Lecture 5 修辞与翻译

Lecture FiveLong Sentence (I)Main Contents Of This Lecture♦I. Two Stages and Six Steps in Translating Long Sentences♦II. Methods Of Translation English Long SentencesI.Two Stages and Six Steps in Translating Long Sentences♦Stage 1♦Comprehension♦Stage 2♦Presentation♦英语长句在翻译时所涉及的基本问题，一是汉英语序上的差异，二是汉英表达方法上的差异。

前者主要表现为定状修饰语在语言转换中究竟取前置式（pre-position）、后置式（post-position）抑或插入式(insertion or parenthesis)。

♦表达方法上的差异涉及的问题比较复杂，主要表现为论理逻辑或叙述逻辑（logic in reasoning and narration）的习惯性与倾向性，因为语言中没有一成不变的表达方法。

所谓论理逻辑或叙述逻辑，主要指：行文层次及主次（包括句子重心，先说原因还是先说结果，先说条件或前提还是先说结论，先说施事者还是先说受事者等等）。

♦表达此外，表达方法还涉及修辞学范畴中的一些修辞格问题（如反复、排比、递进等），翻译中都应加以注意。

♦英语长句之所以很长，一般由三个原因构成：♦A、修饰语多♦B、联合（并列）成分多♦C、结构复杂，层次叠出♦英语长句可以严密细致地表达多重而又密切相关的概念，这种复杂组合的概念在口语语体中毫无例外是以分切、并列、递进、重复等方式化整为零地表达出来的。

此外我们在翻译英语长句时，还应体会到长句的表意特点和交际功能，尽量做到既能从汉英差异出发处理好长句翻译在结构形式上的问题，又要尽力做到不忽视原文的文体特征，保留英语长句所表达的多重致密的思维的特色，不要使译句产生松散和脱节感，妥善处理译句的内在联接问题。

第五章修辞格的翻译方法研究汉英修辞格之间的比较与翻译，对我们进一步研究汉英两种修辞学和英汉互译，尤其是文学翻译，都有着十分积极的意义。

原文作者在文章中使用修辞手法，是为了使语言更加形象生动，鲜明突出；或者使语言更加整齐匀称，音调铿锵，以便更深入地阐明事件的意义或刻画人物的性格。

因此，译文中若不能正确表现原文的修辞格，就不能准确地表达作者的思想和文风，就不符合“忠实、通顺”的翻译标准。

为了对原文保持最大限度的忠实，我们对任何一种修辞都要采取一定的处理方法，尽一切可能把原文的修辞美传达给译文读者。

从翻译的角度，修辞可以划分为三类：可译、难译、不能译。

首先，对于可译的修辞格，尽可能直译。

属于直译范围的修辞格是我们平时使用最为频繁的，在汉英两种语言里都有对应的修辞格，这类修辞格通常在在语义上做文章，因而容易翻译。

绝大多数英语修辞格都能找到与之相对应的汉语修辞格，它们在结构上和修辞作用上都彼此十分相似，因而是可译的。

一、可译：直译1. Simile, Metaphor, Hyperbole and personificationSimile 明喻英语中的simile和汉语明喻基本格式相同，本体和喻体之间都出现喻词“像、好像、比如、仿佛、好比、像…一样、如…一般”或“Like, as, as if, as though, as…as”，所以一般情况下，可以照直翻译。

比如：“as busy as bee，as brave as lion，as cheerful as alark，as black as crow，as sharp as knife”。

Example 1:她的脸色苍白而带光泽，仿佛大理石似的；一双眼睛又黑又大，在暗淡的囚房中，宝石似的闪着晶莹的光。

（杨沫，《青春之歌》）Her face was pale and yet as lustrous as marble, and her large, black eyes sparkled like jewels in that murky cell.但是由于文化差异导致某些喻体联想意义的不同，因而不能墨守原文的修辞手法，比如“As cool as a cucumber，As sharp as a needle，As tight as a drum，As sure as a gun”。

•Lecture 1•Give Timex to all, to all a good time.•这是个新造词，由Time和Excellent组成。

•结合修辞的―头韵‖（两个g和两个t）和修辞的―顶真‖（连珠），五汉字对五音节翻译如下：•人戴天美时，美时天下人。

•―美时，美时‖应对―to all, to all‖，都是―顶真‖。

•两个m,两个sh应对两个g和两个t，双声对头韵。

•莎士比亚14行诗第18首有两句名言——•So long as men can breathe and eyes can see,•So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.•只要人能呼吸，眼睛不失明，•我的诗就流传，赐予你永生。

•仿拟点化（师承前人之功，化出时代之新）——•So long as you go to a greater height,•So long you will enjoy a grander sight.•（欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。

）•1. What Is Rhetoric?•Rhetoric is the art of using language to communicate effectively.•To define rhetoric, let‘s do at the same time from the Chinese for it: 修辞.•修：修饰，研究，学习；辞：文字辞句。

