Front-matter_2016_Wills--Mineral-Processing-Technology

The Formation of Volcanic Islands:The Power of NatureVolcanic islands,rising majestically from the depths of the ocean,are a testament to the immense power and creative forces of nature.This essay explores the fascinating process of how volcanic islands are formed and shaped by the relentless energy of volcanic activity.Birth from Beneath the OceanVolcanic islands begin their formation deep beneath the ocean's surface. In the depths of the Earth,tectonic plates collide and magma,molten rock,rises from the mantle.As the magma pushes its way through weak points in the Earth's crust,it erupts onto the ocean floor,giving birth to a new volcanic island.Explosive Eruptions and Lava FlowsThe volcanic activity that accompanies the formation of islands is characterized by explosive eruptions and the flow of lava.When the magma reaches the surface,it erupts in a spectacular display of fire,ash, and gases.These explosive eruptions can create volcanic cones and calderas,shaping the landscape of the emerging island.As the lava flows from the volcanic vents,it cools and solidifies,gradually building up the landmass of the island.Building Blocks of LifeThe volcanic activity that forms islands also plays a crucial role in creating the fertile soil that supports life.The lava,rich in minerals and nutrients,breaks down over time and forms a nutrient-rich substrate. This soil provides a fertile foundation for plants to take root and thrive, attracting a diverse array of flora and fauna to the newly formed island.Pioneers of LifeVolcanic islands are often devoid of life at the initial stages of their formation.However,nature's resilience is on full display as pioneering organisms,such as lichens and mosses,colonize the barren landscape. These hardy organisms break down the rock and begin the process of soil formation.Over time,more complex plant and animal species arrive,establishing diverse ecosystems that adapt to the unique conditions of the volcanic island.Evolving LandscapesVolcanic islands are dynamic landscapes that continue to evolve over time.As volcanic activity wanes,erosion takes center stage,shaping the island's topography.Wind,waves,and weathering gradually wear away at the volcanic rocks,carving out cliffs,valleys,and beaches.The interplay between volcanic forces and erosion creates a visually stunning and ever-changing landscape.Living with Volcanic RiskWhile volcanic islands offer breathtaking beauty and unique ecosystems, they also pose inherent risks.Volcanic activity can be unpredictable and munities living on volcanic islands must learn to coexist with the potential dangers of eruptions,developing monitoring systems and evacuation plans to ensure the safety of residents.ConclusionThe formation of volcanic islands is a testament to the raw power and creative forces of nature.From the depths of the ocean,volcanic activity shapes the landscape,creates fertile soil,and attracts life to these remote and awe-inspiring islands.Understanding and appreciating the formation of volcanic islands not only deepens our knowledge of the Earth's geological processes but also highlights the delicate balance between destruction and creation in the natural world.。

你的矿物储量不足英语作文Title: The Challenge of Depleting Mineral Reserves。

Introduction。

In recent years, the depletion of mineral reserves has become a pressing global issue. This essay aims to explore the causes and consequences of dwindling mineral reserves, as well as potential solutions to address this challenge.Causes of Depleting Mineral Reserves。

There are several factors contributing to the depletion of mineral reserves. Firstly, the increasing global demand for minerals, driven by population growth and industrialization, has put immense pressure on existing reserves. Additionally, inefficient extraction methods and wasteful consumption patterns have accelerated the depletion process. Moreover, geopolitical conflicts and regulatory hurdles often hinder access to mineral-richregions, further exacerbating the problem.Consequences of Depleting Mineral Reserves。

华南农业大学学报 Journal of South China Agricultural University 2023, 44(4): 504-512DOI: 10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.202210006朱洁怡, 冯嘉仪, 盛晗, 等. 凋落物生物炭施用量对翠芦莉污泥适应性及重金属吸收的影响[J]. 华南农业大学学报, 2023, 44(4): 504-512.ZHU Jieyi, FENG Jiayi, SHENG Han, et al. Effects of litter biochar addition on sludge adaptability and heavy metal uptake of Ruellia simplex[J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University, 2023, 44(4): 504-512.凋落物生物炭施用量对翠芦莉污泥适应性及重金属吸收的影响朱洁怡1 ，冯嘉仪1，盛　晗1，彭维新1，吴道铭1，张学平2，金玲玲3，曾曙才1(1 华南农业大学 林学与风景园林学院, 广东 广州 510642； 2 佛山市林业科学研究所, 广东 佛山 528222；3 华南农业大学 数学与信息学院, 广东 广州 510642)摘要: 【目的】探究凋落物生物炭不同添加量对种植在污泥+土壤混合基质中的翠芦莉Ruellia simplex生长及重金属吸收累积的影响，以期为城市污泥和园林废弃物资源化利用提供参考依据。

【方法】通过盆栽试验，分析添加0、1.5%、3.0%和4.5%凋落物生物炭[占基质的质量分数(w)，分别记为CK、F1.5、F3.0和F4.5]对翠芦莉生长、根系形态和生理以及养分和重金属吸收累积的影响。

