front-matter

The Feminine Matrix of Sex and Gender in Classical AthensIn The Feminine Matrix of Sex and Gender in Classical Athens ,Kate Gilhuly exploresthe relationship between the prostitute,the wife,and the ritual performerin Athenian literature.She suggests that these three roles formed a symboliccontinuum that served as an alternative to a binary conception of gender inclassical Athens and provided a framework for assessing both masculine andfeminine civic behavior.Grounded in close readings of four texts,“AgainstNeaira,”Plato’s Symposium ,Xenophon’s Symposium ,and Aristophanes’Lysistrata ,this book draws on observations from gender studies and the history of sexu-ality in ancient Greece to illuminate the relevance of these representations ofwomen to civic behavior,pederasty,philosophy,and politics.In these originalreadings,Gilhuly casts a new light on the complexity of the classical Atheniansex/gender system as she demonstrates how various and even opposing strate-gies worked together to articulate different facets of the Athenian subject.Kate Gilhuly is an assistant professor in the Department of Classical Studiesat Wellesley College.Frontmatter More informationTHE FEMININE MATRIX OF SEX AND GENDER IN CLASSICAL ATHENSijKate GilhulywellesleycollegeFrontmatter More informationFrontmatterMore informationcambridge university pressCambridge,New York,Melbourne,Madrid,Cape Town,Singapore,S˜a o Paulo,DelhiCambridge University Press32Avenue of the Americas,New York,ny10013-2473,usaInformation on this title:/9780521899987c Kate Gilhuly2009This publication is in copyright.Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place without the writtenpermission of Cambridge University Press.First published2009Printed in the United States of AmericaA catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication DataGilhuly,Kate,1964–The feminine matrix of sex and gender in classical Athens/Kate Gilhuly.p.cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.isbn978-0-521-89998-7(hardback)1.Women in literature.2.Sex in literature.3.Greek literature–History and criticism.I.Title.pa3015w65g542009880.9 3522–dc222008001676isbn978-0-521-89998-7hardbackCambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence oraccuracy of url s for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to inthis publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is,or will remain,accurate or rmation regarding prices,traveltimetables,and other factual information given in this work are correct atthe time offirst printing,but Cambridge University Press does not guaranteethe accuracy of such information thereafter.FrontmatterMore informationThis book is dedicated to the memory of Katherine Kilby Howard.FrontmatterMore informationContentsAcknowledgments page ixList of Abbreviations xi1Introduction1 2Collapsing Order:Typologies of Women in the Speech“AgainstNeaira”29 3Why Is Diotima a Priestess?The Feminine Continuum in Plato’sSymposium58 4Bringing the Polis Home:Private Performance and the Civic Gazein Xenophon’s Symposium98 5Sex and Sacrifice in Aristophanes’Lysistrata140Conclusion180Bibliography189Index Locorum199Subject Index205FrontmatterMore informationAcknowledgmentsThis book has been a long time in the making,and Leslie Kurke has been generous with her insight and guidance every step of the way.I owe her spe-cial thanks.Carol Dougherty has given me crucial assistance and support in thefinal stages of writing.She has read many drafts and seemed to know what I was trying to say even when I did not.Mark Griffith commented on some of these chapters in their earliest versions.The Mellon Foundation supported a year of postdoctoral work at Northwestern University.Victoria Wohl and Florence Dore have given me helpful comments and encouragement when I really needed it.Bryan Burns,Carolyn Dewald,Vincent Farenga,Tom Habinek,Amy Richlin,Greg Thalmann,and Phiroze Vasunia contributed to a lively intellectual environment at the University of Southern Califor-nia in which this bookfirst took shape.Rebecca Jamin helped prepare the manuscript.Anne Gilhuly has read and edited much of this work;all of the jargon that remains is my own.Thanks to Anabel and Aidan Bush for sharing their mother with this project.Finally,I am grateful to Mark Bush,whose love and support helped bring this book into the light of day.FrontmatterMore informationAbbreviationsABSA Annual of the British School at AthensAch.AcharniansAE Archaiologike EphemerisAes.AeschylusAeschin.AeschinesAg.AgamemnonAJAH American Journal of Ancient HistoryAJP American Journal of PhilologyAlc.AlcibiadesAp.ApologyAr.AristophanesARV J.D.Beazley,Attic Red Figure Vase-Painting(Oxford,1956)AS Ancient SocietyAth.AthenaiosAth.Deipn.Athenaios’DeipnosophistaiAth.Pol.[Aristotle]Athenaion PoliteiaAv.BirdsBibl.BibliothecaCA Classical AntiquityCJ Classical JournalCP Classical PhilologyCQ Classical QuarterlyCr.CritoCR Classical ReviewCyr.CyropaediaEkkl.Aristophanes’EkklesiazousaiEur.EuripidesFr.Aristophanes’FrogsFrGrH F.Jakoby et al.,eds.,Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker(Berlin,1923–)GRBS Greek,Roman,and Byzantine StudiesFrontmatterMore informationxii AbbreviationsHell.HellenicaHerod.HerodotusHist.HistoriesHom.h.Aphr.Homeric Hymn to AphroditeHThR Harvard Theological ReviewIG F.H.de Gaertingen et al.,eds.,Inscriptiones Graecae,2nd ed.(Berlin,1924–)Il.Homer’s IliadInt.of Dreams Interpretation of DreamsIph.in Tauris Iphigeneia among the TauriansJHS Journal of Hellenic StudiesMem.MemorabiliaMen.MenanderNic.NiciasO.OlympianOd.OdysseyOik.OikonomikosPi.PindarPlut.PlutarchPyth.PythianRE G.Wissowa et al.,Paulys Realencyclop¨a die der classischen Altertumwis-senschaft(Munich,1903–78)Rep.RepublicRh.RhetoricaSch.Ar.Av.Scholia on Aristophanes’BirdsSymp.SymposiumTAPA Transactions of the American Philological AssociationTheog.TheogonyThesmo.ThesmophoriazousaiThuc.ThucydidesW.D.Works and DaysXen.XenophonYCS Yale Classical Studies。