•修辞：修饰文字词句，运用各种表现方式，使语言表达得准确、鲜明而生动有力。

•Rhetoric, effective use of words to make the language accurate, clear-cut, vivid and powerful by various ways expression.•——《汉英双语现代汉语词典》2157页•2. Rhetoric Applications Are Everywhere•A New Year, A New Career.•New, new ——Repetition（反复）•Year, career ——Rhyme （尾韵）•Tear, career ——Antithesis（对照）•Why is the river rich? It has two banks.•Now, try to translate the pun . （双关）•为什么说河水富有？因为它年年有鱼（余）。

第五章翻译Unit 5Techniques of Lexical Translation词汇翻译技巧（下）Section 1Affirmative or Negative Expression 否定句翻译Warming-up：As some linguists have pointed out，every language has its peculiarities in negation．And there is indeed an important，though often neglected，difference between English and Chinese in negation．It is a difference in the way of thinking and in the mode of speaking．A close study of them may shed light on this discrepancy.A：Are you not going tomorrow?B：No，I’m not going．我认为他不对我想他不会来了Please observe the opposite approaches to the same concept in the following examples:affirmative -----NegativeWe may safely say so.我们这样说万无一失。

Negative---- affirmativeDon’t lose time in posting the letter.赶快把这封信寄出去。

In Chinese，however，the above “no” should be rendered as“是的”，otherwise，it would cause confusion．Similarly，it is idiomatic to say“我认为他不对”，“我想他不会来了”in Chinese．In English，however，these ideas would be expressedas “I don’t think he is correct”，“I don’t think he will come”，with the negative put immediately after the subject of the main clause “I”．Ⅰ，Negative FormsFrom the above illustrations we may see clearly that what is affirmative in form in one language may often mean something negative in another. The Eastern and Western people think and speak quite differently. Some English words, phrases or sentences of affirmative expression may be transformed into Chinese ones of negative expression, or vice versaIt is very important for all of us to deal with the negative sentences in translating.Therefore negation can be generally divided into complete negation, connotative negation，partial negation, double negation, , transferred negation, etc.Complete Negation 完全否定.Complete negation can be realized by negative words like no, not, none, never, nothing, nobody, nowhere, neither, nor; etc. Generally speaking, the scope of negation normally extends from the negative word to the end of the sentence.i.e.He is not a teacher.他不是老师。

