城市商业步行街景观设计外文文献翻译最新译文

都市购物街景观设计外文文献翻译最新译文摘要：本文翻译是关于都市购物街景观设计的外文文献。

它提供了一个关于如何设计和规划都市购物街景观的综述。

这些信息对于城市规划师、景观设计师和相关决策者来说都非常有用。

引言：都市购物街景观的设计是现代城市规划中一个重要的方面。

随着城市化的加速和人们对购物环境体验的要求日益增长，设计师们不断努力创造出独特而吸引人的购物街景观。

主要内容：1. 购物街景观设计原则：本文介绍了一些购物街景观设计的原则，包括景观形式的丰富性、人行道的设计和布局、绿化和景观元素的使用等。

2. 购物街景观规划：本部分讨论了购物街景观规划中的一些重要考虑因素，如人流量、交通流量、停车设施以及商铺和娱乐设施的布局。

3. 城市购物中心的设计：本文探讨了设计一个成功的城市购物中心所需考虑的因素，如购物中心的定位、建筑设计、商店和餐饮设施的选择等。

结论：本文提供了一些关于都市购物街景观设计的综述，旨在向城市规划师和景观设计师们提供一些有用的参考信息。

这些设计原则和规划考虑因素将有助于创造出令人满意的购物街景观，提升城市的魅力和人们的购物体验。

Translation of "Urban Shopping Street Landscape Design: Latest Translated Text"Abstract:This translated document is about urban shopping street landscape design. It provides an overview of how to design and plan the landscape of urban shopping streets. The information is useful for urban planners, landscape designers, and relevant decision-makers.Introduction:The design of urban shopping street landscapes is an important aspect of modern urban planning. With the acceleration of urbanization and people's increasing demand for shopping environment experiences, designers strive to create unique and appealing shopping street landscapes.Main Content:1. Principles of shopping street landscape design: This document introduces some principles of shopping street landscape design, including richness in landscape forms, design and layout of pedestrian paths, and the use of greenery and landscape elements.2. Planning of shopping street landscapes: This section discusses some important considerations in the planning of shopping street landscapes, such as pedestrian flow, traffic flow, parking facilities, and the layout of shops and entertainment facilities.3. Designing urban shopping centers: This document explores the factors to consider in designing a successful urban shopping center, such as positioning the shopping center, architectural design, and the selection of shops and dining facilities.Conclusion:This document provides an overview of urban shopping street landscape design, aiming to provide useful reference information for urban planners and landscape designers. These design principles and planning considerations will help create satisfactory shopping street landscapes, enhancing the attractiveness of cities and people's shopping experiences.。

历史街区的景观改造研究-外文资料翻译河南科技大学毕业设计外文资料翻译Study on Renovation of the Landscapes of Historical BlocksEvery city has its own special memories，which are incarnated in its landscapes of historical blocks( Washington Charter has presentedthe so-farbest definition of historical blocks:they are the blocks with great historical values of a city or a town，whether they are large or small，in urban or insuburban Historical blocks are not only precious heritages of historical culture in material form，but also the linking nodes connecting the present with the past as well with the future of a cityin spirit( When we design a modern city，we notonly need to make the scientific planning for its function，but also should paymuch attention to its local and traditional features so that it can not be neglected among the landscapes of modern cities(Therefore，it is significant to makestudies on the protection and development of historical blocks(1 The Present Status of Historical Blocks in ChinaSince 21th century，China has entered a fast developing period，and manysequelae resulted from rebuilding in large scale are witnessed.The old city blocks are usually important areas with clusters of buildings and high business value which are favored by the real estate developers.Authorized by the policies，many local governments implement " the Project of Old BlockReconstruction" in large scale and allow the developing rights tothe real estate developers( The demolishment and reconstructioncertainly cause thetraditional style to disappear and traditional culture cannot be inherited because the old city blocks usually reflect the traditional city life style and traditional culture .The material civilization allows people enjoy the convenience of the modern society resulted from new technologiesand new materials，but makes them away from the comforts and leisure which is resulted from the decline of spirit culture( Nowadays，the residentialhouses and historical blocks which bear the memories of old city are gradually1河南科技大学毕业设计passing into oblivion，the traditional culture and life style can hardly survive the modern buildings(2 The approaches to rebuilding the historical blocksThe landscapes of historical blocks are the most important bearer of the historical value( The values of historical culture，residential culture，courtyardculture，and the architecture culture are mainly incarnated in such substantial hards capes(Such historical blocks endow people a feeling of space and site，thelayout of alleys，the distribution of courtyards，the style of buildings，and theirdesigns should show a historical feeling( The historical blocks consist ofancient architectures( including public ancient buildings andprivate residential houses)，public infrastructures，gardens，and service buildings，etc(,3, Madeof wood that is apt to decay，the ancient architectures in China differ from those of Westerns which are made of stones or bricks so that the ancient Chinese architectures need frequent repairing( Thehistorical blocks usually located inthe central areas where are densely populated，heavily buildings clustered，andthey are " the gold areas" for the real estate developers(Aiming at the maximumprofit，the developers usually do not care about their historical culture and value in their reconstruction(In addition，the historical blocks are not properlyprotected and repaired because of the shortage of funds( It is an crucial task torebuild the substantial landscape in the protection of historical blocks(2-1 The repairs for old buildings The main-body buildings in the historical blocks are usually consists of the old architectures whichare the most ancient Chinese-style buildings except a few( They werebuilt with wood，bricks，stones and earth，dominating in wood( The following steps should be adoptedfor the reconstruction of ancient buildings in the historical blocks: 2-1-2 To make a survey of the data of the ancient building andidentify its historical value(There are many cultural relics andhistorical buildings with high historical value. A thorough survey forthe ancient architectural blocks must be conducted before the implementation of their reconstruction so as to make certain whether the cultural relics and historical buildings exist.If such2河南科技大学毕业设计relics or buildings exist in the blocks，their covering areas shouldbe marked;they must be protected and repaired according to the law of relic protection(When a survey for historical relics has been completed，theinvestigations on the other old buildings，including their building year，style，design and even their damage，should be made and the data be recorded，according to which the endangered buildings and old buildings were respectively identified.The former should be reconstructed and thelatter be repaired(In recent years，influenced by the tide of reconstruction of old and endangered blocks，many old buildings which can be still used are demolished and rebuilt( According to the " the theory of organic renewal" established by professor Wu Liangyong，it is necessary to distinguished what the endangered buildings and what the old buildings are; and the endangered should be saved or rebuilt，but the old be repaired( The endangered buildings refer to those whose bearing components are in danger and have no bearing ability，the building may fall down at any time，so they are out of utilization in safety; while the old buildings refer to those whose bearing components have been not renewed for long time，but their bearing ability is still in good condition( It is the first stepto distinguish what the endangeredand what the old are before the reconstruction and repairing of the historical blocks(2-1-2 To repair or rebuild the different old building in different ways according to their own status(( 1) Cultural buildings( The repairing of cultural buildings must be implemented according to the law of cultural relic protection，observing theprinciple of " Priority for protecting，first saving，reasonably utilization，strictlymanaging" ，the structural components should not be changed as possibly，whilethe newly-supplemented ones should be marked their date in use，repairing theold as its originals hold(( 2) Old buildings.The repairing and maintaining as well as inner rebuilding can be conducted for those old buildings which are out of repair for a long3河南科技大学毕业设计time( The repair should not make their style and shape and structure changed，reaching the aim of repairing the old as its originals hold(Many the oldtraditional residential buildings have been in use for living apartments though their layouts do not meet the requirement of modernlife( Therefore，the newrequirement of owners should be taken into account and the inner structures can be adjusted and rebuilt( Since the volumetric ratio，water supply and drainagesystem，privacy all cannot meet the requirement of modern life，the interiorrebuilding is mainly concentrated on replenishing the functional equipment( The rebuilding is aiming at meeting the requirement of owners，improving their living quality，but unchanging the style and feature of thebuildings(( 3) The endangered buildings.The use of such buildings，both for livingand for other purposes，should be avoided( If they have landscape values，theyshould be protected through technical measures and replacing the components( Otherwise they should be rebuilt according to their style and features which also should be in agreement with their neighborhood( ( 4) Those to be newly-built.They should be in accord with those in the neighborhood both in style and feature.Such buildings are clustered into two kinds，the newly-rebuilt and the newly-developed.The former should maintain the style and feature of the original( And the latter can be properly improvedtheir volumetric ratio and layout except for being in agreement with their neighborhood(( 5) The buildings negatively influencing the landscape(Manyhistoricalbuildings are negatively influenced by the modern buildings which mainly high，storeyed buildings，the architectural elevation are out of agreement with the landscape，influencing the sky-line and the background environment( It isnecessary to make elevational rebuilding of the buildings which are negatively influence the landscape( For example，the surrounding buildings of the Templeof Zhuge Liang were rebuilt in the style of residential buildings in western Sichuan( It is suggested that the high，multistorey buildings in the historicalblocks be dismantled except those which have special reasons fortheir4河南科技大学毕业设计existence(The reconstruction and repairing of historical blocks should be kept in agreement of their style and feature which are the reasons for making people have a feeling of history and place because the historical environment composing of such building clusters.Living equipment should be supplemented to the old buildings in historicalblocks to meet the requirement of the owners' living.In general，the repairing and reconstruction of the old buildings should observe the principle of enhancing their function and remaining their style( 2-2 The reconstruction of the infrastructures The historical blocks formed though the following two ways: ? Formed in overall planning and graduallyimproved( Such historical blocks were built according to their overall planning which might be carried out by the ancient local government.In ancient time，theplanning of the blocks before their construction might be conducted if the economy was prosperous( The blocks in many northern cities are suchexamples.Some of them center about the private gardeningresidences( Theplanners of such blocks were the majors in the local economy( In ancient time，the planning of a block was carried out according to Chinese geomancy( Fengshui).The layout and infrastructures of historical blocks cannot meet the requirement of modern people thoughthey were fully considered in planning( ? Formed spontaneously(Some historical blocks formedspontaneously，centering about the temples，monasteries，even a spontaneously-formed residential cluster( Such kind of bocks usually formed inagreement with the natural geography，with densely-clustered residentialbuildings，debunching layout of which little was taken into account of the public infrastructures(There are two problems about the public infrastructures in the historical blocks( First，they cannot meet the requirement of modern life; second，they are usually out of repair and maintaining so that they are out of use because of seriousdamage(Furthermore，there problems about the water supply and drainage system in the historical blocks，the residents in the blocks facewith difficulties in water supply as well as drainage(Safety problem alsoplagues the residents in the historical blocks( Many attached buildings to theoriginal residential buildings which are densely clustered and in want of5河南科技大学毕业设计fire-fighting system cause the blocks to be in danger(The following principlesshould be adhered for the infrastructure reconstruction of the historical blocks:( 1) To avoid heavy reshaping and change as less as possible(The buildingsin the historical blocks need protecting so that the heavy reshaping could be avoided when the infrastructures are innovated.The structural features of the buildings should be taken into account when the pipeline systems are installed，changing the original structure of the historical buildings as less as possible(( 2) To remain the original style and feature The pavements of the historical blocks have values of sight-seeing，heavy loss will be caused if they arerebuilt( The construction of water supply and drainage systems will seriously get the roads destroyed( If they must be reconstruction，the original materialsshould be preserved during the reconstruction.The newly-selected materials will be in agreements with the original feature(For example，the well covers aredesigned as pseudo-antiques in many historical blocks，creating historicalfeeling(2-3 Reshaping green landscapes There are the well-designed green landscapes in many historical blocks.They are established on the basis of the following historical reasons: ?The historical blocks are the developed business centers in a certain regions( In such blocks，many rich men built theirresidences in which gardens were their important parts.These well-designed, fine-management gardens have high sight-seeing value( They were wellpreserved，protected and even expanded though their owners were different in different historical stages( ?The green landscape in historical blocks areusually well-protected and not destroyed because many people believe on geomancy so that many ancient trees survived.Unlike the historical buildings requiring frequent repair and rebuilding，the greening trees can survive andgrowth without any care provided that their circumstances have not heavily damaged so that many ancient trees survived in such blocks(In the constructionof modern cities，many real estate developers ignore the value of greening landscapes in the historical blocks，demolished many historical gardens to buildhouses and office buildings，leading to the consequence that many ancient trees6河南科技大学毕业设计disappeared( The renovation of gardening landscapes in thehistorical blocks should observe the following principles((1)Taking the protection first，trying to remain the original style and feature( Such gardening landscapes usually dominate in ancient wood，theyhave a long history with a certain ancient relics( For thehistorical gardens withthe value of cultural relics，their redressing should be conducted according to the law of cultural relic protection( As for the redressing of the inherited commongreen landscapes，some resting facilities can be built in the areas while the original style and feature should be remained(The materials and the techniquesin the classic garden construction should be applied during redressing the garden landscapes( The protection should be put first during redressing the gardens in the historical blocks，remaining the original style and feature with change as less as possible( The ancient wood should be carefully protected(( 2) The renovation of the recently-built green landscapes(There are usually recently-built greening landscapes in the historicalblocks( Some ofthem are disagreed with the landscapes in the blocks( Squares are built withmodern materials so that the cities could look unorthodox，causing the historicalcircumstance to disappear( Therefore，such kind of green landscapes needrebuilding( If the landscapes have the use value，such as small squares，greens，etc.their functions could be still ensured，but their structure materials and style should be adjusted(The style of the design in details should agree with that of the historical blocks; both the original materials and the modern materials，which can show the historical style and feature of the blocks，can be encouragedto be applied in the reconstruction(During the reconstruction of the historical blocks，since many modern buildings will be demolished or rebuilt，the attachedgreen should be also replanted(( 3) The newly-built landscapes in the historical blocks(The inheritedgarden landscapes cannot meet the requirements of the business and residence purposes，while the newly-built garden landscapes need rebuilding so that they can meet the demands of business，tour，resting，and living for the people(Inaddition，the historical blocks usually stand among the modern building7河南科技大学毕业设计clusters，therefore buffer zones between the modern buildings and historical blocks should be built so that the conflict between them can be overcome( Thebuffer zones usually are the green zones which not only make the style of the new blocks with that of the historical ones，but also can be used as thebackground of the historical blocks，showing their artfulvalue( Next，the bufferzones can act protection function for the historical blocks as an isolation zone off the negative influence of the moderncity( Furthermore，the buffer zonescan refresh the air and city water systems，showing ecologicalvalue(Such greenzones are the important parts of the garden landscapes of historical blocks( Therequirement of historical environments should be taken into account when the buffer green zones are built，making them agreed with the historical style and feature(( 4) The maintaining and reconstruction of the substantial landscapes( Thesubstantial landscapes in the historical blocks include the garden buildings and decorators( The repair and rebuilding of the garden buildings should take the original construction as reference.The gardendecorators include those for ornament and those for service.The former can enhance the historical feeling，making the blocks more attractive.Such objects should show the local characteristics and inherit the historical culture.For example，the sculpturefigure，wall ornaments incarnates the subjects of historical stories and historical heroes.The service facilities include lighting device，toilets，dusting bins，andstools.The first meet the requirement of utility，and through fine designing oftheir outer appearance，they are also kept agreement with the styleof the historical blocks，aiming at effective function and ornamental in landscapes( For those that are difficult to reconstruct，they should be shieldedby other facilities(3 ConclusionsRecently，less attention are paid to the overall protection of the landscapes in the historical blocks in China.As we all know，the inheritance of the historicalblocks has its own advantages and the historical blocks usually have certain8河南科技大学毕业设计historical relics.Some of them witnessed the protection with these historical relics.The historical blocks usually have their overall style and feature.The developing course of a city can display through the inheriting such style and feature，the information of the city can pass down，making the historical andcultural characteristics last and live as long as possible.So their cultural value will be prized in the later construction of a city.The historical blocks should become the city marker instead of those high，fantastic buildings(9河南科技大学毕业设计历史街区的景观改造研究每个城市都有它自己的特殊的回忆，这是体现在历史街区的景观。

