Technology,Changsha Hunan 410004;2 Hunan University of Science & Technology)AbstractParks in the urban historical street are special park type,and also an important part of the streets. Its transformation is significant in inheriting and developing urban historical streets’culture,improving their environment,satisfying urban dwellers’functional need and promoting the benign development of the urban historical streets. Through the transformation design of the Yuhu Park,the key points,the difficult points and main contents were analyzed,so as to offer helpful references for the better development of urban historical streets’park.Key wordsurban historical streets;park transformation;design;ideas;main contents城市中的历史街区是城市发展的一个“缩影”,是城市历史发展的物质和精神的载体,反映着一定时期城市发展的历史,记载着城市发展的信息。

■ IntroductionIn 2003 the World Heritage Com-mittee rang the alarm bells as the number of conflicts arising from urban development projects being executed in historic cities inscribed onto UNESCO’s World Heritage List was increasing significantly. It experienced how in practically all parts of the world, both developed and developing, local governments were struggling to adhere to the principles of urban conservation as put down in international Charters and Conventions, while aiming to secure the necessary investments for urban regeneration and city develop-ment. Recognizing that this dilemma involved all historic cities, not onlythose of World Heritage status, the World Heritage Committee relegat-ed this issue to UNESCO so that it could muster the broadest possible international support towards finding a solution fit for all cities of heri-tage-value.Starting in 2005 and lasting for 6 years, UNESCO facilitated and coor-dinated the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) initiative, a policy process to review and update existing interna-tional guidelines for heritage conser-vation. This process was successfully concluded with the adoption of the new UNESCO Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape by UNESCO’s General Conference on 10 November 2011, a ‘soft-law’ to be implemented by individual Member States on a voluntary basis.The Historic Urban Landscape is an updated heritage management ap-proach based on the recognition and identification of a layering of values present in any historic city and the need to integrate the different disci-plines for the analysis and planning of the urban conservation process, in order not to separate it from the planning and development of the contemporary city – in other words, the HUL approach seeks to reconnect historic quarters with the new city, urban conservation with the plan-ning and development process, and the different cultural traditions and socio-economic dynamics that are present in any contemporary city. The Historic Urban Landscape is an approach to identify city value as a continuum in space upon continuity of time. HUL, therefore, can be both a perspective and a value orientation, as well as a formation mechanism of space. It can be used in construction and development of a range of tech-nical methods and diverse managerial systems, which can be applied to the management of various space ranges, including but not limit to historic districts, historic blocks, historic cit-ies and centers, and all other space management regarding evolution of city.UNESCO’s General Conference in2011年联合国教科文组织《关于历史性城镇景观的建议书》在亚太地区的实施Implementation of the 2011 UNESCO Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape in Asia and the Pacific作者/ Ron VAN OERS1 周俭2 Written by Ron VAN OERS ① and ZHOU Jian ②■ 简介随着世界遗产城市纷纷开展各自的城市开发项目，一系列与保护相关的矛盾和冲突也呈上升趋势。

基于重庆地域性的历史街区环境改造模式研究——以重庆歌乐山抗战风情街为例秦岭【摘要】Starting from the humanities and historical characteristics, this paper takes the transformation project of Chongqing Geleshan Anti-Japanese War Zone as the object. Relying on the anti-Japanese war historical culture, this paper analyzes the existing problems and values of the neighborhood, and then from the anti- Japanese war culture, historical characteristics, proposes that in the process of accelerating the urbanization process, the historical district transformation design should take inheritance and continuation of historical and cultural characteristics as the primary condition, and use modern design language and technical means to add the anti-Japanese cultural elements into the historical district space, to create a district space with distinctive era and regional characteristics.%本文从人文、历史特色方面着手,将重庆歌乐山抗战风情街区的改造项目作为了此次实施的对象,依托了歌乐山特有的抗战历史文化,通过对街区现存的问题与价值进行分析研究,然后从抗战文化、历史特色入手,提出在城市化加速进程的今天,历史街区改造设计应当以传承和延续历史特色文化作为首要条件,并运用现代的设计语言汇和技术手段,将抗战文化元素植入到历史街区空间中,营造出有鲜明时代特色和地域风情的街区空间.【期刊名称】《价值工程》【年(卷),期】2017(036)033【总页数】3页(P239-241)【关键词】抗战文化;重庆歌乐山;历史街区;改造设计【作者】秦岭【作者单位】重庆城市职业学院,重庆402160【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TU984.11+1我国的许多城市的街区，都有丰富的历史和文化氛围，然而随着社会经济和城市化进程的加速发展，一些具有历史价值的老街区、老街道面临被迫拆迁或者被打造成不属于它们的商业化的面孔，使之失去了原有的地域特色和历史风貌，这种具有历史文脉的传统街区在大规模的城市建设中消失殆尽。