高级英语第五册修辞方法（Rhetorical Device）1. Simile:L1-17: It is something like… behind bars.L1-25: Let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall… a mighty stream.(justice will roll down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream)L5-5: Same age, same background, but dumb as an ox. (dumb as an ox)L5-50: First he looked at the coat with the expression of a waif at a bakery window. (comparing his longing for the raccoon coat with the expression of a hungry homeless child looking longingly at the bread at a bakery window.)L5-123: It was like digging a tunnel. (comparing his teaching to the hard work of digging a tunnel.)L5-147: I leaped to my feet, bellowing like a bull. (comparing his angry shouts to the bellowing ofa bull)L7-2: …united with others of our country in everything…like the fingers of the hand.(comparing the relationship between black and white to fingers of the hand)L7-10: Yet even then I had been going over my speech...as bright as flame. (comparing each word of his speech to bright flame)L7-16: For in those days I was what they called ginger—colored...like a crisp ginger cookie.(comparing the narrator to a cookie)L7-20: My saliva became like hot bitter glue.L7-21: The boys groped about like blind, cautious crabs... hypersensitive snails. (comparing the black boys to animals)L7-27: A blow to my head as I danced about sent my right eye popping... my dilemma.L7-45: I roiled away as a fumbled football rolls off the receiver’s fingertips...L7-46: 1 was limp as a dish rag.2. Metaphor:L1-5: Psychological freedom. . . physical slavery. (the long night of physical slavery)L1-5: The Negro. . . his own emancipation proclamation. (“signs with the pen and ink of assertive manhood his own emancipation proclamation”)L1-14: … when the unjust… is eliminated. (measurement, a scale of dollars)L1-20: He who hates… ultimate reality. （owning a key to open a door）L1-25: the battering rams of the forces of justice;the junk heaps of historyLet us be dissatisfied until the tragic walls… the forces of justice. (“the tragic walls” and “the battering rams”)L1-27: When our days…into bright tomorrow. (low-hovering clouds of despair; gigantic mountains of evil)L4-3: Killing the Angel in the HouseL4-5: The image of a fishermanL4-7: A room of one’s ownL5-1: There follows an informal essay that ventures even beyond Lamb’s frontier. (comparing the limitation set by Lamb to a frontier)L5-20: My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear. (Mixed metaphor, comparing at the same time the narrator’s brain to a precision instrument and also to a machine that has gears.)L5-34: In other words, if you were out of the picture, the field would be open. (comparing the competing for friendship to an athletic event)L5-98: Maybe somehow I could fan them into flame. Maybe somewhere in the extinct crater of her mind, a few embers still smoldered. (comparing Polly’s mind to the extinct crater of a volcano)L5-115: Poisoning the well: (comparing “the personal attack on a person holding some thesis” to “poisoning the well”)L5-151: The rat. (comparing Petey to a rat)L6-41: I’ve never met anyone… the second time around. (The metaphor of record player is used.)3. Allusion:L1-25: Let us be dissatisfied until that day… none shall be afraid. (a biblical allusion: the 1ion and the lamb shall lie down together; every man will sit under his own vine and fig tree and none shall be afraid)L5-64: We went to the Knoll, the campus trysting place, and we sat down under an old oak… (An implied allusion to Robin Hood, whose trysting place was under a huge oak tree in Sherwood Forest.)L5-138: I was not Pygmalion; I was Frankenstein, and my monster had me by the throat.L10-8: Overnight… surreal episodes…（a sword of Damocles）4. Parody:L10-25: Is our democracy… of liberty? (This is a parody of a line in Patrick Henry’s speech: “Is life so dear or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery?”)5. Metonymy:L4-1: No demand was made upon the family purse. (“purse” stands for money)L4-2: But to show you how little I deserve to be called a professional woman…with my neighbors. (Butcher’s bills stand for meat bought from a butcher. )L5-23: She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions. But 1 was not one to let my heart rule my head. (to let my heart rule my head: Metonymy. “Heart”stands for “feelings and emotions” and “head” for “reason and good sense”.)L5-105: …surgeons have X-rays to guide them during an operation. (X-rays stand for X-rays photographs)L10-2: Anthrax panic… chambers (“Congress” stands for its members)6. Synecdoche:L1-25: Let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall… a mighty stream.city hall (the naming of a part to mean the whole. Here, the naming of the building for the government)L4-2: But to show you how little I deserve to be called a professional woman…with my neighbors. (bread and butter: This set phrase means food and the most important and basic