外文资料翻译Place-based urban ecology: A century of park planning in SeattleIntroductionSeattle is a city of over half a million residents with approximately 9% of its total area designated as park or open space (US Census 2000). There are currently more than 400 city-owned and maintained parks, including forested areas, boulevards, playfields, playgrounds, and golf courses. Guided by a vision and comprehensive plan for parks developed in 1903 by John C. Olmsted, Seattle has woven an extensive system of park spaces into the fabric of the city. This commitment to parks and open space has persisted throughout the development history of the city. Although the contemporary park landscape is a physical legacy of the 1903 Olmsted plan, shifting political processes, fluctuating economic conditions and evolving cultural ideologies have influenced the implementation of the plan over the past 100 years. More than a century after its initial implementation, the plan continues to be interpreted and applied within the context of a densely settled urban system, where the converging interactions between politics, economics, and park planning culture are in some ways similar, yet inherently distinct from the earliest period of park planning in Seattle.Our research explores the development and influence of park planning in Seattle from 1884 to 2004 within an analytic framework of urban ecology (see Alberti et al. 2003). Within natural science research, urban ecology promotes the re-integration of humans into researching the ecology of urban systems (May 2004; Alberti et al. 2003; Pickett et al. 2001; Grimm et al. 2000). Much of the natural science research has defined urban areas as “ecosystems” without explicitly acknowledging the influence of hum ans on the biophysical landscape (McIntyre et al. 2000). However, as the understanding of ecological processes in urban and urbanizing environments expands, natural scientists are becoming more motivated to perceive urban areas as human dominated systems which function in distinct ways from non-human dominated systems. The growing appreciation among natural scientists for the role of urban social systems in driving urban ecological change facilitated the construction of an urban ecological framework that perceives urban systems as co-evolving human and natural systems (Alberti et al. 2003).The application of an urban ecological framework allows for the detailed study of interactions between human (including political, economic, and cultural) and biophysical (including hydrological, climatological, and terrestrial) conditions as well as resulting patterns of environmental and social change. Urban ecology has been positioned between the humanities and science, with some urban ecologists proposing that humanities become the backbone of rigorous urban ecology research (Alberti et al. 2003). Although, most urban scholars acknowledge the importance of history and culture, few recognize the influence of historical contingencies on the social and ecological patterns that emerge in urban systems. May (2004) explicitly incorporates a humanistic approach into an urban ecological framework, and articulates the influence of historical conditions and cultural practices in the development of an urban area. Building upon her work, we expand this urban ecological framework to incorporate methods of historical analysis for exploring how the interactions between politics, economics, and ideologies have influenced park planning and development over time.Our framework embraces a place-based, historically grounded approach focusing on the relationship between patterns of park development, shifting political arrangements, changing cultural conditions, and fluctuating fiscal resources within park planning. We ask three questions:1. What major political, economic, and cultural processes have influenced park planningin Seattle over the past century;2. How have these processes interacted to produce significant and distinct periods ofpark planning (including acquisition and development) activity; and3. How has the 1903 Olmsted plan persisted and adapted to the shifting processes ofpark planning during this same time.We define the politics of park planning as the relationship between the Seattle Parks and Recreation Department (SPRD), Seattle city elite and local community members engaged in the process of park planning. The economics of park planning refers to private, city, regional,and federal fiscal resources used to acquire, develop, and maintain parks. Park planning culture is viewed as the influence of citywide agendas concerning park acquisition, maintenance and development. Primarily driven by local factors, these three components of park planning are further influenced by scalar economic, political, and cultural conditions. We explore each component individually, while also paying attention to their interactions in order to describe and situate the application of the 1903 Olmsted plan. By incorporating a historic analytic method to Alberti et al’s framework of urban ecology, we are able to identify fluctuations in long-term processes and drivers, which lead to a rich understanding of the evolution of urban systems.Our description of the process of urban park planning and development over 100 years motivates an understanding of cities as ecological systems, where the historical interrelationship between social, economic and political processes has influenced park development in Seattle. We are therefore most concerned with examining the ecological relationships, or network of factors, influencing park acquisition and development over time. By focusing on the drivers, processes and patterns of urban change in relation to parks, we utilize three of the four aspects of Alberti et al’s conceptual framework. The fourth dimension, addressing effects—such as the ecological function of parks and park use patterns—is not part of this historical study.地点为基础的城市生态环境：西雅图一个世纪的公园规划导言西雅图是一个居民人数超过50万、总面积约9%指定为公园或开放空间的城市(US Census 2000)。

