园林设计英文文献

Chinese classical gardenGarden culture takes very important part in Chinese culture in both ancient people and modern peopleKey word：History E lements The classical gardens of SuzhouChinese garden, and its associated garden culture are expressions of Chinese vernacular landscape architecture aesthetics. Several cultural factors to form Classical Chinese Gardens and make it distinctive include Neolithic shamanism(萨满教), Geomancy（撒土占卜）, Confucianism and Taoism.Chinese garden has long history。

Since Shang Dynasty，The royal park was designed as a raised platform surrounded by lush vegetation in the palace where feasts were held.Successive dynasties expanded this idea into imperial hunting parks with scenic compositions of rocks and plants.Warring States，Tiger Hill (Chinese: 虎丘) was built The ultimate realization of the power aesthetic was realized by Qin Shihuang who turned the entire Wei Valley into a regional park dotted with 300 palaces connected by raised walkways in a microcosmic model of the universe. When the history turns to Western Han Dynasty Upper-Forest Garden (上林园). This park combined the features of relax. Kunming Lake with a recreation of the three fairy islands in the center, a motif that would become a common feature of later designs. Natural elements Eastern Han Dynasty An aesthetic of elegant simplicity was promoted to match an ethic of moderation. The idea of small is beautiful became the new measure of a garden's success.Small and simpleDevelopment …Tang Dynasty : multiplied numberSong Dynasty : high artIt was at this time Suzhou became the center of all intellectual life and garden design in China. Ming Dynasty : peakQing Dynasty : degenerationostentation and ornament (炫耀，装饰)ElementsThe design of Chinese gardens was to provide a way to come back to one's inner heart, to come back to ancient idealism.Chinese gardens are a place they could be far away from their real social lives, and close to the ancient way of life, their true selves, and nature. This was an escape from the frustration and disappointment of the political problems in China.The garden scenes are all constructed to be best viewed from a pavilion or a path.It is the location of the building; however, that determines the circulation of paths. The path itself can become architectonic by the addition of roof and screen walls. These screen walls often have moon-shaped doorways and small windows in the shapes of vases and apples.The sculptural Taihu rock is especially prized because it represents wisdom and immortality, and is only procurable from Tai Lake. Such rocks, combined with streams and pools, form the basis ofa garden's plan.The softness of water offsets the solidity of the rocks, while also acting to reflect the constantly changing sky above.Goldfish, carp(鲤鱼), and mandarin ducks are three of the most commonly raised fauna.The goal of the design is to make the scenery beautiful, the surrounding is quiet and cool, Also, small fountains were a favorite.Bamboo represents a strong but resilient character. Often pine is used to represent longevity, persistence, tenacity and dignity. Flowering peaches are grown for spring color, and sweet olive as well. Peonies symbolize wealth and banana trees are used simply for the sound they make in the breeze.UNESCO World Heritage SiteHumble Administrator‘s Garden拙政园Lingering Garden留园Master of the Nets Garden网师园Mountain Villa with Embracing Beauty环秀山庄Great Wave Pavilion沧浪亭Lion Grove Garden狮子林Garden of Cultivation艺圃Couple‘s Retreat Garden偶园Retreat & Reflection Garden退思园Ref ence :中国古典园林分析彭一刚著/1986-12-01/中国建筑工业出版社园庭信步——中国古典园林文化解读曹林娣著/2003-05-01/中国建筑工业出版社《生命列车》The Train Of Life1.不久以前，我读了一本书。

毕业设计〔论文〕外文参考资料及译文译文题目：Ecological planning in the urban landscapedesign学生姓名：xxx学号：xxxxxxxxxx专业：园林所在学院：园艺学院指导教师：xx职称：讲师2013年 3 月15 日Abstract: This article discusses the urban landscape from the relation of the following three concepts: the landscape, the city and the ecology. This paper mainly discusses how the landscape influences the city's living environment.The landscape is a stigma in the land, which is of the relationship between human and human, between man and nature. There exists some subtle relationship among landscape, city and humanized design.摘要:本文从景观、城市、生态三个概念之间的相互联系来论诉城市景观。