Communications and Control Engineering For other titles published in this series,go to/series/61Series EditorsA.Isidori J.H.van Schuppen E.D.Sontag M.Thoma M.Krstic Published titles include:Stability and Stabilization of Infinite Dimensional Systems with ApplicationsZheng-Hua Luo,Bao-Zhu Guo and Omer Morgul Nonsmooth Mechanics(Second edition)Bernard BrogliatoNonlinear Control Systems IIAlberto IsidoriL2-Gain and Passivity Techniques in Nonlinear Control Arjan van der SchaftControl of Linear Systems with Regulation and Input ConstraintsAli Saberi,Anton A.Stoorvogel and Peddapullaiah SannutiRobust and H∞ControlBen M.ChenComputer Controlled SystemsEfim N.Rosenwasser and Bernhard mpeControl of Complex and Uncertain SystemsStanislav V.Emelyanov and Sergey K.Korovin Robust Control Design Using H∞MethodsIan R.Petersen,Valery A.Ugrinovski andAndrey V.SavkinModel Reduction for Control System DesignGoro Obinata and Brian D.O.AndersonControl Theory for Linear SystemsHarry L.Trentelman,Anton Stoorvogel and Malo Hautus Functional Adaptive ControlSimon G.Fabri and Visakan KadirkamanathanPositive1D and2D SystemsTadeusz KaczorekIdentification and Control Using Volterra Models Francis J.Doyle III,Ronald K.Pearson and Babatunde A.OgunnaikeNon-linear Control for Underactuated Mechanical SystemsIsabelle Fantoni and Rogelio LozanoRobust Control(Second edition)Jürgen AckermannFlow Control by FeedbackOle Morten Aamo and Miroslav KrsticLearning and Generalization(Second edition) Mathukumalli VidyasagarConstrained Control and EstimationGraham C.Goodwin,Maria M.Seron andJoséA.De DonáRandomized Algorithms for Analysis and Controlof Uncertain SystemsRoberto Tempo,Giuseppe Calafiore and Fabrizio Dabbene Switched Linear SystemsZhendong Sun and Shuzhi S.GeSubspace Methods for System IdentificationTohru KatayamaDigital Control SystemsIoan ndau and Gianluca ZitoMultivariable Computer-controlled SystemsEfim N.Rosenwasser and Bernhard mpe Dissipative Systems Analysis and Control(Second edition)Bernard Brogliato,Rogelio Lozano,Bernhard Maschke and Olav EgelandAlgebraic Methods for Nonlinear Control Systems Giuseppe Conte,Claude H.Moog and Anna M.Perdon Polynomial and Rational MatricesTadeusz KaczorekSimulation-based Algorithms for Markov Decision ProcessesHyeong Soo Chang,Michael C.Fu,Jiaqiao Hu and Steven I.MarcusIterative Learning ControlHyo-Sung Ahn,Kevin L.Moore and YangQuan Chen Distributed Consensus in Multi-vehicle Cooperative ControlWei Ren and Randal W.BeardControl of Singular Systems with Random Abrupt ChangesEl-Kébir BoukasNonlinear and Adaptive Control with Applications Alessandro Astolfi,Dimitrios Karagiannis and Romeo OrtegaStabilization,Optimal and Robust ControlAziz BelmiloudiControl of Nonlinear Dynamical SystemsFelix L.Chernous’ko,Igor M.Ananievski and Sergey A.ReshminPeriodic SystemsSergio Bittanti and Patrizio ColaneriDiscontinuous SystemsYury V.OrlovConstructions of Strict Lyapunov FunctionsMichael Malisoff and Frédéric MazencControlling ChaosHuaguang Zhang,Derong Liu and Zhiliang Wang Stabilization of Navier–Stokes FlowsViorel BarbuDistributed Control of Multi-agent NetworksWei Ren and Yongcan CaoLars Grüne Jürgen Pannek Nonlinear Model Predictive Control Theory and AlgorithmsLars Grüne Mathematisches Institut Universität Bayreuth Bayreuth95440Germanylars.gruene@uni-bayreuth.de Jürgen Pannek Mathematisches Institut Universität BayreuthBayreuth95440Germanyjuergen.pannek@uni-bayreuth.deISSN0178-5354ISBN978-0-85729-500-2e-ISBN978-0-85729-501-9DOI10.1007/978-0-85729-501-9Springer London Dordrecht Heidelberg New YorkBritish Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryLibrary of Congress Control Number:2011926502Mathematics Subject Classification(2010):93-02,92C10,93D15,49M37©Springer-Verlag London Limited2011Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study,or criticism or review,as per-mitted under the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act1988,this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted,in any form or by any means,with the prior permission in writing of the publish-ers,or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency.Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers.The use of registered names,trademarks,etc.,in this publication does not imply,even in the absence of a specific statement,that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher makes no representation,express or implied,with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.Cover design:VTeX UAB,LithuaniaPrinted on acid-free paperSpringer is part of Springer Science+Business Media()For Brigitte,Florian and CarlaLGFor Sabina and AlinaJPPrefaceThe idea for this book grew out of a course given at a winter school of the In-ternational Doctoral Program“Identification,Optimization and Control with Ap-plications in Modern Technologies”in Schloss Thurnau in March2009.Initially, the main purpose of this course was to present results on stability and performance analysis of nonlinear model predictive control algorithms,which had at that time recently been obtained by ourselves and coauthors.However,we soon realized that both the course and even more the book would be inevitably incomplete without a comprehensive coverage of classical results in the area of nonlinear model pre-dictive control and without the discussion of important topics beyond stability and performance,like feasibility,robustness,and numerical methods.As a result,this book has become a mixture between a research monograph and an advanced textbook.On the one hand,the book presents original research results obtained by ourselves and coauthors during the lastfive years in a comprehensive and self contained way.On the other hand,the book also presents a number of results—both classical and more recent—of other authors.Furthermore,we have included a lot of background information from mathematical systems theory,op-timal control,numerical analysis and optimization to make the book accessible to graduate students—on PhD and Master level—from applied mathematics and con-trol engineering alike.Finally,via our web page we provide MATLAB and C++software for all examples in this book,which enables the reader to perform his or her own numerical experiments.For reading this book,we assume a basic familiarity with control systems,their state space representation as well as with concepts like feedback and stability as provided,e.g.,in undergraduate courses on control engineering or in courses on mathematical systems and control theory in an applied mathematics curriculum.However,no particular knowledge of nonlin-ear systems theory is assumed.Substantial parts of the systems theoretic chapters of the book have been used by us for a lecture on nonlinear model predictive con-trol for master students in applied mathematics and we believe that the book is well suited for this purpose.More advanced concepts like time varying formulations or peculiarities of sampled data systems can be easily skipped if only time invariant problems or discrete time systems shall be treated.viiviii PrefaceThe book centers around two main topics:systems theoretic properties of nonlin-ear model predictive control schemes on the one hand and numerical algorithms on the other hand;for a comprehensive description of the contents we refer to Sect.1.3.As such,the book is somewhat more theoretical than engineering or application ori-ented monographs on nonlinear model predictive control,which are furthermore often focused on linear methods.Within the nonlinear model predictive control literature,distinctive features of this book are the comprehensive treatment of schemes without stabilizing terminal constraints and the in depth discussion of performance issues via infinite horizon suboptimality estimates,both with and without stabilizing terminal constraints.The key for the analysis in the systems theoretic part of this book is a uniform way of interpreting both classes of schemes as relaxed versions of infinite horizon op-timal control problems.The relaxed dynamic programming framework developed in Chap.4is thus a cornerstone of this book,even though we do not use dynamic programming for actually solving nonlinear model predictive control problems;for this task we prefer direct optimization methods as described in the last chapter of this book,since they also allow for the numerical treatment of high dimensional systems.There are many people whom we have to thank for their help in one or the other way.For pleasant and fruitful collaboration within joint research projects and on joint papers—of which many have been used as the basis for this book—we are grateful to Frank Allgöwer,Nils Altmüller,Rolf Findeisen,Marcus von Lossow,Dragan Neši´c ,Anders Rantzer,Martin Seehafer,Paolo Varutti and Karl Worthmann.For enlightening talks,inspiring discussions,for organizing workshops and mini-symposia (and inviting us)and,last but not least,for pointing out valuable references to the literature we would like to thank David Angeli,Moritz Diehl,Knut Graichen,Peter Hokayem,Achim Ilchmann,Andreas Kugi,Daniel Limón,Jan Lunze,Lalo Magni,Manfred Morari,Davide Raimondo,Saša Rakovi´c ,Jörg Rambau,Jim Rawl-ings,Markus Reble,Oana Serea and Andy Teel,and we apologize to everyone who is missing in this list although he or she should have been mentioned.Without the proof reading of Nils Altmüller,Robert Baier,Thomas Jahn,Marcus von Lossow,Florian Müller and Karl Worthmann the book would contain even more typos and inaccuracies than it probably does—of course,the responsibility for all remaining errors lies entirely with us and we appreciate all comments on errors,typos,miss-ing references and the like.Beyond proof reading,we are grateful to Thomas Jahn for his help with writing the software supporting this book and to Karl Worthmann for his contributions to many results in Chaps.6and 7,most importantly the proof of Proposition 6.17.Finally,we would like to thank Oliver Jackson and Charlotte Cross from Springer-Verlag for their excellent rs Grüne Jürgen PannekBayreuth,Germany April 2011Contents1Introduction (1)1.1What Is Nonlinear Model Predictive Control? (1)1.2Where Did NMPC Come from? (3)1.3How Is This Book Organized? (5)1.4What Is Not Covered in This Book? (9)References (10)2Discrete Time and Sampled Data Systems (13)2.1Discrete Time Systems (13)2.2Sampled Data Systems (16)2.3Stability of Discrete Time Systems (28)2.4Stability of Sampled Data Systems (35)2.5Notes and Extensions (39)2.6Problems (39)References (41)3Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (43)3.1The Basic NMPC Algorithm (43)3.2Constraints (45)3.3Variants of the Basic NMPC Algorithms (50)3.4The Dynamic Programming Principle (56)3.5Notes and Extensions (62)3.6Problems (64)References (65)4Infinite Horizon Optimal Control (67)4.1Definition and Well Posedness of the Problem (67)4.2The Dynamic Programming Principle (70)4.3Relaxed Dynamic Programming (75)4.4Notes and Extensions (81)4.5Problems (83)References (84)ix5Stability and Suboptimality Using Stabilizing Constraints (87)5.1The Relaxed Dynamic Programming Approach (87)5.2Equilibrium Endpoint Constraint (88)5.3Lyapunov Function Terminal Cost (95)5.4Suboptimality and Inverse Optimality (101)5.5Notes and Extensions (109)5.6Problems (110)References (112)6Stability and Suboptimality Without Stabilizing Constraints (113)6.1Setting and Preliminaries (113)6.2Asymptotic Controllability with Respect to (116)6.3Implications of the Controllability Assumption (119)6.4Computation ofα (121)6.5Main Stability and Performance Results (125)6.6Design of Good Running Costs (133)6.7Semiglobal and Practical Asymptotic Stability (142)6.8Proof of Proposition6.17 (150)6.9Notes and Extensions (159)6.10Problems (161)References (162)7Variants and Extensions (165)7.1Mixed Constrained–Unconstrained Schemes (165)7.2Unconstrained NMPC with Terminal Weights (168)7.3Nonpositive Definite Running Cost (170)7.4Multistep NMPC-Feedback Laws (174)7.5Fast Sampling (176)7.6Compensation of Computation Times (180)7.7Online Measurement ofα (183)7.8Adaptive Optimization Horizon (191)7.9Nonoptimal NMPC (198)7.10Beyond Stabilization and Tracking (207)References (209)8Feasibility and Robustness (211)8.1The Feasibility Problem (211)8.2Feasibility of Unconstrained NMPC Using Exit Sets (214)8.3Feasibility of Unconstrained NMPC Using Stability (217)8.4Comparing Terminal Constrained vs.Unconstrained NMPC (222)8.5Robustness:Basic Definition and Concepts (225)8.6Robustness Without State Constraints (227)8.7Examples for Nonrobustness Under State Constraints (232)8.8Robustness with State Constraints via Robust-optimal Feasibility.2378.9Robustness with State Constraints via Continuity of V N (241)8.10Notes and Extensions (246)8.11Problems (249)References (249)9Numerical Discretization (251)9.1Basic Solution Methods (251)9.2Convergence Theory (256)9.3Adaptive Step Size Control (260)9.4Using the Methods Within the NMPC Algorithms (264)9.5Numerical Approximation Errors and Stability (266)9.6Notes and Extensions (269)9.7Problems (271)References (272)10Numerical Optimal Control of Nonlinear Systems (275)10.1Discretization of the NMPC Problem (275)10.2Unconstrained Optimization (288)10.3Constrained Optimization (292)10.4Implementation Issues in NMPC (315)10.5Warm Start of the NMPC Optimization (324)10.6Nonoptimal NMPC (331)10.7Notes and Extensions (335)10.8Problems (337)References (337)Appendix NMPC Software Supporting This Book (341)A.1The MATLAB NMPC Routine (341)A.2Additional MATLAB and MAPLE Routines (343)A.3The C++NMPC Software (345)Glossary (347)Index (353)。