things. )7. Transferred epithet:L1-25: Let us be dissatisfied until the tragic walls… the forces of justice. (the tragic walls)L5-40: I said with a mysterious wink… (the wink was not mysterious)L7-6: our bare upper bodies touching and shining with anticipatory sweat (In “anticipatory sweat”, the adjective “anticipatory “ is a transferred epithet.)L7-25: He kept coming, bringing the rank sharp violence of stale sweat. (the rank sharp violence: Logically rank and sharp modify “stale sweat”, not “violence”.)8. Oxymoron:9. Hyperbole:L5-5: It is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect. (exaggerating for effect)L5-50: … he just stood and stared with mad lust at the coat. (It’s an exaggeration to describe his longing for the coat as “mad lust”)L5-135: You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars and the constellations of outer space.L5-135: I will wander the face of the earth, a shambling, hollow-eyed hulk.10. Understatement or litotes:L5-61: This loomed as a project of no small dimensions, and at first 1 was tempted to give her back to Petey. (no small dimensions)11. Contrast:L3-22: A contrast is made between old Shanghai and Shanghai in the 1990s.L8-3: While Oppenheimer was interrupting…. had invented the subject. (an implied contrast)L10-25: How do we… poise? (paranoia vs. poise)12. Antithesis:L1-5: As long as. . . can never be free. (mind vs. body, enslaved vs. free)L1-5: Psychological freedom. . . physical slavery. (psychological freedom vs. physical slavery)L1-7: …love is identified… denial of love (1ove vs. power, a resignation of power vs. denial of love)L1-19: For through violence… but you can’t murder hate. (You may murder a murderer but you can’t murder murder.)L1-25: outer city of wealth and comfort vs. inner city of poverty and despair;wealth vs. poverty (economic);comfort vs. despair(mood, psychology)dark yesterdays vs. bright tomorrows;segregated schools vs. integrated educationon the basis of the content of their character vs. on the basis of the color of their skincontent(substance) vs. color (superficial)character(fundamental) vs. skin (outward appearance)L1-27: When our days…into bright tomorrow.dark yesterday VS. bright tomorrowL5-27: It is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful.beautiful dumb vs. ugly smartL5-50: Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning.Desire waxing vs. resolution waningL5-153: Look at me—a brilliant student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future.Look at Petey—a knot-head, a jitterbug, a guy who’ll never know where his next meal is coming from.Brilliant, intellectual and assured vs. knot-head, jitterbug and never know where his next meal is coming from”13. Parallelism:L1-6: … confrontation of the forces… the status quo.forces of power demanding change(present participle)forces of power dedicated to the preserving of the(past participle) status quoL1-8: What is needed… and anemic.power without love is reckless and abusivelove without power is sentimental and anemicL1-8: Power at its best… against love.power at its best love implementing demands of justicejustice at its best power correcting against loveL1-10: And, in the thinking of that day…moral fiber.the absence of vs. a want ofworldly goods vs. (qualities)L1-19: For through violence… but you can’t murder hate.Three sentences “T hrough violence you may murder… but you can’t murder…”L1-20: And I have seen too much hate…. too great a burden to bear.I have seen too much hateI’ve seen too much hate onI’ve seen hate on…too many Klansmen…L1-25: There are 11 sentences beginning with “let us be dissatisfied until” and two short sentences of “let us be dissatisfied”.L12-5: The armies of… The legions of…The armies of… are marshaled against it.The legions of… will march against it.L12-16: A novelist’s characters… celebrity.a novelist’s characters hope for immortalitya pro’s for celebrityL12-24: It is the disrespect… to preserve.(disrespect) for powerorthodoxiesparty linesideologies…;that I would like to celebratethat I urge all to preserve14. Epigram:L1-20: He who hates… ultimate reality.15. Paradox:L1-18: Without recognizing this…that don’t explain.paralleled paradoxes: solutions that don’t solveanswers that don’t answerexplanations that don’t explainL1-27: When our days…into bright tomorrow. (to make a way out of no way)16. Chiasmus:L1-9: It is precisely this collision… of our times. (immoral power vs. powerless morality)L6-6: Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.17. Anaphora:L1-25: let us be dissatisfied…18. Alliteration:L1-25: Let us be dissatisfied until that day… none shall be afraid. ( lion, lamb, lie)L7-2: Live with your head in the lion’s mouth...or bust wide open. (death and destruction)L7-9: Some of the others tried to stop them…slipping and sliding over the polished floor.(slipping and sliding)19. Onomatopoeia:L3-14: clickRhetorical Devices一、明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。