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城市历史文化街区的景观
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城市历史文化街区景观的保护摘
建筑规划与设计
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外文资料翻译Study on Renovation of the Landscapes of Historical BlocksEvery city has its own special memories，which are incarnated in its landscapes of historical blocks．Washington Charter has presented the so-far best definition of historical blocks:they are the blocks with great historical values of a city or a town，whether they are large or small，in urban or in suburban Historical blocks are not only precious heritages of historical culture in material form，but also the linking nodes connecting the present with the past as well with the future of a city in spirit．When we design a modern city，we not only need to make the scientific planning for its function，but also should pay much attention to its local and traditional features so that it can not be neglected among the landscapes of modern cities．Therefore，it is significant to make studies on the protection and development of historical blocks．1 The Present Status of Historical Blocks in ChinaSince 21th century，China has entered a fast developing period，and many sequelae resulted from rebuilding in large scale are witnessed.The old city blocks are usually important areas with clusters of buildings and high business value which are favored by the real estate developers.Authorized by the policies，many local governments implement " the Project of Old Block Reconstruction" in large scale and allow the developing rights to the real estate developers．The demolishment and reconstruction certainly cause the traditional style to disappear and traditional culture cannot be inherited because the old city blocks usually reflect the traditional city life style and traditional culture .The material civilization allows people enjoy the convenience of the modern society resulted from new technologiesand new materials，but makes them away from the comforts and leisure which is resulted from the decline of spirit culture．Nowadays，the residential houses and historical blocks which bear the memories of old city are graduallypassing into oblivion，the traditional culture and life style can hardly survive the modern buildings．2 The approaches to rebuilding the historical blocksThe landscapes of historical blocks are the most important bearer of the historical value．The values of historical culture，residential culture，courtyard culture，and the architecture culture are mainly incarnated in such substantial hards capes．Such historical blocks endow people a feeling of space and site，the layout of alleys，the distribution of courtyards，the style of buildings，and their designs should show a historical feeling．The historical blocks consist of ancient architectures( including public ancient buildings and private residential houses)，public infrastructures，gardens，and service buildings，etc．［3］Made of wood that is apt to decay，the ancient architectures in China differ from those of Westerns which are made of stones or bricks so that the ancient Chinese architectures need frequent repairing．The historical blocks usually located in the central areas where are densely populated，heavily buildings clustered，and they are " the gold areas" for the real estate developers．Aiming at the maximum profit，the developers usually do not care about their historical culture and value in their reconstruction．In addition，the historical blocks are not properly protected and repaired because of the shortage of funds．It is an crucial task to rebuild the substantial landscape in the protection of historical blocks．2-1 The repairs for old buildings The main-body buildings in the historical blocks are usually consists of the old architectures which are the most ancient Chinese-style buildings except a few．They were built with wood，bricks，stones and earth，dominating in wood．The following steps should be adopted for the reconstruction of ancient buildings in the historical blocks: 2-1-2 To make a survey of the data of the ancient building and identify its historical value．There are many cultural relics and historical buildings with high historical value. A thorough survey for the ancient architectural blocks must be conducted before the implementation of their reconstruction so as to make certain whether the cultural relics and historical buildings exist.If suchrelics or buildings exist in the blocks，their covering areas should be marked; they must be protected and repaired according to the law of relic protection．When a survey for historical relics has been completed，the investigations on the other old buildings，including their building year，style，design and even their damage，should be made and the data be recorded，according to which the endangered buildings and old buildings were respectively identified.The former should be reconstructed and the latter be repaired．In recent years，influenced by the tide of reconstruction of old and endangered blocks，many old buildings which can be still used are demolished and rebuilt．According to the " the theory of organic renewal" established by professor Wu Liangyong，it is necessary to distinguished what the endangered buildings and what the old buildings are; and the endangered should be saved or rebuilt，but the old be repaired．The endangered buildings refer to those whose bearing components are in danger and have no bearing ability，the building may fall down at any time，so they are out of utilization in safety; while the old buildings refer to those whose bearing components have been not renewed for long time，but their bearing ability is still in good condition．It is the first step to distinguish what the endangeredand what the old are before the reconstruction and repairing of the historical blocks．2-1-2 To repair or rebuild the different old building in different ways according to their own status．( 1) Cultural buildings．