Submission ChecklistPlease1) read the Aims & Scope to gain an overviewand assess if your manuscript is suitable forthis journal;2) use the Microsoft Word template or LaTeXtemplate to prepare your manuscript;3) make sure you have appropriatelyconsidered issues about publication ethics,copyright, authorship, figure formats, andreferences format;4) ensure that all authors have approved thecontent of the submitted manuscript. Manuscript Submission OverviewTypes of PublicationsMicromachines has no restrictions on the length of manuscripts, provided that the text is concise and comprehensive. Full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced by other groups. Micromachines encourages authors to publish all experimental controls and full datasets as supplementary files (please read the guidelines about Supplementary Materials carefully and references to unpublished data).The different types of articles published in Micromachines are indicated in the first section of the Aims & Scope. The main types are:Articles: research manuscripts report newevidence or new conclusions which haveneither been published before nor are underconsideration for publication in another journal.MDPI considers all original researchmanuscripts provided that the work reportsscientifically sound experiments and providesa substantial amount of new information. Westrongly recommend authors not tounnecessarily divide their work into severalrelated manuscripts.∙Short communications of preliminary, butsignificant, results will also be considered.∙Reviews: review manuscripts provide conciseand precise updates on the latest progressmade in a given area of research.∙Conference Papers: Expanded and highquality conference papers are also consideredin Micromachines if they fulfill the followingrequirements: (1) the paper should beexpanded to the size of a research article; (2)the conference paper should be cited andnoted on the first page of the paper; (3) if theauthors do not hold the copyright to thepublished conference paper, authors shouldseek the appropriate permission from thecopyright holder; (4) authors are asked todisclose that it is conference paper in theircover letter and include a statement on whathas been changed compared to the originalconference paper.Submission ProcessManuscripts for Micromachines should be submitted online at . The submitting author, who is generally the corresponding author, is responsible for the manuscript during the submission and peer-review process. The submitting authors must ensure that all co-authors have been included in the author list (read the criteria to qualify for authorship) and that they all have read and approved the submitted version of the manuscript. To submit your manuscript, register and log in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go tothe submission form for Micromachines. All co-authors can see the manuscript details in the submission system, if they register and log in using the e-mail address provided during manuscript submission.Accepted File FormatsAuthors must use the Microsoft Word template or LaTeX template to prepare their manuscript. Using the template file will substantially shorten the time to complete copy-editing and publication of accepted manuscripts. Accepted file formats are:∙Microsoft Word: Manuscripts prepared inMicrosoft Word must be converted into asingle file before submission. When preparingmanuscripts in Microsoft Word, theMicromachines Microsoft Word template filemust be used. Please insert your graphics(schemes, figures, etc.) in the main text afterthe paragraph of its first citation.∙LaTeX: Manuscripts prepared in LaTeX mustbe collated into one ZIP folder (include allsource files and images, so that the EditorialOffice can recompile the submitted PDF).When preparing manuscripts in LaTeX,please use the Micromachines LaTeXtemplate files. You can now also use theonline application writeLaTeX to submitarticles directly to Micromachines. The MDPILaTeX template file should be selected fromthe writeLaTeX template gallery.Cover LetterA cover letter must be included with each manuscript submission. It should be concise and explain why the content of your paper is significant, placing your findings in the context of existing work and why it fits the scope of the journal. Please confirm that neither the manuscript nor any parts of its content are currently under consideration or published inanother journal. Any prior submissions of the manuscript to MDPI journals must be acknowledged. The names of proposed and excluded reviewers should be provided in the submission system, not in the cover letter.[Return to top]Preparation of a ManuscriptGeneral Considerations∙Research manuscripts should comprise:o Front matter: Title, Author list,Affiliations, Abstract, Keywordso Research manuscript sections:Introduction, Results, Discussion,Conclusions (optional), Materials andMethods, Supplementary Materialso Back matter: Acknowledgments,Author Contributions, Conflict ofInterests, References.∙Review manuscripts should comprise thefront matter, literature review sections andthe back matter. The template file can also beused to prepare the front and back matter ofyour review manuscript. It is not necessary tofollow the remaining structure.∙Abstract Graphic: Authors are encouraged toprovide a graphical abstract to display on thewebsite alongside the textual abstract. Itshould be a self-explanatory snapshot of yourarticle giving a view on its rationale, studydesign, and/or conclusions. The graphicshould not exceed 550 pixels. When preparedin Adobe Photoshop or Microsoft PowerPoint,the frame should be 5–15 cm in width andheight. The text should be kept to a minimumand the font size comprised between 10 ptand 14 pt to ensure readability. The graphicshould be provided as a JPG, TIFF, PNG orGIF file.∙"Data not shown" should be avoided in research manuscripts. We encourage ourauthors to publish all observations related tothe submitted manuscript as SupplementaryMaterials. "Unpublished data" intended forpublication in a different manuscript, i.e., in amanuscript that is either planned, "inpreparation" or that have been "submitted"but not yet accepted, should be cited in thetext and a reference should be added in theReferences section. "PersonalCommunications" should also be cited in the text and reference added in the Referencessection. (see also the MDPI reference list and citations style guide).∙Abbreviations should be defined inparentheses the first time they appear in theabstract, main text and in figure captions.∙SI Units (International System of Units) should be used for this journal. Imperial, UScustomary and other units should beconverted to SI units whenever possiblebefore submission of a manuscript to thejournal.∙Equations: If you are using Word, please use either the Microsoft Equation Editor or theMathType add-on in your paper. Equationsshould be editable by the editorial office andnot appear in a picture format.∙Supplementary Materials and ResearchData: To maintain the transparency andreproducibility of research results, authors areencouraged to make their experimental andresearch data openly available either bydepositing into data repositories or bypublishing the data and files as"Supplementary Materials". Large datasetsand files should be deposited in specializeddata repositories. Small datasets,spreadsheets, images, video sequences,conference slides, software source code, etc.can be uploaded as "Supplementary Files"during the manuscript submission process.The supplementary files will also be madeavailable to the referees during thepeer-review process and be published onlinealongside the manuscript. Please read theinformation about Supplementary Materialsand Data Deposit for additional guidelines. [Return to top]Front MatterThese sections should appear in all manuscript types∙Title: The title of your manuscript should beconcise, specific and relevant.∙Authors List and Affiliations: Authors' fullfirst and last names must be provided. Theinitials of any middle names can be added.The PubMed/MEDLINE standard format isused for affiliations: complete addressinformation including city, zip code,state/province, country, and all emailaddresses. At least one author should bedesignated as corresponding author, and hisor her email address and other details shouldbe included at the end of the affiliation section.Please read the criteria to qualify forauthorship.∙Abstract: The abstract should be a total ofabout 200 words maximum. The abstractshould be a single paragraph and shouldfollow the style of structured abstracts, butwithout headings: 1) Background: Place thequestion addressed in a broad context andhighlight the purpose of the study; 2) Methods:Describe briefly the main methods ortreatments applied; 3) Results: Summarizethe article's main findings; and 4) Conclusion:Indicate the main conclusions orinterpretations. The abstract should be anobjective representation of the article: it mustnot contain results which are not presentedand substantiated in the main text and shouldnot exaggerate the main conclusions.∙Keywords: Three to ten pertinent keywordsneed to be added after the abstract. Werecommend that the keywords are specific tothe article, yet reasonably common within thesubject discipline.Research Manuscript Sections∙Introduction: The introduction should brieflyplace the study in a broad context andhighlight why it is important. It should definethe purpose of the work and its significance.The current state of the research field shouldbe reviewed carefully and key publicationsshould be cited. Please highlight controversial and diverging hypotheses when necessary.Finally, briefly mention the main aim of thework and highlight the main conclusions. Asfar as possible, please keep the introductioncomprehensible to scientists outside yourparticular field of research.