【结果】与CK相比，F1.5处理显著增加翠芦莉株高、根系生物量、地上部生物量及全株生物量。

植株生物量随w增加呈逐渐下降趋势，F4.5处理翠芦莉生物量显著低于CK，表现出“低促高抑”的特点。

压电材料的研究新进展温建强;章力旺【摘要】压电材料作为机电转换的功能材料,在高新技术领域扮演着重要的角色.锆钛酸铅压电陶瓷凭借其优良的性能,自投入使用以来成为最广泛使用的压电材料.近年来,探索和发展潜在的替代新型材料备受重视.本文就近些年来国内外压电材料技术研究进展中呈现的无铅化、高性能化、薄膜化的新趋势进行了综述,并对今后的研究提出一些发展性的建议.【期刊名称】《应用声学》【年(卷),期】2013(032)005【总页数】6页(P413-418)【关键词】压电材料;压电性能;无铅压电材料;压电薄膜【作者】温建强;章力旺【作者单位】中国科学院声学研究所北京100190;中国科学院声学研究所北京100190【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TM2821 引言1880年P.Curie和J.Curie首次发现石英晶体有压电效应，1954年美国 B.Jaffe 发现了锆钛酸铅（PZT）压电陶瓷，此后逐渐发展为国内外主流的压电材料，在功能材料领域占有重要的地位[1]。

压电材料发展的类型主要有单晶、多晶、微晶玻璃、有机高分子、复合材料等。

20世纪80年代以来，随着压电陶瓷材料从二元系向三元、多元系的开发研究高潮的结束，压电材料的研究一度进展缓慢。

随着科学技术快速发展，应用需求牵引下的开发探索给予了压电材料研究的新动力，加上科技工作者在基础性研究和生产工艺改进上的不懈努力，近十几年来，新型的压电材料不断涌现出，并呈现出无铅化、高性能化、薄膜化的态势，使得压电材料研究的面貌焕然一新，带动相应的应用器件研究也日趋活跃。

本文就近些年来国内外压电材料技术研究中所呈现出的新趋势和最新进展进行介绍，并对今后研究的努力发展方向进行展望，并提出一些建议。

2 压电材料研究的新趋势2.1 无铅化随着环境保护和社会可持续发展的要求，发展环境协调性材料及技术已是公认的大势所趋。

为了防止环境污染，国内外科研人员对无铅压电材料开展了大量的研究工作并取得了令人鼓舞的进展[2]。

环境工程英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The process of converting pollutants into less harmful substances is known as ________.A. pollutionB. environmental engineeringC. waste managementD. pollution control2. Which of the following is not a primary pollutant?A. Sulfur dioxideB. Nitrogen oxidesC. Particulate matterD. Ground-level ozone3. The main purpose of wastewater treatment is to ________.A. remove harmful substancesB. recycle water for reuseC. both A and BD. neither A nor B4. What is the term used to describe the process of removing contaminants from soil?A. soil remediationB. soil conservationC. soil erosionD. soil fertilization5. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to ________.A. global warmingB. acid rainC. ozone depletionD. nuclear waste6. Which of the following is a renewable energy source?A. coalB. natural gasC. solar energyD. oil7. The greenhouse effect is primarily caused by ________.A. carbon monoxideB. carbon dioxideC. methaneD. all of the above8. What is the term for the process of breaking down organic matter by microorganisms?A. decompositionB. combustionC. incinerationD. digestion9. The use of bioremediation involves ________.A. chemical reactionsB. biological processesC. mechanical processesD. thermal processes10. The most common method for measuring air quality is through ________.A. air samplingB. water samplingC. soil samplingD. noise level measurement二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The ________ is a set of international rules aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.2. ________ is the process of treating and purifying water to make it safe for human consumption.3. ________ is a type of pollution that affects the quality of the air we breathe.4. The ________ is a global environmental issue that refers to the loss of biodiversity.5. ________ is a method of waste management that involves the controlled burning of waste.6. ________ is the science of studying the impact of human activities on the environment.7. ________ is a term used to describe the sustainable use of natural resources.8. ________ is a type of pollution that affects the quality of water bodies.9. ________ is a renewable energy source that can be used to generate electricity.10. ________ is the process of removing contaminants from the environment.三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. Explain the difference between primary and secondary pollutants.2. Describe the role of environmental impact assessments in environmental engineering.3. What are the main challenges faced in solid waste management?4. Discuss the importance of sustainable development in environmental engineering.四、论述题（20分）Discuss the role of environmental engineering in addressing climate change, including the strategies and technologies used to mitigate and adapt to its effects.答案：一、选择题1-5 DCBDA6-10 CDBCA二、填空题1. Kyoto Protocol2. Water purification3. Air pollution4. Biodiversity loss5. Incineration6. Environmental science7. Sustainable development8. Water pollution9. Wind energy10. Remediation三、简答题1. Primary pollutants are those that are directly emitted from a source, such as sulfur dioxide from a power plant. Secondary pollutants are formed in the environment as aresult of chemical reactions between primary pollutants, such as ground-level ozone formed from nitrogen oxides andvolatile organic compounds.2. Environmental impact assessments are used to evaluate the potential environmental effects of a proposed project or action. They help identify ways to minimize negative impacts and enhance positive ones, ensuring that development is sustainable.3. Challenges in solid waste management include waste generation rates outpacing disposal capacity, lack of proper waste segregation, and inadequate recycling and composting facilities. Additionally, there is a need for public awareness and participation in waste reduction and recycling efforts.4. Sustainable development is crucial in environmental engineering as it ensures that environmental protection and economic growth can coexist. It involves using resources efficiently, reducing waste, and protecting ecosystems to meet the needs of the present without compromising theability of future generations to meet their own needs.四、论述题Environmental engineering plays a critical role in addressing climate change by developing and implementing strategies and technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase resilience to climate impacts. Mitigation strategies include carbon capture and storage, energy efficiency improvements,and the promotion of renewable energy sources. Adaptation strategies involve designing infrastructure to withstand more extreme weather events, implementing water conservation measures, and developing early warning systems for natural disasters. Technologies such as smart grids。