Nestled in the heart of Fuzhou, the capital city of Fujian Province, lies the enchanting Yantai Mountain Commercial Pedestrian Street. This vibrant thoroughfare, a blend of ancient charm and modern bustle, offers a unique window into the city's rich cultural heritage and contemporary urban life.福州，福建省的省会城市，其心脏地带坐落着迷人的烟台山商业漫步街区。

这条充满活力的街道，融合了古老魅力和现代繁华，为游客展现了一个独特的窗口，透过它可以看到这座城市丰富的文化遗产和当代都市生活。

Upon entering the pedestrian street, one is immediately transported to a world of historical grandeur. The ancient architecture, with its tiled roofs and intricate carvings, whispers tales of a bygone era. These buildings, once the residences of wealthy merchants and dignitaries, now house a diverse array of shops and restaurants, each with its own unique story to tell.一踏入漫步街区，便仿佛置身于一个充满历史宏伟气息的世界。

古老的建筑，屋顶铺着瓦片，雕刻精细，低声诉说着往昔的故事。

城市化进程中的城市绿化与景观设计（英文中文双语版优质文档）With the continuous advancement of the urbanization process, urban construction has become an important symbol of the development of human society. Urbanization has brought convenience and comfort to people, but it has also brought many problems to cities, such as environmental pollution, traffic congestion, and urban heat island effect. These problems pose a great threat to the sustainable development of cities. In order to solve these problems, urban greening and landscape design are particularly important.Urban greening refers to increasing the area and quantity of green vegetation in the city, including parks, green spaces, street trees, and green roofs. Urban greening can improve the environmental quality of the city, improve people's quality of life, and at the same time promote the sustainable development of the city. Urban landscape design refers to the combination of artistic design and natural landscape to create a beautiful urban environment. Urban landscape design can improve the image and quality of the city, and it can also attract tourists and promote economic development.1. The impact of urban greening on the urban environment1. Improve air qualityUrban greening can absorb harmful gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides, release oxygen, and purify the air. Trees also absorb particulate matter and other pollutants, reducing smog and improving urban air quality.2. Reduce the heat island effectUrban greening can reduce urban temperature and reduce heat island effect through evapotranspiration and shade effect. At the same time, greening can also alleviate the climate change of the city and improve the suitability of the city.3. Improve the quality of water environmentUrban greenery absorbs and filters stormwater, reduces runoff, and relieves urban waterlogging. At the same time, greening can also purify water quality and improve the quality of urban water environment.4. Maintain ecological balanceUrban greening can provide ecosystem services, such as soil conservation, hydrological regulation, biodiversity protection, etc., and maintain urban ecological balance.2. The impact of urban landscape design on the image of the city1. Enhance the character of the cityUrban landscape design can create a unique urban image and style through the combination of architecture, sculpture, lighting and other elements, and enhance the characteristics and personality of the city. For example, Beijing's Forbidden City, Tiananmen Square and the Great Wall have become representative attractions of Beijing's city image, attracting a large number of tourists and foreign investment.2. Improve the quality of the cityUrban landscape design can improve the quality of the city by beautifying the urban environment. For example, adding landscape elements such as gardens, fountains, and sculptures to urban planning can bring a better visual experience to the city and improve people's sense of happiness and satisfaction.3. Promote economic developmentUrban landscape design can promote the development of urban tourism by increasing urban attractions and tourist routes. At the same time, the beautiful urban environment and unique urban image can also attract more investment and talents, and promote the development of the urban economy.3. Integration of urban greening and landscape designUrban greening and landscape design complement each other, and the integration of the two can bring greater benefits to the city. For example, adding landscape elements to urban greening can make the green space no longer monotonous and improve people's comfort and experience. At the same time, adding greening elements to landscape design can make the landscape more natural and ecological and reduce damage to the environment.The integration of urban greening and landscape design can also bring more social benefits. For example, jobs in urban greening and landscaping can provide employment opportunities and boost the urban economy. At the same time, greening and landscape design can also promote the construction of urban culture, inherit and develop urban culture.4. Innovation of urban greening and landscape designThe innovation of urban greening and landscape design is an important guarantee for urban sustainable development. Through scientific and technological innovation, design innovation and other means, it can promote the development of urban greening and landscape design, and create a more beautiful, intelligent and ecological urban environment.For example, in recent years, some cities have begun to try to implement three-dimensional greening and green roofs on buildings, which not only increases the green area of the city, but also reduces the energy consumption of buildings and improves the sustainability of the city. At the same time, urban landscape design has also begun to focus on environmental protection and ecological restoration, creating a healthier, more comfortable and livable urban environment through natural and ecological landscape elements.In addition, digital technology has also brought more possibilities for the innovation of urban greening and landscape design. For example, through artificial intelligence and big data technology, urban greening and landscape design can be intelligently managed to improve management efficiency and effectiveness. At the same time, digital technology can also create a more futuristic and technological urban landscape design, improving the image and attractiveness of the city.In short, urban greening and landscape design are an indispensable part of urban construction. The integration and innovation of urban greening and landscape design can bring more social and economic benefits to the city, and it is also an important guarantee for the sustainable development of the city.随着城市化进程的不断推进，城市的建设已经成为人类社会发展的重要标志。

