The Settlement of New England - Wikispaces

17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。

美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”.普利茅斯第一任首长：William Bradford;波斯顿第一任首长：John Winthrop.William Bradford:《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”John Winthrop:《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”.Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790殖民地时期作家。

独立战争前惟一的杰出的美国作家in the colonial period, the only good American author before the Revolutionary War.出生于波士顿Boston,曾创办《半岛公报》。

1732-1758出版《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac” collocation of proverbs.建立一秘密俱乐部the Junto, informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideals.建立可借图书馆，创办宾夕法尼亚大学。

THE MAKING OF A NATION #4 - First European Settlers（最早的欧洲定居者）By Nancy SteinbachVOICE ONE:England was the first country to compete with Spain for claims in the New World, although it was too weak to do this openly at first. But Queen Elizabeth of England supported such explorations as early as the Fifteen-Seventies.Sir Humphrey Gilbert led the first English settlement efforts. He did not establish any lasting settlement. He died as he was returning to England.Gilbert's half brother Sir Walter Raleigh continued his work. Raleigh sent a number of ships to explore the east coast of North America. He called the land Virginia to honor England's unmarried Queen Elizabeth.In Fifteen-Eighty-Five, about one-hundred men settled on Roanoke Island, off the coast of the present day state of North Carolina. These settlers returned to England a year later. Another group went to Roanoke the next year. This group included a number of women and children. But the supply ships Raleigh sent to the colony failed to arrive. When help got there in Fifteen-Ninety, none of the settlers could be found. History experts still are not sure what happened. Some research suggests that at least some of the settlers became part of the Indian tribe that lived in the area.英国是第一个与西班牙在新大陆展开竞争的国家。

History And Anthology of American Literature (Volume Ⅰ) 美国文学史及选读1 Part ⅠThe Literature of Colonial America 殖民主义时期的文学1. 17世纪早期English and European explorers 开始登陆美洲。

开始登陆美洲。

开始登陆美洲。

在他们之前在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico and other Parts of South America 已被the Spanish 占领。

占领。

2. 17th 早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史开始了美国历史3. 美国最早殖民者(earliest (earliest settlers)included settlers)included settlers)included Dutch Dutch Dutch ,Swedes ,Swedes ,Swedes ,Germans ,Germans ,Germans ,Freunch ,Freunch ,Freunch ,Spaniards ,Spaniards ,Spaniards ,Italians ,Italians ,Italians and and and Portugueses Portugueses (荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。

4. 美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements 采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil. 5. 第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。