∙Results: This section may be divided by subheadings. It should provide a concise andprecise description of the experimental results, their interpretation as well as the experimental conclusions that can be drawn.∙Discussion: This section may be divided by subheadings. Authors should discuss theresults and how they can be interpreted inperspective of previous studies and of theworking hypotheses. The findings and theirimplications should be discussed in thebroadest context possible. Future researchdirections may also be highlighted.∙Conclusions: This section is not mandatory, but can be added to the manuscript if thediscussion is unusually long or complex.∙Materials and Methods: This section should be divided by subheadings. Materials andMethods should be described with sufficientdetails to allow others to replicate and build on published results. Please note that publication of your manuscript implicates that you mustmake all materials, data, and protocolsassociated with the publication available toreaders. Please disclose at the submissionstage any restrictions on the availability ofmaterials or information. New methods andprotocols should be described in detail whilewell-established methods can be brieflydescribed and appropriately cited.o Research manuscripts reporting largedatasets that are deposited in apublicly available database shouldspecify where the data have beendeposited and provide the relevantaccession numbers. If the accessionnumbers have not yet been obtainedat the time of submission, pleasestate that they will be provided duringreview. They must be provided priorto publication.∙Supplementary Materials: This sectionshould be included when supplementaryinformation is published online alongside themanuscript. Please indicate the name and titleof each supplementary file as follows FigureS1: title, Table S1: title, etc.[Return to top]Back Matter∙Acknowledgments: All sources of funding ofthe study should be disclosed. Please clearlyindicate grants that you have received insupport of your research work. Clearly state ifyou received funds for covering the costs topublish in open access. Note that somefunders will not refund article processingcharges (APC) if the funder and grant numberare not clearly identified in the paper. Funding information can be entered separately into the submission system by the authors duringsubmission of their manuscript. Such fundinginformation, if available, will be depositedto FundRef if the manuscript is finally published. ∙Author Contributions: For research articles with several authors, a short paragraphspecifying their individual contributions mustbe provided. The following statements should be used "X.X. and Y.Y. conceived anddesigned the experiments; X.X. performed the experiments; X.X. and Y.Y. analyzed the data;W.W. contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools; Y.Y. wrote the paper. Authorship must be limited to those who have contributedsubstantially to the work reported. Pleaseread the section concerning the criteriato qualify for authorship carefully.∙Conflicts of Interest: Authors must identify and declare any personal circumstances orinterest that may be perceived asinappropriately influencing the representation or interpretation of reported research results.If there is no conflict of interest, please state"The authors declare no conflict of interest."Any role of the funding sponsors in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses orinterpretation of data; in the writing of themanuscript, or in the decision to publish theresults must be declared in this section. Ifthere is no role, please state “The foundingsponsors had no role in the design of thestudy; in the collection, analyses, orinterpretation of data; in the writing of themanuscript, and in the decision to publish the results”.References: References must be numbered in order of appearance in the text (includingtables and legends) and listed individually atthe end of the manuscript. We recommendpreparing the references with a bibliographysoftware package, such as EndNote,ReferenceManager or Zotero to avoid typingmistakes and duplicated references.Citations and References in Supplementaryfiles are permitted provided that they alsoappear in the main text and in the referencelist.o In the text, reference numbers should be placed in square brackets [ ], andplaced before the punctuation; forexample [1], [1–3] or [1,3]. Forembedded citations in the text withpagination, use both parentheses andbrackets to indicate the referencenumber and page numbers; forexample [5] (p. 10). or [6] (pp.101–105).o The Reference list should include thefull title as recommended by the ACSstyle guide. The style file for endnote,MDPI.ens, can be found at/downloads/style/mdpio References should be described as follows depending on the type ofwork:▪ Journal Articles:1. Author 1, A.B.; Author 2,C.D. Title of the article.Abbreviated Journal NameYear, Volume, page range,DOI or other identifier.Available online: URL(accessed on Day MonthYear).▪ Books and Book Chapters:2. Author 1, A.; Author 2, B.Book Title, 3rd ed.; Publisher:Publisher Location, Country,Year; pp. 154–196.3. Author 1, A.; Author 2, B.Title of the chapter. In BookTitle, 2nd ed.; Editor 1, A.;Editor 2, B., Eds.; Publisher:Publisher Location, Country,Year; Volume 3, pp. 154–196.▪ Unpublished work, submittedwork, personalcommunication:4. Author 1, A.B.; Author 2, C.Title of Unpublished Work.status (unpublished;manuscript in preparation).5.Author 1, A.B.; Author 2, C.Title of Unpublished Work.Abbreviated Journal Namestage of publication (underreview; accepted; in press).6.Author 1, A.B. (University,City, State, Country); Author2, C. (Institute, City, State,Country). Personalcommunication, Year.▪ Conference Proceedings:7. Author 1, A.B.; Author 2,C.D.; Author 3, E.F. Title ofPresentation. In Title of theCollected Work (if available),Proceedings of the Name ofthe Conference, Location ofConference, Country, Date ofConference; Editor 1, Editor 2,Eds. (if available); Publisher:City, Country, Year (ifavailable); Abstract Number(optional), Pagination(optional).▪ Thesis:8. Author 1, A.B. Title ofThesis. Level of Thesis,Degree-Granting University,Location of University, Dateof Completion.▪ Websites:9.Title of Site. Availableonline: URL (accessed onDay Month Year).Unlike published works,websites may change overtime or disappear, so weencourage you create anarchive of the cited websiteusing a service such asWebCite. Archived websitesshould be cited using the linkprovided as follows:10. Title of Site. URL(archived on Day MonthYear).See the Reference List andCitations Guide for more detailedinformation.Preparing Figures, Schemes and Tables∙All figure files should be separately uploadedduring submission.∙Figures and schemes must be provided at asufficiently high resolution (minimum 1000pixels width/height, or a resolution of 300 dpior higher). All Figure file formats are accepted.However, TIFF, JPEG, EPS and PDF files arepreferred.∙Micromachines can publish multimedia files inarticles or as supplementary materials. Pleaseget in touch with the Editorial office for furtherinformation.∙All Figures, Schemes and Tables should alsobe inserted into the main text close to theirfirst citation and must be numbered followingtheir number of appearance (Figure 1,Scheme I, Figure 2, Scheme II, Table 1, etc.).∙All Figures, Schemes and Tables should havea short explanatory title and a caption placedabove it.∙All table columns should have an explanatoryheading. To facilitate the copy-editing of largertables, smaller fonts may be used, but in noless than 8 pt. in size. Authors should use theTable option of Microsoft Word to createtables.∙For multi-panel figures, the file must contain alldata in one file. For tips on creatingmulti-panel figures, please read the helpfuladvice provided by L2 Molecule.∙Authors are encouraged to prepare figuresand schemes in color (RGB at 8-bit perchannel). Full color graphics will be publishedfree of charge.[Return to top]Qualification for AuthorshipAuthorship must include and be strictly limited to researchers who have substantially contributed to the reported work. To qualify for authorship, a researcher should have made a substantial contribution to the design of the study, or to the production, analysis or interpretation of the results. Authors should also have been involved in the preparation and have approved the submitted manuscript. Those who contributed to the work but do not qualify for authorship should be listed in the acknowledgments. According to the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) standard, to which this journal adheres, "all authors should agree to be listed and should approve the submitted and accepted versions of the publication. Any change to the author list should be approved by all authors including any who have been removed from the list. The corresponding author should act as a point of contact between the editor and the other authors and should keep co-authors informed and involve them in major decisions about the publication (e.g. answer ing reviewers’ comments)." [1]1. Wager, E.; Kleinert, S. Responsible researchpublication: international standards forauthors. A position statement developed atthe 2nd World Conference on ResearchIntegrity, Singapore, July 22-24, 2010. InPromoting Research Integrity in a GlobalEnvironment; Mayer, T., Steneck, N., eds.;Imperial College Press / World ScientificPublishing: Singapore; Chapter 50, pp.309-16.[Return to top]。