城市景观规划设计外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Brooker L. Ecological planning in the urban landscape design [J]. Landscape & Urban Planning, 2013, 6(4):15-26.英文原文Ecological planning in the urban landscape designBrooker L1 City and The Landscape1.1 Overview of Landscape DesignLandscape design, first, is a people's thinking activity, performed as an art activity. Diversified thoughts formed complex diverse landscape art style. Contemporary landscape design apparently see is the diversity of the landscape forms, in fact its essence is to keep the closing up to the natural order system, reflected the more respect for human beings, more in-depth perspective of the nature of human's reality and need, not to try to conquer the nature. it is not even imitating natural, but produce a sense of belonging. Landscape is not only a phenomenon but the human visual scene. So the earliest landscape implication is actually city scene. Landscape design and creation is actually to build the city.1.2 The Relationship between Landscape and UrbanCity is a product of human social, economic and cultural development, and the most complex type. It is vulnerable to the artificialand natural environmental conditions of interference. In recent decades, with worldwide the acceleration of urbanization, the urban population intensive, heavy traffic, resource shortage, environment pollution and ecology deterioration has become the focus of attention of the human society. In the current environment condition in our country, the problem is very serious. And in some urban areas, the pollution has quite serious, and greatly influenced and restricts the sustainable development of the city.Landscape is the relationship between man and man, man and nature. This is, in fact, a kind of human living process. Living process is actually with the powers of nature and the interaction process, in order to obtain harmonious process. The landscape is the result of human life in order to survive and to adapt the natural. At the same time, the living process is also a process of establishing harmonious coexistence. Therefore, as a colony landscape, it is a stigma of the relationship between man and nature.2 The city landscape planning and design2.1 city landscape elementsThe urban landscape elements include natural landscape and artificial landscape. Among them, the natural landscape is mainly refers to the natural scenery, such as size hills, ancient and famous trees, stone, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. Artificial landscape are the main cultural relics,cultural site, the botanical garden afforestation, art sketch, trade fairs, build structure, square, etc. These landscape elements must offer a lot of examples for creating high quality of the urban space environment. But for a unique urban landscape, you must put all sorts of landscape elements in the system organization, and create an orderly space form. 2.2 The urban landscape in the planningThe city is an organic whole, which is composed with material, economy, culture, and society. To improve the urban environment is a common voice. The key of the urban landscape design is to strengthen urban design ideas, strengthen urban design work. And blend urban design thought into the stages of urban planning. The overall urban planning in the city landscape planning is not to abandon the traditional garden, green space planning, but the extension and development of it. Both are no conflict, but also cannot be equal. In landscape planning of city planning, we should first analysis the urban landscape resources structure; fully exploit landscape elements which can reflect the characteristics of urban. Consider carefully for the formation of the system of urban landscape.3 Ecological planning and urban landscape3.1 The relationship of urban landscape and ecological planningLandscape ecology is a newly emerged cross discipline, the main research space pattern and ecological processes of interaction, its theme isthe fork the geography and ecology. It's with the whole landscape as the object, through the material flow, energy flow and information flowing the surface of the earth and value in transmission and exchange, through the biological and the biological and the interaction between human and transformation, the ecological system principle and system research methods of landscape structure and function.The dynamic change of landscape has interaction mechanism, the research of the landscape pattern, optimizing the structure, beautify the reasonable use and the protection, have very strong practicability. Urban ecological system is a natural, economic and social composite artificial ecosystem, it including life system, environment system, with a complex multi-level structure, can be in different approaches of human activity and the mutual relationship between the city and influence. Urban environment planning guidance and coordination as a macro department interests, optimizing the allocation of land resources city, reasonable urban space environment organization the important strategic deployment, must have ecological concept. Only to have the ecological view, to guide the construction of the city in the future to ecological city goal, to establish the harmonious living environment.3.2 landscape in the living environment of ecological effectLandscape as a unit of land by different inlaid with obvious visual characteristics of the geographic entities, with the economic, ecologicaland aesthetic value, the multiple value judgment is landscape planning and management foundation. Landscape planning and design always is to create a pleasant landscape as the center. The appropriate human nature can understand the landscape for more suitable for human survival, reflect ecological civilization living environment, including landscape, building economy, prudent sex ecological stability, environmental cleanliness, space crowded index, landscape beautiful degree of content, the current many places for residential area of green, static, beauty, Ann's requirement is the popular expression. Landscape also paid special attention to the spatial relationship landscape elements, such as shape and size, density and capacity, links, and partition, location and of sequence, as their content of material and natural resources as important as quality. As the urban landscape planning should pay attention to arrange the city space pattern, the relative concentration of the open space, the construction space to density alternate with; In artificial environment appeared to nature; Increase the visual landscape diversity; Protect the environment Mindanao and to promote green space system construction.3.3 The urban landscape and ecological planning and design of the fusion of each otherIt is accompanied by industrialization and after the arrival of the era of industrial and increasingly clear. Natural and cultural, design of the environment and life environment, beautiful form and ecologicalfunctions of real comprehensive fusion, the landscape is no longer a single city of specific land, but let the ablation, to thousands; It will let nature participate in design; Let the natural process with every one according to daily life; Let people to perception, experience and care the natural process and natural design.3.4 The city landscape ecological planning the humanized design"it is with the person this" design thought Contemporary landscape in meet purpose at the same time, more in-depth perspective on human of the nature of reality and needs. First performance for civilian design direction, application of natural organic materials and elastic curve form rich human life space. Next is the barrier-free design, namely no obstacle, not dangerous thing, no manipulation of the barrier design. Now there have been the elderly, the disabled, from the perspective of the social tendency, barrier-free design ideas began to gain popularity, at the same time for disadvantaged people to carry on the design also is human nature design to overall depth direction development trend. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts still behave in special attention to plant of bright color, smell good plant, pay attention to ZuoJu texture and the intensity of the light. The detail processing of considerate more expression of the concern, such as the only step to shop often caused visual ignored and cause staggered, in order to avoid this kind of circumstance happening, contemporary landscape sites do not be allowedunder 3 steps; And as some residential area and square in the bush set mop pool, convenient the district's hygiene and wastewater recycling water. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts in many ways showed, the measure of the standard is human love.Human landscape design concept is human landscape design is to point to in landscape design activity, pay attention to human needs, in view of the user to the environment of the landscape of a need to spread design, which satisfied the user "physiological and psychological, physical and mental" multi-level needs, embodies the "people-oriented" design thought. Urban public space human landscape design, from the following four aspects to understand: physical level of care. Human landscape design with functional and the rationality of design into premise condition, pay attention to the physical space reasonable layout and effective use of the function. Public space design should not only make people's psychology and physiology feels comfortable, still should configuration of facilities to meet people's complex activities demand.Club will level of care. Emphasizes the concern of human survival environment, the design in the area under the background of urban ecological overall planning and design, to make the resources, energy rationally and effectively using, to achieve the natural, social and economic benefits of the unity of the three. to a crowd of segmentation close care. Advocate barrier-free design, and try to meet the needs ofdifferent people use, and to ensure that the group of mutual influence between activities, let children, old people, disabled people can enjoy outdoor public the fun of life.4 The design of the sustainable developmentSustainable development principle, it is the ecology point of view, to the city system analysis, and with the minimum the minimal resource consumption to satisfy the requirements of the human, and maintain the harmony of human and the natural environment, guarantee the city several composition system-to protect natural evolution process of open space system and the urban development system balance. People are to landscape 'understanding of the contemporary landscape design and the function to reflect, have been completely out of the traditional gardening activities, the concept of landscape art value unconsciously and ecological value, the function value, cultural value happened relationship, landscape art category than before more pointed to the human is closely linked with the various aspects, become more profound and science. Contemporary landscape also actively use new technology to improve the ecological value. Such as the use of solar energy for square garden, lighting and sound box equipment supply electricity; The surface water "cycle" design concept, collecting rainwater for irrigation and waterscape provides the main resources; Using the principle of the construction of the footway, buoys that environmental protection level a kiss andinteresting. Natural change" landscape humanized waterscape design, avoid the manual water scene is the difficulty of the later-period management, but in the water since the net, purifying environment and promote biodiversity play a huge role. Therefore, to experience the landscape will surely is contained to nature and the tradition, to human compatibility.中文译文城市景观设计中的生态规划Brooker L1城市和景观1.1景观设计概述景观设计首先是一种人们的思维活动，作为一种艺术活动来进行。

译文题目：Ecological planning in the urban landscapedesignAbstract: This article discusses the urban landscape from the relation of the following three concepts: the landscape, the city and the ecology. This paper mainly discusses how the landscape influences the city's living environment.The landscape is a stigma in the land, which is of the relationship between human and human, between man and nature. There exists some subtle relationship among landscape, city and humanized design.摘要:本文从景观、城市、生态三个概念之间的相互联系来论诉城市景观。