美国殖民时期（原创美国大学课堂笔记）TheColonialPeriodNotesThe Colonial PeriodDates/Leaders to remember:1607 – John Smith and others settle Jamestown, VA1620 – Wm. Bradford and Pilgrims (Separatists – includes the Scrooby group) settle Plymouth in New England --- ship is Mayflower1630 – John Winthrop and the Puritans settle Massachusetts Bay Colony (in and around Boston) –multiple ships are with this group (600+ people) but Winthrop?s flagship is Arbella.++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ From t he time news of Columbus?s find in October 1492, indeed even before that, the new world was fascinating to Europeans. Columbus?s accounts of his explorations included vivid descriptions of heavily laden fruit trees, fertile land waiting to be cultivated, rivers and streams full of fish and gold, rich honey and exotic spices for the taking, copper and gold mines. America was an earthly paradise whether one was seeking material or spiritual bounty.When Columbus opened North and South America for exploration, he had no idea these two continents had already seen the rise and fall of civilizations: the Mayansin southern Mexico and Guatemala were already history; the Aztecs ruled vast areas in Mexico; the Incas ruled vast areas in Peru; the Iroquois in northern New York lived by an oral constitution (which valued peace and equality) and were the leaders of the Six Nations (some sources say Five Nations): the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca (Five), with a sixth tribe joining later –theTuscarora.The Spanish and the French were among the first to settle these continents, with the British making a rather late start. One of the first British attempts at settling the new world was on Roanoke Island –now part of North Carolina –in 1584. This expedition was backed by Sir Walter Ralegh (yes, that is the correct spelling –no …i?). However, an English supply ship found no sign of life when it landed in 1591.1607 marks the establishing of the Jamestown, VA, settlement, an expedition which was commissioned by E ngland?s King James I (hence the name). This expedition was called the Virginia Company, and 26-year-old John Smith worked very hard promoting it and later sailed with the expedition.Smith?s book Description of New England (1616) helped lure the Pilgrims (led by Wm. Bradford) to the New World. These Pilgrims of Plymouth Plantation differed from their Jamestown predecessors. The Virginia settlers were motivated by a desire for adventure and hopes for private gain and personal pleasure; the Pilgrims of Plymouth Plantation, and later the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay, were motivated by the idea that they were establishing a New Canaan – a new promised land. These Pilgrims were part of a group of protestants who felt the Church of England (Anglican Church) retained too many of the Catholic images, forms, and rituals. Those who chose to work to “purify” the Church of England, to return to the Bible, were called Puritans. N ote: the te rm “puritan”does NOT imply that the individuals wanted to “purify” themselves–they wanted to rid the C of E of the residual elements of Roman Catholic worship that were stilla part of the C of E order of worship). Some of these Puritans were radical enough to abandon reform and chose to completelyseparate from the Church of Eng land?s government. These radicals were called Separatists –a sort of …subset? of Puritans.Regardless of this drive to eliminate the …trappings? of the RCC remaining in the C of E, two …sacraments? did remain a part of the C of E worship: communion (Lord?s Supper) and baptism.A requirement for all Puritans for church membership was a public profession of one?s belief in Christ. One had to stand before the church congregation and make this pronouncement. Church membership was inextricably connected to voting rights (NOT for women, let me be clear) in the community. When civil government is interwoven with religious doctrine, theocracy is the term used.The Puritans (whether Separatists or not) chose to follow the tenets of John Calvin, a major player in the reform which took place in Europe in the first half of the 16th century. These