● 1. Alliteration 头韵● 2. Allusion 引喻● 3. Anaphora 首语重复法● 4. antithesis对偶● 5. Antonomasia 换称，代称● 6. Chiasmus 交错法●7. Hyperbole 夸张●8. Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻●9. metonymy借喻,转喻●10. oxymoron 反意法,逆喻●11. Repetition 重复，反复●12. Paradox 隽语●13. Parallelism 排比, 平行●14. Pun 双关●15. Simile 明喻●16. Syllepsis 一语双叙法，兼用法●17. Synecdoche 提喻●18. transferred epithet移就●19. Irony反语Where do we go from hereAntithesis●Ossie Davis has suggested that maybe the English language should bereconstructed so that teachers will not be forced to teach the Negro child 60 ways to despise himself, and thereby perpetuate his false sense of inferiority, and the white child 134 ways to adore himself, and thereby perpetuate his false sense of superiority. (para4)●As long as the mind is enslaved, the body can never be free. (para5)●Psychological freedom ......physical slavery (para5)●And one of the great problems of history is that the concepts of love and powerhave usually been contrasted as opposites - polar opposites--so that love isidentified with a resignation of power, and power with a denial of love. (para7) ●For through violence you may murder a murderer but you can't murder.(para19) ●The dark yesterdays of segregated schools will be transformed into brighttomorrows of quality, integrated education. (para. 25)●There will be those moments when the buoyancy of hope will be transformed intothe fatigue of despair.(para26)●......and transform dark yesterdays into bright tomorrows. (para. 27)Metaphor●To upset this cultural homicide, the Negro must rise up with an affirmation of hisown Olympian manhood.(para5)●Psychological freedom, a firm sense of self-esteem, is the most powerful weaponagainst the long night of physical slavery.(para5)●The Negro will only be free when he reaches down to the inner depths of his ownbeing and signs with the pen and ink of assertive manhood his own Emancipation Proclamation.(para5)●Negroes who have a double disability will have a greater effect on discriminationwhen they have the additional weapon of cash to use in their struggle. (para13) Personal conflicts among husbands, wives and children will diminish when the unjust measurement of human worth on the scale of dollars is eliminated .(para14)●He who hates does not know God, but he who has love has the key that unlocksthe door to the meaning of ultimate reality. (para20)●We are called upon to help the discouraged beggars in life's market place.(para21) ●America will no longer have a high blood pressure of creeds and an anemia ofdeeds. (para. 25)●Let us be dissatisfied until the tragic walls that ……(para. 25)●……shall be crushed by the battering rams of the forces of justice. (para. 25)●……slums are cast into the junk heaps of history. (para. 25)●There will still be rocky places of frustration and meandering points ofbewilderment.(para26)●When our days become dreary with low-hovering clouds of despair, ...... (para.27)●......working to pull down the gigantic mountains of evil (para. 27) Chiasmas●What is needed is a realization that power without love is reckless and abusive,and love without power is sentimental and anemic. Power at its best is loveimplementing the demands of justice, and justice at its best is power correcting everything that stands against love.(para8)It is precisely this collision of immoral power with powerless morality which constitutes the major crisis of our times.(para9)Simile●It is something like improving the food in the prison while the people remainsecurely incarcerated behind bars.(para17)●......justice will roll down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.(para. 25)Parallel struture●Without recognizing this we will end up with solutions that don't solve, answersthat don't answer and explanations that don't explain. (para18)●For through violence you may murder a murderer but you can't murder.(para19) ●And I have seen too much hate. I've seen too much hate on the faces of sheriffs inthe South. I've seen hate on the faces of too many Klansmen and too many White Citizens Councilors in the South to want to hate myself, because every time I see it, I know that it does something to their faces and their personalities and I say to myself that hate is too great a burden to bear.(para20)Paradox●Without recognizing this we will end up with solutions that don't solve, answersthat don't answer and explanations that don't explain. (para18)●......a power that is able to make a way out of no way. (para 27)Anaphora●And the other thing is that I am concerned about a better world. I'm concernedabout justice. I'm concerned about brotherhood. I'm concerned about truth. And when one is concerned about these, he can never advocate violence.(para19)●So, I conclude by saying again today that we have a task and let us go out with a"divine dissatisfaction." Let us be dissatisfied until America will no longer have a high blood pressure of creeds and an anemia of deeds. Let us be dissatisfied until the tragic walls that separate the outer city of wealth and comfort and the inner city of poverty and despair shall be crushed by the battering rams of the forces of justice. Let us be dissatisfied until those that live on the outskirts of hope arebrought into the metropolis of daily security. Let us be dissatisfied until slums are cast into the junk heaps of history, and every family is living in a decent sanitary home. Let us be dissatisfied until the dark yesterdays of segregated schools will be transformed into bright tomorrows of quality, integrated education. Let us be dissatisfied until integration is not seen as a problem but as an opportunity toparticipate in the beauty of diversity. Let us be dissatisfied until men and women, however black they may be, will be judged on the basis of the content of their character and not on the basis of the color of their skin.●Anaphora transferred epithet metaphor●Antithesis allusion metonymy simile●Alliteration●Let us be dissatisfied. Let us be dissatisfied until every state capitol houses agovernor who will do justly, who will love mercy and who will walk humbly with his God. Let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall, justice will roll down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream. Let us be dissatisfied until that day when the lion and the lamb shall lie down together. and every man will sit under his own vine and fig tree and none shall be afraid. Let us be dissatisfied.And men will recognize that out of one blood God made all men to dwell upon the face of the earth. Let us be dissatisfied until that day when nobody will shout "White Power!" - when nobody will shout "Black Power!" - but everybody will talk about God's power and human power.●Anaphora transferred epithet metaphor●Antithesis allusion metonymy simile●Alliteration allusion●When our days become dreary with low hovering clouds of despair, and when ournights become darker than a thousand midnights, let us remember that there is a creative force in this universe, working to pull down the gigantic mountains of evil, a power that is able to make a way out of no way and transform darkyesterdays into bright tomorrows.