本文中着重论述了景观对城市居住环境的影响。

景观是人与人、人与自然关系在大地上的烙印。

景观、城市、生态以及人性化的设计理念之间存在着微妙而复杂的联系。

I. City and The Landscape(1) Overview of Landscape DesignLandscape design, first, is a people's thinking activity, performed as an art activity.Diversified thoughts formed complex diverse landscape art style. Contemporary landscape design apparently see is the diversity of the landscape forms,in fact its essence is to keep the closing up to the natural order system, reflected the more respect for human beings, more in-depth perspective of the nature of human's reality and need, not to try to conquer the nature.it is not even imitating natural, but produce a sense of belonging. Landscape is not only a phenomenon but the human visual scene. So the earliest landscape implications is actually city scene. Landscape design and creation is actually to build the city.(2) The Relationship Between Landscape and UrbanCity is a product of human social, economic and cultural development, and the most complex type. It is vulnerable to the artificial and natural environmental conditions of interference. In recent decades, with worldwide the acceleration of urbanization, the urban population intensive, heavy traffic, resource shortage, environment pollution and ecology deterioration has become the focus of attention of the human society. In the current environment condition in our country, the problem is very serious. and in some urban areas, the pollution has quite serious, and greatly influenced and restricts the sustainable development of the city.Landscape is the relationship between man and man, man and nature. This is, in fact, a kind of human living process. Living process is actually with the powers of nature and the interaction process, in order to obtain harmonious process. The landscape is the result of human life in order to survive and to adapt the natural. At the same time, the living process is also a process of establishning harmonious coexistence. Therefore, as a colony landscape, it is a stigma of the relationship between man and nature.II the city landscape planning and design(1) city landscape elementsThe urban landscape elements include natural landscape and artificial landscape . Among them, the natural landscape is mainly refers to the natural scenery, such as size hills, ancient and famous trees, stone, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. Artificial landscape are the main cultural relics, cultural site, the botanical garden afforestation, art sketch, trade fairs, build structure, square, etc. These landscape elements must offer a lot of examples for creating high quality of the urban space environment. But for a unique urban landscape,you must put all sorts of landscape elements in the system organization,and create an orderly space form.(2)the urban landscape in the planningThe city is an organic whole, which is composed with material, economy, culture, and society.To improve the urban environment is a common voice.The key of the urban landscape design is to strengthen urban design ideas, strengthen urban design work. and blend urban design thought into the stages of urban planning. The overall urban planning in the city landscape planning is not to abandon the traditional garden, green space planning, but the extension and development of it.Both are no conflict, but also cannot be equal.In landscape planningof city planning, we should first analysis the urban landscape resources structure, fully exploit landscape elements which can reflect the characteristics of urban.Consider carefully for the formation of the system of urban landscape.III ecological planning and urban landscape (1) the relationship of urban landscape and ecological planning Landscape ecology is a newly emerged cross discipline, the main research space pattern and ecological processes of interaction, its theme is the fork the geography and ecology. It's with the whole landscape as the object, through the material flow, energy flow and information flowing the surface of the earth and value in transmission and exchange, through the biological and the biological and the interaction between human and transformation, the ecological system principle and system research methods of landscape structure and function.the dynamic change of landscape has interaction mechanism, the research of thelandscape pattern, optimizing the structure, beautify the reasonable use and the protection, have very strong practicability. Urban ecological system is a natural, economic and social composite artificial ecosystem, it including life system, environment system, with a complex multi-level structure, can be in different approaches of human activity and the mutual relationship between the city and influence. Urban environment planning guidance and coordination as a macro department interests, optimizing the allocation of land resources city, reasonable urban space environment organization the important strategic deployment, must have ecological concept. Only to have the ecological view, to guide the construction of the city in the future to ecological city goal, to establish the harmonious living environment. In recent years, landscape planning in urban landscape features protection and urban environment design is wide used.(2) landscape in the living environment of ecological effectLandscape as a unit of land by different inlaid with obvious visual characteristics of the geographic entities, with the economic, ecological and aesthetic value, the multiple value judgment is landscape planning and management foundation. Landscape planning and design always is to create a pleasant landscape as the center. The appropriate human nature can understand the landscape for more suitable for human survival, reflect ecological civilization living environment, including landscape, building economy, prudent sex ecological stability, environmental cleanliness, space crowded index, landscape beautiful degree of content, the current many places for residential area of green, static, beauty, Ann's requirement is the popular expression. Landscape also paid special attention to the spatial relationship landscape elements, such as shape andsize,density and capacity, links, and partition, location and of sequence, as their content of material and natural resources as important as quality. As the urban landscape planning should pay attention to arrange the city space pattern, the relative concentration of the open space, the construction space to density alternate with; In artificial environment appeared to nature; Increase the visual landscape diversity; Protect the environment MinGanOu and to promote green space system construction.(3) the urban landscape and ecological planning and design of the fusion of each other.The city landscape and ecological planning design reflects human a new dream, it is accompanied by industrialization and after the arrival of the era of industrial and increasingly clear. Natural and cultural, design of the environment and life environment, beautiful form and ecological functions of real comprehensive fusion, the landscape is no longer a single city of specific land, but let the ablation, to thousands; It will let nature participate in design; Let the natural process with every one according to daily life; Let people to perception, experience and care the natural process and natural design.(4) the city landscape ecological planning the humanized design1. "it is with the person this" design thought Contemporary landscape in meet purpose at the same time, more in-depth perspective on human of the nature of reality and needs. First performance for civilian design direction, application of natural organic materials and elastic curve form rich human life space. Next is the barrier-free design, namely no obstacle, not dangerous thing, no manipulation of the barrier design. Now there have been the elderly, the disabled, from the perspective of the social tendency, barrier-free design ideas began to gain popularity, at the same time for disadvantaged people to carryon the design also is human nature design to overall depth direction development trend. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts still behave in special attention to plant of bright color, smell good plant, pay attention to ZuoJu texture and the intensity of the light. The detail processing of considerate more expression of the concern, such as the only step to shop often caused visual ignored and cause staggered, in order to avoid this kind of circumstance happening, contemporary landscape sites do not be allowed under 3 steps; And as some residential area and square in the bush set mop pool, convenient the district's hygiene and wastewater recycling water. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts in many ways showed, the measure of the standard is human love.1. 1 human landscape design concept is human landscape design is to point to in landscape design activity, pay attention to human needs, in view of the user to the environment of the landscape of a need to spread design, which satisfied the user "physiological and psychological, physical and mental" multi-level needs, embodies the "people-oriented" design thought. Urban public space human landscape design, from the following four aspects to understand:1. 1.1 physical level of care. Human landscape design with functional and the rationality of design into premise condition, pay attention to the physical space reasonable layout and effective use of the function. Public space design should not only make people's psychology and physiology feel comfortable, still should configuration of facilities to meet people's complex activities demand1. The level of caring heart 1.2 Daniel. In construction material form of the space at the same time, the positive psychology advocate for users with the attention that emotion,and then make the person place to form the security, field feeling and belonging.1. 1.3 club will level of care. Emphasizes the concern of human survival environment, the design in the area under the background of urban ecological overall planning and design, to make the resources, energy rationally and effectively using, to achieve the natural, social and economic benefits of the unity of the three.1. 1.4 to a crowd of segmentation close care. Advocate barrier-free design, and try to meet the needs of different people use, and to ensure that the group of mutual influence between activities, let children, old people, disabled people can enjoy outdoor public the fun of life.1. 2 and human landscape design related environmental behavior knowledge the environment behavior is human landscape design, the main research field, pay attention to the environment and people's explicit behavior and the relationship between the interaction, tried to use the psychology of the some basic theory, methods researchers in the city and architecture in activities and to the environment of the response, and the feedback the information can be used to guide the environment construction and renovation. Western psychologist dirk DE Joan to put forward the boundary effect theory. He points out that the edge of space is people like to stay area, also is the space of the growth of the activity area [3]. Like the urban space, the margin of the wood, down the street, and the rain at the awning, awnings, corridor construction sunken place, is people like the place to stay. At the edge of space, and other people or organizations to distance themselves are is better able to observe the space of the eyes and not to be disturbed. "Man seeth" is the person's nature. A large public space are existing "the manseeth" phenomenon: the viewer consciously or unconsciously observation, in the space in front of the all activities. At the same time, some of the people with strong performance desire, in public space in various activities to attract the attention of others, so as to achieve self-fulfillment cheerful. The seemingly simple "man seeth" phenomenon, but can promote space more activities production. For example, for a walk of pedestrians may be busy street performance and to join the ranks of the show attracts, with the strange because the audience is the sight of the activities of the wonderful and short conversation, art lovers of the infection by environmental atmosphere began to sketch activities. Environmental design, according to environmental behavior related knowledge, actively create boundary space provide people stay, rest, the place of talking to facilitate more spaceActivities of generation, the rich visitors sensory experiences2. The design of the sustainable developmentSustainable development principle, it is the ecology point of view, to the city system analysis, and with the minimum the minimal resource consumption to satisfy the requirements of the human, and maintain the harmony of human and the natural environment, guarantee the city several composition system-to protect natural evolution process of open space system and the urban development system balance. People are to landscape 'understanding of the contemporary landscape design and the function to reflect, have been completely out of the traditional gardening activities, the concept of landscape art value unconsciously and ecological value, the function value, cultural value happened relationship, landscape art category than before more pointed to the human isclosely linked with the various aspects, become more profound and science. Contemporary landscape also actively use new technology to improve the ecological value. Such as the use of solar energy for square garden, lighting and sound box equipment supply electricity; The surface water "cycle" design concept, collecting rainwater for irrigation and waterscape provides the main resources; Using the principle of the construction of the footway, buoys that environmental protection level a kiss and interesting. And by using water scene drought, landscape water do ecology (ecological wetland), ecological XiGou "half natural change" landscape humanized waterscape design, avoid the manual water scene is the difficulty of the later-period management, but in the water since the net, purifying environment and promote biodiversity play a huge role. Therefore, to experience the landscape will surely is contained to nature and the tradition, to human compatibility.The urban landscape the principles of sustainable development and implementation details:2.1 the efficiency of land use principle for land to the survival of humans is one of the most effective resources, especially in China's large population, land resources are extremely deficient, urbanization rapidly increase background, the reasonable efficient use of land, is that we should consider an important issue. For the city landscape is concerned, how to productive use of the land? Three-dimensional is efficient land use is the most effective means. The urban landscape "three-dimensional to take" ideas contains the following six aspects of meaning. (1) in the limited on land, as much as possible to provide activity places, form the three-dimensional multi-layer activitiesplatform landscape environment. (2) improve afforestation land use efficiency, in the same land, adopt appropriate to niche by, shrubs and trees of co-existence and co-prosperity between three-dimensional planting layout. (3) to solve the good man, for the contradiction in green, the green space and human activity space layout of the interchanges. (4) the up and down or so, all sides three-dimensional view observation, increased the landscape environment the visual image of the visual rate. (5) from the static landscape to dynamic landscape. 6 not only from the traditional technology of modern technology to introduce more (such as crossing bridge, light rail, electric rail, etc), show a colorful three-dimensional space.2.2 energy efficiency principle along with the rapid development of urbanization, China's energy demand is more and more big, the energy gap also more and more big. In recent years, China's major cities have put forward the "light" project, the public area lighting consumption in the great power. For energy efficiency in the understanding, first from the consideration on the energy saving should be not only, and should stand in the higher of the environmental protection high to know, meaning that more extensive, and more far-reaching. (for more than 70% of generating capacity in China at present still by coal, exist for SO2, CO2 and nitric oxide and other harmful gas emissions and coal dust emissions and a series of environmental problems)2.3 plant with an ecological principle city system, the green space system is perfect or not of the city's environmental quality plays a vital role. Perfect green space system, to improve the city microclimate plays an important role, it can rise to improve small regional temperature, air humidity, windbreak and sand-fixation, purify air, provideoxygen and so on a series of ecological change the role of environmental factors. Urban green space system as a city human important activities of the external space, planning and design should not only from the plant itself on system, should the broader perspective, considering a person to nature to be close to, rely on the requirements, on the one hand, satisfying the people's physical needs, such as the right temperature, humidity, clean air and so on need, on the other hand to meet people of the nature of the attachment psychological need. One the one hand, to meet the city function requirements, on the other hand, will play natural systems potential extremely. At present, the city of plants with existing in the implant the following problems: put too much emphasis on green technology and engineering technology of gardening, loving fast for Jane, formed only simple so-called "Joe, flooding, grass" structure, ecological process is ignored, fierce competition among plants, normal growth form was suppressed, the diversity of the community and stability suffocate suffocate, plant diseases and insect pests rampant, maintenance cost is high, the waste of human, material and financial resources. So in the urban design of plants with plant should achieve what kind of effect? It should be a satisfying the people's psychological and physiological activities, meet the natural plant of the self-improvement circulation system, and meet the microbe, plants, birds, and all kinds of close to human beings, animals of the ecological system, and meet the soil and water protection, air purification, water purification up maximum adjustment function of the system. To provide more of a harmonious and orderly biological and stable habitats and more living space, establishment compound level and beautiful season of color in plant community, city landscape has offered only low-grade manualadministration, the landscape resources sustainable maintain and develop, that is the goal of our pursuit. Under the guidance of the principle, city with plant should consider the following plants detailed rules. (1) each city green plants with plant to and urban green space system match, and city and the surrounding landscape plant form the whole dynamic stability of the green ecological system. (2) the zonal simulation of the community structure characteristics, abide by "niche" principle and to establish a suitable after layer community structure, use different species differentiation of niche, the corrosion resistance of individual size, the shadow of leaf type, root depth, nutrient requirement and content of hou aspects of the difference in the plant, avoid the kind of direct competition between, form mutualist to trees skeletons Joe, flooding, grass composite community structure and function of the unification of benign ecological system. (3) the introduction of new varieties in the process, must choose and local climate, soil adaptation of the species, for stability of the system is provided. In plants and localization of reciprocity and raw, under the premise of forming a biological diversity. (4) from plants on the system itself not only should also be considered, the animals can be close to human survival and reproduction, such as birds. (5) with plants in the plant, to meet other elements such as human nature to the needs of the sunshine, the air,etc. 6 plants in meet its "niche" principle, and on the basis of the landscape, the plant should aesthetic feeling, meaning, rhythm, etc to the ecological science, to consider the height of aesthetics, harmonious, and urban landscape and form, combines aesthetics. 2.4 to the protection of the natural communities and use principle in the urban landscapedesign process often encountered in one of the most important question, and that is planning on land have very good natural communities or heaven the tree. These natural communities and heaven the tree, and after a time of baptism and long growth process, thus forming the beautiful landscape effect. Landscape design should be in the protection and utilization of the guiding ideology, not to destroy these time to human gift, wasted natural elegance. Therefore, in the urban landscape design, the natural communities to meet or heaven trees, our guiding ideology is: in the protection and utilization of the basis, from a series of function, aesthetic Angle, design can reflect the influence of time, history beautiful landscape. 2.5 effective utilization of water resources and ecological environment protection principle is a big system, including land, air, water and sunlight, plant and the related unintended consequences. Water resources as the important component of the system, as the origin of human beings and the survival of important resources, if not effective utilization and protection will seriously restricted the economic and social development, and endanger the future of the human being. Our country as a large population, a water extremely poor countries, in the effective utilization of water resources is wanton waste, pollution and destructive to development of water resources, increased tension in the water, and cause the ground subsidence, the water flow backward and so on a series of secondary disasters. Our country at present the city landscape of water, the main or traditional artificial ground water. Garden workers, open water car, with fire water cannons, of landscape plants to carry out extremely rough water, and planning and design, to groundwater, surface water storage were not the design of the system and the water surface water quickly from loss, seriouswaste water to the. In the square of other appreciation water, often in tap water from municipal direct access to, not very good for water level division and use. With the green coverage rate increase in the maintenance of water resources in the process of LiYongLiang is more and more big, with people all over the world to water resources utilization and protection attention, and after a long time study and analysis, generates a lot of effective method. We in the urban design should good to use. At home and abroad and theuse of urban water resources on the main methods and protection for:(1) the use of water. (2) of rain to the planning and design of the collection system. (3) the use of water-saving irrigation system. Basically has the following kinds: a. sprinkler irrigation technology;B. microspray irrigation technology;C. root irrigation technology. (4) the interaction of the surface water and ground water use. Through the above all kinds of water saving method summary, design the system method, believe to be able to play well water-saving effect.epilogueThe urban landscape design and the ecological planning tightly linked is mutual influence, mutual penetration. From a small landmark of the city to the whole city planning and design, the need for the connect the relevant knowledge, and from ecology, humanities, local, psychology, sociology, philosophy, aesthetics, and other disciplines continuously research and exploration. Science, reasonable construction of urban landscape design. Landscape design service object, it is the society. People in the design experience and feeling in the same performance on things, be reasonable planning must be fromunderstanding the person's psychology, respect the person's behavior to, this is the foundation of landscape design, also be the important details of city planning.The landscape design of another service object is natural, must the climate, water, terrain, plants and animals, and buildings, roads, such factors to consider in man and nature of the interaction of the premise. Symonds says: "the ecological design only is effectively respond to natural process and and the unity of." This is for our landscape design how to treat correctly natural is pointed out.At present about the sustainable development of the city, from resources, environment, economy and social point of view, using the method of system, analysis and research in the development of the urban sustainable development. The urban landscape design to the ecological analysis, is in the general principle of urban development. This article through to in the field of urban landscape analysis and research, make with the principle of sustainable development and people-oriented principle as the basic ecological planning in the urban landscape design in specific, technology, be operable. Only in this way can we truly achieve the sustainable development of urban landscape and people-oriented purpose, to establish ecological city provide the guarantee.reference[1] (English) Robert holden, the environmental space "[M] belden group anhui science and technology press China architecture &building press 1999[2] PengYiGang "Chinese classical garden analysis" [M] China architecture &building press 1986[3] Charles Moore, waiting. Reese translation of the landscape poetry strands ofgardening-" [M] guangming daily press 2000[4] Kevin lynch, wait and HuangFu compartments, etc in the translation of "overall didn't plan" [M] China architecture &building press 1999[5] Roger, put the crewe. LiuXianJiao "architectural aesthetics of translation [M] China architecture &building press 1992[6] the time case. RuiJingWei translation of the design with nature[M] China architecture &building press 19921 城市与景观1.1 景观设计概述景观设计首先是一种人的思想活动，表现为艺术活动。