本文中着重论述了景观对城市居住环境的影响。

景观是人与人、人与自然关系在大地上的烙印。

景观、城市、生态以及人性化的设计理念之间存在着微妙而复杂的联系。

I. City and The Landscape(1) Overview of Landscape DesignLandscape design, first, is a people's thinking activity, performed as an art activity.Diversified thoughts formed complex diverse landscape art style. Contemporary landscape design apparently see is the diversity of the landscape forms,in fact its essence is to keep the closing up to the natural order system, reflected the more respect for human beings, more in-depth perspective of the nature of human's reality and need, not to try to conquer the nature.it is not even imitating natural, but produce a sense of belonging. Landscape is not only a phenomenon but the human visual scene. So the earliest landscape implications is actually city scene. Landscape design and creation is actually to build the city.(2) The Relationship Between Landscape and UrbanCity is a product of human social, economic and cultural development, and the most complex type. It is vulnerable to the artificial and natural environmental conditions of interference. In recent decades, with worldwide the acceleration of urbanization, the urban population intensive, heavy traffic, resource shortage, environment pollution and ecology deterioration has become the focus of attention of the human society. In the current environment condition in our country, the problem is very serious. and in some urban areas, the pollution has quite serious, and greatly influenced and restricts the sustainable development of the city.Landscape is the relationship between man and man, man and nature. This is, in fact, a kind of human living process. Living process is actually with the powers of nature and the interaction process, in order to obtain harmonious process. The landscape is the result of human life in order to survive and to adapt the natural. At the same time, the living process is also a process of establishning harmonious coexistence. Therefore, as a colony landscape, it is a stigma of the relationship between man and nature.II the city landscape planning and design(1) city landscape elementsThe urban landscape elements include natural landscape and artificial landscape . Among them, the natural landscape is mainly refers to the natural scenery, such as size hills, ancient and famous trees, stone, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. Artificial landscape are the main cultural relics, cultural site, the botanical garden afforestation, art sketch, trade fairs, build structure, square, etc. These landscape elements must offer a lot of examples for creating high quality of the urban space environment. But for a unique urban landscape, you must put all sorts of landscape elements in the system organization,and create an orderly space form.(2)the urban landscape in the planningThe city is an organic whole, which is composed with material, economy, culture, and society.To improve the urban environment is a common voice.The key of the urban landscape design is to strengthen urban design ideas, strengthen urban design work. and blend urban design thought into the stages of urban planning. The overall urban planning in the city landscape planning is not to abandon the traditional garden, green space planning, but the extension and development of it.Both are no conflict, but also cannot be equal.In landscape planningof city planning, we should first analysis the urban landscape resources structure, fully exploit landscape elements which can reflect the characteristics of urban.Consider carefully for the formation of the system of urban landscape.III ecological planning and urban landscape (1) the relationship of urban landscape and ecological planning Landscape ecology is a newly emerged cross discipline, the main research space pattern and ecological processes of interaction, its theme is the fork the geography and ecology. It's with the whole landscape as the object, through the material flow, energy flow and information flowing the surface of the earth and value in transmission and exchange, through the biological and the biological and the interaction between human and transformation, the ecological system principle and system research methods of landscape structure and function.the dynamic change of landscape has interaction mechanism, the research of the landscape pattern, optimizing the structure, beautify the reasonable use and the protection, have very strong practicability. Urban ecological system is a natural, economic and social composite artificial ecosystem, it including life system, environment system, with a complex multi-level structure, can be in different approaches of human activity and the mutual relationship between the city and influence. Urban environment planning guidance and coordination as a macro department interests, optimizing the allocation of land resources city, reasonable urban space environment organization the important strategic deployment, must have ecological concept. Only to have the ecological view, to guide the construction of the city in the future to ecological city goal, to establish the harmonious living environment. In recent years, landscape planning in urban landscape features protection and urban environment design is wide used.(2) landscape in the living environment of ecological effectLandscape as a unit of land by different inlaid with obvious visual characteristics ofthe geographic entities, with the economic, ecological and aesthetic value, the multiple value judgment is landscape planning and management foundation. Landscape planning and design always is to create a pleasant landscape as the center. The appropriate human nature can understand the landscape for more suitable for human survival, reflect ecological civilization living environment, including landscape, building economy, prudent sex ecological stability, environmental cleanliness, space crowded index, landscape beautiful degree of content, the current many places for residential area of green, static, beauty, Ann's requirement is the popular expression. Landscape also paid special attention to the spatial relationship landscape elements, such as shape and size,density and capacity, links, and partition, location and of sequence, as their content of material and natural resources as important as quality. As the urban landscape planning should pay attention to arrange the city space pattern, the relative concentration of the open space, the construction space to density alternate with; In artificial environment appeared to nature; Increase the visual landscape diversity; Protect the environment MinGanOu and to promote green space system construction.(3) the urban landscape and ecological planning and design of the fusion of each other.The city landscape and ecological planning design reflects human a new dream, it is accompanied by industrialization and after the arrival of the era of industrial and increasingly clear. Natural and cultural, design of the environment and life environment, beautiful form and ecological functions of real comprehensive fusion, the landscape is no longer a single city of specific land, but let the ablation, to thousands; It will let nature participate in design; Let the natural process with every one according to daily life; Let people to perception, experience and care the natural process and natural design.(4) the city landscape ecological planning the humanized design1. "it is with the person this" design thought Contemporary landscape in meet purpose at the same time, more in-depth perspective on human of the nature of reality and needs. First performance for civilian design direction, application of natural organic materials and elastic curve form rich human life space. Next is the barrier-free design, namely no obstacle, not dangerous thing, no manipulation of the barrier design. Now there have been the elderly, the disabled, from the perspective of the social tendency, barrier-free design ideas began to gain popularity, at the same time for disadvantaged people to carry on the design also is human nature design to overall depth direction development trend. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts still behave in special attention to plant of bright color, smell good plant, pay attention to ZuoJu texture and the intensity of the light. The detail processing of considerate more expression of the concern, such as the only step to shop often caused visual ignored and cause staggered, in order to avoid this kind of circumstance happening, contemporary landscape sites do not be allowed under 3 steps; And as some residential area and square in the bush set mop pool, convenient the district's hygiene and wastewater recycling water. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts in many ways showed, the measure of the standard is human love.1. 1 human landscape design concept is human landscape design is to point to inlandscape design activity, pay attention to human needs, in view of the user to the environment of the landscape of a need to spread design, which satisfied the user "physiological and psychological, physical and mental" multi-level needs, embodies the "people-oriented" design thought. Urban public space human landscape design, from the following four aspects to understand:1. 1.1 physical level of care. Human landscape design with functional and the rationality of design into premise condition, pay attention to the physical space reasonable layout and effective use of the function. Public space design should not only make people's psychology and physiology feel comfortable, still should configuration of facilities to meet people's complex activities demand1. The level of caring heart 1.2 Daniel. In construction material form of the space at the same time, the positive psychology advocate for users with the attention that emotion, and then make the person place to form the security, field feeling and belonging.1. 1.3 club will level of care. Emphasizes the concern of human survival environment, the design in the area under the background of urban ecological overall planning and design, to make the resources, energy rationally and effectively using, to achieve the natural, social and economic benefits of the unity of the three.1. 1.4 to a crowd of segmentation close care. Advocate barrier-free design, and try to meet the needs of different people use, and to ensure that the group of mutual influence between activities, let children, old people, disabled people can enjoy outdoor public the fun of life.1. 2 and human landscape design related environmental behavior knowledge the environment behavior is human landscape design, the main research field, pay attention to the environment and people's explicit behavior and the relationship between the interaction, tried to use the psychology of the some basic theory, methods researchers in the city and architecture in activities and to the environment of the response, and the feedback the information can be used to guide the environment construction and renovation. Western psychologist dirk DE Joan to put forward the boundary effect theory. He points out that the edge of space is people like to stay area, also is the space of the growth of the activity area [3]. Like the urban space, the margin of the wood, down the street, and the rain at the awning, awnings, corridor construction sunken place, is people like the place to stay. At the edge of space, and other people or organizations to distance themselves are is better able to observe the space of the eyes and not to be disturbed. "Man seeth" is the person's nature. A large public space are existing "the man seeth" phenomenon: the viewer consciously or unconsciously observation, in the space in front of the all activities. At the same time, some of the people with strong performance desire, in public space in various activities to attract the attention of others, so as to achieve self-fulfillment cheerful. The seemingly simple "man seeth" phenomenon, but can promote space more activities production. For example, for a walk of pedestrians may be busy street performance and to join the ranks of the show attracts, with the strange because the audience is the sight of the activities of the wonderful and short conversation, art lovers of the infection by environmental atmosphere began to sketch activities.Environmental design, according to environmental behavior related knowledge, actively create boundary space provide people stay, rest, the place of talking to facilitate more spaceActivities of generation, the rich visitors sensory experiences2. The design of the sustainable developmentSustainable development principle, it is the ecology point of view, to the city system analysis, and with the minimum the minimal resource consumption to satisfy the requirements of the human, and maintain the harmony of human and the natural environment, guarantee the city several composition system-to protect natural evolution process of open space system and the urban development system balance. People are to landscape 'understanding of the contemporary landscape design and the function to reflect, have been completely out of the traditional gardening activities, the concept of landscape art value unconsciously and ecological value, the function value, cultural value happened relationship, landscape art category than before more pointed to the human is closely linked with the various aspects, become more profound and science. Contemporary landscape also actively use new technology to improve the ecological value. Such as the use of solar energy for square garden, lighting and sound box equipment supply electricity; The surface water "cycle" design concept, collecting rainwater for irrigation and waterscape provides the main resources; Using the principle of the construction of the footway, buoys that environmental protection level a kiss and interesting. And by using water scene drought, landscape water do ecology (ecological wetland), ecological XiGou "half natural change" landscape humanized waterscape design, avoid the manual water scene is the difficulty of the later-period management, but in the water since the net, purifying environment and promote biodiversity play a huge role. Therefore, to experience the landscape will surely is contained to nature and the tradition, to human compatibility.The urban landscape the principles of sustainable development and implementation details:2.1 the efficiency of land use principle for land to the survival of humans is one of the most effective resources, especially in China's large population, land resources are extremely deficient, urbanization rapidly increase background, the reasonable efficient use of land, is that we should consider an important issue. For the city landscape is concerned, how to productive use of the land? Three-dimensional is efficient land use is the most effective means. The urban landscape "three-dimensional to take" ideas contains the following six aspects of meaning. (1) in the limited on land, as much as possible to provide activity places, form the three-dimensional multi-layer activities platform landscape environment. (2) improve afforestation land use efficiency, in the same land, adopt appropriate to niche by, shrubs and trees of co-existence and co-prosperity between three-dimensional planting layout. (3) to solve the good man, for the contradiction in green, the green space and human activity space layout of the interchanges. (4) the up and down or so, all sides three-dimensional view observation, increased the landscape environment the visual image of the visual rate. (5) from the static landscape to dynamic landscape. 6not only from the traditional technology of modern technology to introduce more (such as crossing bridge, light rail, electric rail, etc), show a colorful three-dimensional space.2.2 energy efficiency principle along with the rapid development of urbanization, China's energy demand is more and more big, the energy gap also more and more big. In recent years, China's major cities have put forward the "light" project, the public area lighting consumption in the great power. For energy efficiency in the understanding, first from the consideration on the energy saving should be not only, and should stand in the higher of the environmental protection high to know, meaning that more extensive, and more far-reaching. (for more than 70% of generating capacity in China at present still by coal, exist for SO2, CO2 and nitric oxide and other harmful gas emissions and coal dust emissions and a series of environmental problems)2.3 plant with an ecological principle city system, the green space system is perfect or not of the city's environmental quality plays a vital role. Perfect green space system, to improve the city microclimate plays an important role, it can rise to improve small regional temperature, air humidity, windbreak and sand-fixation, purify air, provide oxygen and so on a series of ecological change the role of environmental factors. Urban green space system as a city human important activities of the external space, planning and design should not only from the plant itself on system, should the broader perspective, considering a person to nature to be close to, rely on the requirements, on the one hand, satisfying the people's physical needs, such as the right temperature, humidity, clean air and so on need, on the other hand to meet people of the nature of the attachment psychological need. One the one hand, to meet the city function requirements, on the other hand, will play natural systems potential extremely. At present, the city of plants with existing in the implant the following problems: put too much emphasis on green technology and engineering technology of gardening, loving fast for Jane, formed only simple so-called "Joe, flooding, grass" structure, ecological process is ignored, fierce competition among plants, normal growth form was suppressed, the diversity of the community and stability suffocate suffocate, plant diseases and insect pests rampant, maintenance cost is high, the waste of human, material and financial resources. So in the urban design of plants with plant should achieve what kind of effect? It should be a satisfying the people's psychological and physiological activities, meet the natural plant of the self-improvement circulation system, and meet the microbe, plants, birds, and all kinds of close to human beings, animals of the ecological system, and meet the soil and water protection, air purification, water purification up maximum adjustment function of the system. To provide more of a harmonious and orderly biological and stable habitats and more living space, establishment compound level and beautiful season of color in plant community, city landscape has offered only low-grade manual administration, the landscape resources sustainable maintain and develop, that is the goal of our pursuit. Under the guidance of the principle, city with plant should consider the following plants detailed rules. (1) each city green plants with plant to and urban green space system match, and city and the surrounding landscape plantform the whole dynamic stability of the green ecological system. (2) the zonal simulation of the community structure characteristics, abide by "niche" principle and to establish a suitable after layer community structure, use different species differentiation of niche, the corrosion resistance of individual size, the shadow of leaf type, root depth, nutrient requirement and content of hou aspects of the difference in the plant, avoid the kind of direct competition between, form mutualist to trees skeletons Joe, flooding, grass composite community structure and function of the unification of benign ecological system. (3) the introduction of new varieties in the process, must choose and local climate, soil adaptation of the species, for stability of the system is provided. In plants and localization of reciprocity and raw, under the premise of forming a biological diversity. (4) from plants on the system itself not only should also be considered, the animals can be close to human survival and reproduction, such as birds. (5) with plants in the plant, to meet other elements such as human nature to the needs of the sunshine, the air,etc. 6 plants in meet its "niche" principle, and on the basis of the landscape, the plant should aesthetic feeling, meaning, rhythm, etc to the ecological science, to consider the height of aesthetics, harmonious, and urban landscape and form, combines aesthetics.2.4 to the protection of the natural communities and use principle in the urban landscape design process often encountered in one of the most important question, and that is planning on land have very good natural communities or heaven the tree. These natural communities and heaven the tree, and after a time of baptism and long growth process, thus forming the beautiful landscape effect. Landscape design should be in the protection and utilization of the guiding ideology, not to destroy these time to human gift, wasted natural elegance. Therefore, in the urban landscape design, the natural communities to meet or heaven trees, our guiding ideology is: in the protection and utilization of the basis, from a series of function, aesthetic Angle, design can reflect the influence of time, history beautiful landscape. 2.5 effective utilization of water resources and ecological environment protection principle is a big system, including land, air, water and sunlight, plant and the related unintended consequences. Water resources as the important component of the system, as the origin of human beings and the survival of important resources, if not effective utilization and protection will seriously restricted the economic and social development, and endanger the future of the human being. Our country as a large population, a water extremely poor countries, in the effective utilization of water resources is wanton waste, pollution and destructive to development of water resources, increased tension in the water, and cause the ground subsidence, the water flow backward and so on a series of secondary disasters. Our country at present the city landscape of water, the main or traditional artificial ground water. Garden workers, open water car, with fire water cannons, of landscape plants to carry out extremely rough water, and planning and design, to groundwater, surface water storage were not the design of the system and the water surface water quickly from loss, serious waste water to the. In the square of other appreciation water, often in tap water from municipal direct access to, not very good for water level division and use. With the green coverage rate increasein the maintenance of water resources in the process of LiYongLiang is more and more big, with people all over the world to water resources utilization and protection attention, and after a long time study and analysis, generates a lot of effective method. We in the urban design should good to use. At home and abroad and theuse of urban water resources on the main methods and protection for:(1) the use of water. (2) of rain to the planning and design of the collection system. (3) the use of water-saving irrigation system. Basically has the following kinds: a. sprinkler irrigation technology;B. microspray irrigation technology;C. root irrigation technology. (4) the interaction of the surface water and ground water use. Through the above all kinds of water saving method summary, design the system method, believe to be able to play well water-saving effect.epilogueThe urban landscape design and the ecological planning tightly linked is mutual influence, mutual penetration. From a small landmark of the city to the whole city planning and design, the need for the connect the relevant knowledge, and from ecology, humanities, local, psychology, sociology, philosophy, aesthetics, and other disciplines continuously research and exploration. Science, reasonable construction of urban landscape design.Landscape design service object, it is the society. People in the design experience and feeling in the same performance on things, be reasonable planning must be from understanding the person's psychology, respect the person's behavior to, this is the foundation of landscape design, also be the important details of city planning.The landscape design of another service object is natural, must the climate, water, terrain, plants and animals, and buildings, roads, such factors to consider in man and nature of the interaction of the premise. Symonds says: "the ecological design only is effectively respond to natural process and and the unity of." This is for our landscape design how to treat correctly natural is pointed out.At present about the sustainable development of the city, from resources, environment, economy and social point of view, using the method of system, analysis and research in the development of the urban sustainable development. The urban landscape design to the ecological analysis, is in the general principle of urban development. This article through to in the field of urban landscape analysis and research, make with the principle of sustainable development and people-oriented principle as the basic ecological planning in the urban landscape design in specific, technology, be operable. Only in this way can we truly achieve the sustainable development of urban landscape and people-oriented purpose, to establish ecological city provide the guarantee. reference[1] (English) Robert holden, the environmental space "[M] belden group anhui science and technology press China architecture &building press 1999[2] PengYiGang "Chinese classical garden analysis" [M] China architecture &building press 1986[3] Charles Moore, waiting. Reese translation of the landscape poetry strands of gardening-" [M] guangming daily press 2000[4] Kevin lynch, wait and HuangFu compartments, etc in the translation of "overall didn't plan" [M] China architecture &building press 1999[5] Roger, put the crewe. LiuXianJiao "architectural aesthetics of translation [M] China architecture &building press 1992[6] the time case. RuiJingWei translation of the design with nature[M] China architecture &building press 19921 城市与景观1.1 景观设计概述景观设计首先是一种人的思想活动，表现为艺术活动。