●Metaphor●paradox●antithesisTwo kinds●Simile1.It was like a stiff embraceless dance between her and the TV set. (para21 )2.So that the fluffy skirt of her white dress cascaded slowly to the floor like the petals of a large carnation. (para24 )3.I would play after him, the simple scale, the simple chord, and then I just played some nonsense that sounded like a cat running up and down on top of garbage cans. (para 38 )4.He marched stiffly to show me how to make each finger dance up and down, staccato like an obedient little soldier. (para 39 )5.I felt the same way, and it seemed as if everybody were now coming up, like gawkers at the scene of an accident. (para 60 )6. It felt like worms and toads and slimy things crawling out of my chest. (para 73)7.Her face went blank, her mouth closed, her arms went slack, and she backed out the room, stunned, as if she were blowing away like a small brown leaf, thin, brittle, lifeless. (para 76)●8. …… as if she were blowing away like a sm all brown leaf, thin, brittle, lifeless.(para 76)Oxymoron1.She was proudly modest like a proper Chinese child. (para 24 )2.I heard a little boy whisper loudly to his mother. (para 53)●Alliteration.Chinatown’s Littlest Chinese Chess Champion. (para 42 )Irony1.You lucky you don’t have this problems, said Auntie Lindo with a sign to my mother. (para 44 )Hyperbole1.And now I realized how many people were in the audience, the whole world it seemed. (para 54)Metaphor1.We could have escaped during intermission. Pride and some strange sense of honor must have anchored my parents to their chairs. (para 55 )Ridicule1.She took me to a beauty training school in the Mission district and put me in the hands of a student who could barely hold the scissors without shaking. (para 6 ) SyllepsisThe lid of piano was closed, shutting out the dust, my misery, and her dreams. (para 81)Allusion●I was like the Christ child lifted out of the straw manger. (para 9)Metaphor●Telegraph, telephone, radio, and television tied together and more intricate knotsbetween …… (para 2)●…. will flatten every cultural crease. (para 4)●Metaphor●Apparently westernization is not a straight road to hell, or to paradise either. (para7)●We borrowed an American box. (para 8)●Earl y on I realized……some type of compass to guide me through the wilds ofglobal culture.Metonymy●……and suggesting that Hollywood be burned. (para 5)●…… to live in a museum while we will have shower that work. (para 6)●Antonomasia●……at country clubs in Beverly Hills and in apartments on Manhattan’s UpperWest Side. (para 14)Professions for Women●Synecdoche● 1.I have to admit that instead of spending that sum upon bread and butter, rent,shoes, and stocking, or butcher’s bills. (para 2 )Metonymy● 1.No demand was made upon the family purse. (para 1 )2. I have to admit that instead of spending that sum upon bread and butter, rent, shoes, and stocking, or butcher’s bills. (para 2)Metaphor● 1.The image that comes to my mind when I think of this girl is the image of afisherman lying sunk in dreams on the verge of a deep lake with a rod held out over the water. (para 5 )2.You have won rooms of you own in the house hitherto exclusively owned by men. (para 7 )Lesson Seven Invisible ManMetaphor● 1.It took me……and much painful boomeranging of my expectations to…….(p1)● 2. A sea of faces, some hostile, some amused, ringed around us…… (para 7)● 3. ……I had suddenly found myself in a dark room filled with poisonouscottonmouths. (para 11)Simile●It was as though I had rolled through a bed of hot coals. (para 44)● 1.About eighty-five years……separate like the fingers of the hand.(p1)● 2.The young children……on the wick like the old man’s breathing.(p2)● 3.The hair was yellow like that of a circus kewpie doll.(p7)● 4. ……firm and round as the domes of East Indian temples. (para 7)● 5. ……and beads of pearly perspiration glistening like dew …… (para 7)6. the smoke of a hundred cigar clinging to her like the thinnest of veils. (para 8)●7.In my mind……as bright as flame.(para10)●8.For in those days……like a crisp ginger cookie.(para16)●9. But the blindfold was tight as a thick skin-puckering scab. (para 17)10.My saliva became like hot bitter glue.(p20)●11.The boys groped about like blind, cautious crabs……(p21)●12. ……testing the smoke-filled air like the knobbed feelers of hypersensitivesnails. (para. 21)13. A blow to my head……like a jack-in-the-box……(p27)●14. A hot, violent force……like a wet rat.(p38)●15. some called like a bass-voiced parrot. (para 39)●16. glistening like a ci rcus seal,……(para 40)●17.Suddenly I saw……twitching like the flesh of a horse stung by manyflies.(p40)●18.I was careful……like a cloud of foul air……(p42)●19.Seeing their fingers……as a fumbled football……(p45)●20.I was limp as a dish rag.(p46)●21.But still……a s though deaf with cotton in dirty ears.(p55)●22. The laugher hung smoke……like in the sudden stillness.(p70)● 3. Alliteration● 1. I want you……to death and destruction……(p2)● 2. Some of the other……slipping and sliding……(p9)4.Transferred epithet● 1.We were a small……with anticipatory sweat……(p6)● 2.But now I……of blind terror.(p10)● 3.He kept coming, bring the rank sharp violence of……(p25)5. Irony● 1.What powers of endurance……! What enthusiasm!(p55)Simile● 1. Grasshoppers are everywhere in the tall grass, popping up like corn to sting theflesh. (para.1 line 7)● 2. The land was like iron. (para.8 line 1)● 3. Her long, black hair, always drawn and…, lay upon her shoulders and againsther breast like a shawl. (para. 10 line 10)● 4. Houses are like sentinels in the plain, old keepers of the weather watch.(para.11 line 1)● 5. My line of vision was such that the creature filled the moon like a fossil. (para14)Lesson 9 Metaphor● 1. Winter brings blizzards, hot tornadic winds arise in the spring, and in summerthe prairi e is an anvil’s edge.(para1 line4)● 2. The skyline in all directions is close at hand, the high wall of the woods anddeep cleavages of shade. (para.6 line 3)● 3. Descending eastward, the highland meadows are a stairway to the plain.(Para 7 line 1)● 4. The great billowing clouds that sail upon it are shadows that move upon thegrain like water, dividing light. (para.7 line5)● 5. Not yet would they veer southward to the caldron of the land that lay below;● 6. They must wean their blood from……..(para 7 )●Alliteration1. The grass turns brittle and brown.(para.1 line 6)● 2. There are green belts along the rivers and creeks, linear groves of hickory andpecan, willow and witch hazel.(para1.line7)● 3. Great green-and-yellow grasshoppers are everywhere in the ………(p ara1line9)● 4. …but it belongs to the eagle and the elk, the badger and the bear. (para6 line5)● 5. There to beg and barter for an animal from the Goodninght herd.(para 9 line 9)6. So exclusive were they of all mere custom and company. (para10 line 8)●7. But there was something inherently sad in the sound, some merest hesitationupon the syllables of sorrow. (para10 line 14)●8. The aged visitors who came to my grandmother’s home when I was a childwere made of lean and leather. (para.12 line 6)●9. Full of jest and gesture , fright and false alarm. They went abroad in fringedand flowered shawls. ( para 12 4)Pun●It was a long journey toward the dawn. (para 4)●……for indeed they emerged from a sunless world. (para 4)。