风景园林专业英语作文(中英文版)Title: Landscape Architecture: A Profession in EnglishLandscape architecture is a profession that focuses on the design and planning of outdoor spaces, ensuring that they are both functional and aesthetically pleasing.As an essential part of urban development, landscape architecture plays a crucial role in creating sustainable and livable environments.In this essay, we will explore some of the key aspects of this fascinating profession.First and foremost, landscape architecture is all about creating outdoor spaces that serve a variety of purposes.This could include parks, gardens, plazas, and public spaces that not only provide a place for people to gather but also enhance the overall beauty of a ndscape architects must consider both the practical needs of users and the visual impact of their designs, striking a balance between form and function.Another important aspect of landscape architecture is sustainability.In an era where environmental concerns are more pressing than ever, landscape architects have a responsibility to create designs that minimize the ecological footprint of outdoor spaces.This could involve using native plants, incorporating water-saving irrigation systems, and promoting biodiversity.By doing so, landscape architects can helppreserve natural resources and create spaces that are environmentally friendly.Furthermore, landscape architecture also encompasses urban planning, as it involves the design of large-scale outdoor spaces that contribute to the overall development of a city or ndscape architects must consider factors such as traffic flow, accessibility, and connectivity when planning these spaces, ensuring that they are not only visually appealing but also functional and safe for the public.In addition to these practical considerations, landscape architecture is also an art ndscape architects must have a keen eye for beauty and be able to create designs that evoke emotions and inspire people.They must be able to visualize the end result of their projects and communicate their ideas effectively to clients, contractors, and other professionals involved in the design and construction process.In conclusion, landscape architecture is a diverse and dynamic profession that encompasses a wide range of skills and knowledge.From creating functional and beautiful outdoor spaces to promoting sustainability and urban development, landscape architects play a vital role in shaping the way we interact with the natural world.As the importance of sustainable design continues to grow, the demand for skilled landscape architects is likely to increase, making it an exciting time to be part of this dynamic profession.。

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：阿拉伯伊斯兰园林设计文献、资料英文题目：文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14外文资料翻译Shady Attia.The role of landscape design in improving the microclimate in traditional courtyard-buildings in hot arid climates[C].PLEA2006 - The 23rd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Geneva, Switzerland,2006,6-8.英文原文（节选）AbstractArab Islamic landscape design forms a unique source of inspiration for landscapearchitecture in barren open spaces in the Middle East. Arab Islamic gardens adopted a systemmarked by perfect responsiveness to the environment. The design of urban landscapes and gardens in Arab Islamic culture was similarly guided by the dictation of aridity. The need to provide shade, to prevent dust and to conserve water meant that urban open spaces and gardens were sheltered and enclosed. Alhambra in Moorish Spain and the Al-Suhaymi House in Islamic Cairo are two useful historical references for vernacular Islamic landscape designs. This paper presents an overview of landscape design considerations for the composition of vegetation and water and initial observations of their influence in controlling and improving the microclimate in courtyard buildings as a way of passive cooling in the Middle East region. This paper is a part of a Master’s thesis in the field of passive landscape strategies at Wageningen University. The objective is to identify the comfort improvements potential of successfully-planned and integrated landscape design in traditional courtyard buildings. The layout and plant material of Alhambra, Generalife courts and Al-Suhaymi court in Islamic Cairo are examined and evaluated. This study demonstrates that in arid environments, the landscape planning, the composition of vegetation and water and choice of planting material all have important consequences in creating thermally-pleasant environments.1. INTRODUCTIONIn most Islamic designs, the role of landscape design is highly appreciated. In examining traditional courtyard gardens, it is clear that the role of urban landscape design was not only restricted to a purely ornamental or theological function. It was additionally used to control and improve the microclimate around and inside the building. This paper attempts to present the role of landscape in traditional Islamic garden courtyards by analysing the design characteristics of Al Suhaymi house courtyards in Cairo and the layout of three courtyard gardens in Alhambra and Generalife palaces in Granada, Spain. Some physical parametermeasurements regarding temperature and humidity were made, in addition to a shade study. In fact, shades in courtyard-buildings were insufficient in improving the microclimate during hot summers. Therefore, vegetation and water were used to compensate for the lack of improvement provided by the shade.2. AL SUHAYMI HOUSE:Bayt al Suhaymi is one of the most important examples of a Cairene traditional courtyard house representing the Islamic landscape design around the 16th and 17th centuries. This house stands in El Darb EL Asfar alley and is directly located off the famous Fatimid street called El Moez street. The house witnessed several building phases before reaching its final layout, which covers 2000 square meters and includes 115 spaces distributed on five levels. The house is marked by perfect responsiveness to the environment and contains architectural elements of the traditional Cairean house. The bent entrance, which assures privacy to the house, leads to an inner courtyard surrounded by rooms and is overlooked by a maqaad (a roofed balcony facing the cool northern breeze) and a takhtaboosh (a space annexed by the court for receiving male visitors during the summer).2.1 The House layoutBy analysing the Al Suhaimy house layout, we find that this house layout was based on creating a passive ventilation system in order to ameliorate the microclimate. The passive ventilation system was created by locating two inner courtyards with two different pressures within the house. The north courtyard (Fig. 1c), called the rear garden, was a large open space and was meant to have low surrounding walls in order to keep the space sunny and relatively hot. The rear garden was designed to occupy 28 percent of the total plot area of the house with a 2.6:1.3:0.5 ratio (l:w:h). On the other hand, the south courtyard (Fig. 1b), simply called the courtyard, was a rectangular courtyard covering only 200 square meters and was designed to occupy only 10 percent of the total house area with a 1.8:1:1.3 ratio (l:w:h).This passive ventilation design solution is confirmed by comparing the shade in the rear garden to the courtyard. During winter (21 December, 2:00 p.m.) I found that the amount of shade in the rear garden was more than 53% compared to 100% in the courtyard space. During summer (21 June, 2:00 pm), the amount of shade in the rear garden is more than 12% compared to 40% in the courtyard space . Moreover, measurements have proved that when temperatures rise in the rear garden of the Al Suhaymi house, the air flows against the north prevailing wind directions during most daily hours. The wind flows from the south entrance, passing the courtyard and then into the takhtaboosh, with wind speeds of 1.3 m/s, and finally reaching the rear garden . On the other hand, during the stillness of the previously mentionedwind movement, the prevailing wind flows from the rear garden when the sun drops down after noon through the takhtaboosh to the courtyard with wind speeds reaching 0.7 m/s.2.2 Landscape design in Al Suhaymi house:Based on the previous design theory, we find that the role of landscape architecture in this design was essential. By analysing the plan, we find that the landscape design aimed to emphasize the passive ventilation in the Al Suhaymi house. The Islamic landscape design considerations for the composition of vegetation and water included the following environmental-responsive design principals:Quadripartite layoutReferences to the quadripartite design occurred more than once in the Koran; therefore, Islamic gardens adopted the geometrical and often symmetrical layout. Planning the layout was based on creating two axes perpendicularly crossing each other in the middle. The quadripartite layout was also considered as an environmental landscape design principle because the axes were planned as narrow water canals or walkways while the left rectangles were planted or used as water ponds. The quadripartite layout assured a combination between plant materials, water and pavement in courtyards, all of which improved the microclimate in the buildings.In the Al Suhaymi house, the courtyard had a quadripartite layout with slightly raised narrow walkways leading to the focal fountain at the centre of the courtyard. The walkways created four relatively large planted rectangular shapes , while the rear garden had two different planned layouts. The left part of the garden followed a quadripartite layout, while the right part of the garden had circular planning with a well in the centre. The quadripartite design helped the designer to manipulate the site and create a variety for the water, vegetation and pavement composition.Use of waterThe Al Suhaymi house had a focal fountain in the courtyard and some other fountains in the halls. The focal fountain was located at the centre of the courtyard. Next, a water wheel in the north-east corner of the house supported the fountains and house dweller with water. Using the fountain inside the courtyards helped to create a cold air reservoir, in addition to humidifying Cairo’s dry air. Using the fountains in the halls also helped in soothing the internal climate of the halls, reflecting the importance of having elements from the natural environment, such as water inside the house.Vegetation and shadeThe courtyard and rear garden were both planted, but to serve the passive ventilationconcept and create a relatively hot open area, the rear garden was mainly paved and planted with some flowers, medicinal herbs and palms. On the other hand, the courtyard was mainly planted with ground covers, evergreen trees and fruitful trees to provide maximum shade for the ground within the inner courtyard walls . Moreover, greenery inside the courtyard and rear garden absorbed dust and dirt in the atmosphere in addition to reducing the amount of glare. This study measured the differences in temperature between the planted courtyard and the house roof and it was found that the temperature was between 4oC to 7oC lower in the planted courtyard. Furthermore, by comparing the relative humidity in the house inner courtyard with El Darb EL Asfar alley, the humidity in the house inner courtyard ranged between 11 to 19 percent lower than in the alley.Walls and pavilionsIn the Koran, paradise is described as an enclosed garden, surrounded by “walls” and accessible through “gates”. In Al Suhaymi House, the courtyard was surrounded with thick high walls to achieve protection from the hot, dusty, and noisy environment, and to provide a refreshing shade and cool air, all of which are essential for human comfort. Moreover, the rear garden was surrounded by low walls in order to minimize shade and to create a hot open space. The surrounding walls of Al Suhaymi gardens are considered as part of an environmental landscape design element of the Islamic garden.译文摘要阿拉伯伊斯兰园林设计的独特灵感源于中东地区的贫瘠而又开放的景观空间。