obsidian frontmatter 语法Obsidian frontmatter是一种在Obsidian笔记应用中使用的语法结构，用于在笔记文件的开头定义元数据或配置。

它通常被放置在Markdown文件的最前面，用三个短破折号（---）包围起来。

以下是Obsidian frontmatter的语法规则和示例：1. 使用三个短破折号将frontmatter分隔开，如下所示：```---frontmatter内容---```2. frontmatter内容是键值对的形式，使用YAML（YAMLAin't Markup Language）语法。

键和值之间使用冒号（:）分隔，键值对之间使用换行分隔。

例如：```---title: Example Notedate: 2022-01-01tags:- 个人- 笔记---```3. frontmatter可以包含任意数量和类型的键值对。

你可以自定义键名和对应的值，以满足你的需要。

4. 你可以在frontmatter中使用变量来代表一些动态信息。

例如，可以使用`{{date}}`来表示当前日期。

示例：```---title: Example Notedate: {{date}}---```5. frontmatter的内容对于Obsidian是可见的，但在渲染Markdown文件时会被忽略，不会显示在预览或导出的结果中。

通过使用Obsidian frontmatter语法，你可以在笔记文件中定义和管理一些元数据，如标题、日期、标签等，以及其他自定义信息。

这对于组织和搜索笔记非常有帮助。

毕业论文的结构1．前置部分(Front Matter)：中文封面（Cover, in Chinese）英文题名页（Title Page, in English）郑重声明论文使用授权说明目录（Contents）英文摘要、关键词页（Abstract and Key Words, in English）中文摘要、关键词页（Abstract and Key Words, in Chinese）2．正文部分(Body)：引言（Introduction）主体（Body）结论（Conclusion）3．文尾部分(Back Matter)：参考文献（Works Cited）致谢（Acknowledgements）附录（Appendix）封底（Back Cover）论文标题1. 论文的标题应具备以下特征：1)准确。

要做到“题与文相符”，概括文章的基本内容，揭示文章的主题。

2)醒目。

要引人注目，给人留下深刻印象。

3)新颖。

要有新鲜感。

只有作者的思想新颖，论题才能富有新意。

4)简洁。

要具有高度的概括性。

字数限制在20个字以内（一般不超过10个实词）。

5)具体。

要具体地表达出论文的观点，切忌空泛而谈。

2. 英文标题四种结构1)名词性词组(包括动名词) Sister Carrie’s Broken Dream2)介词词组On the theme of Young Goodman Brown by Hawthorne3)名词词组+介词词组A comparison between a Teacher-Centered Class and aStudents-Centered Class4)疑问式How to Use a Computer in Managing an English Class （学术论文不建议使用此标题方式）有的标题由两部分组成，用冒号( ：)隔开。

一般来说，冒号前面一部分是主标题，提出文章中心或主旨。

冒号后面是副标题，补充说明主标题的内容，如研究重点或研究方法。

texstudio中frontmatter用法在TexStudio中，我们可以使用frontmatter来定义文档的前言部分。

frontmatter 是一个在主文档开始前定义的区域，在其中可以包含一些与文档格式和结构有关的设置和命令。

首先，我们需要在TexStudio中创建一个新的TEX文件。

在文件的开头，我们可以使用frontmatter命令来定义frontmatter区域。

例如：```\begin{frontmatter}% 在这里插入前言内容和设置\end{frontmatter}```frontmatter区域中可以包含一些常用的设置，比如文档标题、作者、日期等。

我们可以使用相应的命令来定义这些内容。

例如：```\title{我的文档标题}\author{作者}\date{\today}```在frontmatter区域中，我们还可以定义一些特殊的设置，比如文档类型、页眉页脚样式等。

这些设置使用特定的命令进行定义。

例如，可以使用以下命令定义文档类型为book：```\documentclass{book}```使用以下命令定义页眉页脚样式为fancy：```\usepackage{fancyhdr}```除了设置和命令，frontmatter区域还可以包含一些其他的内容，比如摘要、目录等。

我们可以使用相应的命令来插入这些内容。

例如，可以使用以下命令插入摘要：```\begin{abstract}这是摘要内容。

\end{abstract}```最后，在frontmatter区域的末尾，我们需要使用\maketitle命令来生成整个前言部分的内容。

例如：```\maketitle```以上就是在TexStudio中使用frontmatter的基本用法。

通过定义frontmatter区域，我们可以方便地对文档的前言部分进行设置和格式化，从而使整个文档更具有结构性和专业性。

标题：深度解析yaml front matter语法一、引言在编写文章或博客时，我们经常会在文章的开头看到一段被称为“yaml front matter”的内容。

这段内容通常包含了一些元数据，比如文章的标题、作者、发布时间等信息。

本文将深入探讨yaml front matter的语法和使用方法。

二、yaml front matter的基本语法yaml front matter通常使用YAML（YAML Ain't Markup Language）格式来书写。

它位于文章的起始部分，用三个破折号（---）包裹起来。

以下是一个简单的yaml front matter示例：```---title: "文章标题"author: "作者名"date: 2022-01-01categories:- 技术- 编程tags:- YAML---```在上面的示例中，title、author、date、categories和tags就是yaml front matter中的元数据字段，它们的值使用冒号（:）进行键值对的表示。

另外，categories和tags字段的值是一个列表，使用短横线（-）进行表示。

三、yaml front matter的高级语法除了基本的元数据字段外，yaml front matter还可以包含一些高级的语法，比如嵌套结构、引用、复杂数据类型等。

例如：```---title: "文章标题"author: "作者名"date: 2022-01-01tags: &tags- YAML- 文章categories:- 技术references: *tags---```在上面的示例中，我们使用了引用符号（&和*）来定义和引用一个tags字段的取值，这样就可以避免重复输入同样的数值。