1. Where do we go from here?<1>,as long as the mind is enslaved, the body can never be free.Antithesis: mind vs. body; enslaved vs. free. 对仗手法<2>psychological freedom is the most powerful weapon against the long night of physical slavery.Metaphor: comparing the long history of slavery to a long night. The word” night”is used here to indicate a period of darkness and gloom, a period of moral degeneration.<3>,love is identified with a resignation of power, and power with a denial of love.Antithesis:the speaker works on the two words ”love”and “power”in order to bring out the contrast.<4>what is needed is a realization that power without love is reckless and abusive, and love without power is sentimental and anemic.Parallel structure<5>power at its best is love implementing the demands of justice, and justice at its best is power correcting everything that stands against love.Parallel structure<6>wives and children will diminish when the unjust measurement of human worth on the scale of dollars is eliminated.Metaphor<7>it is something like improving the food in the prison while the people remain securely incarcerated behind bars.Simile<9>without recognizing this we will end up with solutions that don’t solve answers that don’t answer and explanations that don’t explain.Paradox and parallel structure<10>you may murder a murder but you cannot murder murderAntithesis and parallel structure<11> and I have seen too much hate… too great a burden to bear.Parallel<12>we are called upon to help the discouraged beggars in life’s marketplace.Metaphor<13> let us be dissatisfied…①parallel structure②antithesis: Dark yesterday vs. bright tomorrow③metaphor and simile④biblical allusion( 典故)⑤anaphora(首语重复法)<14>there will be those methods when the buoyancy(浮力，轻快的心情) of hope will be transformed into the fatigue of despair.Antithesis<15> when our days become darker than a thousand midnights, let us remember that there is a creative force in this universe, working to pull down the gigantism mountains of evil, a power that is able to make a way out of no way and transform dark yesterdays into bright tomorrows. Let us realize the arc of the moral universe is long but it bends towards justice.①metaphor ②antithesis ③paradox4. Professions for womenMetaphor（暗喻）（1）killing the angel in the house（2）The process of fishing is compared to the process of creative writing.(58页中间) （3）Not only space for living,but also space for creative activity. Here a room is compared to freedom,while the house is compared to the whole society.（58页下面）Metonymy（转喻）“the White House”for “the president”, “the crown”for “the king”or for “the queen”5. Love is a fallacy<1>it is not often that one so young has such a giant intellectHyperbole夸张<2>it is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful.Antithesis对仗对偶,“beautiful dumb”and “smart”are balanced against “ugly smart” and “beautiful”<3>back and forth his head swiveled旋转, desire waxing, resolution waningAntithesis对仗对偶, “desire waxing” is balanced against “resolution waning”<4>… he just stood and stared with mad lust at the coatHyperbole,夸张it’s an exaggeration to describe his longing for the coat as “mad lust”<5>I will wander the face of earth, s shambling, and hollow-eyed hulkHyperbole（夸张）1. Metaphor(para.5) a giant intellect (para.34) the field would be open(para.61) the size of my task (para.78) a wave of despair(para.98) the extinct crater in her mind; embers; flame(para.118) a glimmer of intelligence (para.138) the tide of panic3.metonymy 转喻(para20) My brain, the precision instrument, slipped into high gear.The precision instrument my brain is compared to an instrumentGear my brain is compared to a machine.4. antithesis 对仗对偶(para27) It is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dump girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful.Smart dump; beautiful ugly(para.50) …desire waxing; resolution waning5.alliteration 押头韵(para.23) …let my heart rule my head(para.50) …desire waxing; resolution waning6.parallelism 排比(para.25-para.27) Beautiful she was. Gracious she was. Intelligent she was not7. Hyperbole夸张(para.42) he repeated fifteen of twenty times8. Parody仿拟:(para.53) “What’s Polly to me or me to Polly?”---“Hamlet”第二幕第二场:”What’s Hecuba to him or him to Hecuba that should weep for her?”(para.97) a logic-proof head e.g. water-proof; dust-proof; shock-proof9.allusion 用典Pygmalion: the sculpture loved by his creatorFrankenstein: the creature who destroyed his creator10.Simile(para.147) bellowing like a bull9. The way to rainy mountainMetaphor…and in summer the prairie is an anvil’s edge. (paragraph 1)personificationAt a distance in July or August the steaming foliage seems almost writhe in fire. (paragraph 1)Simile…popping up like corn to sting the flesh. (paragraph 1)synecdoche metaphorMy grandmother was spared the humiliation of those high gray walls by eight or ten years, but she must have known from birth the affliction of defeat, the dark brooding of old warriors. (paragraph 3)Metonymy…and their ancient nomadic spirit was suddenly free of the ground. (paragraph 4)SimileThe skyline in all directions is close at hand, the high wall of the woods and deep cleavages of shade. (paragraph 6)AlliterationThis is a perfect freedom in the mountains, but it belongs to the eagle and the elk, the badger and the bear. (paragraph 6)The Kiowas reckoned their stature by the distance they could see, and they were bent and blind in the wilderness. (paragraph 6)SimileThe great billowing clouds that sail upon it are shadows that move upon the grain like water, dividing light. (paragraph 7)Simile…they could see the dark lees of the hills at dawn across the Bighorn River, the profusion of light on the grain shelves, the oldest deity ranging after the solstices. (paragraph 7) simile personificationAt the top of a ridge I caught sight of Devil’s Tower upthrust against the gray sky as if in the birth of time the core of the earth had broken through its crust and the motion of the world was begun. (paragraph 8)MetonymyThere are things in nature that engender an awful quiet in the heart of man; Devil’s Tower is one of them. (paragraph 8)Synecdoche MetonymyThere, in a very little while, wood takes on the appearance of great age. (paragraph 11) Synecdoche MetaphorThe windowpanes are black and opaque; you imagine there is nothing within, and indeedthere are many ghosts, bones given up to the land. (paragraph 11)AlliterationThe aged visitors who came to my grandmother’s house when I was a child were made of lean and leather and they bore themselves upright.Metonymy…the scars of old and cherished enmities (paragraph 12)…battles that took place in the past and were remembered fondly by those old warriors Metaphor PersonificationNow there is a funeral silence in the rooms, the endless wake of some final word. (paragraph 14)SimileMy line of vision was such that the creature filled the moon like a fossil. (paragraph 14) Synecdoche metaphorThere, where it ought to be, at the end of a long and legendary way, was my grandmother’s grave. Here and there on the dark stones were ancestral names. Looking back once, I saw the mountain and came away.【本文档内容可以自由复制内容或自由编辑修改内容期待你的好评和关注，我们将会做得更好】。