tenets, also referred to as the five …disputed? points of Calvinism, included the following (note these five tenets form the acronym …TULIP?).T–stands for …total depravity? (look up …depravity?). The total depravity of humankind stems from Adam and Eve?s disobedience to God in Eden thus bestowing on all descendants inescapable innate evil and corruption.U–stands for …unconditional election?. Calvinists believe a select number – NOT ALL – ofGod?s creatures are elected for salvation unaffected by the acts of the elected or saved person. The human has no …say? in this matter.L–stands for …limited atonement?. Through Jesus Christ, God provided atonement for sin –however, this is limited to the elect.I–stands for …irresistible grace?. Grace in this context means“divine love and protection bestowed freely uponmankind; the state of being protected or sanctified by the favor of God; an unmerited gift from God.” This grace God offers his elect cannot be resisted –a person …scheduled? for salvation will be saved –regardless of his …wishes? in the matter OR his actions.P–stands for …perseverance of the saints? (…saints? is how the elect refer to themselves – does not mean they think they are perfect, just chosen by God as members of the …elect?). This perseverance determines the final salvation of the elect, regardless of their weaknesses or …falls?.A m ember of the elect WILL …persevere? through the earthly life into a heavenly life –regardless of his/her actions in the earthly life.Those NOT of the elect are scheduled for damnation – also unaffected by the acts of t he …damned? humans. God, through predestination, controls all events and thus determines those destined for heaven and those destined for hell.Also included in Calvinistic doctrine is the belief in covenant theology, which includes two covenants (look up definition of …covenant?):Covenant of Works– God promised Adam and Eve salvation through obedience and good works --- and most of us know how THAT went! If you are unfamiliar with this background info, read about Adam and Eve?s experience in Eden. Rega rdless of your religiousbackground, you should become familiar with the …creation stories? of various religions.Covenant of Grace–After the …fall from grace? that occurred as the result of the original sin of disobedience to God, he next offered salvation to humankind through the sacrifice of Jesus.This covenant dictates that humankind can achieve salvation ONLY through God?s grace.Another covenant plays a role in America?s history, but is NOT part of any religion?s scriptural doctrine. That covenant is referred to as the “halfway covenant” and was established in 1662. Google this term and read a reputable explanation – NOT from Wikipedia!Typology is the study of types or prefigurative symbols in scriptural literature –a sort of symbolism. The Puritans were typological in their perspective of the world and their existence in it (please note that this concept is part of your final exam essay). The Old Testament prefigured the New Testament by its typology –setting forth …types? that are re peated, actions that are paralleled, prophesies and promises that are fulfilled. The Puritans felt that both Old and New Testaments prefigured their voyaging to the New World:Moses and Christ prefigured leaders such as Wm. Bradford and John Winthrop.The Children of Israel?s …exodus? from bondage in Egypt was paralleled by the flight of the Puritans from persecution in England.The Israelites? wandering in search of the Promised Land paralleled the Pilgrims? wandering to Holland then to the New World in search of religious freedom.The Israelites? discovery of their promised land in Canaan (Palestine) prefigured the Puritans? settlement in New England –their …New Canaan?.When John Winthrop, leader of the Pilgrims sailing to New England on the Arbella in 1630 delivered his sermon “A Model of Christian Chari ty,” he cast himself as Moses and his …flock?as the children of Israel. In this sermon he told his followers that the “must consider that [they would] be as a city upon a hill,? a model for all the wo rld. This concept is still deeply lodged in the American psyche.。

