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从《嘉莉妹妹》看西奥多?德莱赛式的美国自然主义文学摘要20世纪初，美国文学家们充分汲取达尔文哲学和欧洲自然主义文学的营养，发展了富有自己特色的自然主义文学。
作为美国自然主义文学最突出代表的作家西奥多?德莱赛在他最受争议的作品《嘉莉妹妹》中展现出了最具代表性的美国式自然主义文学特色。
关键词嘉莉妹妹西奥多?德莱赛自然主义文学《嘉莉妹妹》是美国文学史上最著名的作品之一，是美国伟大的自然主义作家德莱塞的处女作。
小说描写了农村姑娘嘉莉来到大城市芝加哥寻找幸福，为摆脱贫困，出卖自己的贞操，后又凭美貌与歌喉成为歌星的故事。
嘉莉是个俊俏的农村姑娘，她羡慕大都市的物质生活来到了芝加哥谋生。
严酷的现实破碎了她的美梦，迎接她的是失业和疾病。
在走投无路时，她做了推销员徳劳埃的情妇，后来由于更大的欲望又做了酒店经理赫斯伍德的情妇。
与赫斯伍德私奔后，在纽约由于偶然的机会她成了走红一时的演员，挤上了上流社会。
作家西奥多?德莱赛娴熟地运用自然主义的创作手法，使作品具有极强的社会表现力。
该作品以真切的现实主义为鲜明的特征，比较真实地揭露了20世纪初人们狂热的追求美国之梦的悲剧事实，揭示了驱驶人们享乐却最终幻灭的本能主题，说明了在以金钱为中心的美国资本主义社会里不可能有真正的幸福。
这部作品虽然在当时受到了著名年轻作家诺里斯的赏识和推荐，可是出版商后来发现小说中有不能为大众接受的道德观和人生观，因而虽然出版了但是并没有很好地促销。
总之，不管从经济效益还是批评效应上讲，《嘉莉妹妹》在当时是一部失败的小说。
但是，一部好的作品是经得住时间的考验。
正如有人评价的那样：《嘉莉妹妹》这个在1990年叩开20世纪大门的名作，甚至在冷战年代，在欧文豪所说的美国青年作家很少读德莱赛作品的年月里，仍然得到美国文坛的高度评价。
也难怪一直到今天，这部巨著仍然以其不朽的生命力为今人所津津乐道，甚至追捧。
毫无悬念的被誉为是美国20世纪最有影响的小说之一。
19世纪的美国，社会、政治、经济虽然得到了长足发展，人们却产生了一种悲观的情绪。
论《嘉莉妹妹》中的人物心理《嘉莉妹妹》是一部美国现实主义作家西奥多·德莱塞的长篇小说，出版于1900年。
这部作品以嘉莉妹妹为代表，深刻揭示了美国资本主义制度对贫苦人民压榨的残酷性以及资产阶级生活方式对小资产阶级分子的腐蚀性。
而嘉莉妹妹，这位主要人物，可以说是一个充满矛盾的角色。
嘉莉妹妹是个既简单又复杂的人物。
她具有坚韧不拔的顽强毅力和坚持不懈的精神，这可以从她从贫困的乡村来到芝加哥，为摆脱贫困，出卖自己的贞操，先后与推销员和酒店经理同居，后又凭美貌与歌喉成为演员的历程中得到印证。
她在面临生活的困境时，不畏惧困难，而是选择接受挑战，这种精神是值得我们学习的。
另一方面，嘉莉妹妹的内心世界也是非常丰富的。
虽然她来自贫困的乡村，而且生活给了她许多挫折，但她并没有被生活的困苦打倒。
相反，她对生活充满了乐观的态度，对未来充满了希望。
这是德莱塞在塑造这个人物时所赋予她的力量。
然而，嘉莉妹妹的内心世界并非只有乐观和希望。
在她的生活中，她经历了很多的坎坷和挫折，这些经历在她的内心深处留下了深深的烙印。
这些经历使她的性格中充满了矛盾和复杂性。
她既对未来充满希望，又对生活感到无助。
这种矛盾的心理状态，使她的性格更加真实和立体。
《嘉莉妹妹》是一部揭示社会现实和人物内心世界的小说。
通过嘉莉妹妹这个人物，德莱塞向我们展示了人性的复杂性和丰富性。
在现实生活中，我们也可以看到这种复杂性和丰富性。
每个人都是一个独特的个体，有着自己的思想和情感。
因此，我们应该尊重每个人的独特性，同时也要理解他们的内心世界。
《呼兰河传》是中国著名作家萧红的一部自传体小说，它描绘了作者在黑龙江呼兰河畔的童年生活。
在这部作品中，圆形人物和扁形人物的形象塑造为读者展现了生动的人物性格和行为表现，对故事情节的发展起到了重要的作用。
本文将就此展开分析。
在《呼兰河传》中，圆形人物的性格和行为表现十分丰富、多元。
以主角萧红为例，她既是一个天真烂漫、善良可爱的小女孩，又有着独立思考和反抗的精神。
作品评价《嘉莉妹妹》是美国著名现实主义作家西奥多·德莱赛的第一部小说，讲述了一个美国女孩只身来到大城市闯荡谋生的故事。
这是德莱赛第一部反映“美国式梦想”，揭露美国资本主义社会腐蚀性和人性扭曲的长篇小说，其中每一个人物的刻画都具有那个时代下社会群众的普遍性和代表性。
《嘉莉妹妹》的创作倾向主要是作家内心冲突与客观社会现实结合的产物.打破了19世纪末期传统的小说观,开创了一种大胆面向生活,反映现实的小说形式,为美国小说创作开辟一条新路。
德莱赛善写悲剧小说，而《嘉莉妹妹》以嘉利最后成为百老汇当红的女演员，生活富足却孤独终老作结，我们就从这开始究其源头。
年轻时的嘉莉两段爱情都无疑是失败的，杜洛埃为人虚荣浮夸，看重嘉莉的年轻貌美，从一开始便让读者认定他们不可能长久结局；酒店经理赫斯渥油滑老道，嘉利成了他婚姻之外的地下情人，最后竟骗嘉利与其私奔到纽约。
从现代的眼光看嘉利，她是个彻头彻尾的美丽笨女人，但却一直沿着自己向往的生活轨迹走着，她追求物质的享受，也希望得到美好的爱情，她小心翼翼，也大胆试探，却在这个过程中渐渐迷失自己，被纸醉金迷的社会渐渐退去原本还有的纯真。
为享受要通过罪恶的道路才能达到。
在小说的结尾，当赫斯特伍德在廉价的小旅馆里结束了自己的生命的时候，我们看见了嘉莉仍然坐在摇椅里摇荡着、思索着：“你独自坐在窗前的摇椅里，必然会梦想着，渴望着。
你坐在窗前的摇椅里，必然会梦想着你永远也触摸不到的幸福。
”与最开始“过好日子”和“成名”的幸福不同，嘉莉在一次次的追逐和得到中，渐渐离幸福越来越远。
德莱赛笔下的嘉莉妹妹，不再是受了委屈只会哭泣的格蕾卿，不再是为曾经的错误而充满负罪感的苔丝，不再是明白了卑微的地位却拥有不定未来的娜拉，她是拥有了强烈独立意识勇于追求梦想的新女性。
她果敢、坚强，为了生存和欲望苦苦挣扎，然而在内心的深处却空虚、迷惘。
德莱赛用犀利的笔锋完全颠覆了美国文学作品中乐观主义的基调，在塑造人物形象的同时，也写出了人类社会发展的某一阶段中一些带有普遍性的现象和问题，而不局限于一时一地的状况，对于今天的我们仍富有启迪作用，这就是世界文学经典的魅力之所在。
摘要美国作家西奥多德莱塞被认为美国自然主义的杰出代表，本文以其第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》为例分析德莱塞自然主义的一些特征。
论文从德莱塞创作《嘉莉妹妹》的历史文化背景出发，研究德莱塞在《嘉莉妹妹》中表现出来的自然主义思想。
论文涉及该小说的主要三大背景：一是达尔文主义和宿命论；二是美国然主义；三是19世纪末在美国兴起的消费主义。
同时分析自然主义的三大特点：欲望,本能和环境,最后得出结论：《嘉莉妹妹》一文中主人公嘉莉妹妹的最终命运与德莱塞本人的命运息息相关，赫思渥德的最终堕落也是德莱塞惧怕失败的结果。
而德莱塞却把嘉莉妹妹和赫思特渥德最终得不到幸福归因于“人心”。