风景园林外文参考文献参考文献1. “Landscape Architecture.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2021.2. “The Landscape Architecture Profession: A Brief Overview.” American Society of Landscape Architects, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2021.3. McHarg, Ian L., and Frederick Steiner. To Heal the Earth: Selected Writings of Ian L. McHarg. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1998.4. Corner, James, and Alison Bick Hirsch, eds. The Landscape Imagination: Collected Essays of James Corner 1990-2010. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2014.5. Simonds, John Ormsbee, Charles A Birnbaum, and Chip Sullivan, eds. The Landscape Architecture of Richard Haag: From Modern Space to Urban Ecological Design. Baltimore: JohnsHopkins University Press, 2015.6. Waldheim, Charles A., ed., The Landscape Urbanism Reader (New York: Princeton Architectural Press).7. “Landscape Architects Occupational Outlook Handbook.” U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S Department of Labor, n.d Web 10 Feb 20218.Harris ,Richa rd . “An Introduction to the Literature of Landscape Architecture” Library Resources & Technical Services vol .42 no .2 (April ,1998 ) :107-1119.Mitchell , G.A . “Landscape Design and Planning” Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health vol .127 no .2 (March ,2007 ) :49-5310.Werner ,Marti “The Nature of Place in Landscape Design” Journal of Garden History vol .18 no .3 (July – September ,1998 ): 179-19311. “Landscape Architecture and Environmental Sustainability: Creating Positive Cha nge Through Design.” American Societyof Landscape Architects, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2021.12. “The Sustainable Sites Initiative™.” The Sustainable Sites Initiative™, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2021.13. “Landscape Architecture and the Future of Green Infrastructure.” American Society of Landscape Architects, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2021.14.“The Role of Landscape Architecture in Urban Planning.” American Society of Landscape Architects, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2021.15.“Landscape Architecture and Public Health: Creating Health y Places.” American Society of Landscape Architects, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2021.16.“Landscape Architecture and Resilience: Adapting to Climate Change.” American Society of Landscape Architects, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2021.17.“The Benefits of Green Roofs on Urban Landscapes.” American Society of Landscape Architects, n.d.Web .10Feb .202118.“The Role of Landscape Architecture in Historic Preservation.” American Society of Landscape Architects, n.d.Web .10 Feb .202119.“Landscape Architecture and Transportation Planning: Designing for Connectivity.”American Society of Landscape Architects,n.d.Web .10 Feb .2021。

国外风景园林人物的文献
1. 弗朗西斯·贝肯，英国著名的园林设计师，他的作品包括《The Art of Landscape Gardening》等著作，深刻地影响了18世纪的英国园林设计。

2. 弗雷德里克·劳·奥姆斯特德，美国著名的景观设计师，他的作品《A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening》对19世纪美国景观设计产生了深远的影响。

3. 安德烈·勒诺特，法国著名的园林设计师和建筑师，他的作品《Versailles Gardens》等著作详细介绍了他在凡尔赛宫等地的园林设计经验。

4. 罗伯特·斯密森，美国著名的景观建筑师，他的作品《Design with Nature》等著作探讨了自然与人类建筑之间的和谐关系，对现代景观设计理念产生了重要影响。