SSR雷达在露天矿边坡预警系统中的应用祁晓鑫摘要：刚果（金）某露天应用SSR雷达建立了露天矿边坡片帮、崩塌、滑坡实时监控预警系统。

通过SSR雷达监测边坡的位移值和位移速率的变化曲线来判断矿区边坡的稳定性，对边坡的片帮、崩塌、滑坡等危害进行实时、动态监控，并提供预报，以确保采场内生产作业安全。

关键词：ssR边坡雷达；边坡监测；预警系统露天矿开采受剥采比的影响大都采用高陡边坡的开采方式，由于边坡角大、地质因素复杂，边坡极易受爆破震动和雨水冲刷的影响进而引发边坡事故，这也给采场内的人员和设备的安全带来了极大的安全隐患。

因此，对边坡稳的稳定性进行监测，以确保采场内的生产安全势在必行。

本文主要介绍了刚果（金）某露天矿选用SSR雷达对露天矿边坡的稳定性进行实时动态监测，并且对边坡滑坡等地质危害进行了准确的预报，利用该边坡监测雷达最大限度地减少了露天矿边坡地质灾害事故所带来的危害。

同时，还能在矿坑内存在边坡稳定性隐患的区段实现生产效率的最大化。

边坡雷达在该露天矿运行期间，矿坑下作业人员伤亡率和作业设备损坏率均为零，为该露天矿的安全生产做出了突出的贡献1.SSR边坡雷达1.1SSR边坡雷达工作原理SSR边坡雷在监测边坡变型时，雷达扫描自边坡表面的顶部向底部反复进行，并将监测到的数据经由无线电传至初级监测站，工程技术人员通过对两次相邻扫描位移量的变化进行比较来确定边坡的稳定性。

SSR边坡雷达向边坡发射高频电磁波（rrx），信号指向岩壁，再接受边坡反射回来的电磁波（R）（），如图1所示。

SSR边坡雷达对边坡进行重复扫描的过程中，SSR边坡雷达系统会对扫描到的相邻两次数据的相位差进行比较，来计算边坡岩体的位移，如图2所示。

1.2SSR边坡雷达优势SSR边坡雷达可以沿整个岩壁表面并无需与岩壁发生任何接触，进行连续的，次毫米级精度测量。

而且该系统的测量绝大部分不受雨水、灰尘或烟雾的影响。

可以保证露天矿山的安全生产及经济效益和生产的连续性，达到对边坡进行实时监测并及时预报可能发生的边坡灾害事故。

5月28日托福阅读答案解析词汇题：Confirm= proveAbandon=leftStamina=enduranceFurther=additionalInhibit= slow downOrnament= decorationFluctuation=variationImpeded=restrictDerive from= obtained fromSpectacular= remarkablePeak= the high point第一篇题材划分：地质类主要内容：土壤的形成和风化，soil formation parent material 可能是由bedrock形成的，也可能是被水，风，冰川等从别的地方带过来的。

提到水对土壤的影响，会经流土壤或者变成气体蒸发出去。

水可能会给土壤带来一些矿物质，也可能带走一些。

这个叫做leaching。

森林土壤里的矿物质在表面，grassland在地下的root system里面，后面还提到高处的土壤比低处的土壤更干，因为水会直接流向低处。

泛滥平原地区有更多矿物质，所以土壤更肥沃。

土的形成从三种情况形成，因为来源不同所以内容营养不同。

斜坡的土不能保持水分，所以营养流失多比较贫瘠，平地的营养多。

相似TPO练习推荐TPO27- The Formation ofV olcanic Islands第二篇题材划分：历史类主要内容：如何研究史前人类的生活，重建史前人类的生活，对比史前人类栖息地的动植物遗迹和其他地区动植物遗迹。

判断骨骼化石中钙和另一种物质，如有有该物质，说明它们吃了一种ingested plant，也可以探测牙齿化石上的microbe,史前人类用一种river coddle做遮蔽物，而且发现这种结构的建筑最多。

用动物的骨骼构建一种construction，每种风格不同，需要很多人才能建起来。

提到了fireplace，在寒冷的天气下用来取暖，fireplace里有一代一代人类留下的或大或小烧木头的痕迹。