The repairing of cultural buildings must be implemented according to the law of cultural relic protection，observing the principle of " Priority for protecting，first saving，reasonably utilization，strictly managing" ，the structural components should not be changed as possibly，while the newly-supplemented ones should be marked their date in use，repairing the old as its originals hold．( 2) Old buildings.The repairing and maintaining as well as inner rebuilding can be conducted for those old buildings which are out of repair for a longtime．The repair should not make their style and shape and structure changed，reaching the aim of repairing the old as its originals hold．Many the old traditional residential buildings have been in use for living apartments though their layouts do not meet the requirement of modern life．Therefore，the new requirement of owners should be taken into account and the inner structures can be adjusted and rebuilt．Since the volumetric ratio，water supply and drainage system，privacy all cannot meet the requirement of modern life，the interior rebuilding is mainly concentrated on replenishing the functional equipment．The rebuilding is aiming at meeting the requirement of owners，improving their living quality，but unchanging the style and feature of the buildings．( 3) The endangered buildings.The use of such buildings，both for living and for other purposes，should be avoided．If they have landscape values，they should be protected through technical measures and replacing the components．Otherwise they should be rebuilt according to their style and features which also should be in agreement with their neighborhood．( 4) Those to be newly-built.They should be in accord with those in the neighborhood both in style and feature.Such buildings are clustered into two kinds，the newly-rebuilt and the newly-developed.The former should maintain the style and feature of the original．And the latter can be properly improved their volumetric ratio and layout except for being in agreement with their neighborhood．( 5) The buildings negatively influencing the landscape．Many historical buildings are negatively influenced by the modern buildings which mainly high，storeyed buildings，the architectural elevation are out of agreement with the landscape，influencing the sky-line and the background environment．It is necessary to make elevational rebuilding of the buildings which are negatively influence the landscape．For example，the surrounding buildings of the Temple of Zhuge Liang were rebuilt in the style of residential buildings in western Sichuan．It is suggested that the high，multistorey buildings in the historical blocks be dismantled except those which have special reasons for theirexistence．The reconstruction and repairing of historical blocks should be kept in agreement of their style and feature which are the reasons for making people have a feeling of history and place because the historical environment composing of such building clusters.Living equipment should be supplemented to the old buildings in historical blocks to meet the requirement of the owners' living.In general，the repairing and reconstruction of the old buildings should observe the principle of enhancing their function and remaining their style．2-2 The reconstruction of the infrastructures The historical blocks formed though the following two ways: ①Formed in overall planning and gradually improved．Such historical blocks were built according to their overall planning which might be carried out by the ancient local government.In ancient time，the planning of the blocks before their construction might be conducted if the economy was prosperous．The blocks in many northern cities are such examples.Some of them center about the private gardening residences．The planners of such blocks were the majors in the local economy．In ancient time，the planning of a block was carried out according to Chinese geomancy( Fengshui).The layout and infrastructures of historical blocks cannot meet the requirement of modern people thoughthey were fully considered in planning．②Formed spontaneously．Some historical blocks formed spontaneously，centering about the temples，monasteries，even a spontaneously-formed residential cluster．Such kind of bocks usually formed in agreement with the natural geography，with densely-clustered residential buildings，debunching layout of which little was taken into account of the public infrastructures．There are two problems about the public infrastructures in the historical blocks．First，they cannot meet the requirement of modern life; second，they are usually out of repair and maintaining so that they are out of use because of serious damage．Furthermore，there problems about the water supply and drainage system in the historical blocks，the residents in the blocks face with difficulties in water supply as well as drainage．Safety problem also plagues the residents in the historical blocks．Many attached buildings to the original residential buildings which are densely clustered and in want offire-fighting system cause the blocks to be in danger．The following principles should be adhered for the infrastructure reconstruction of the historical blocks: ( 1) To avoid heavy reshaping and change as less as possible．The buildings in the historical blocks need protecting so that the heavy reshaping could be avoided when the infrastructures are innovated.The structural features of the buildings should be taken into account when the pipeline systems are installed，changing the original structure of the historical buildings as less as possible．( 2) To remain the original style and feature The pavements of the historical blocks have values of sight-seeing，heavy loss will be caused if they are rebuilt．The construction of water supply and drainage systems will seriously get the roads destroyed．If they must be reconstruction，the original materials should be preserved during the reconstruction.The newly-selected materials will be in agreements with the original feature．For example，the well covers are designed as pseudo-antiques in many historical blocks，creating historical feeling．