CHAPTER 6NEW ENGLANDThe English Puritans.Non-Conformists.Separatists.42. The Puritans.--The New England colonies were founded by English Puritans who left England because they could not do as they wished in the home land. All Puritans were agreed in wishingfor a freer government than they had in England under the Stuart kings and in state matters were really the Liberals of their time. In religious matters, however, they were not all of one mind. Some of them wished to make only a few changes in the Church. These were calledNon-Conformists. Others wished to make so many changes in religion that they could not stay in the English State Church. These were called Separatists. The settlers of Plymouth were Separatists; the settlers of Boston and neighboring towns were Non-Conformists.The Scrooby Puritans. Higginson, 55-56; Eggleston, 34.They flee to Holland.They decide to emigrate to America.43. The Pilgrims.--Of all the groups of Separatists scattered over England none became so famous as those who met at Elder Brewster's house at Scrooby. King James decided to make all Puritans conform to the State Church or to hunt them out of the land. The Scrooby people soon felt the weight of persecution. After suffering great hardships and cruel treatment they fled away to Holland. But there they found it very difficult to make a living. They suffered so terribly that many of their English friends preferred to go to prison in England rather than lead such a life of slavery in Holland. So the Pilgrims determined to found a colony in America. They reasoned that they could not be worse off in America, because that would be impossible. At all events, their children would not grow up as Dutchmen, but would still be Englishmen. They had entire religious freedom in Holland; but they thought they would have the same in America.BREWSTER'S HOUSE AT SCROOBY.The Pilgrims held their services in the building on the left,now used as a cow-house.The voyage of the Mayflower, 1620.The Mayflower at Cape Cod.44. The Voyage across the Atlantic.--Brewster's old friend, Sir Edwin Sandys, was now at the head of the Virginia Company. He easily procured land for the Pilgrims in northern Virginia, near the Dutch settlements (p. 41). Some London merchants lent them money. But they lent it on such harsh conditions that the Pilgrims' early life in America was nearly as hard as their life had been in Holland. They had a dreadful voyage across the Atlantic in the Mayflower. At one time it seemed as if the ship would surely go down. But the Pilgrims helped the sailors to place a heavy piece of wood under one of the deck beams and saved the vessel from going to pieces. On November 19, 1620, they sighted land off the coast of Cape Cod. They tried to sail around the cape to the southward, but storms drove them back, and they anchored in Provincetown harbor.The Pilgrims Compact, 1620.45. The Mayflower Compact, 1620.--All the passengers on the Mayflower were not Pilgrims. Some of them were servants sent out by the London merchants to work for them. These men said that as they were outside of Virginia, the leaders of the expedition would have no power over them as soon as they got on land. This was true enough, so the Pilgrims drew up and signed a compact which obliged the signers to obey whatever was decided to be for the public good. It gave thechosen leaders power to make the unruly obey their commands.The Pilgrims explore the coast. Explorers, 319-328.Plymouth settled. Higginson,58-60; Eggleston, 35-38; Source-Book, 39-41.Sickness and death.46. The First Winter at Plymouth.--For nearly a month the Pilgrims explored the shores of Cape Cod Bay. Finally, on December 21, 1620, a boat party landed on the mainland inside of Plymouth harbor. They decided to found their colony on the shore at that place. About a week laterthe Mayflower anchored in Plymouth harbor. For months the Pilgrims lived on the ship while working parties built the necessary huts on shore. It was in the midst of a cold New England winter. The work was hard and food and clothing were not well suited to the worker's needs. Before the Mayflower sailed away in the spring one-half of the little band was dead.The Pilgrims and the Indians. Explorers, 333-337.Success of the colony.New Plymouth colony.47. New Plymouth Colony.--Of all the Indians who once had lived near Plymouth only one remained. His name was Squanto. He came to the Pilgrims in the spring. He taught them to grow corn and to dig clams, and thus saved them from starvation. The Pilgrims cared for him most kindly as long as he lived. Another and more important Indian also came to Plymouth. He was Massasoit, chief of the strongest Indian tribe near Plymouth. With him the Pilgrims made a treaty which both parties obeyed for more than fifty years. Before long the Pilgrims' life became somewhat easier. They worked hard to raise food for themselves, they fished off the coasts, and bought furs from the Indians. In these ways they got together enough money to pay back the London merchants. Many of their friends joined them. Other towns were settled near by, and Plymouth became the capital of the colony of New Plymouth. But the colony was never very prosperous, and in the end was added to Massachusetts.Founders of Massachusetts.Explorers 341-361; Source-book 45-48, 74-76.Settlement of Massachusetts, 1630. Higginson, 60-64; Eggleston, 39-41.48. The Founding of Massachusetts, 1629-30.--Unlike the poor and humble Pilgrims were the founders of Massachusetts. They were men of wealth and social position, as for instance, John Winthrop and Sir Richard Saltonstall. They left comfortable homes in England to found a Puritan state in America. They got a great tract of land extending from the Merrimac to the Charles, and westward across the continent. Hundreds of colonists came over in the years 1629-30. They settled Boston, Salem, and neighboring towns. In the next ten years thousands more joined them. From the beginning Massachusetts was strong and prosperous. Among so many people there were some who did not get on happily with the rulers of the colony.Roger Williams expelled from Massachusetts.Higginson, 68-70.He founds Providence, 1636. Source-book, 52-54.49. Roger Williams and Religious Liberty.