关键词：自然主义达尔文主义欲望人性环境AbstractTheodore Dreiser is regarded as an outstanding representative of American naturalism. In this thesis, Dreiser’s first novel Sister Carrie is taken as an example to analyze the featur es of Dreiser’s naturalism. The thesis referred to three great historical and cultural background of the novel which are Darwinism，Determinism. American Naturalism and Consumerism. Meanwhile the thesis analyzes three features of naturalism. At last, we can draw the conclusion that the leading character of the novel-Carrie’s destiny has a great connection with Dreiser himself and the decline of Hurstwood is a result of Dreiser’s fear of failure, but Dreiser attributes Carrie and Hurstwood’s unhappiness to th eir insatiable desire for life or they are doomed to be unhappy etc, and from which we can see Dreiser’s naturalism easily.Key Words：Naturalism Darwinism Consumerism desire environmentCONTENTS1 Introduction2 The historical and cultural background for Sister Carrie2.1 Darwinism and Determinism2.2 American naturalism2.3 Industrial Revolution3 The typical characteristics of naturalism in Sister Carrie 3.1 The desire, instinct and the influence of environments 3.2. The influence of the environment3.3 Dreiser’s exploration4 Conclusions1 IntroductionTheodor Dreiser (1871-1945), an American author, outstanding representative of naturalism, whose novels depict real-life subjects in a harsh light. Many of his works referred to the description of naturalism and weakened his critical spirit. His first novel Sister Carrie published in 1990 revealed the financial disparity and the moral decline of American society and thus regarded as forbidden book. But now the book becomes one of the best-sellers of American literature because of the naturalistic features in it. Then Dreiser is regarded as a pioneer of American naturalism and as a naturalist Dreiser expresses the characteristics of naturalism in most of his works. The themes of Darwinism and Determinism are the common features of Dreiser’s story which also characterize Sister Carrie.Dreiser chose to reflect life truthful in his works when other novels deal only with the beautiful aspects of life,. It is not an exaggeration to say that Dreiser's Sister Carrie clears the way for the development of American fiction.From follow analysis of three aspects and conclusion, we can find out the naturalism of Dreiser in Sister Carrie2 The historical and cultural background for Sister CarrieTheodore Dreiser's Sister Carrie reflects the profound transformations in American life in the late nineteenth century.2.1 Darwinism and DeterminismIn 1859, Darwin’s The Origin of Specie appeared. It soon changed man’s recognition. Before Darwin, human was separated from the animals because of its moral. However, at this time evolutionist considered human as a part of natural things and a member of the animal kingdom. American naturalis ts accepted “bestiality” and “human beast” as an explanation of desire.They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness presentingcharacters of low social and economic classes who are determined by their