介绍古风商业街英语作文英文回答：As a fan of ancient Chinese culture, I am excited to introduce you to the ancient-style commercial street in my city. This street is a perfect blend of traditional Chinese architecture and modern commercial activities, attracting both locals and tourists alike.Walking down the ancient-style commercial street, you will be greeted by traditional Chinese red lanterns hanging above your head, casting a warm and inviting glow. The buildings on both sides of the street are designed in the style of ancient Chinese architecture, with curved eaves and intricate carvings, creating a nostalgic atmosphere.Along the street, you can find a variety of shops selling traditional Chinese handicrafts, such ascalligraphy brushes, silk fans, and porcelain tea sets. These shops are run by local artisans who are passionateabout preserving and promoting traditional Chinese culture.In addition to traditional crafts, the ancient-style commercial street also offers a wide range of modern amenities, such as trendy cafes, boutique clothing stores, and upscale restaurants. You can enjoy a cup of freshly brewed tea in a traditional teahouse, or savor authentic Chinese cuisine in a stylish restaurant with a modern twist.One of my favorite things to do on the ancient-style commercial street is to browse through the antique shops, where you can find rare treasures from China's rich history. From ancient coins to Ming dynasty vases, there is always something fascinating to discover.Overall, the ancient-style commercial street is avibrant and dynamic place that seamlessly blends the past and the present. It is a must-visit destination for anyone who wants to experience the beauty and charm of traditional Chinese culture in a modern setting.中文回答：作为一个热爱中国古代文化的人，我很高兴向你介绍我所在城市的古风商业街。