--Among the newcomers was Roger Williams, a Puritan minister. He disagreed with the Massachusetts leaders on several points. For instance, he thought that the Massachusetts people had no right to their lands, and he insisted that the rulers had no power in religious matters--as enforcing the laws as to Sunday. He insisted on these points so strongly that the Massachusetts government expelled him from the colony. In the spring of 1636; with four companions he founded the town of Providence. There he decided that every one shouldbe free to worship God as he or she saw fit.Mrs. Hutchinson and her friends.They settle Rhode Island, 1637.50. The Rhode Island Towns.--Soon another band of exiles came from Massachusetts. These were Mrs. Hutchinson and her followers. Mrs. Hutchinson was a brilliant Puritan woman who had come to Boston from England to enjoy the ministry of John Cotton, one of the Boston ministers. She soon began to find fault with the other ministers of the colony. Naturally, they did not like this. Their friends were more numerous than were Mrs. Hutchinson's friends, and the latter had to leave Massachusetts. They settled on the island of Rhode Island (1637).The Connecticut colonists.Founding of Connecticut, 1635-36. Higginson, 71-72.51. The Connecticut Colony.--Besides those Puritans whom the Massachusetts people drove from their colony there were other settlers who left Massachusetts of their own free will. Among these were the founders of Connecticut. The Massachusetts people would gladly have had them remain, but they were discontented and insisted on going away. They settled the towns of Hartford, Windsor, and Weathersfield, on the Connecticut River. At about the same time John Winthrop, Jr., led a colony to Saybrook, at the mouth of the Connecticut. Up to this time the Dutch had seemed to have the best chance to settle the Connecticut Valley. But the control of that region was now definitely in the hands of the English.Destruction of the Pequods, 1637.52. The Pequod War, 1637.--The Pequod Indians were not so ready as the Dutch to admit that resistance was hopeless. They attacked Wethersfield. They killed several colonists, and carried others away into captivity. Captain John Mason of Connecticut and Captain John Underhill of Massachusetts went against them with about one hundred men. They surprised the Indians in their fort. They set fire to the fort, and shot down the Indians as they strove to escape from their burning wigwams. In a short time the Pequod tribe was destroyed.[Illustration: JOHN WINTHROP, JR.]The Connecticut Orders of 1638-39.53. The First American Constitution, 1638-39.--The Connecticut colonists had leisure now to settle the form of their government. Massachusetts had such a liberal charter that nothing more seemed to be necessary in that colony. The Mayflower Compact did well enough for the Pilgrims. The Connecticut people had no charter, and they wanted something more definite than a vague compact. So in the winter of 1638-39 they met at Hartford and set down on paper a complete set of rules for their guidance. This was the first time in the history of the English race that any people had tried to do this. The Connecticut constitution of 1638-39 is therefore looked upon as "the first truly political written constitution in history." The government thus established was very much the same as that of Massachusetts with the exception that in Connecticut there was no religious condition for the right to vote as there was in Massachusetts.The New Haven settlers.New Haven founded, 1638. Higginson, 72-73.54. New Haven, 1638.--The settlers of New Haven went even farther than the Massachusetts rulers and held that the State should really be a part of the Church. Massachusetts was not entirely to their tastes. They passed only one winter there and then moved away and settled New Haven. But this colony was not well situated for commerce, and was too near the Dutch settlements (p.41). It was never as prosperous as Connecticut and was finally joined to that colony.Reasons for union.Articles of Confederation, 1643.New England towns. Higginson, 47-79.55. The New England Confederation, 1643.--Besides the settlements that have already been described there were colonists living in New Hampshire and in Maine. Massachusetts included the New Hampshire towns within her government, for some of those towns were within her limits. In 1640 the Long Parliament met in England, and in 1645 Oliver Cromwell and the Puritans destroyed the royal army in the battle of Naseby. In these troubled times England could do little to protect the New England colonists, and could do nothing to punish them for acting independently. The New England colonists were surrounded by foreigners. There were the French on the north and the east, and the Dutch on the west. The Indians, too, were living in their midst and might at any time turn on the whites and kill them. Thinking all these things over, the four leading colonies decided to join together for protection. They formed the New England Confederation, and drew up a constitution. The colonists living in Rhode Island and in Maine did not belong to the Confederation, but they enjoyed many of the benefits flowing from it; for it was quite certain that the Indians and the French and the Dutch would think twice before attacking any of the New England settlements.[Illustration: A CHILD'S HIGH CHAIR, ABOUT 1650.]Education.56. Social Conditions.--The New England colonies were all settled on the town system, for there were no industries which demanded large plantations--as tobacco-planting. The New Englanders were small farmers, mechanics, ship-builders, and fishermen. There were few servants in New England and almost no negro slaves. Most of the laborers were free men and worked for wages as laborers now do. Above all, the New Englanders were very zealous in the matter of education. Harvard College was founded in 1636. A few years later a law was passed compelling every town to provide schools for all the children in the town.。