2-3 Reshaping green landscapes There are the well-designed green landscapes in many historical blocks.They are established on the basis of the following historical reasons: ①The historical blocks are the developed business centers in a certain regions．In such blocks，many rich men built their residences in which gardens were their important parts.These well-designed, fine-management gardens have high sight-seeing value．They were well preserved，protected and even expanded though their owners were different in different historical stages．②The green landscape in historical blocks are usually well-protected and not destroyed because many people believe on geomancy so that many ancient trees survived.Unlike the historical buildings requiring frequent repair and rebuilding，the greening trees can survive and growth without any care provided that their circumstances have not heavily damaged so that many ancient trees survived in such blocks．In the construction of modern cities，many real estate developers ignore the value of greening landscapes in the historical blocks，demolished many historical gardens to build houses and office buildings，leading to the consequence that many ancient treesdisappeared．The renovation of gardening landscapes in the historical blocks should observe the following principles．(1)Taking the protection first，trying to remain the original style and feature．Such gardening landscapes usually dominate in ancient wood，they have a long history with a certain ancient relics．For the historical gardens with the value of cultural relics，their redressing should be conducted according to the law of cultural relic protection．As for the redressing of the inherited common green landscapes，some resting facilities can be built in the areas while the original style and feature should be remained．The materials and the techniques in the classic garden construction should be applied during redressing the garden landscapes．The protection should be put first during redressing the gardens in the historical blocks，remaining the original style and feature with change as less as possible．The ancient wood should be carefully protected．( 2) The renovation of the recently-built green landscapes．There are usually recently-built greening landscapes in the historical blocks．Some of them are disagreed with the landscapes in the blocks．Squares are built with modern materials so that the cities could look unorthodox，causing the historical circumstance to disappear．Therefore，such kind of green landscapes need rebuilding．If the landscapes have the use value，such as small squares，greens，etc.their functions could be still ensured，but their structure materials and style should be adjusted．The style of the design in details should agree with that of the historical blocks; both the original materials and the modern materials，which can show the historical style and feature of the blocks，can be encouraged to be applied in the reconstruction．During the reconstruction of the historical blocks，since many modern buildings will be demolished or rebuilt，the attached green should be also replanted．( 3) The newly-built landscapes in the historical blocks．The inherited garden landscapes cannot meet the requirements of the business and residence purposes，while the newly-built garden landscapes need rebuilding so that they can meet the demands of business，tour，resting，and living for the people．In addition，the historical blocks usually stand among the modern buildingclusters，therefore buffer zones between the modern buildings and historical blocks should be built so that the conflict between them can be overcome．The buffer zones usually are the green zones which not only make the style of the new blocks with that of the historical ones，but also can be used as the background of the historical blocks，showing their artful value．Next，the buffer zones can act protection function for the historical blocks as an isolation zone off the negative influence of the modern city．Furthermore，the buffer zones can refresh the air and city water systems，showing ecological value．Such green zones are the important parts of the garden landscapes of historical blocks．The requirement of historical environments should be taken into account when the buffer green zones are built，making them agreed with the historical style and feature．( 4) The maintaining and reconstruction of the substantial landscapes．The substantial landscapes in the historical blocks include the garden buildings and decorators．The repair and rebuilding of the garden buildings should take the original construction as reference.The garden decorators include those for ornament and those for service.The former can enhance the historical feeling，making the blocks more attractive.Such objects should show the local characteristics and inherit the historical culture.For example，the sculpture figure，wall ornaments incarnates the subjects of historical stories and historical heroes.The service facilities include lighting device，toilets，dusting bins，and stools.The first meet the requirement of utility，and through fine designing of their outer appearance，they are also kept agreement with the style of the historical blocks，aiming at effective function and ornamental in landscapes．For those that are difficult to reconstruct，they should be shielded by other facilities．3 ConclusionsRecently，less attention are paid to the overall protection of the landscapes in the historical blocks in China.As we all know，the inheritance of the historical blocks has its own advantages and the historical blocks usually have certainhistorical relics.Some of them witnessed the protection with these historical relics.The historical blocks usually have their overall style and feature.The developing course of a city can display through the inheriting such style and feature，the information of the city can pass down，making the historical and cultural characteristics last and live as long as possible.So their cultural value will be prized in the later construction of a city.The historical blocks should become the city marker instead of those high，fantastic buildings．历史街区的景观改造研究每个城市都有它自己的特殊的回忆，这是体现在历史街区的景观。