此外，还有许多关于国外风景园林人物的传记、专题研究和学术论文，涵盖了他们的生平、作品、理念和影响等方面。

这些文献可以从图书馆、学术数据库以及互联网上的学术网站上获取。

值得
一提的是，国外一些知名的风景园林学术期刊和杂志也经常刊登关于园林人物的专题文章和评论，为我们深入了解其思想和成就提供了重要参考。

总之，通过研读这些文献，我们可以更加全面地了解国外风景园林人物及其对园林艺术和景观设计的重要贡献。

文献信息文献标题：Digital Tools in Landscape Architecture（景观设计中的数字工具）文献作者：N Ņitavska，A Mengots文献出处：《Scientific Journal of Latvia University of Agriculture Landscape Architecture and Art》,2017,11(11):42-50字数统计：英文2507单词，13798字符；中文4104汉字外文文献Digital Tools in Landscape Architecture Abstract Nowadays professional tools in landscape architecture are more related to digital tools. Landscape architects’ hand powered tools have been replaced by computers and digital tools where the traditional techniques are supplemented with 3D modelling and animation for landscape planning in different scales and for different projects levels. The main aim of this paper is to understand and analyse the use of digital tools in landscape architecture and planning in Latvia. For the collection of data for this study a questionnaire was designed and sent to Latvian landscape architects and planners. The questions it included were on how landscape architects and planners use digital tools for the representation of their sketches and ideas and on what kind of digital tools they use in different landscape types and scales. Results showed that all the surveyed landscape architects use digital tools in their everyday professional practice – for landscape design or assessment. Most of them also still use the traditional drawings by hand for draft sketches and ideas, but for communication with public, projects and designs elaborated by digital tools are used. Landscape architects have emphasized the great potential of digital tools for enhancing communication between the landscape architect and the potential user. Digital tools (visualizations, animations, 3D models, etc.) allow the potential user to participate in the landscape planning process and easily imagine the landscape before it is created.Today landscape architects use digital tools to produce the final project presentation images (visualizations) in the landscape planning processes for selling of the project. However, we believe that in future there is a potential for using digital tools more as a communication tool, which can help in contacting clients at various levels of the project implementation, especially in the early stages of the design.Keywords: digital tools, visual communication, landscape architectureIntroductionThe landscape architect’s daily work is associated with landscaping projects of varying scales, specifics and levels, landscape research or landscape management planning. The landscape architect's profession is comparatively new – dating back a little over a hundred years ago, when in 1863 the Board of Central Park Commission in New York City approved a landscape architect's position. Since then, this new profession had officially gained more stability and recognition in its development. In landscape architecture arts and professional knowledge in the field of landscape planning as well as social, ecological and mental aspects are closely intertwined. The results of day-to-day landscape architect’s work are often subject to public criticism and perception, thus influencing the ivolvement of the residents in the issues of landscape conservation, planning, design and installation.How do information transfer and communication take place? What tools can a landscape architect use to more effectively prepare quality information, simultaneously making it easier for the residents and clients to perceive the ideas. Nowadays more and more digital tools are being used in the field of landscape architecture, which, on the one hand facilitates the presentation of the results of the remote landscape architect's work, but on the other hand reduces the possibility of using traditional drawing methods without additional processing and also leaves no room for direct communication.Digital tools allow the landscape architects to use new approaches and methods in planning and communicating about landscape planning, conservation, renovation, or installing issues. In several studies the use of digital tools has been particularlyemphasized in landscape architecture and planning in order to improve the project perception and communication among landscape architects and professionals, residents, clients as well as colleagues. The use of these digital tools is diverse, and it is adjustable to the projects of different scales and complexity in different stages of development: illustrative, immersive, interactive, intuitive and intensive.So, one of the aspects is the communication with clients and residents. A part of this communication is the emotional design which does not depict the real function of landscape or real proportions, but influence the clients and residents through artistic tools at the emotional level. The authors in their study call that kind of emotional design a “wow effect” which works not only in landscape architecture but also in all the design fields throughout the world and it is more oriented towards selling of the product. Overall, the result of the landscape architect’s work – a project or an installed object – includes the emotional aspect of art, therefore it always involves a subjective evaluation.Exactly what landscape elements or project parts must the clients and residents most often evaluate or read from the designs made by landscape architects? Does the use of versatile digital tools make it easier and with higher qualitaty to perceive the landscape elements? Communication has always been acknowledged to be one of the most significant aspects in the process of landscape design. The communication process mainly takes place between the landscape architect and the clients, as well as between two professionals. It is essential when a project is being prepared for real construction.Most often in landscape characterisation such elements as terrain, building or architectural objects, vegetation, roads, surfacing, water elements are used, which overall characterise the versatile essence of the landscape in its elements. But also, such factors as the accessibility of the landscape, its scale, colour, texture and the materials found in the landscape, the emotional factor of the total image, versatility of landscape, its uniqueness and rarity are important. Many of these factors and elements are influenced by subjective perception, thus making it difficult to objectively evaluate the results of the landscape projects.In our study we have chosen those landscape evaluation criteria which most vividly characterise the project idea, the main parameters and also the essence of the design:•the placement of elements in the landscape;•the perception of the design on the whole and the idea of the project;•vegetation – the existing and planned woody plants;•inclusion of the objects in the environment, connection with the adjoining territories;•perception of the proportions of space and elements;•terrain.The study deals with the digital tools in landscape architecture. In the current study digital tools have been analysed and compared, information about the most popular digital tools, their choice and use in the field of landscape architecture in Latvia has been obtained and the perception aspects for the types of visualization in the projects of landscape architecture have been evaluated.MethodsThe study consists of two parts:•the first part presents information about the most popular digital tools, their choice and habits of use in the field of landscape architecture – the evaluation method of the use of digital tools has been used. This information was obtained from the results of the survey on the habits of the use of digital tools in the field of landscape architecture in Latvia where the representatives involved in the field of landscape architecture participated;•in the second part of the study the perception aspects of landscape architecture visualization materials have been evaluated by means of the photography method – the evaluation method of perception aspects of visualization types has been used.The evaluation method of the use of digital toolsWithin the framework of the research, a survey was conducted to find out themost popular digital tools, their choice and use in the field of landscape architecture in Latvia. In Latvia actively working Latvian Association of Landscape Architecture. In the 2017 association had approximately 100 members, who are specialists in the field, of which 23 are certified landscape architects. In the field of landscape architecture in Latvia there is approximately 10 companies. 20 professionals from different education levels in the field of landscape architecture: the secondary professional – 1; Bachelor – 12; master's degree – 4; PhD –3 was participated in survey. The online survey from March to April of 2017 was carried out using systematic gathering of data from the target audience (professionals of the landscape architecture) characterized by the invitation (e-mail) of the respondents and the completion of the questionnaire over the World Wide Web, using software www.visidati.lv. All twenty individuals who filled in the questionnaire forms were included in the data processing.The questionnaire consisted of eleven questions. At the beginning of the questionnaire the data about the respondents’ education level and working experience in the field of landscape architecture were obtained. Further on the questions were associated with the digital tools the respondents use and the habits of their use, preconditions and goals. At the end of the questionnaire, the survey participant's opinion on digital tools in the field of landscape architecture was collected. MS Excel software was used to compile the collected data and to interpret the results.Evaluation method of the perception aspects of visualisation materials types In the current study the photography comparative method was used in determining the perception aspects of visualization materials types of landscape architecture design. The evaluation of the perception aspects of visualization materials types consisted of four stages.In the first stage, the materials for designing visual materials were obtained. In the second stage, within the framework of one project, using different digital tools, visual materials were created, which in the third stage were evaluated by the present and future professionals of landscape architecture as well as representatives of other professions. The last stage was planned for summarizing the results obtained from therespondents.The visual materials were prepared for Tradition Square of the town of Plavinas, in Latvia during the development of the technical project in January/February of 2017. The territory is located in Plavinas among Tirgus, Rainis and Daugava streets. The project has been developed with an aim to regain the lost identity of Tradition Square and connect it with the bank of the Daugava river. According to the project Tradition Square will be developed as a modern public outdoor space, incorporating both -a place for people to gather and fulfil the function of a green zone and recreation, thus radically changing the spatial planning of the existing territory – the network of pathways and layout of a green zone, at the same time showing respect to the existing valuable plantings to be preserved.In total, four visual materials were prepared – a technical plan, an animation, a poster and an interactive 3600panorama using CAD, 3D modelling and Image processing tools. During the process of designing visual materials, several computer software programmes were used – AutoCad, Sketchup, Adobe Photoshop, V-Ray for SketchUp and Lumion3D.To have the opinion of Latvia’s landscape architects and the professionals of the respective field on the designed visual materials, a queationnaire was created. The online survey was carried out using systematic gathering of data from the target audience (professionals and students of the landscape architecture, Latvian citizens) characterized by the invitation (e-mail) of the respondents and the completion of the questionnaire over the World Wide Web, using software Google forms from March – April of 2017. In total, 81 respondents were involved. The questionnaire included eight questions. The respondents were asked to evaluate the following parameters: the layout of the elements in the planned landscape, perception of the design as a whole and the project idea, vegetation – the existing and planned woody plants, the inclusion of the object in and harmonizing it with the existing environment, linkage with the adjoining territories, perception of the proportions of the space and elements and terrain. At the beginning of the questionnaire the data about the respondents’ profession and age were obtained, whereas in the middle part the respondents’opinions about the perceiving capacity of the visualization types were analysed. At the end of the questionnaire the respondents were requested to express their opinion about the visualization types they saw. MS Excel software programme was used for summarizing the data and interpreting the results.ConclusionsIn recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the use of digital tools and project visual representing in Latvia. The standards for visual representing materials of the project have been developed, as well as tasks for the digitalization of the construction documents circulation, facilitating a gradual transition to electronic data circulation and storage, using the latest technologies and world best practices.Summing up information about digital tools, their disadvantages are clear: the lack of qualitative specially designed tools for landscape architects when working in 3D modelling – lack of plant assortment or it is not sufficiently realistic and for the modelling of the landscaping elements in the terrain and the integration of objects in it is complicated and requires additional work; the lack of specific BIM software to provide better quality collaboration with professionals of other sectors during the design process and efficient file sharing.Although digital design possibilities, project development time, qualitative exchange of information with the client and data exchange opportunities are acknowledged to be the main prerequisites for the use/ non-use of a digital tool in the design process, the software price and skills to operate the tool have also been mentioned. The prices of software, compared to market prices in Latvia in this respective field, in respondent’s opinion are very often too high, which limits the use of these tools. There is also a lack of skills in handling the digital tools available, but there is also a desire to acquire and expand knowledge about these tools.Landscape architecture professionals in Latvia mainly use CAD, image processing and 3D modelling tools during project development. GIS, Virtual reality and BIM tools are not widely used in the design process among landscape architects in this country. An almost 100 percent use of computer-aided design tools is explainedby the development of plans that are required for each project. For the developing of the visual material, while presenting the idea, the image processing and 3D modelling tools have gained great popularity. According to the results of the survey these tools tend to be used in combination with each other.The results of the survey of determining the perception aspects of visual types showed that the technical project does not fully allow the residents to get an idea of the project, but the 3D visualization types – animation and the interactive 360° panorama perfectly complement the 2D visualization types. Among the residents there were also respondents who emphasized that the interactive 360° panorama is better than animation because it is less intense. The professionals acknowledged that it is best to perceive a project when it is viewable both two-dimensionally and three-dimensionally, as in each type of visualization it is possible to appreciate some other aspect of the project. The perception of information from CAD technical drawings for professionals is facilitated by the fact that they work with them on a daily basis.Complex use of digital tools in landscape design process are more helpful for understanding of landscape projects parts: placement of landscape elements; design; vegetation; connection of the planned object with the surrounding environment; proportion of space and elements; terrain.中文译文景观设计中的数字工具摘要如今，景观设计中的专业工具更多的是与数字工具相关联的。

附录1：英文文献原文A High-Tech Office Campus in Mexico CityPedro F．MarcelinoABSTRACT:The Azcapotzalco Disthct , located in the north-Western area of Mexico City is undergoing an Irreversible transformation, from heavy and light industry-based economy to low cost housing and technological institutes and a major university campus.Mario Schjetnan, Jose Luis Perez Maldonado and Jose Luis Gomez, all from Mexico City’s architecture studio GDU, have been called to be part of the solution. The intention of the project was to create a high-technology office campus to provide space for call centers, service centers and data centers with world-class specs. The campus holds 6 office buildings with a total area of 120,000m2 and enough parking for 3,500 cars. A small shopping area, restaurants and service center were also built on site. The completed project accommodates 8,000—10,000 office workers. GDU was hired to review the master plan and to design all open spaces(plazas, gardens, on-grade parking, pedestrian ways, etc.)In addition, the landscape practice designed the reception building, cafeteria and pergola as well as a small transit center and police substation under an adjoining underpass bridge.The site, a former steel plates and rods production plant, was closed down in the early 1990’s due to its obsolescence and as part of a policy to improve air quality in the Valley of Mexico City. The City and back then acquired approximately 15 hectares of land, and the present city Administration re-sold it to the project’s client( a group of private developers specialized in office buildings),offering incentives for the creation of permanent tertiary sector jobs, and to use limited amounts of water from the city’s mains.The landscape plan had to take several aspects into integral consideration, and allow them to conceptually guide the project. Prime among them was the water supply issue. The landscape architects, along with consulting engineers, developed a conceptto collect rain water from the roofs of buildings and plazas, store it in retention cells and send it to deep wells(at approximately 80 meters)to recharge the city aquifer. Considering Mexico City’s perennial water shortage to supply its more than 20 million inhabitants, this solution alone stood out in the crowd. In addition, water from restrooms is treated on site, stored in pools and fountains and recycled to irrigate gardens and parking areas. In parking areas, rain water is retained and filtered through lava rock to irrigate trees and grass pavers. Excess water from roads is sent to city drainage. Another main design consideration was way finding within the campus, establishing identity and sense of place through the three main gardens the‘civic’garden by the entrance, the ‘central’ and natural garden and the ‘still’ garden. Each garden provides opportunities to rest, talk, and meet people. There are eating facilities, and areas for coffee and snacks. The grid pattern establishes a clear pedestrian axis and allows for users to walk under the porticoes and overhangs of buildings. In an effort to offer comfort and safety through connections with the transit lines and subway system, surrounding detrimental urban environments such as the adjacent underpass bridge were re-designed.The key intention of the project was to provide a variety of high quality environments through the presence and reuse of water, transforming a problem into an opportunity that respects aesthetical precepts. The City’s key Objective was, by now, already achieved：to transform a section of the city from industrial to post-industrial through tertiary ( and better-paid ) jobs, and to conduct the urban renewal of a very unattractive section of Mexico City.附录2：英文文献中文翻译墨西哥城高科技办公园区马里奥.佩德罗摘要：阿斯卡帕萨科区坐落于墨西哥城的西北部，它经历过一次翻天覆地的变革,即从一个以重工业和轻工业为主导经济的地区向一个集低价住房区、科技园区和大学校园于一体的城区的转变。