这种做法在管理大量文章或博客时尤其有用，可以提高编辑效率。

Microfacies of Carbonate RocksErik Fl¨ugel Microfaciesof Carbonate Rocks Analysis,Interpretationand ApplicationSecond EditionWith a contribution by Axel Munnecke 123ISBN978-3-642-03795-5e-ISBN978-3-642-03796-2DOI10.1007/10.1007/978-3-642-03796-2Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New YorkLibrary of Congress Control Number:2009935385c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg2010This work is subject to copyright.All rights are reserved,whether the whole or part of the material is concerned,specifically the rights of translation,reprinting,reuse of illustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way,and storage in data banks.Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September9,1965, in its current version,and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law.The use of general descriptive names,registered names,trademarks,etc.in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement,that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.Camera-ready by Erentraud Fl¨u gel-Kahler,ErlangenCover design:WMXDesign,HeidelbergPrinted on acid-free paperSpringer is part of Springer Science+Business Media()Preface to the Second EditionA second editon of this book - yes or no - or not yet? Are changes necessary or would it be enough if minor errors in the text were corrected?So I asked for help and I got answers from friends and colleagues. I wish to thank W.Ch. Dullo (Kiel), A. Freiwald (Erlangen), H.-G. Herbig (Cologne), W. Piller (Graz), W. Schlager (Amsterdam), R. J. Stanton (Thousand Oaks, USA) for their excellent and friendly advice.They were in agreement that not enough has changed in the scientific field of ‘Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks’since 2004 when the first edition was published for a new edition to be necessary, but they all believed that an update of the references on the CD going with the volume would be useful.Therefore, the reference section has been updated to April 2009. Most of the new references are since 2002, but a few are earlier. The reference file now contains more than 16,000 references. In connection with the keywords used throughout the book these references can help the reader locate special subjects or overviews of interest.When Erik wrote this book during his last years, his primary goal was to provide students and all those interested in and working with microfacies a helpful und useful resource that contained many plates and figures.Most of the pictures in this book were collected during Erik Flügel’s scientific work, some are from papers that were published in the journal Facies, then published by the Institute of Paleontology (now Geo-zentrum Nordbayern), University Erlangen-Nürnberg, and last not least, some were graciously provided by col-leagues.The author had hoped to include an additional chapter with plates that would provide the reader with an expanded range of information about microfacies. This task has been accomplished by A. Munnecke (Erlangen). Chapter 20 contains plates and figures that have been used successfully in the Course on Micro-facies held every year or two at the University in Erlangen.I wish to thank all of my colleagues at the institute in Erlangen, and especially A. Munnecke for the compilation of Chapter 20.Ch. Schulbert was most helpful in solving software problems with the text and CD.I thank Ch. Bendall (Springer Verlag Heidelberg) for overseeing the printing of this new edition. Erlangen, June 2009Erentraud Flügel-KahlerPrefaceThe objective of this book is to provide a synthesis of the methods used in microfacies studies of carbonate rocks and to show how the application of microfacies studies has contributed to new developments in car-bonate geology. In contrast with other textbooks on car-bonate sedimentology this book focuses on those com-positional and textural constituents of carbonates that reflect the depositional and diagenetic history and de-termine the practical usefulness of carbonate rocks.The chapters are written in such a way, that each one can be used as text in upper level undergraduate and graduate courses. The topics of the book also ap-ply to research workers and exploration geologists, looking for current information on developments in the use of microfacies analysis.Since microfacies studies are based on thin sections, instructive plates showing thin-section photographs ac-companied by thorough and detailed explanations form a central part of this book. All plates in the book con-tain a short summary of the topic. An –> sign leads the reader to the figures on the plate. The description of the microphotographs are printed in a smaller type. Care has been taken to add arrows and/or letters (usually the initials of the subject) so that the maximum informa-tion can be extracted from the figures.Rather than being a revised version of ‘Microfacies Analysis of Limestones’ (Flügel 1982) ‘Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks’ is a new book, based on a new con-cept and offering practical advice on the description and interpretation of microfacies data as well as the application of these data to basin analysis. Microfacies analysis has the advantages over traditional sedimen-tological approaches of being interdisciplinary, and in-tegrating sedimentological, paleontological and geo-chemical aspects.‘Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks’:•analyses both the depositional and the diagenetic his-tory of carbonate rocks,•describes carbonate sedimentation in various ma-rine and non-marine environments, and considers both tropical warm-water carbonates and non-tropi-cal cool-water carbonates,•presents diagnostic features and highlights the sig-nificance of microfacies criteria,•stresses the biological controls of carbonate sedi-mentation and provides an overview on the most common fossils found in thin sections of limestones,• discusses the relationships between diagenetic pro-cesses, porosity and dolomitization,•demonstrates the importance of microfacies for es-tablishing and evaluating sequence stratigraphic frameworks and depositional models,•underlines the potential of microfacies in differenti-ating paleoclimate changes and tracing platform-ba-sin relationships, and•demonstrates the value of microfacies analysis in evaluating reservoir rocks and limestone resources, as well as its usefulness in archaeological prov-enance studies.Structure of the BookMicrofacies of Carbonate Rocks starts with and in-troductory chaper (Chap.1) and an overview of mod-ern carbonate deposition (Chap. 2) followed by 17 chap-ters that have been grouped into 3 major parts. Microfacies Analysis (Chap. 3 to Chap. 10) summa-rizes the methods used in microfacies studies followed by discussions on descriptive modes and the implica-tions of qualitative and quantitative thin-section crite-ria.Microfacies Interpretation (Chap. 11 to Chap. 16) demonstrates the significance of microfacies studies in evaluating paleoenvironment and depositional sys-tems and, finally,Practical Use of Microfacies (Chap. 17 to Chap. 19) demonstrates the importance of applied microfacies studies in geological exploration for hydrocarbons and ores, provides examples of the relationships between carbonate rock resources and their facies and physical properties, and also illustrates the value of microfacies studies to archaeologists.Important references are listed at the end of chap-ters or sections under the heading ‘Basics’. The codeV I I Inumbers K... are keywords leading to references on specific fields of interest (see CD), e.g. K021 (cold-water carbonates), K078 (micrite), or K200 (hydrocar-bon reservoir rocks).The book is also accompanied by a CD containing •an alphabetical list of about 16,000 references (updated in this version up to April 2009) on carbonate rocks (see also Appendix) as word document,and•visual comparison charts for percentage estimation.Synopsis of the Book‘s ContentsChapter 1: New Perspectives in Microfacies. Micro-facies studies, which were originally restricted to the scale of thin sections, provide an invaluable source of information on the depositional constraints and envi-ronmental controls of carbonates, as well as on the prop-erties of carbonate rocks. Microfacies studies assist in understanding sequence stratigraphic patterns and are of economic importance both in reservoir studies and in the evaluation of limestone resources.Chapter 2: Modern Depositional Environments. Knowl-edge of modern carbonates is a prerequisite for under-standing ancient carbonate rocks. Modern carbonates are formed both on land and in the sea, in shallow- and in deep marine settings, and in tropical and non-tropi-cal regions, but the present is only part a key to the Past.Microfacies AnalysisChapter 3: Methodology. Which methods can be used in the field? Which sampling strategy should be ap-plied and how many samples are required? Which labo-ratory techniques are useful in microfacies analysis? Which other techniques should be combined with microfacies studies?Chapter 4: Microfacies Data: Matrix and Grains. This chapter offers practical advice on how to handle micro-facies data, and deals with how to describe and inter-pret thin-section characteristics. Matrix types and grain categories are discussed with regard to their diagnostic criteria, origin and significance.Chapter 5: Microfacies Data: Fabrics. Typical deposi-tional and diagenetic fabrics in limestones reflect the history of the rock. Microfacies criteria indicating breaks and changes in sedimentation (discontinuity sur-faces) are of specific interest in refining sequence strati-graphic boundaries. Variously sized fissures, micro-cracks and breccias can be used in deciphering syn-and post-depositional destructive processes.Chapter 6: Quantitative Microfacies Analysis. Whilst previous chapters focused on qualitative criteria this chapter deals with quantitative data including grain size analysis, frequency analysis and multivariate studies. Constituent analysis and the distribution patterns of spe-cific grain types are valuable tools in the reconstruc-tion of paleoenvironmental controls and depositional settings.Chapter 7: Diagenesis, Porosity and Dolomitization. Understanding diagenetic processes and their products is of high economic importance. The diagenetic micro-facies of a rock reflects changes in the course of its lithification history. The main topics discussed in this chapter are porosity types, carbonate cements, diage-netic textures including compaction and pressure solu-tion, and dolomitization/dedolomitization and dolomite textures. The last part of the chapter deals with thin-section criteria for metamorphic carbonates and marbles.Chapter 8: Classification – chosing a name for your sample. A classification is simply a tool for organizing information, and should not be the only source of con-clusions. Whilst a name based on texture and compo-sition can not replace a well-defined microfacies type, rock names are essential for the categorization of samples. Textural classifications proposed by Dunham and by Folk have proven to be the most practical. Spe-cific concepts must be adhered to in the naming of reef limestones, non-marine carbonates, recrystallized car-bonates rocks and mixed siliciclastic-carbonate rocks. Chapter 9: Limestones are Biological Sediments. In contrast to siliciclastic rocks, both the formation and the destruction of most limestones is directly or indi-rectly influenced and controlled by biological pro-cesses. This chapter stresses the biological controls on carbonate sedimentation. Microbes, encrusting organ-isms, and macro- and microborers can yield useful in-formation on paleoenvironment, depositional con-straints and carbonate production.Chapter 10: Fossils in Thin Sections. It Is Not That Difficult. The recognition of fossils in thin sections is not so difficult once the diagnostic criteria for the main groups have been understood, particularly for algae and foraminifera, sessile invertebrates, and organisms with shells. This chapter provides an overview of the most common fossils found in thin sections of limestones. The text concentrates on identification criteria, envi-ronmental and temporal distribution, and on the sig-nificance of the fossils. Numerous instructive plates are included to aid in the recognition and differentia-tion skeletal grains in thin sections.PrefaceMicrofacies InterpretationChapter 11: Summarizing Microfacies Criteria: Micro-facies Types. How can microfacies data be combined in sensitive and practicable microfacies types? Which criteria should be used, which grain types are of par-ticular importance and, how many microfacies types are reliable? The creation of microfacies types is illus-trated by means of examples.Chapter 12: Recognizing Paleoenvironmental Condi-tions. Carbonate sediments are particularly sensitive to environmental changes. Microfacies and organisms are excellent paleoenvironmental proxies as they re-flect hydrodynamic conditions, the impact of storms, substrate conditions, light, oxygenation, seawater tem-perature and salinity. Significant differences between the compositions of skeletal grain associations for warm-water and cold-water carbonates provide a use-ful tool for estimating paleoclimatic changes. How deep was the sea? Microfacies studies provide an answer. Chapter 13: Integrated Facies Analysis. Understand-ing the formation and diagenesis of carbonate rocks requires the combination of microfacies with mineral-ogical and geochemical data. The chapter deals with acid-insoluble residues and authigenic minerals in car-bonate rocks, discusses the value of minor elements and stable isotopes in tracing the depositional and di-agenetic history of limestones, and deals with the po-tential of organic matter in carbonate rocks for facies analysis.Chapter 14: Depositional Models, Facies Zones and Standard Microfacies. Microfacies are essential for de-fining depositional models and recognizing facies zones. Facies models assist in understanding deposi-tional history. Changes in sedimentological and bio-logical criteria across shelf-slope-basin transects form the basis of generalized models for carbonate platforms, ramps and shelves. Facies belts are reflected by their biotic zonation patterns and the distribution of Stan-dard Microfacies Types (SMF Types). The latter are virtual categories that summarize microfacies with iden-tical criteria. Which criteria are used in differentiating the SMF Types of platform and ramp carbonates? What are the problems involved in the SMF concept? Re-vised and refined SMF types are a meaningful tool in tracing facies belts, but must be used with care. Com-mon microfacies of carbonate ramps (Ramp Micro-facies Types) show only partial correspondence to the SMF Types of rimmed platforms.Chapter 15: Basin Analysis: Recognizing Depositional Settings. Which diagnostic criteria characterize lime-stones of different carbonate systems? Case studies for non-marine and marine carbonate rocks demonstrate how to translate microfacies into ancient depositional settings. Non-marine settings can be successfully re-constructed for pedogenic carbonates, paleokarst de-posits and ancient speleothems, travertine deposits, and lacustrine carbonates, these can be characterized by spe-cific microfacies types. Marine settings can be differ-entiated into peritidal carbonates, platforms and ramps, platform-slope-basin transects, and pelagic deep-ma-rine carbonates. Grain Composition Logs are particu-larly effective in tracing platform-basin relations. Chapter 16: Recognizing Depositional Constraints and Processes. Selected case studies are used to demon-strate the value of microfacies data in interpreting depo-sitional controls.