历史老街区的景观空间改造及规划设计研究——以西安顺城巷改造为例【摘要】顺城巷曾经是调动兵马、输送物资的马道巷，现在已逐渐成为西安人品茶、会聚亲朋的幽静去处。

所以其对于人们来说有着非常重要的作用，下面我们将结合国内一些优秀的街区改造案例，借鉴其优点和经验对西安顺城巷街区的改造作一些参考。

把其打造成一个有吸引力、有特色、有魅力的公共休闲空间。

【关键词】历史老街区空间改造规划设计景观设计1. 绪论（搜集表达公共空间的图片）西安作为一座有着悠久历史文化的名城，历史老街区众多。

而我们下面要改造的是西安顺城巷中的一段。

本文将要为西安古城设计一个依托城墙、适于步行并共享城市生活的公共休闲空间系统，探索低碳生态原则指导下的旧城更新改造方式。

重点考虑未来城市休闲生活与空间需求的关系、建筑空间域城墙景观环境协调的关系、慢行交通组织与城市交通系统的衔接、旧建筑利用与生态节能技术的运用等。

2. 西安顺城巷老街区改造前项目分析2.1 基地概况（截取地图。

）西安市平原地区属暖温带半湿润大陆性季风气候，冷暖干湿四季分明。

是水资源比较缺乏的城市。

我们选取位于明城东北角作为规划设计对象，基地范围是从尚勤门到朝阳门这一段城墙向内延伸的一个街区范围。

2.2 交通分析（截取地图。

）在我们所选取的基地周边，分布有许多重要的节点资源，有陇海线上的重要站点，人流密集的西安火车站，有不可或缺人们守望了千年的城墙，有现代的各种大型商业，有大块的公园体育设施等。

在我们的基地内部，用地现状的结构十分简单，主要是大片的闲置待开发用地和成片的居住用地，少量的商业，医疗和教育设施用地。

基地外部的主要交通道路是火车站出来的解放路和基地南界的东五路，次要交通道路主要是南北向的尚勤路、尚爱路、顺城东路和东西向的顺城北路和东八、七、六路，连接基地和外部。

基地周边的主要地铁和公交站点，地铁一、二号线已经建成，四号线正在建。

但是对于基地的站点还是有点距离，所以不难看出，基地的公共交通可达性不高。

MESEUM OF CONTEMPORARY ART当代博物馆艺术Facing page:The former Hamburger Bahnhof in Berlin is a distinguished example of the neoclassical style of the 1840s;it ceased to be used as a station as long ago as 1904.面对页面：Hamburger Bahnhof在柏林是1840年代新古典主义风格的一个杰出的例子；早在1904年它已不再是用作站。

In some countries,such as the USA and Britain,redundant railway buildings have posed problems of reuse,which are usually exacerbated by their grand scale.In Germany,therailway heritage was decimated by wartime bombing.Berlin suffered badly.(One of the major casualties,the splendid Anhalter Bahnhof,was left as a gutted shell and was torn down by the DDR in the 1960s.)The original Hamburger Bahnhof,the terminus for trains from Hamburg,was built in 1845 -47,the iron and glass sheds being prefaced by a handsome neoclassical frontage in stone by Ferdinand Wilhelm Holz.(The plan of the station was unusual,in that tracks ran through arches in the terminal building to turntables,used to turn around locomotives.)The building was a key monument of the first German railwayage,but after less than 40 years of use it was closed and trains were diverted to a new station.In 1904-6 the building was converted to a museum of transport and engineering,a use which continued until the Second World War,when it was damaged but not destroyed.The museum conversion,designed by Ernst Schwartz,included the construction in 1912-15 of gallery wings flanking the main frontage,which were in keeping with the original building.在一些国家，如美国和英国，多余的铁路建筑已经构成重用的问题，这种问题通常加剧了其规模宏大。