外文文献：The Importance Aspects of Landscape Design on HousingDevelopment in Urban AreasAbstractIt has been proven that proper landscape planning and designs with the sustainability concept and approach help to create a conducive and responsive environment of housing development. This paper presents a brief of conceptual view on the important aspects of landscape design on housing development in urban areas. The review is based on the theoretical framework of the relationship between landscape design in planning and designing the housing development in urban areas as well as how it acts as an added value to the sustainable residential landscape design. A review on previous researches and journals are doing in providing a theory on the importance aspect of landscape design in housing areas. It is hoped that this paper may possibly provide significant information on landscape design towards influencing the prices and values of the house. This paper also can become an indicator towards enhancing the sustainability of living environment. Keywords: Landscape planning and design, conducive and responsive, housing development, sustainability1. IntroductionA good quality of housing area can be highlighted as an important issue in creating a sustainable living environment. According to Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan 2020, the city must be functional, live and impart a sense of community and belonging. In addition, it must also provide a clean, healthy, safe and caring environment that caters to the needs of all. Innovative designs, provision of the latest conveniences and facilities, variety of choice, quality of finish and attractiveness of the layout, shall become a priority concern especially in landscape design. Therefore, the concern about the importance landscape design in supporting a quality of life is needed especially in the context of housing development. Meanwhile, the little attention has been given to landscape design in prospect of buyers. Thus, based on the issues highlighted, the effectiveness of landscape design which can help in increasinghouse prices and values need to be studied in order to attain the sustainable housing development.This conceptual-review paper will focus on the importance of landscape design in influencing housing development. The review will develop a theoretical understanding of landscape in housing areas with a compatible used by its elements and characters that can give positive impact toward prices and values of the house.Since landscape design becomes a new branding for housing development nowadays, this review will deliver a conceptual understanding in promoting landscape design in sustaining living environment in the country. It is also important in order to achieve the National Landscape Policy action plans which are to require at least 30% of urban development areas as green areas as well as to reach the vision of National Landscape Policy to transform Malaysia into The Beautiful Garden Nation by Year 2020Landscape Design for Housing Areas.2. Landscape Design for Housing AreasLandscape is an essential part of the environment. Landscape, which includes topography, vegetation and associated plants and soil, water bodies, and their spatial configuration, is one of the most visual needs of people. They add that human-nature interactions lead human beings to have contrasting preference on the surrounding landscape and environment because a pleasing landscape can bring mental and physical benefits to people. The understanding and preference by people on their surrounding landscape provide a challenge for policy-making and implementation in housing property. According to Williams and Tilt, landscape design is the art of developing property for its greatest use and enjoyment. Thus, an effective landscape design can become integral part of a good community environment.This view is also supported by VanDerZanden and Rodie who state that landscape design blends arts with environmental, physical and biological of science which mainly focus on outdoor space. They also further explain that well-defined landscape space can enhance the quality of living areas which meet people’s preferences. Besides that, according to VanDerZanden and Rodie, landscape design is not only limited to plant material only. It alsofocuses on the hardscape that complement the plants in order to create a successful design. A well-defined landscape space can create a quality of an environment and provide a conducive living space in residential. Thislandscape design might be able to become a factor influencing the price and value of the property. In relating to landscape design and housing properties, Smith et al., suggests that housing is an activity that is deeply connected to a sustainable environment. The connections are as follows:Housing is a basic human need and its quality; price and availability are crucially important to a quality of life.The location, planning, layout and landscape design of the house make an important contribution to the community spirit.The siting of the houses and the materials from which they are made, and the uses their occupants make of such resources as energy and water, all have major environmental implications.Thus, housing can be seen as the central element which can link together economic development, the environment and social welfare in achieving a sustainable environment and society (Fig. 1). According to Gause et al., , landscape design can be used as a tool to make a community more sustainable and contribute to a balanced environment. Natural andconstructed landscape design can modify the residential community tobecome a better living environment and also increase the value of the house property.Fig. 1. The importance of housing in a sustainable society (Source: Smith et al., [6], p.5) 3. The Importance of Landscape Design in Housing Areas The main emphasis of this paper is to examine the importance oflandscape design in the planning and designing of a housing property in urban Economic Development Housing Social Welfare Environmentareas. Therefore, the elements of a housing landscape are important in order to support the need of a community to have a better living environment in their residential area. According to Ye, there are three factors that can support residential landscape elements which are the natural factor, the artificial factor, and the cultural factor. The used of plants is important to support all the beneficial impact of landscape design in housing areas. The significant of plants can give a beneficial effect for residential. According to Tyrväinen et al., plants are a benefit of its social, aesthetic, climatic and physical, ecological and economic in housing areas. In providing social benefit, plants can be used to enhance a quality of neighborhood by providing green spaces and recreation areas. This will lead to an improvement of interaction, physical and mental health of the society surrounds.Apart from that, plants also importance in provide aesthetic and pleasant environment of the community. According to Williams and Tilt, plants offer qualities that help to direct foot traffic in the landscape, moderate the environment around the home, hide objects, or lead the eye and stimulate other senses like smell and feel. Plants should be used together to enhance the best features of a property. The basic elements that plants contribute to the landscape in order to express the principles of design are formed, texture, and color. This means residential landscapes can provide an opportunity for people experience the nature in the middle of urban and create a beautiful visual image of the community areas. Besides that, plants give a beneficial impact in term of climate and ecological benefit for housing areas. Since urban areas are full of hard surface, this leads to high temperature to the surrounding. Therefore, shaded trees are important to protect the residential area from sun radiation and also provide a comfortable environment. The plants also can become an indicator to protect wildlife habitat, protection against soil erosion, and microclimate control through shade and windbreaks and reduce the pollution. Moreover, the economic values also can increase by providing a landscape design in the properties. The prices of the landscape material are higher in the market which can contribute to becoming a selling point for the house. Thus it will attract prospect buyers and increase property value.Landscape design has become a significant effect in humans as well as all living things in order to provide a conducive living environment. The aggregateeffects of landscape design can influence social, aesthetic and environmental qualities of the overall housing areas. As a result, an innovative landscape that incorporates ecologically beneficially is very important to be reviewed in creating a sustainability of living environment as a whole.4. The Elements of Landscape Design for Housing AreasThe elements of landscape design such as softscape, hardscape, and water elements are important to create balance in landscape designs. Mohd Hussain and Ahmad mentioned that the function of hardscape and softscape especially in the housing area in Malaysia give a sentimental value and contribute to creating images and character of the contemporary landscape. It can be visualized through the use of varied type of plants such as ornamental plants, herbs / kitchen garden, shaded plants and palm in most of their lawn and front yard area. In the other hand, hardscape also plays a role in the landscape setting as attractive components that balance the natural environment. Among the hard landscape elements that commonly used in the landscape in a housing area including gazebo as a place to meet, pergola, concrete pots, water features, fountains, swings and benches. Furthermore, the use of these elements will increase the benefit and value to the house property. The element that used in landscape design normally is different based on culture and the life of society. According to Ismail landscape design that could be applied in the housing area is different based on the culture of the ethnic group in Malaysia. Ismail [11] adds that landscape can be influenced through religion and belief, values and norms and custom and behavior of the culture. As an example Malay culture prefers to have ornamental and decorative style of landscape. Other than that, Malay culture usually uses native and exotic plants as softscape elements in their house. Apart from that, the Chinese cultural landscape is based on believed to bring good fortune for the residents. The red color becomes significant and dominant for them for landscape design. Therefore, they prefer to have plant materials which chosen from species with red colors and artificial plants like ‘bonsai’ in their garden. In terms of Indian culture, they believed in sacred thing and prefer to have gardens with sacred plant species together with ornamental flower plants for religious ceremonies.The elements of landscape design that have in housing also influenced by demographic factors of the user. A specific design based on demographic factors needs to be emphasized in landscape design for housing areas. Focusing on age and group of people, there are several types of people that identified using landscape facilities which are children, teenagers, adults, elderly and disabled. Marcus and Francis highlighted that children like to have activities which can entertain themselves and play together with other children. For that reason, the tot lot and playground often become a social place for children and at the same time have a seating place where parents can supervise their children. This shows that adults prefer to have leisure activities that can relax their mind and simply enjoy watching their children play. The benches that overlook to the play area are needed for parents more comfortable. In terms of teenagers, their preferences towards landscape design more focus on the activities that can create an excitement and privacy for them. Sense of privacy and eager to learn something new is factored that make teenagers have problems in using landscape design as their preference to do activities. For elderly and disabled group, they prefer to have a comfort, safety,security and easy access in their housing area. In addition, Marcus and Francis mentioned that the opportunity for meeting others, enjoy the nature and exercise are equally important to their health and socializing. Thus, the landscape plan that connected to their house usually has a functional component such as parking, ramps, walkway, railings, signage, guiding tactile that support them in accessibility from one place to another.5. ConclusionThis paper has explored the overall view of landscape design in housing areas in relation to the idea of a sustainable environment and the importance of landscape design as added value to the real estate property. With the understanding of landscape design in terms of definition, elements and importance in the context of housing properties, it hoped that would give a beneficial impact toward a sustainable environment of the landscape industry for housing in our country. The combination of hardscape and softscape elements of landscape design is important in creating a pleasing built environment for residential properties. Furthermore, the factor that influencedlandscape design become benchmarks in order to understand the basic need of landscape design in the housing area. Thus, the roles of landscape architects are very important to be introduced and promoted with regards the importance of landscape design in neighborhood societies.。