•How can microfacies be used in sequence stratigra-phy? Cyclic depositional patterns and sequence strati-graphic constraints are documented by microfacies data that assist in recognizing sequence boundaries, para-sequences, high-frequency sea-level changes, and sys-tems tracts.•Which criteria characterize reef limestones? Major reef types differ in biota, matrix, sediment, and cements. Which methods should be employed in reconstructing former platforms and reefs that are only recorded by eroded relicts deposited on slopes and in basins? Clast analysis can solve this puzzle.•Which criteria define ancient cold-water carbonates? Ancient cool-water shelf and reef carbonates are typi-fied by specific biotic, compositional and diagenetic features.•Which facies criteria are diagnostic of ancient vent-and seep carbonates? Case studies provide answers.•How to handle mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sedi-ments and interpret limestone-marl successions?•Constraints on carbonate deposition exhibit secular variations, which are discussed in the last section. Practical Use of MicrofaciesChapter 17: Reservoir Rocks and Host Rocks. Carbon-ates are the most important reservoir rocks for hydro-carbons as well as forming important host rocks for ores. Limestones and dolomites contain more than 50% of the world’s oil and gas reserves. Reservoir potential differs for carbonates formed in different depositional settings and depends on the interplay of depositional processes and diagenetic history. The microfacies of cores and cuttings assist in the translation of lithological data into petrophysical information. Facies-based out-crop-analogue studies indicate the scale of porosity andpermeability variations within carbonate bodies. Micro-facies analysis also assists in the genetic interpretation of carbonate-hosted base metal deposits controlled by specific facies patterns.Chapter 18: Carbonate Resources, Facies Control and Rock Properties. Carbonate rocks are important raw materials for chemical and construction industries and are high on the list of extracted mineral resources, both in terms of quantity and of value. Both exploration and exploitation can be enhanced by taking into account the relationships between depositional and diagenetic facies that control technologically relevant chemical and physical parameters, as well as the weathering and decay properties of carbonate rocks. Conservation and preservation of works of art and building stones should start with thin-section studies of the textural and di-agenetic criteria that describe the porosity and perme-ability of the material.Chapter 19: Archaeometry. Microfacies analysis, com-bined with geochemical data has considerable poten-tial in provenance analysis of archaeological materi-als. Thin sections reveal the source of building stones and of material used for mosaics and works of arts. The microfacies of temper grains in ancient pottery helps in understanding the source and production ar-eas for ceramics. Last but not least, microfacies stud-ies can throw new light at the love affair between Antony and Cleopatra....AcknowledgmentsThanks are due to many people who have provided photographs, information and advice:Gernot Arp (Göttingen), Martina Bachmann (Bre-men), Benoit Beauchamp (Calgary), Thilo Bechstädt (Heidelberg), Michaela Bernecker (Erlangen), Joachim Blau (Giessen), Florian Böhm (Kiel), Thomas Brachert (Mainz), Ioan Bucur (Cluj-Napoca), Werner Buggisch (Erlangen),Thomas Clausing (Halle), Wolf-Christian Dullo (Kiel), Paul Enos (Lawrence, Kansas), Gerd Flajs (Aachen), Christof Flügel (München), Helmut Flügel (Graz), Beate Fohrer (Erlangen), Holger Forke (Ber-lin), André Freiwald (Erlangen), Robert van Geldern (Erlangen), Markus Geiger (Bremen), Gisela Gerdes (Oldenburg), Eberhard Gischler (Frankfurt), Dirk von Gosen (Erlangen), Jürgen Grötsch (Damascus). Hans-Georg Herbig (Köln), Richard Höfling (Erlangen), B ernhard Hubmann (Graz), Andi Imran (Makassar), Michael Joachimski (Erlangen), Josef Kazmierczak (Warszawa), Martin Keller (Erlangen), Stephan Kempe (Darmstadt), Helmut Keupp (B erlin), Wolfgang Kiessling (B erlin), Roman Koch (Erlangen), Karl Krainer (Innsbruck), Jochen Kuss (Bremen), Michael Link (Erlangen), Heinz Lorenz (Erlangen), Ulrich Michel (Nürnberg), Axel Munnecke (Erlangen), Fritz Neuweiler (Göttingen), Alexander Nützel (Erlangen), Joachim Reitner (Göttingen), Jürgen Remane (Neuchâtel), Elias Samankassou (Genéve), Diethard Sanders (Innsbruck), Chris Schulbert (Erlangen), Baba Senowbari-Daryan (Erlangen), Robert J. Stanton (Thousand Oaks, California), Torsten Steiger (B ad B lankenburg), Thomas Steuber (B ochum), Harald Tragelehn (Köln), Jörg Trappe (Bonn), Dragica Turnsek (Ljubljana), Andreas Wetzel (Tübingen).I am indebted to Birgit Leipner-Mata and Marieluise Neufert (Institute of Paleontology Erlangen) for labo-ratory work and photography.Chris Schulbert (Institute of Paleontology) was a valuable help with all computer problems.I am sincerely grateful to my friend Johann Georg Haditsch (Graz) for critical reading the text of the book. Special thanks go to Karen Christenson (Nürnberg-Kraftshof) who took care of linguistic problems and pitfalls.Editing, layout, drawings and the preparation of plates and figures have been carried out by my wife Erentraud Flügel-Kahler. I am most grateful for her en-couragement and constant help.Finally, I am obliged to all institutions who gave permission to use published material and to the staff of Springer Verlag, especially to Dr. Wolfgang Engel for his constant encouragement and to Dr. J. Witschel for assistance with the book.X IContents1New Perspectives in Microfacies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1The Microfacies Concept. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2New Perspectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2Carbonate Depositional Environments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.1Carbonates are Born not Made. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.2The ‘Sorby Principle’: Limestones are Predominantly BiogenicSediments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.3Modern Carbonates: Obligatory Reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2Carbonate Sediments Originate on Land and in the Sea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.3Classification of Marine Environments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.3.1Boundary Levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.3.2Vertical and Horizontal Zonations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.3.2.1Vertical Zonations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.3.2.2Horizontal Zonations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.4Review of Modern Carbonate Depositional Environments. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.4.1Non-Marine Carbonate Environments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.4.1.1Pedogenic Carbonates, Paleosols, and Caliche/Calcretes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.4.1.2Palustrine Carbonates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.4.1.3Cave Carbonates, Speleothems and Karst. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.4.1.5Glacial Carbonates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.4.1.6Travertine, Calcareous Tufa and Calcareous Sinter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.4.1.7Lacustrine Carbonates: Lakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.4.1.8Fluvial Carbonates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.4.2Transitional Marginal-Marine Environments: Shorelines andPeritidal Sediments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.4.2.1Beach (Foreshore), Barriers and Coastal Lagoons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.4.2.2Peritidal Environments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.4.3Shallow-Marine Sedimentary Environments: ‘Shallow’ and ‘Deep’. . . . . . 25 2.4.3.1Pericontinental vs Epicontinental Shallow Seas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.4.3.2Carbonate Shelves, Ramps and Platforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.4.3.3Shelf Margins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.4.3.4Reefs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.4.4Tropical and Non-Tropical Carbonates: Different in Composition,Controls and Significance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.4.4.1Latitudinal Zonation and Diagnostic Criteria of Tropical and Non-TropicalCarbonates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.4.4.2Tropical and Subtropical Shallow-Marine Carbonates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.4.4.3Non-Tropical Shelf and Reef Carbonates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.4.5Deep-Marine Environments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2.4.5.1Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2.4.5.2Sedimentation Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.4.5.3Pelagic Sedimentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.4.5.4Resedimentation (‘Allochthonous Carbonates’). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49XIIContents 2.4.5.5Carbonate Plankton and Carbonate Oozes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.4.5.6Preservation Potential and Dissolution Levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.4.5.7Carbonate Slopes, Periplatform Carbonates and Caronate Aprons. . . . . . . 50 2.4.6Seep and Vent Carbonates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Microfacies Analysis3Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.1Field Work and Sampling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.1.1Field Observations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.1.1.1Lithology, Texture and Rock Colors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.1.1.2Bedding and Stratification, Sedimentary Structures andDiagenetic Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.1.1.3Fossils and Biogenic Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3.1.1.4Field Logs and Compositional Logs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 3.1.2Sampling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.1.2.1Search Sampling and Statistical Sampling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 3.1.2.2How Many Samples?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 3.1.2.3Practical Advice for Microfacies Sampling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.2Laboratory Work: Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.2.1Slices, Peels and Thin Sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.2.2Casts, Etching and Staining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.2.3Microscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 3.2.3.1Petrographic Microscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 3.2.3.2Stereoscan Microscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 3.2.3.3Fluorescence, Cathodoluminescence and Fluid Inclusion Microscopy. . . . 67 3.2.4Mineralogy and Geochemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 3.2.5Trace Elements and Stable Isotope Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704Microfacies Data: Matrix and Grains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 4.1Fine-Grained Carbonate Matrix: Micrite, Microspar, Calcisiltite. . . . . . . . 73 4.1.1Micrite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 4.1.2Modes of Formation of Micrite and Other Fine-Grained Matrix Types. . . 80 4.1.3Microspar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 4.1.4Calcisiltite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 4.1.5Practical Aids in Describing and Interpreting Fine-Grained Limestones. . 98 4.1.6Significance of Fine-Grained Carbonates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 4.2Carbonate Grains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4.2.1Bioclasts (Skeletal Grains). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 4.2.2Peloids: Just a Term of Ignorance?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 4.2.3Cortoids – Carbonate Grains Characterized by Micrite Envelope. . . . . . . . 118 4.2.4Oncoids and Rhodoids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 4.2.4.1Oncoids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 4.2.4.2Rhodoids and Macroids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 4.2.5Ooids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 4.2.6Pisoids and Vadoids – Simply ‘Larger Ooids’ or Carbonate Grainson their Own?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 4.2.7Aggregate Grains: Grapestones, Lumps and Other Composite Grains. . . . 163 4.2.8Resediments: Intra-, Extra- and Lithoclasts – Insiders and Foreigners. . . . 166 4.2.8.1Intraclasts: Origin and Facies-Diagnostic Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 4.2.8.2Extraclasts: Strange Foreigners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 4.3Morphometry of Carbonate Grains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 4.3.1Intentions and Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 4.3.2Significance of Morphometric Data for Carbonate Grains. . . . . . . . . . . . . 175。