高级英语第五课修辞手法分析预览说明:预览图片所展示的格式为文档的源格式展示,下载源文件没有水印,内容可编辑和复制1. Irony(反讽) is the use of words that the opposite of what you really mean, often as a joke and with a tone of voice that shows this.(1)I award this champion only after laborious research and incessant prayer. (L.1, Para.5)(2)It is as if some titanic and aberrant genius, uncompromisingly inimical to man, had devotedall the ingenuity of Hell to the making of them. (L.14, Para.5)(3)It is incredible that mere ignorance should have achieved such masterpieces of horror.(L.11,Para.6)2. Sarcasm(讽刺) is a way of using words that are the opposite of what you mean in order to be unpleasant to somebody or to make fun of them.(1) Obviously, if there were architects of any professional sense or dignity in the region, they would have perfected a chalet to hug the hillsides… (L.6, Para.3)(2) They are incomparable in color, and they are incomparable in design. (L.13, Para.5)3. Ridicule(嘲讽) refers to unkind comments that make fun of somebody/something or make them look silly.(1) When it has taken on the patina of the mills it is the color of an egg long past all hope or caring. (L.2, Para.4)(2) They made it perfect in their own sight by putting a completely impossible penthouse, painteda staring yellow, on top of it. (L.15, Para.8)4. Understatement(低调陈述) is the opposite of hyperbole. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately understating it, impressing the listeners or the readers more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement.(1) The country itself is not uncomely, despite the grime of the endless mills. （L.1, Para.3）5. Antonomasia(换称) is a figure of speech that involves the use of epithet or title in place of a name, and also the use of a proper name in place of a common noun.(1) Safe in a Pullman, I have whirled through the gloomy, God-forsaken villages of Iowa and Kansas, and the malarious tidewater hamlets of Georgia. (L.7, Para5)6. Antithetical Contrast(反衬对比) is a figure of speech combined by antithesis and contrast, and often has two sharply contrasting ideas balanced across a sentence (or neighboring sentences) (1) Here was the very heart of industrial America, the center of its most lucrative and characteristic activity, the boast and pride of the richest and grandest nation ever seen on earth—and here was a sense so dreadfully hideous, so intolerably bleak and forlorn that it reduced the whole aspiration of man to a macabre and depressing joke. (L.5, Para.1)(2) Here was wealth beyond computation, almost beyond imagination—and here were habitations so abominable that they would have disgraced a race of alley cats. (L.10, Para1)7. Hyperbole(夸张) is a way of speaking or writing that makes something should be better, more exciting, dangerous, etc. than it really is.(1) What I allude to is the unbroken and agonizing ugliness, the sheer revolting monstrousness, of every house in sight. (L.2,Para.2)(2) From East Liberty to Greensburg, a distance of twenty-five miles, there was not one in sight from the train that did not insult and lacerate the eye. (L.3, Para.2)(3) But in Westmoreland they prefer that uremic yellow, and so they have the most loathsome towns and villages ever seen by mortal eye. (L.8, Para.4)(4) I have seen, I believe, all of the most unlovely towns of the world; they are all to be found in the United States. (L.2, Para.5)(5) It is as if some titanic and aberrant genius, uncompromisingly inimical to man, had devoted all the ingenuity of Hell to the making of them. (L.14, Para.5)8. Metaphor(暗喻) is a figure of speech that describes something by referring to it as something else, in order to show that the two things have the same qualities and to make the description more powerful.(1) Here was the very heart of industrial America… (L.5, Para.1)(2)…on their low sides they bury themselves swinishly in the mud. ((L.17, Para. 3)(3) And one and all they are streaked in grime, with dead and eczematous patches of paint peeping through the streaks. (L.20, Para.3)(4) The effect is that of a fat woman with a black eye. It is that of a Presbyterian grinning. (L.17, Para.8)(5) Out of the melting pot emerges a race which hates beauty as it hates truth. (L.3, Para.9)9. Simile(明喻) is a figure of speech that often uses the words like or as, etc. to make a comparison between to unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common.(1) …one blinked before them as one blinks before a man with face shot away. (L.7, Para.2)(2) …a crazy little church just west of Jeannette, set like a dormer window on the side of a bare leprous hill… (L.9, Para.2)(3) …a steel stadium like a huge rat-trap somewhere further down the line. (L.12, Para.2)10. Rhetorical Question(修辞疑问句) is a figure of speech in the form of a question posed for its persuasive effect without the expectation of a reply. Rhetorical question encourages the listener to think about what the answer (often obvious) to the question might be.(1) But what have they done? (L.11, Para.3)(2) Was it necessary to adopt that shocking color? (L.4, Para.4)(3) Are they so frightful because the valley is full of foreigners—dull, intense brutes, with no love of beauty in them? (L.1, Para.6)(4) Then why did not these foreigners set up similar abominations in the countries that they came from? (L.2, Para.6)。