园林设计的英语作文Here is an essay on the topic of "Garden Design" with more than 1000 words, written in English without any additional titles or unnecessary punctuation marks.Garden design is an art form that combines the beauty of nature with the creativity of the human mind. It is a discipline that has evolved over centuries, with various cultures and traditions influencing its development. The art of garden design is not simply about arranging plants and landscaping elements but rather about creating a harmonious and visually appealing space that can evoke emotions and provide a sense of tranquility.One of the fundamental elements of garden design is the use of plants. The selection of plants is crucial as it can significantly impact the overall aesthetic of the garden. Gardeners must consider factors such as climate, soil conditions, and the desired visual effect when choosing the appropriate plants. The arrangement of these plants can also play a vital role in creating a sense of balance and harmony within the garden.Another important aspect of garden design is the incorporation ofhardscaping elements such as pathways, walls, and water features. These elements can serve both functional and aesthetic purposes. Pathways, for instance, can guide visitors through the garden and create a sense of exploration, while water features such as fountains or ponds can add a soothing and calming presence.The use of color in garden design is also a critical consideration. Gardeners must carefully select a color palette that complements the surrounding environment and creates a cohesive visual experience. The strategic placement of colorful flowers, foliage, and even hardscaping elements can enhance the overall beauty of the garden.The design of a garden can also be influenced by the surrounding architecture and the overall landscape. Gardeners must consider the relationship between the garden and the built environment, ensuring that the two elements work in harmony. This may involve incorporating design elements that reflect the architectural style of the nearby buildings or creating a seamless transition between the garden and the surrounding landscape.One of the most fascinating aspects of garden design is the way it can evoke emotions and create a sense of tranquility. A well-designed garden can transport visitors to a peaceful oasis, offering a respite from the hustle and bustle of everyday life. The use of serene water features, fragrant plants, and carefully curated seating areascan all contribute to this sense of calm and relaxation.Garden design is not just about the physical arrangement of elements but also about the experience it creates for the visitor. Skilled gardeners understand the importance of creating a sense of discovery and exploration within the garden. This can be achieved through the strategic placement of pathways, the incorporation of hidden features, and the use of different levels and perspectives.The art of garden design is also closely linked to the principles of sustainability and environmental stewardship. Gardeners must consider the long-term impact of their designs on the local ecosystem, ensuring that the garden is not only visually appealing but also ecologically responsible. This may involve the use of native plants, the incorporation of water-efficient irrigation systems, and the creation of habitats for local wildlife.In conclusion, garden design is a multifaceted art form that combines the beauty of nature with the creativity of the human mind. From the selection of plants to the incorporation of hardscaping elements, every aspect of garden design plays a crucial role in creating a harmonious and visually appealing space. By understanding the principles of garden design and the emotions it can evoke, gardeners can create spaces that not only delight thesenses but also promote a sense of tranquility and connection with the natural world.。

园林美学英语作文The Aesthetic of Garden Design。

Garden design is not only about planting flowers and trees, it is also about creating a beautiful and harmonious space that brings joy and tranquility to people's lives. The aesthetic of garden design is an important aspect of creating a space that is not only visually appealing but also functional and sustainable. In this essay, we will explore the principles of garden design and how they contribute to the overall aesthetic of a garden.The first principle of garden design is balance. Awell-designed garden should have a sense of balance and harmony, with a careful arrangement of plants, trees, and other elements. This can be achieved through the use of symmetry, where the elements on one side of the garden mirror those on the other side, or through asymmetry, where different elements are arranged in a way that creates a sense of balance. Balance is also important in terms ofcolor and texture, with a mix of different colors and textures creating a visually interesting and harmonious space.Another important principle of garden design is unity.A garden should have a sense of unity, with all the elements working together to create a cohesive and harmonious space. This can be achieved through the use of repetition, where the same plants or elements are used throughout the garden to create a sense of continuity and unity. Unity can also be achieved through the use of a consistent style or theme, with all the elements in the garden working together to create a unified and cohesive space.The use of scale and proportion is also important in garden design. A well-designed garden should have a sense of scale and proportion, with the different elements in the garden working together to create a sense of balance and harmony. This can be achieved through the use of different sized plants and trees, with larger plants used to create a sense of scale and smaller plants used to create a sense ofproportion. The use of pathways, walls, and other elements can also help to create a sense of scale and proportion in a garden.The use of rhythm and movement is also important in garden design. A well-designed garden should have a sense of rhythm and movement, with the different elements in the garden working together to create a sense of flow and movement. This can be achieved through the use of pathways, water features, and other elements that create a sense of movement and flow in the garden. The use of plants and trees with different shapes and textures can also help to create a sense of rhythm and movement in a garden.The use of contrast is also important in garden design.A well-designed garden should have a sense of contrast, with different elements in the garden working together to create a visually interesting and dynamic space. This can be achieved through the use of different colors, textures, and shapes, with contrasting elements used to create a sense of visual interest and drama in the garden.In conclusion, the aesthetic of garden design is an important aspect of creating a beautiful and harmonious space that brings joy and tranquility to people's lives. By following the principles of balance, unity, scale and proportion, rhythm and movement, and contrast, garden designers can create spaces that are not only visually appealing but also functional and sustainable. A well-designed garden can bring joy and tranquility to people's lives, and contribute to a sense of well-being and harmony in the world.。

风景园林规划设计英语作文I love landscape and garden design because it allows me to create beautiful and functional outdoor spaces. It's a perfect combination of art and science, and I enjoy the challenge of balancing aesthetics with practicality.When I start a new project, I always begin by studying the natural surroundings. I look at the topography, the existing vegetation, and the climate to understand how Ican work with the environment to create a harmonious design.One of the most important aspects of landscape and garden design is creating spaces that people can enjoy. I like to think about how people will move through the space and what activities they might want to do there. It's all about creating an experience for the user.I also pay a lot of attention to the plants I choosefor a design. I think about their colors, textures, and how they will change throughout the seasons. I want to create adynamic and ever-changing landscape that will always be interesting to look at.Another thing I love about landscape and garden design is the opportunity to incorporate sustainable and eco-friendly elements. I try to use native plants and materials that require less water and maintenance, and I always look for ways to reduce waste and energy use in my designs.Ultimately, I want my designs to bring joy and inspiration to the people who experience them. I want them to feel connected to nature and to find a sense of peace and tranquility in the outdoor spaces I create. That's what motivates me to keep pushing the boundaries and exploring new ideas in my work.。

设计园林的英语作文怎么写How to Write an English Essay on Designing Gardens。

Garden design is an art that combines aesthetics and functionality. It involves careful planning and consideration of various factors such as space, climate, soil, and the desired style. In this essay, we will discuss the steps involved in designing a garden and the key elements that make up a beautiful and functional garden.The first step in designing a garden is to determine the purpose of the garden. Is it a place for relaxation and entertainment, or is it a space for growing vegetables and fruits? Once the purpose is established, the next step is to consider the available space and the desired style. For example, if the garden is small, a minimalist style may be more appropriate, while a larger garden can accommodate a more elaborate design.The next step is to consider the climate and soilconditions. Different plants thrive in different environments, so it is important to choose plants that are suitable for the local climate and soil. In addition, it is important to consider the amount of sunlight and shade that the garden receives, as this will affect the growth of plants.After considering the purpose, style, climate, and soil conditions, the next step is to create a plan for the garden. This plan should include the layout of the garden, the types of plants to be used, and any additional features such as water features or sculptures. The plan should also take into account any practical considerations such as irrigation systems, lighting, and maintenance requirements.Once the plan is in place, the next step is to begin the actual design process. This may involve creating sketches or using computer software to create a 3D model of the garden. It is important to consider the placement of plants and features, as well as the overall flow and balance of the garden.Finally, it is important to consider the ongoing maintenance of the garden. This may involve regular watering, pruning, and fertilizing of plants, as well asthe upkeep of any additional features such as waterfeatures or sculptures. It is important to choose plantsand features that are easy to maintain and that will continue to thrive over time.In conclusion, designing a garden involves careful planning and consideration of various factors such as space, climate, soil, and the desired style. By following thesteps outlined above and considering the key elements that make up a beautiful and functional garden, anyone cancreate a stunning outdoor space that is both practical and aesthetically pleasing.。

1\Designing your own panorama, could be each exciting and challenging. If you are contemplating such a mission, listed here are some practical ideas and suggestions.Planning the ProjectPlanning your landscape design is the first and most vital step. Take the time to assemble the data you will want to make your decisions on the weather you wish to include in your landscape design. Will you want a deck, patio, foot paths, walkways, a pond? What sort of plants, timber, flowers, and ground cover will you want to use? You need to research books, articles, and landscape design magazines that will help you make these decisions. It will pay off in the end by saving you cash, time, and frustration, enabeling you find yourself with a beautifully completed mission to be proud of.The DesignThe landscape design is your subsequent step. You will need to make a structure of the realm to be landscaped, as close to scale as possible, and with accurate measurements. Many landscape design planning guides that provides you with step-by-step instructions can be found on the internet without spending a dime, and books or eBooks are abundant. As soon as your panorama design structure is done you’ll be able to started to position your components on the layout pad. This should be your first or preliminary plan and as you progess, modifications will be transfered to your secondary or updated plans. Altering your thoughts usually is simply fine. After all this is just on paper at this point and you haven’t spent any money or per formed any labor yet. Experimenting with a few plans is critical before you come up the final landscape design. A properly planned landscape won’t ever look the same in numerous seasons. Plan your panorama design to change with the seasons. You must try to design your landscape as maintenance free as possible.Panorama Design Software programIf it is onerous for you to visualize your finished panorama design by simply taking a look at your format, there is some excellent landscape design software available. A lot of the landscape design software was originally developed for skilled landscapers, however since has been modified for the beginner who needs to do-it-themselves. There are a lot of do-it-yourslef panorama design software program applications out there today. Panorama design software permits you to see a digital picture of the landscape design and allows you to transfer gadgets round and see the changes you make come to life. Some software means that you can import a photograph of your property or constructing and designs the panorama across the photo. Mostlandscape design software packages offer advise on using and putting the numerous completely different components obtainable right now in your landscape design. A properly designed panorama will all the time change with time, abd a number of the landscape design software program obtainable will mean you can view your panorama because it matures. You may see what it’s going to seem like 5 or 10 years from now when the bushes have grown and the plants matured.GardensMany people prefer to incorparate a garden of their landscape design. Gardens may be tucked away in the nook of an space, or be the point of interest of the entire panorama design. Gardens can even be stragecly positioned among the plants, flowers and trees so they mix in with your entire landscape design. If you like to backyard, dont overlook all of the garden design possiblities when planning your landscape design.If you want extra info with regard to landscape architect los angeles, pay a visit to Demitri Sanromartin’s internet site without delay2\We are all ready to invest large amounts of money on landscaping in order to give a face lift to our homes. But we didn’t prune enough or at all when our lawn needed it, making our prized lawns and gardens looking worse than ever. This is the best time to start getting ready and preparing your lawn for beautiful success. For your garden to have a longer life span, take the following tips into consideration.Plenty of individuals would love to have a garden that has a lot of stunning hydrangeas or azaleas growing beautifully. This particular goal takes a good deal of time and effort, nevertheless, so if you’re amongst those individuals who would like to achieve it, you’ll need to work very hard beginning right away.Fundamental Garden LandscapingStarting small is without doubt the method to use, particularly if you happen to be a beginner in this particular craft. One of the things you should focus on to start with will be the choice of plants you want to cultivate, i.e. flowers, trees, or maybe even vegetables. It is clearly sensible to decide on plants that do not need an excessive amount of maintenance but when you are confident enough in relation to your gardening skills, roses, orchids, and bonsai trees offer great options.Getting the soil ready is very important to ensure that you will be able to grow beautiful things in your garden. Using organic fertilizers often is the preferred strategy to use since they will not present any kind of threat to the environment or to human health. Becoming acquainted with different kinds of organic fertilizers such as horse manure or steer manure can enable you to do a good job in preparing the garden soil for great growing conditions.Structures and DecorNaturally, a vibrant and nicely decorated lawn is really what you’ll want which involves various garden landscaping options including water fountains, fencing, and lighting. The strategy is to integrate as much of your own personality into your design so as to make it a little haven that is not just lovely to view but also is a quintessential reflection of you.Outdoor furniture is a very common garden landscaping feature which also happens to be very useful. When you have the area to hold a complete set, you might as well go for it, especially when you want to have a proper place for your guests during the day if the sun is out but it is not too hot.Patio and Garden Lighting FixturesAdequate illumination can be a large part of designing your garden. The patio is where it all begins so you might wish to buy a good set of sconces or wall lights which illuminate the area and highlight its naturally beauty. Garden lighting is encouraged not just for functional purposes but also for displaying the best features of the space even at night.UpkeepTo be able to continue to keep the garden in excellent shape, it is crucial to understand its needs like routine and controlled watering, tilling, mowing, and weed removal. Watering needs to be season and weather appropriate because gardens that are way too dry or too wet will never flourish so make sure that you adjust appropriately.Mark Vaccaro researches and writes extensively on the best practices in online marketing. Some articles that I recommend reading can be found on the topics of path to financial responsibility and learning spanish。