城市规划外文翻译英语词汇总结草图Draft drawing/sketch平面Plan总平面master plan剖面Section立面Elevation正立面Fa?ade透视图Perspective轴测图Axonometric view示意图/分析图Diagram地图分析/制图mapping/ mapping diagram图表chart/table容积率floor area ratio覆盖率Coverage城市设计Urban design; civic design区域规划Regional planning总体规划comprehensive planning/ master planning/ overall planning 分区规划District planning/ zoning act控制性详细规划Regulatory Plan修建性详细规划Site planning (constructive-detailed planning) 场地规划Site planning近期建设规划Immediate planning步行轴Walking axis概念设计conceptual design方案设计schematic design扩初设计design development详细设计、细部设计Detail Design城市化Urbanization城市生态Urban ecology城市农业urban farming/ urban agriculture经济能量来源Economy energy sources可持续发展Sustainable development历史性城市的保护规划Preservation Plan of historic cities旧城更新、改造-Urban Regeneration/Urban Revitalization/Retrofitting Plan 城市再开发-Urban Redevelopment开发区Development area城市化水平Urbanization level城市群Urban Agglomeration/ Metropolitan Area/ Metropolitan Coordinating Region/mega region城市系统Urban system卫星城市（城镇）Satellite town/ affiliate township城市基础设施Urban infrastructure市政基础设施Municipal Infrastructure绿色基础设施Green Infrastructure生态基础设施Ecological Infrastructure居民点Settlement城市City市Municipality; city城镇Town城市管理区域Administrative region of a city商业区Commercial district民政区域Civil district居住区规划Residential area planning护林区Ranger district绿地Percentage of greenery coverage绿化覆盖率Ratio of green space绿地率Landscaping within factory工厂绿化Landscaping of square广场绿化Landscaping of residential area居住区绿化Improved vegetation & wildlife谷底植栽场Landscaping around public building公共建筑绿化Indoor garden室外绿化Urban green 城市绿化Urban green space system城市绿化系统Public green space公共绿地Park公园Green belt 绿地Specified green space专用绿地Green buffer防护绿地空间(建筑)Parlor客厅Washroom; toilet卫生间、洗手间Balcony阳台、包厢Bathroom浴室Cabinet橱柜Courtyard building庭院建筑Dining-room ; dining hall餐厅Entrance入口Kitchen厨房Roof屋顶Kid room儿童房Dollhouse儿童游乐室Living room起居室Pavilion亭、阁Private garden私家花园Resident住宅Shared zone共享空间Toilet洗手间Servants hall用人房Scale比例Element要素、自然环境conference center会议中心Retailshop零售商店Theatre剧院园林景观Arbor乔木Shrub灌木Band stone铺石Car park below地下车库Carved paving bands曲线形铺地Cartilage Garth 庭园Courtyard identification sign标志牌Courtyard 庭院Fall瀑布Feature景色Footpath步道Garden bridge园桥Garden and park园林Herbage草本植物Liana藤本植物Natural cut stone砌石Pave铺地Pavilion 亭、阁Pavilion on terrace榭Planting植被Planting beds 花坛Plaza大广场Platform台Deck promenade栈道Pole lights灯柱Pool小水池Sculpture雕塑常用的景观英文参考1.主入口大门/岗亭(车行& 人行)MAIN ENTRANCE GATE/GUARD HOUSE main entrance gate/guard house (FOR VEHICLE& PEDESTRIAN ) for vehicle& pedestrian2.次入口/岗亭(车行& 人行)2ND ENTRANCE GATE/GUARD HOUSE 2nd entrance gate/guard house (FOR VEHICLE& PEDESTRIAN )3.商业中心入口ENTRANCE TO SHOPPING CTR. Entrance to shopping ctr.4.水景WATER FEATURE water feature5.小型露天剧场MINI AMPHI-THEATRE mini amphitheatre6.迎宾景观-1WELCOMING FEATURE-1 welcoming feature-17.观景木台TIMBER DECK (VIEWING) timber deck (viewing)8.竹园BAMBOO GARDEN bamboo garden9.漫步广场WALKWAY PLAZA walkway plaza10.露天咖啡廊OUT DOOR CAFE out door cafe11.巨大迎宾水景-2GRAND WELCOMING FEATURE-2 grand welcoming feature-2 12.木桥TIMBER BRIDGE timber bridge13.石景、水瀑、洞穴、观景台ROCK'SCAPE WATERFALL'S rock's cape waterfall's GROTTO/ VIEWING TERRACE grotto/ viewing terrace14.吊桥HANGING BRIDGE hanging bridge15.休憩台地(低处)LOUNGING TERRACE (LOWER ) lounging terrace (lower ) 16.休憩台地(高处)LOUNGING TERRACE (UPPER ) Lounging terrace (upper )17.特色踏步FEATURE STEPPING STONE feature stepping stone18.野趣小溪RIVER WILD river wild19.儿童乐园CHILDREN'S PLAYGROUND children's playground20.旱冰道SLIDE Slide21.羽毛球场BADMINTON COURT badminton court 网球场Tennis court 22.旱景DRY LANDSCAPE dry landscape23.日艺园JAPANESE GARDEN Japanese garden24.旱喷泉DRY FOUNTAIN dry fountain25.观景台VIEWING DECK viewing deck26.游泳池SWIMMING POOL swimming pool27.极可意JACUZZI JacuzziWADING POOL wading pool29.儿童泳池CHILDREN'S POOL children's pool30.蜿蜒水墙WINDING WALL winding wall31.石景雕塑ROCK SCULPTURE rock sculpture32.中心广场CENTRAL PLAZA central plaza33.健身广场EXERCISE PLAZA exercise plaza34.桥BRIDGE bridge35.交流广场MEDITATING PLAZA meditating plaza36.趣味树阵TREE BATTLE FORMATION tree battle formation 37.停车场PARING AREA paring area38.特色花架TRELLIS trellisSCULPTURE TRAIL sculpture trail40.(高尔夫)轻击区PUTTING GREEN putting green41.高尔夫球会所GOLF CLUBHOUSE golf clubhouse42.每栋建筑入口ENTRANCE PAVING TO UNIT entrance paving to unit43.篮球场BASKETBALL COURT basketball court44.网球场TENNIS COURT tennis court45.阶梯坐台/种植槽TERRACING SEATWALL/PLANTER terracing seat wall /planter 46.广场MAIN PLAZA main plaza47.森林、瀑布FOREST GARDEN WATERFALL forest garden waterfall48.石景园ROCKERY GARD。