手册使用前的准备（简单说明）：参考AIPC---FRONT MATTER：在使用中，要使用最新的更新日期的版本：飞机的尾号，如：B2939. 中国的注册号以B开头如：美国则以N开头。

这些都是国际组织给定的：表示构形。

如表示为B2932为B737-300飞机，3K9中的3表示300飞机:表示造册有效号。

与WDM手册的有效性相对应，如：，查线路图册时，仅在符合PS691的飞机图册中使用：是表示波音公司生产飞机的总数的序列号，表示波音公司生产各种民用飞机中B2932是第25787架：表示波音公司生产B737-300飞机的线号，表示波音公司生产B737-300飞机中，B2932是这种类型飞机的第2302架：表示使用AIPC中的有效号，与AIPC相对应的，如：，仅在符合002的有效性的部件方可使用：表示为该机飞机的交机日期：应该是该架飞机的两台发动机的序号，如：B2932的上述是旧版(PDF)使用时要参考的某些信息，如果用PMA的话，输八飞机号就可以了，因为不可用的手册都会打斜线如：B2932的AMM/SSM/WDM在BA V公司下的B737-300手册下查，IPC在目录SHENZHEN AIRLINES737-300/400/500 的下面查，其它飞机的说明，参考查阅说明表：IPC的使用以内网手册为说明参考：B2691/B2692/B5073/B5075/B5078/B5079AIPC,D638A001-ILF-0101,20061010,34FRONT MATTER:是手册的使用说明：如：中27为章节/系统，21为大的部件，03为子部件，10为段或图号，如下图：如下图，则说明IPC表格的含义（FRONT MATTER/EXPLANATION OF PARTS LIST DATA），理解下面的内容，就基本可以使用IPC了：表示图号与项目号，如上图中的5为图号，35为部件的项目号表示件号（P/N）：表示件号的名称，1234567和小圆点对应以确定是第几级的子目录表示有效性从三位数到三位数和前面的：相对应表示每个ASSY有多少个UNITS，有的也用RF和AF表示，上面的图解有说明如何使用IPC，FRONT MATTER上有简单的说明：为了更好的说明查找件号的方法，我们下面作个例子：飞机B2691的IDG1.如果已知飞机上的IDG 件号，反查IPC确定并检查有效性就行方法为：已知飞机B2691 /有效性号为505(可在或AIPC--FRONTMATTER--中找到)/IDG 属于24章/已知件号为：*可通过B2691---AIPC---FRONT MATTER-PART NUMBER ALPHA UNMERICAL INDEX或PART NUMBER NUMERICAL ALPHAINDEX---在24-11-11中，有三个图都有IDG，它们的项目号分别为10、5、1等，再到其中24-11-11-01A 5中确定有效性/即从413到700均可用（这是手册给的方法）*我们一般在已知条件的情况下，用搜索方式来查找并确定有效性/可用2.如果不知件号，知道B2691/上述已找到有效号为505/IDG在24章*1.找到B2691---AIPC-----------到24-11-11-01----在学习IPC时，FRONT MATTER 就是手册的使用说明，其中较有用的是：（最为重点）考核内容：B2692件号的查找:ACM-----空气循环机FCU-----APU燃油控制组件EDP-----发动机驱动泵EMDP-----电动马达驱动泵EEC-----发动机电子控制器主轮、前轮发动机起动机发动机点火电嘴厕所冲洗活门机组氧气瓶etc.件号清单数据解答。