As a high school student with a keen interest in environmental design, I recently embarked on a project that challenged me to create a garden scheme. This wasnt just any ordinary garden it was a space that I envisioned as a sanctuary for both wildlife and people, a place where nature and humanity could coexist in harmony.The concept for my garden scheme was inspired by the Japanese philosophy of Wabisabi, which embraces the beauty of imperfection and the natural cycle of growth and decay. I wanted to create a space that would reflect this philosophy, a place where visitors could experience the tranquility and simplicity of nature.The first step in my design process was to select the location for the garden. I chose a plot of land near a small stream that runs through our schools campus. The area was overgrown and neglected, but I saw its potential as a haven for both flora and fauna.I began by clearing the area, removing invasive species and debris to make way for new growth. I then mapped out the garden, considering the natural contours of the land and the direction of the sun. I wanted to create a space that would maximize the use of sunlight, as well as provide shelter from the wind and rain.Next, I turned my attention to the plants. I selected a mix of native and nonnative species that would thrive in the local climate and soil conditions.I included a variety of trees, shrubs, and perennials to provide yearround interest and habitat for birds and insects. I also incorporated edible plants,such as herbs and vegetables, to encourage interaction with the garden and promote a sense of stewardship.One of the key elements of my garden scheme was the inclusion of water features. I designed a series of small ponds and a larger central pond that would serve as a focal point for the garden. The water would not only provide a habitat for aquatic life but also create a soothing, meditative atmosphere.To further enhance the sense of tranquility, I incorporated elements of Zen garden design, such as gravel paths, stone lanterns, and a small meditation area. I also included a variety of seating options, from benches to hammocks, to encourage visitors to linger and connect with the space.Throughout the design process, I kept sustainability in mind. I used recycled materials whenever possible, such as repurposed wood for the benches and a rainwater harvesting system for the ponds. I also incorporated native plants and materials to minimize the gardens impact on the local ecosystem.The final step in my design process was to create a maintenance plan. I wanted to ensure that the garden would not only be beautiful but also sustainable in the long term. I included guidelines for pruning, watering, and pest management, as well as a schedule for seasonal tasks.Overall, my garden scheme was a labor of love that allowed me to combine my passion for environmental design with my desire to create aspace that would benefit both people and wildlife. It was a project that taught me the importance of patience, attention to detail, and a deep respect for the natural world. And while it may not be perfect in the traditional sense, I believe that its imperfections are what make it truly beautiful.。

Thomas Church and his gardensAfter simply reading the book “Gardens are for people”and some materials of Thomas Church , in all, I have a initial understanding of him: Thomas Church not only was a distinguished landscape architect whose reputation and influence were worldwide, but also one of the founders of the modern garden in the United States in the 20th century. In a career lasting almost fifty years, he designed and built more than 2000 gardens, and the bulk of his practice was on a domestic scale. As the name of his book says, “gardens are for people”. As far as I know, Church’s designs are famous for it’s humanity.In the 1940s, the rise of California Garden forged a successful landscape architect, Thomas Church. At that time, he was inspired by the garden design of the Maria which designed by Alto and accepted Cubism ,in this case, his works began to show a new dynamic equilibrium: the central axis is replaced by the new form which owns the multi-view and meets the functional requirements; flowing lines, irregular planting areas and simple plane were applied in his design, at the same time, texture and color showed extensive changes.After studying the main works of Thomas Church, I find that what Church really designed is the life that people living in the gardens, rather than the form of the garden. On the one hand, his works cater to the more and more use requires which put forwarded by the clients, such as more pavement area, low maintenance ,different use partitions as well as private space. On the other hand, his works always conformed to the locally climatic conditions and the inherently beautiful landscape. What’s more, he has the unique talent to transform the needs of the clients to the works, at the same time, drawing elements from the surrounding landscape. The Donnell Garden is a good example to conform it. At the beginning, the owner’s requires of this project is just to have a swimming pool, comfortable pavement venues, as well as some corridors. Considering the features that the garden is located in a high ground which having a good field of vision and some oaks were retained in the original venue, Church covered with red cedar wood in the surrounding of the oak, and these trees became the frame that people enjoy the distant scene, in addition to meet the client’s requirements of low maintenance. Besides, the Martin Residence is another good example, considering that the courtyard is located the sea, he gave up the lawn which commonly used in the center of the garden and replace it with the bunkers, this change is very clever, on the one hand, the bunkers link the garden to the distant beach, on the other hand, it shorten the distance between the people and the beach, what’s more, he completely change the style of the garden through the usage of the bunkers and made full use of the surrounding elements. From details, the thing he designed always has many usages. Thisflexibility is one of the common characteristics of the Church’s designs. The swimming pool in the Donnell Garden is a good example, according to the client’s needs to the pool, Church designed a kidney-pool and the sculpture in the center of pool separates the swimming and playing areas and is a center of fun for divers and underwater experts, who swim through a hole in the base, especially for the children. From the design of the Sullivan Garden, Church experimented with angles and forms which would alter the apparent size of garden spaces. He used strongly inclined line to generate a skewed sense of perspective. In this way, it gives me more space visually and creates private space. Another design also can conform it, in the Martin Residence, no trees are planted in the center of the venue, Church replace it with the ground cover plants ,which ensure a open line of slight toward the bay. These exceptions are numerous, and he always takes children into account, children are always the main role in the garden. A circular terrain is essential to children, in Church’s designs, safety and fun are his major features.Church's knowledge of construction materials and techniques was considerable, so that his evaluation of the possibilities of a site was never limited by uncertainty.Thomas Church’s skilled use of the basic elements and design rules enabled his works in various forms, it is difficult to generalize a “Church style”. However, the gardens Church finally designed have a common feature, are a combination of people's actual needs and site characterization. This also brings us some enlightenment, that is: The most important is that the garden is designed for people living in it, we should put the people at the first place, in addition, the form should be derived from the site characteristics and unique needs, rather than the history books; and the form, texture, movement, scale should be arranged by the situation of the site, rather than blindly follow in practice simply.。

风景园林外文参考文献引言风景园林是一门综合性学科，涉及到设计、规划和管理公共和私人的室外空间。

它的目标是创造美丽、舒适和可持续发展的环境，以提供人们休闲娱乐、社交活动和与自然互动的机会。

本文将介绍一些与风景园林相关的外文参考文献，以帮助读者更深入地了解这个领域。

文献1：《Landscape Architecture: A Manual for Environmental Planning and Design》这本书是由Barry Starke撰写的，对于风景园林设计和规划提供了全面且系统的介绍。

书中讨论了设计原则、植物选择、水资源管理等方面的内容。

它还涵盖了与环境可持续性相关的主题，如生态系统恢复和气候变化适应性。

该书还提供了大量实际案例作为示范，展示了不同类型和规模的项目如何成功地融入环境并满足用户需求。

这些案例包括城市公园、社区花园和私人庭院等。

这本书对于学习风景园林的基本原理和实践技巧非常有价值。

它不仅适用于学生和专业人士，也适合对风景园林感兴趣的一般读者。

文献2：《Garden Design: A Book of Ideas》这本书由Heidi Howcroft和Marianne Majerus合著，是一本关于花园设计的指南。

它提供了许多创意和灵感，帮助读者构思自己的花园设计。

书中介绍了不同类型的花园风格，如英式花园、日式庭院和现代景观等。

每个风格都有详细的解释和示例照片，以及与之相关的设计原则和植物选择建议。

此外，该书还包括了关于材料选择、水景设计和照明布置等方面的信息。

这些内容可以帮助读者更好地理解如何将不同元素组合在一起，创造出独特而美丽的花园。

《Garden Design: A Book of Ideas》不仅适用于专业园艺师和设计师，也适合任何对花园设计感兴趣的人。

它是一个富有启发性和实用性的资源，能够激发创造力并提供实用的建议。

文献3：《Landscape Planning: Environmental Applications》这本书由William M. Marsh撰写，是一本关于风景园林规划的综合指南。