Glossarythe U.K.1.the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国2.the British Isles 不列颠群岛3.the Commonwealth 英联邦4.the Pennines 奔宁山地（奔宁山脉地区，有“英格兰的脊梁”之称）5.the Severn 塞汶河（英国最长河流）6.the Thames River 泰晤士河7.Ben Nevis 尼维斯山（英国最高峰）8.Stonehenge (威尔特郡的) 圆形石林9.the Ice Age 冰川期，冰河时代（距今一万多年前）10.the Lake District 湖区（英格兰东北部，以美丽的湖光山色著称）11.the native Celts 土著凯尔特人12.Anglo-Saxons 盎格鲁-撒克逊人13.the Indo-European language family 印欧语系14.the Germanic Language 日尔曼语15.the bourgeois democracy 资产阶级民主16.constitutional monarchy 君主立宪17.the Church of England （the state church) 英国国教18.the Gunpowder plot of 1605 1605 年火药阴谋案19.enclosure movement 圈地运动20.No. 10 Downing Street 唐宁街10号(英国首相府邸)21.Westminster Abbey 威斯敏斯特教堂22.the Tower of London 伦敦塔23.the Buckingham palace 白金汉宫24.Hyde Park （伦敦）海德公园（因常举行政治性集会而著称）25.Parliament Houses 议会大厦26.Norman Conquest 诺曼征服27.William the Conqueror 征服者威廉28.Julius Caesar 凯撒29.Mayflower 五月花号mon Law 习惯法31.the Act of Supremacy 至尊法案32.magistrates’ court 地方法庭33.the Bar Examination 取得律师资格的考试34.the Liberal Democratic Party 自民党35.the Conservative Party 保守党36.the Labor Party 工党37.the Government Party 执政党38.the British Cabinet 英国内阁39.shadow cabinet 影子内阁，预备内阁40.the Opposition Party 反对党41. the House of Lords (the Upper House) 上议院42.the House of Commons (the Lower House) 下议院43. the Privy Council 枢密院（国王的私人参议机构）44. Cabinet minister 内阁大臣45. the Lords Spiritual 上议院神职议员46. the Lords Temporal 上议院世俗议员47. Free Church 独立教派48.the circuit courts 巡回法庭49.the Great Charter 大宪章50.feudal aristocracy 封建贵族51.constitutional monarchy 君主立宪政体52.the Renaissance 文艺复兴53.Humanism 人文主义54.the Divine Rights of Kings 君权神授55.the original sin 原罪56.the Reformation 宗教改革57.the New Testament 新约全书58.the Old Testament 旧约全书59.Tudor Monarchy 都铎王朝60.Plantagenet Dynasty 金雀花王朝（英国历史上第一个王朝）61.Christian Church 基督教62.Islam 伊斯兰教63.Catholicism 天主教64.Protestantism 新教65.Puritanism 清教主义66.Martin Luther 马丁·路德（宗教领袖）67.the Industrial Revolution 工业革命68.the Glorious Revolution 光荣革命69.Roman Civilization 罗马文明70.primitive accumulation of capital 资本的原始积累71.the Chartist Movement 宪章运动（1838-1848）72.the British Empire 大英帝国73.Oliver Cromwell 克伦威尔74.Margaret Thatcher 撒切尔75.Winston Churchill 丘吉尔76.Bloody Mary 血腥玛丽（英国国王亨利八世之女，为强行恢复天主教，血腥镇压新教徒而得名）77.Pope 罗马教皇78.archbishop 大主教79.Hebrews 希伯莱人80.Jewish Church 犹太教81.the Foreign Secretary 外交大臣82.the Chancellor of the Exchequer 财政大臣83.the Secretary of State 国务大臣84. the Prime Minister 首相85. general election 大选86.grammar school 文法学校87.boarding school 寄宿学校88.prep school or preparatory school 预科学校89.public or private school (GB) 私立学校pulsory full-time education 全日制义务教育91. GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) 中学教育普通证书92. GNVQ（General National V ocational Qualification）国家普通职业资格证书93. Compulsory Education 义务教育94. Secondary Education 中等教育95. Further Education 延续教育96. Higher Education 高等教育97. Duke, Marquis, Earl, Viscount and Baron 公爵、侯爵、伯爵、子爵、男爵98. the Whig Party 辉格党99. Fabian Society 费边社100. Lord Chancellor 大法官101. legislative branch 立法机构102. executive branch 行政机构103. the B.B.C. (the British Broadcasting Corporation) 英国广播公司104. Reuters (Reuters News Agency) 路透社105. Easter （耶稣）复活节（指每年过春分月圆后第一个星期日）106. Good Friday 耶稣受难日107.Guy Fawkes Day 盖伊·福克斯日（11月5日英国庆祝1605年火药阴谋案主谋之一Guy Fawkes 被捕的纪念日）108.the Times 《泰晤时报》109.the Guardian 《英国卫报》110.Daily Express （英）《每日快报》111. the Anglican Church英国圣公会；英国国教112.the Archbishop of Canterbury坎特伯雷大主教113.the Authorized Version（基督教《圣经》的）英译钦定本114.the Battle of