environment and heredity. They dismissed the validity of comforting moral truth. Darwinism is the most important theory, which greatly affects Sister Carrie.Freud’s theory gives theoretic basis to Dreiser’s description of man’s desire. Freud considers man’s natural instinct as determination. To him man is a part of nature since man is a member of animals. Human mentality and action will forever be determined by instinct. Desire is just a genetic instinct in his opinion.2.2 American naturalismSister Carrie was written and published also at the rise of American naturalism, which means a particular genre of fiction that developed in the late 19th century America, and associated principally with writers such as Jack London , Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser.At the end of nineteenth century came a generation of writers whose ideas of the working of the universe and whose perception of the society's disorder led them to naturalism. A new and harsher realism, naturalism was introduced to the United States, literary naturalists spoke out against the ideas that literature should present what Howells called for the “smiling aspects of life". Instead, they attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment or heredity in depicting the extremes of life. American naturalists emphasized that world was amoral that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, that religious "truths" were illusory, and that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death.2.3 Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution brought American people a value crisis. The 19th century was the time of industrialization. Serial changes made people feel they were conquering the world and obtaining their treasures. The surprising development made people feel too close to wealth and happiness. Then,appeared small amounts ofindustrial giants and large number of poor people,American value materialistic to the core. Living in such a society with such a value system, the human individual is obsessed with a never end, yet meaningless search for satisfaction of his desire.3 The typical characteristics of naturalism in Sister CarrieIn Sister Carrie I find out that some of its themes differ from those of other naturalistic works.3.1 The desire, instinct and the influence of environmentsFreud’s theory g ives theoretic basis to Dreiser’s description of man’s desire. Freud considers man’s natural instinct as determination. To him man is a part of nature since man is a member of animals. Human mentality and action will forever be determined by instinct. Desire is just a genetic instinct in his opinion.This thesis covers Dreiser’s meaningful ideas--desire. Man’s behavior is dominated by instincts (desires, needs and fear) and environments (cities and consumerism) and chances. In the process of evolution, man is not able to control instincts completely. Desire is considered hereditary and instinctive. In this novel most of the central characters are hurried by a desire of personal affirmation, a desire they can neither articulate nor suppress. And Carrie Meeber is the representative. She suffered from a need that her lives assume the dignity of dramatic form, and they suffer terribly, because they do not really understand it.Her view to money is “Money, something everybody else has and I must get.”(Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P77) Drouet then becomes her first ladder. When Drouet give her money for the first time, she hesitates. She knows clearly that no deep, sinister soul with ulterior motives could have given her fifteen cents under friendship, since “nature has taught the beasts of the beats of the field to fly when some unheralded dangers threatens”(Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P79) Here in her superego, she has a feeble instinct of self-production. However, deep in her mind, there is a strong desire for better clothes, jewelry, dinning in halls and plays in the theaters. Then preconscious becomes weak. Id gets upper hand. At last, id implies the superego and Carrie chooses to live with Drouet.When she knows that Drouet’s love is unsteady, the appearance of Hurstwoodstimulates her new hope and desire. It is the new hope and desire that compels her actions. “his kind of unfulfilled dreams would beckon and lead her until death and dissolution dissolve their power and would restore her blind to nature’s heart”(Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P353) When Hurstwood can supply the life she dreams of, she stays with him, if not, she leaves.With the degradation of Hurstwood, Carrie would not endure losing her dreams. When she meets Mrs. Vance, Carrie longs for the dainty decorated, beautiful clothes and genteel manners. “What a wonderful thing it was to be rich” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P385) is the powerful voice of her heart. Without money, she leaves again.From the beginning to the end, Carrie is just like a machine controlled by the desires .3.2. The influence of the environmentEnvironment is a tremendous thing often leads people to a wrong direction.Drouet tells Carrie that Chicago is a wonder, and that she will find lots to see. Even her siste tells her, “You'll want to see the city.” [1]She comes there. She comes to the big web of Chicago in order to pursue a happy life. The prosperous parties, lights, dinners, theatres attract her.She choos es Route’s soon as she sees Hurstwood, she evaluates his worth his wealth, position and sexuality----by his “rich” plaid vest, mother of pearl buttons and soft black shoes “polished only to a dull shine.”When she meets Mrs. Vance, Carrie longs for the dainty decorated, beautiful clothes and genteel manners. “What a wonderful thing it was to be rich” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P385) is the powerful voice from the bottom of her heart. She inters another pursuition.3.3 Dreiser’s exploration------human desire and revelation of the dark side of human natureFrom the first novel Sister Carrie on, Dreiser set himself to project the American values for what he had found