城市规划中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Rigid-flexible and economic - on the Beijing-controlled regulation block level awareness and considerAbstract: The article, through the traditional regulatory detailed planning analysis, pointing out that the planning results difficult to translate into public policy planning and management, in the face of a lack of adaptability to changes in the market can not be directly related to macroeconomic issues such as convergence planning. Then put forward in recent years through the Beijing neighborhood-level case-control regulatory interpretation, introduction and analysis, study the preparation of district level (2-3 square unit) of the control regulation in response to the traditional regulatory control problem often encountered when has the advantage and flexibility, in particular, to highlight it for the planning and management department can provide a new tool for management and coordination and more flexible to deal with complex changes in the market diversity, the protection of the Government of the characteristics of public service functions. Finally, the future also need to block-level control regulation of the legal status of the application of planning and management tools, the traditional elements of space control and guide and so on to conduct in-depth study and discussion.Key words: block-control regulations controlling the detailed planning of rigid and flexible planning1.Traditional control regulations in the preparation of the practical problems facingTraditional regulatory plan, since the emergence of the last century 90's has been in the interests of all of the game and balance problems are. The crux of the matter focused on how to coordinate the planning required to manage the rigid control and flexible response to market adaptability on:1.1Traditional regulatory control can not fully reflect the transformation of government functionsTraditional regulatory control can only be a direct reflection of the general land development and construction of the nature and intensity, as well as the embodiment of city space environment harmonization and unification of the core concerns are space and vision on the aesthetic effect, planners through a series of indicators to determine spatial form of land control. This form at all-fit-oriented government under the guidance of implementation, "a chess city" in the development and construction.With the deepening of reform, the government functions under the planned economic system by the all-around type to a service-oriented transformation of the functions of the Government focuses on government control and the provision of public services two aspects: First, we must deal with social activities in the various questions, function of maintaining social stability and order; two social development is to provide the necessary public goods, in particular, the market can not afford or are unwilling to provide public goods. At city-building, more and more real estate enterprises and industrial enterprises have become the mainstay of city development and construction, more and more with the right to speak, when the government must release the necessary permissions in order to play the role of market mechanisms, while at the same time be able to achievemaintaining the social function of stability, and ensure the supply of public goods, needed to reflect the Government represented by the maximization of public interest, this is not the original space-based content-control regulations can be reflected.1.2Traditional regulatory control results to the transformation of public policy have a considerable gap City planning as a public policy, determined at the overall planning of urban and rural spatial distribution, the city's public resources to conduct an effective configuration of the living environment to make the corresponding request, the need for further construction of the city to conduct a comprehensive coordination, guidance and restraint, and made available to the management of the T own Planning Department of a management tool. Traditional control regulations although the preparation of a comprehensive set of control indicators and measures, but because of its factual findings to the block-type control chart is provided in the form of a lack of overall balance is always the aspect as well as the flexibility to respond to changes in the market.Common situation is: immediately after the recent construction sites will have to put in complicated and ever-changing market situation, often want to change the nature of the land, improve the rate of volume and height, adjust the layout of such request, then the planning and management department, the general Choose only the traditional outcome of outside regulatory control, through the block, the conditions for the demonstration, the addition of a planning conditions change and audited proof aspect, from the audited results, because of the lack of adequate planning at the restrictive conditions, improve lot of floor area ratio, a high degree of planning control to adjustthe conditions of application can only "successfully" through. A lot of planning and management department have met with a similar dilemma: developer proposed to control the regulation of a plot to determine floor area ratio from 1.5 to 1.8 adjust, whether it is technically from the planning or management of policy, can not find the reasons for denying the application, and if these separate plots look all passed, up from the overall regulatory control is equivalent to waste a still, "there is no space under the management of poor-control regulation has been hard to manage."1.3 Changing market demand in the face of too rigidAccording to regulations covering the preparation of full-control regulation, in the face of long-term with no fixed pattern of development and development of the main city of the new area, can only rely on the experience and the limited regulatory requirements to set a blueprint for the ultimate, often required the assumption that the area will attract Whatis the nature of the industry, and what mode of transportation and living elements and so on. Often wait until the need to implement when the city-building mechanisms have taken place in very many changes in the main body of investment, development patterns, construction and operation of regional mechanisms and so on with the original planning assumptions are inconsistent, industry, transport, mode of living have been Ultra-out the original, this time charged with the regulation already completed will become very out of date.1.4 Upper face of the macro-planning difficult docking requirementsOverall planning in order to meet the needs of urban and rural economic and social comprehensive, coordinated andsustainable development requirements, tend to make some macro measures such as content development model. These property with public policy measures, in order to land for the purpose of the traditional regulatory control it is difficult to fully reflect and docking. Beijing Daxing Metro as an example: In accordance with the "Beijing Urban Master Plan (2004 -2020 years)", Daxing Beijing Metro are the future-oriented regional development important node, in Beijing, the development of an extremely important strategic position, will guide the development of biological medicine, modern manufacturing, as well as commercial logistics, culture, education and other functions, are carrying the future city of Beijing to ease the population centers and functions of one of 11 Metro. 2020 Metro style scale land use planning 65 square kilometers, population 600,000 people scale.Prior to this, as are Beijing's Daxing county, to carry out the construction of satellite towns, the status quo conditions and Metro Planning has a larger gap between the objectives, the lack of sufficiently attractive to the urban areas can not effectively alleviate the stress. For instance: the lack of public facilities, facilities standards have been too low, with the center city poor transport links and so on. How to achieve the status quo to the Metro from the blueprint for change? At "Daxing Metro Planning (2005 -2020 years)" from the Metro's construction to start the implementation process, identified through the construction of rail transit, urban road construction, public service facilities, the transfer of administrative functions, cultural and educational function of the introduction of the introduction of leading industries six elements of the main construction of the Metro guide: the role of these elements together, and based on theirspatial characteristics influence thescope and timing on reasonable arrangements to promote the development of Metro's construction, so that Metro be able to at the planning blueprint for the status quo gradually on the foundation can be achieved.Epistasis plans face similar macro-planning requirements, is clearly not a specific plot plan can be fully reflected in, let alone to cope with up to 15 years in the planning of the implementation process of various elements of the Change.2. Block-level regulatory control of the preparation of the contents of the formIn recent years, Beijing made the preparation of block-level control rules to deal with from a certain extent on the traditional block-control regulations that prevail in question. Metro style neighborhoods to control regulation as an example:First of all, divided into blocks. At "Daxing Metro Planning (2005 -2020 years)" the division of seven patches, three groups on the basis of the General consider regional characteristics, the layout of public service facilities, municipal service capacity transport facilities and space environmental capacity and other influencing factors to the Neighborhood (between block and block units, with a river, natural obstacles, primary and secondary roads, street boundaries offices, special function areas such as border Kaifong boundary) for the division of units, divided into 38 blocks , each block 2 ~ 3 square kilometers.Then, in the Metro to determine the scope of the whole block of lead, construction and classification of the total construction scale, construction baseline height, strength of construction elements of the scope. Metro based planning, decomposition of the implementation of the dominant features of each block, thatis blocks the function of positioning and the main direction of development to determine the largest block of land and has assumed a leading role in the nature of the land; from the overall economic strength and functions of the positioning of a comprehensive traffic capacity, public facilities Service capacity, municipal facilities, service capabilities, the capacity of the space environment in five aspects, such as integrated carrying capacity analysis, will be Metro's 600,000 population overall refinement scale decomposition to the block level, and to determine the total amount of block construction and classification of scale construction; in accordance with the Metro morphological characteristics of the overall space to determine the building height control framework and four baseline height, divided into low(18 m), Medium (18-45 meter), high (45-60 m) and 60 meters above 4, the implementation of each blocks range of benchmarks; to improve the living environment in accordance with the overall goals and other conditions, strength of construction will be divided into blocks of low-density, medium density, high-density third gear.And, through a comprehensive analysis of the status quo, implement the above decomposition of the conditions, separately for each block to determine the nature and scale, the configuration of the facilities and arrangements, a high degree of control elements, such as urban design, implementation timing, but also questions the need for further research, etc. specific content, which will eventually block the plans submitted in the form of results.3.1Effective extension of epistatic planning, for planning and management to facilitateTo block as a unit, decomposition and quantify the epistatic planning functions and development goals, and clearly the general character of each neighborhood and the development of intensity differences, in fact this job is to regulate, such as the total epistatic to quantify the macro-planning process. To block as a unit for total control and balance, ease of basic facilities at all levels, public service facilities, urban safety facilities, transportation facilities, to conduct an overall balanced layout, more conducive to neighborhoods as a unit for analysis and monitoring. Beijing have been identified as a further refinement put blocks of land plots to control the minimum regulatory scope of the study and city planning and management of the basic unit.Dominant in determining the neighborhood function, construction and classification of the total construction scale, construction baseline height, strength of construction scope of the facilities after the configuration of such factors, whether developers are still at all levels of government to entrust the preparation of land-control regulations, planning and management departments have a strong public policy based on quantifiable and can be used to guide and monitor the preparation of regulatory control block content, can ensure the configuration of the various facilities such as the contents of rigidity to the implementation, but also be able to through the overall control and strength to the block classification must control regulations left behind the flexibility of space.3.2 Responding flexibly to market changesBlock-level control regulations after wide coverage, its construction and classification of the total construction scale of indicators as the preparation of the detailed planning of the next level of control conditions, the guidance of land developmentand construction of concrete blocks at the scope of activities carried out within the overall balance. Block unit through the benchmark land prices, ownership, facilities, supply capacity factors such as a comprehensive assessment can be reflected to some extent on location, infrastructure conditions, such as market-sensitive elements on the differences in regulatory control in the preparation of land, they can further study the market demand effectively adjust to allow the market to be able to in the government's macro-control of the allocation of resources to play its basic role.At the same time, district-level planning at the preparation of regulatory control after the completion of the management of the implementation process can also be quantified using a variety of control means to effectively deal with changes in the market. To floor area ratio as an example, at district level because of regulatory control, the set up of the neighborhood's population and the total construction volume of construction and classification of the concept of a land plot development and construction are necessary to adjust the strength of blocks related to the total changes and changes in the demand for associated facilities, so that at least from the district coordination framework to achieve the purpose of breaking the individual review of the original plot to control the lack of indicators adjust based on the embarrassment, from the process reflects on the changes in construction activity the surrounding urban environment brought about by the impact. On this basis, the study implemented a similar "transfer of development rights" of the administrative system before operational.3.3Highlight the protection of the Government's public service functionsBlock-level control regulations, all land classified as Class A land (for the city to provide basic support and services) and Class B land (Government under the guidance of the market development of land), as well as X-type sites (sites to be studied) three categories. One of, A-type sites are the main green space, infrastructure, public service facilities, etc. must have a public property, mainly by the Government as an investment and management entities of the public space, its emphasis on the priority the implementation of space, thereby protecting the public interest priority . Comparativelyspeaking, the original concern of the traditional regulatory control elements at street level space of the controlled regulation of "take a back seat," the.4.Also necessary to further explore the question:In general, block-level regulatory control to add a meso-level studies, preparation of regulatory control block provides a fresh discussion of the work platform, as well as planning and management provided some actionable public policy basis for improved traditional regulatory control of some problems. However, block-level control regulation as a new thing also have a number of issues need to be further explored and research:First of all, the necessary clarity of its legal status and recognition. Because ofblock-level control is a regulation relating to a variety of factors (population, the facilities and so on) the overall balance of technological achievements, in particular, are some of the priority the protection of the facilities involved in city construction and operation of other government departments, administrative actions, a reasonable decide the legal status of its coordination and control of the key. Moreover, as the capital ofBeijing and municipalities, and other city planning and construction management system must have differences in this municipality in Beijing can well-established system should not be able to copy to the city in general go. How to promote neighborhood-level control regulatory experience gained enhance the legitimacy of its reasonable, but also required further study.Secondly, the required supporting management measures on the corresponding.Block-level control regulation is not only a many-level planning so easy that it give planning and management in the overall planning and control regulation of traditional land between the development of a new management platform, therefore, should give full play to its role, from the can not be supporting the planning and management measures on innovation. Such as in the control plots on the regulation of convergence can be the implementation process for some of the demand, derived from "transfer of development rights" and other related management measures and control means.Finally, the traditional elements of how the matching Spaces guide. Block-level control regulations to strengthen the government's public service functions, improve the public benefits of priority, relatively speaking, the traditional elements of the shape is relatively weakened. Visual imagery, body mass, Feel places the elements of these traditional control regulations usually take into account urban design elements, not at street level regulatorycontrol to be reflected, then the block-level control regulations should be space elements which control what should be done about the city on the block level design elements toguide them accordingly? Looking forward to the future as soon as possible answers to those questions.References1, Beijing City Master Plan (2004 -2020 years)2, Tai Hing Metro Planning (2005 -2020 years)3, Tai Hing New regulatory plan (block level) .2007 years4, WEN Zong-yong. Control the underlying causes of regulatory changes and countermeasures. Beijing plans to build 2007 (5) :11-135, Yang Chun. Beijing City Center, the preparation and implementation of regulatory control of the background. Beijing plans to build 2007 (5) :14-156, Yang Jun, Yang Ziming. Beijing-controlled regulation of 1999-2006. Beijing plans to build 2007 (5) :37-407,Guohui Cheng,Li Shi, HUANG Jie. Rigid-flexible and relief: for controlling the operation of the detailed planning. Town Planning .2007 (7) :77-808, Lin audience. Public Management from the Perspective of the adaptive control consider the detailed planning. Planners .2007 (4) :71-749, Wang Yin, Jun Chen. "Sharpen come true" - Interpretation of the Beijing Municipal Area "Control Regulation", prepared yesterday and today .. Beijing plans to build .2007 (5) :23-26 10, Lan Zhou, Ye Bin, Xu Yao. Explore the detailed planning of the management control system architecture. .2007 City planning (3) :14-1911, Li Tian. Our country controlled detailed planning and a way out of confusion. .2007 City planning (1) :16-2012, city planning approach to make People's Republic of China Ministry of Construction No. 146 2005-12-31刚柔并济——对北京街区层面控规的认识与思考摘要文章通过对传统的控制性详细规划进行分析，指出规划成果难以转化为规划管理的公共政策、面对市场变化缺乏应变能力、无法直接与宏观规划衔接等问题。