Hastings黑斯廷斯战役115.Big Ben（伦敦议会厅上）大钟116.the Black Death黑死病117.Boxing Day节礼日118.the British Museum大不列颠博物馆119.East End伦敦东区120.Gaelic盖尔语121.the Garden of Eden伊甸园122.the Gospels福音123.Great Council国王咨询会议124.the League of Nations国际联盟125.the Lend-Lease Act租借法126.Lord Protector护国公127.the Nonconformist Church不信奉英国国教的教会128.the Orthodox Eastern Church东正教129.Poll Tax人头税130.the Tory Party托利党the U.S.A.1.the Gulf of Mexico 墨西哥湾2.gold rush 淘金热3.the Appalachian Mountains 阿巴拉契亚山脉4.the Rockies 落基山脉5.the National Grand Canyon Park 大峡谷国家公园ernment principles 政府原则7.delegated powers 特有权8.separation of powers/ division of power 权力分配9.racial discrimination 种族歧视10.the Niagara Falls 尼亚加拉瀑布11.the Great Lakes 五大湖12.the Mississippi River 密西西比河13.the Yellow Stone National Park 国立黄石公园14.the Bering Strait 白令海峡15.the New England 新英格兰（指美国东北部的六个州）16.ABC (American Broadcasting Corporation) 美国广播公司17.the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (ATT) 美国电话电报公司18.Capitol Hill 国会山19.the Pentagon 五角大楼20.the Senate 参议院21.House of Representatives 众议院22.Statue of Liberty 自由女神23.the White House 白宫24.Chinatown 唐人街25.the Pilgrim Fathers 移居美国的一批英国清教徒26.the Stamp Tax 印花税27.the Boston Tea Party 波士顿倾茶事件28.No taxation without representation 没有代表权不缴税29.Continental Congress 大陆会议30.the War of Independence 独立战争31.Federalists and Anti-Federalists 联邦派与反联邦派32.Bill of Rights 人权法案33.the Emancipation Proclamation 解放黑奴宣言34.the Federal Reserve Act 联邦储备条例35.the Korean War 朝鲜战争36.the Chinese V olunteers 中国人民志愿军37.the Truman Doctrine 杜鲁门主义38.the beat generation 垮了的一代39.the Watergate Affair 水门事件40.the Pearl Harbor incident 日本偷袭珍珠港事件41.Thanksgiving Day 感恩节(the 4th Thursday in Nov.)42.Independence Day 独立纪念日(July 4th)43.St. Valentine’s Day 圣瓦伦丁节(Feb. 14th)44.The Declaration of Independence 独立宣言45.the constitutional convention 制宪会议46.the American Constitution (Constitution of the United States) 美国宪法（世界上第一部成文宪法）47.the Monroe doctrine 门罗主义48.Ku Klux Klan 三K党49.the American Civil War 美国内战50.Lost Generation 迷茫的一代51.the appeasement policy 绥靖政策52.the Allies 同盟国53.the Civil Rights Movement 民权运动54.federalism 联邦主义55.the Department of State 国务院56.the Defense Department 国防部57.the Justice Department 司法部58.impeach 弹劾59.brain trust 智囊团60.the Democratic Party 民主党61.the Republican Party 共和党62.FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) 联邦调查局63.CIA (The Central Intelligence Agency) 中情局64.Washington Post 《华盛顿邮报》65.The New York Times 《纽约时报》66.The Wall Street Journal 《华尔街日报》67.Associated Press (AP) 美联社68.the New York Stock Exchange 纽约股票交易所69.melting pot 大熔炉70.Great Depression 大萧条71.Ivy League Schools 常青藤联盟72.European Community 欧共体73.the inauguration ceremony 就职仪式74. the Chinese Exclusion Act 排华法案75. checks and balances 相互制衡制度76. Chief Justice and Associate Justice 首席大法官与大法官77. Courts of Appeals 上诉法院78. the Supreme Court 最高法院79. the abolition movement废奴运动80.the American Socialist Labor Party 美国社工党81. Anti-War Movement反战运动82.the Axis Powers轴心国83.the Battle of Gettysburg葛底斯堡战役84.the Boston Massacre波士顿惨案85.the Cairo Conference 开罗会议86.Cambridge University剑桥大学87.the Cold War 冷战88.Containment Policy 遏制政策89.Harriet Beecher Stowe斯托夫人90. Harvard University 哈佛大学91. Marshall Plan 马歇尔计划92. the “New Deal”新政93. the “Open Door Policy” 门户开放政策94. the Quakers贵格教会（教友派）95. the Rockefeller Interest Group洛克菲勒财团96. the Salvation Army救世军97. sit-in demonstration静坐示威运动98. Westward Movement 西进运动99. Wilson’s Fourteen Points威尔逊的十四点建议100. Yale University耶鲁大学。