them to be --materialistic to the core. Living in such a society with such a value system, the human individual is obsessed with anever-ending, yet meaningless search for satisfaction of his desires. One of the desires is for money which was a motivating purpose of life in the United States in the late l9th century. For example, in Sister Carrie, there is not one character whose status is not determined economically. Sex is another human desire that Dreiser explored to considerab1e lengths in his novels to reveal the dark side of human nature. In Sister Carrie, Carrie climbs up the social ladder by means of her sexual appeal. Also in the “Trilogy of Desire,” the possession of sexual beauty symbolizes t he acquisition of some social status of great magnitude. However, Dreiser never forgot to imply that these human desires in 1ife could hardly be defined. They are there like a powerful "magnetism" governing human existence and reducing human beings to nothing. So like all naturalists he was restrained from finding a solution to the social problems that appeared in his novels and accordingly almost all his works have tragic endings.4 ConclusionsThis short thesis can not cover Dreiser's meaningful naturalism. His greatness is in his insight, his sympathy, and his tragic view of life. Dreiser exported human desire and revelation of the dark side of human nature。
解读《嘉莉妹妹》的自然主义【摘要】德莱塞的成名作《嘉莉妹妹》具有鲜明的自然主义风格，真实地反映了当时美国底层劳动者们的生活，真实地揭露和批判了资本主义社会的腐朽和道德沦丧。
文章着重从三个方面：环境影响、遗传因素、本能欲望全面解读了女主人公嘉琳妹妹的自然主义思想。
此为一部划时代的作品。
《嘉莉妹妹》为美国文坛带来了新的气象。
【关键词】自然主义；嘉莉妹妹；环境；欲望一、前言自然主义特色是一种创作思潮，兴起于19世纪90年代，并在20世纪盛行于欧洲和美国。
所谓的“自然”主义就是：“自然中存在的都是真实的。
物体构成自然、行动和受某种原因支配的力量及其可进行客观的科学考察的特性。
”西奥多·德莱塞，自然主义的典范代表作家之一，与海明威、福克纳并列被称为美国现代小说的三巨头之一，其成名作《嘉莉妹妹》则是自然主义思潮的是美国现代小说的先驱和代表作。
小说《嘉莉妹妹》小说人物活动的环境位于芝加哥，一个繁华的大都市繁华的大都市，嘉莉起伏的命运得到了真实地描摹.在那个工业扩张的黄金年代里纸醉金迷的腐朽生活和由于金钱所带来的道德沦丧也得到了真实展现。
具体来说，小说详细描写了来自社会底层的天真、美丽姑娘嘉莉，为了自己梦寐以求富裕的上层社会生活，只身一人来到美国大都市芝加哥的艰辛经历，为能在大城市有立足之地，她先后委身与推销员杜洛埃和酒店经理赫斯特伍德的庇护之下，最后凭借自己的努力和机遇成为百老汇舞蹈明星的故事。
然而在她拥有了金钱和地位后，仍然精神极度空虚，却感觉不到成功和金钱所带给他的任何幸福，俨然成了物质上的“土豪”，精神上的“贫困户”。
在小说中运用自然主义创作手法的德莱塞强烈地抨击了当时美国社会的道德沦丧，因此也成就了这部作品在美国小说史上的里程碑地位。
二、诠释自然主义法国小说家左拉提出自然主义的概念，美国的文学界在达尔文进化论的影响下，盛行于各国文学领域。
主要观点是真正意义上的自由没有被人类获得，相反，在社会、经济、心理等因素的影响下人类的生活、观点和道德都会发生改变。
ANHUIWENXUE 安徽文学安徽文学2018年3期总第416期《嘉莉妹妹》的自然主义解读刘琦哈尔滨工程大学摘要：美国自然主义的杰出代表西奥多·德莱塞,开创了美国自然主义文学的新篇章，《嘉莉妹妹》也被奉为是德莱塞自然主义写法的开端。
他运用客观真实的描写，揭示了人类的遗传特性、环境和机遇对人物命运的影响。
文章从自然主义的概念出发,用自然主义的观点来探讨小说中主要人物的形象,旨在展现自然主义在《嘉莉妹妹》中的充分表现。
关键词院自然主义遗传环境机遇作者简介：刘琦（1991-），女，哈尔滨工程大学在读硕士研究生，研究方向：英美文学研究。
一、美国自然主义文学自然主义文学产生于法国，盛行于19世纪70-80年代，在90年代这股自然主义的风潮在美国文坛蓬勃发展，“自然主义开始在美国小说创作中流行并逐渐引起人们的关注，涌现出史蒂芬·克莱恩、弗兰克·诺里斯、杰克·伦敦、西奥多·德莱赛等著名作家”。
[1]事实上，美国自然主义文学也正是在美国社会不断变化中发展起来的。
在19世纪末，工业化的蔓延造成了极大的贫富差距，查尔斯·达尔文进化论和爱弥尔·左拉的自然主义理论得到更为广泛的传播，使得人们开始思考。
除此之外，“自然主义文学是西方现实主义文学发展到极致蜕变的产物，也是生物学、遗传学等科学理论影响文学创作的结果”。
[2]二、《嘉莉妹妹》介绍《嘉莉妹妹》的作者西奥多·德莱塞，被公认为是20世纪美国自然主义文学作家之一。
他的思想受到达尔文进化论和斯宾塞的自然主义的影响,写作风格受到了法国著名的自然主义者左拉的影响。
《嘉莉妹妹》作为德莱塞的第一部长篇小说，运用客观的描写细致地展现了自然主义的特征,而且也从侧面深刻地反映出了当时的社会现实。
《嘉莉妹妹》讲述了一个名叫嘉莉的乡下女孩渴望在大城市中获得幸福和成功的故事，因此她踏上了去往芝加哥的火车。
她在火车上邂逅了一个名叫杜洛埃的推销员,他兴奋地向她描述了芝加哥的城市生活，让嘉莉对大城市更加心驰神往。
