Models of the behavior of people searching the Internet A Petri Net approach

英语作文对天文的解释Astronomy is the study of celestial objects, such as stars, planets, comets, and galaxies. It is one of theoldest sciences and has been studied for thousands of years. Astronomy is a fascinating subject that has captured the imaginations of people for centuries. It is a science that has helped us to understand our place in the universe and has inspired us to explore the unknown.The study of astronomy can be divided into several branches, including observational astronomy, theoretical astronomy, and astrophysics. Observational astronomyinvolves the use of telescopes and other instruments to study celestial objects. Theoretical astronomy involves the development of mathematical models to explain the behaviorof these objects. Astrophysics is a branch of astronomythat focuses on the physical properties of celestial objects.One of the most important discoveries in astronomy wasmade by the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century. Copernicus proposed that the sun, not the Earth, was the center of the solar system. This idea was revolutionary at the time and challenged the prevailing view that the Earth was the center of the universe. Copernicus' theory was later confirmed by the observations of Galileo Galilei and others.Another important discovery in astronomy was made by the German astronomer Johannes Kepler in the 17th century. Kepler discovered that the planets move in elliptical orbits around the sun, rather than in perfect circles as had been previously thought. This discovery helped to explain the observed motions of the planets and laid the groundwork for the development of modern astronomy.The study of astronomy has also led to many practical applications. For example, astronomers use their knowledge of celestial objects to develop accurate calendars and timekeeping systems. They also use their understanding of the properties of light to develop technologies such as telescopes and cameras.In recent years, astronomy has also played a key role in the search for extraterrestrial life. Astronomers have discovered thousands of planets orbiting other stars, and are working to determine whether any of these planets could support life as we know it.In conclusion, astronomy is a fascinating subject that has contributed greatly to our understanding of the universe. From the ancient observations of the stars to the cutting-edge research of modern astronomers, this science has captured the imaginations of people for centuries. As we continue to explore the universe, we are sure to make many more exciting discoveries in the field of astronomy.。

Unit 11．中国书法(calligraphy)是一门独特的艺术、是世界上独一无二的艺术瑰宝。

Chinese calligraphy is a unique art and the unique art treasure in the world2．中国书法艺术的形成，发展与汉文字的产生与演进存在着密不可分的关系。

The formation and development of the Chinese calligraphy is closely related to the emergence and evolution of Chinese characters.3．汉字在漫长的演变发展过程中，一方面起着交流思想、继承文化的重要作用，另一方面它本身又形成了一种独特的艺术。

In this long evolutionary process, Chinese characters have not only played an important role in exchanging ideas and transmitting culture but also developed into a unique art form. 4．书法能够通过作品把书法家个人的生活感受、学识、修养、个性等折射出来，所以，通常有“字如其人”的说法。

Calligraphic works well reflect calligraphers' personal feelings, knowledge, self-cultivation, personality, and so forth, thus there is an expression that "seeing the calligrapher's handwriting is like seeing the person".5．中国书法不仅是中华民族的文化瑰宝，而且在世界文化艺术宝库中独放异彩。

The Most Heated Discussion About "Human Flesh Search"Abstract: in recent years, appeared in the field of Internet "human flesh search" phenomenon, has been more and more attention by people. On the one hand, the "human flesh search" has a certain significance to social supervision by public opinion, on the other hand, it usually is a group for one person to the so-called moral judgment, often involving violations of personal privacy and infringement of citizens' other legitimate rights and interests. Therefore, in order to protect the lawful rights and interests of citizens and at the same time, play a role of "human flesh search" positive, rational of constraint has important theoretical and realistic significance.Key words: the Internet; Human flesh search; The infringement; The right to privacy1 what is "human flesh search"In the online world, people mainly adopt the way of network retrieval or search the Internet for information. At present, the Internet offers a variety of search tools, such as classification of type directory search engine, search engine keywords retrieval, content retrieval technology, such as additional search sites such as baidu, Google, to the people a lot of information retrieval provides a lot of help. And "human flesh search" is in recent years, after traditional search tools, in the field of Internet search of the new network search tool.(1) the concept of "human flesh search""Human flesh search" as a way to search, is relying on tens of thousands of natives and is no longer just rely on the network database, is a kind of natives spontaneously, the collective action. Internet users can make use of Google, Baidu, such as super search engine, enter different keyword; Query from the object of the search target, the target object and friends blog, podcast, BBS, QQ space, etc., to find clues; And use some common and community websites such as taboo, Tanya, mop,baidu tibia, sina BBS, etc., to search for the target object could leave the registration of marks; Through the search target ID or email address, check the IP Numbers, lock the target range in real life, and then determine the true identity, etc.(2) the characteristics of the "human flesh search"Compared with traditional search engines, "human flesh search" has its own characteristics: first, the "human flesh search" is a kind of intelligent type search has the universality. Second, the "human flesh search" can be used as a way of self-help. Because "human flesh search" generalized, their comments can serve as a kind of evaluation mechanism. But, "human flesh search" also has certain blindness. Thanks to answer the question of objects of all kinds, each have each type of knowledge and personality, which must answer the question with some irrational factors. Even too emotional respondents in quite a rough way to attack object of discussion. As we saw, was human flesh search on the net after the identity is "search" exposure, proper criticism is should, but the irrational abuse had strayed from the right reason. This kind of irrational factors, caused by search people great harm, even violated the legitimacy of its personal rights.2 the legal nature of "human flesh search"(1) "human flesh search" is a double-edged sword, "justice" or "evil"First of all, in terms of the essence of "human flesh search", it is a way of searching for information, to make up for the inadequacy of traditional search engines. On the one hand, from a technical point of view, it is of superiority, its itself is not evil, the source of rational use of information retrieval technology innovation performance. "5 • 12" wenchuan after the earthquake, Google's technical personnel are first made specifically for "human flesh search engine" find relatives. The mailbag search platform gathered in the short term and earthquake emergency hospital site news, let users search anxiously looking for loved ones. It also highlighted the "human flesh search" justice of the engine. As months of the south China tiger event can eventuallyfalls out, "human flesh search" power also is obvious. But on the other hand, if the "human flesh search" improper use of words, is a disaster for the people. As in the China central television (CCTV) reported on the network audio and video news, appeared a Beijing middle school schoolgirls zhang said in an interview. The girl said in an interview: "the last time I use the Internet, suddenly pop up a web page, very erotic, very violent, I hasten to give it to shut." In the end, the students' personal information are exposed, give zhang caused great impact, because the victim is a minor, and thus the case caused more people to the problem of human flesh search invasion of privacy.(2) the "human flesh search" violated the legitimate rights and interests of citizensThe scholar thinks, network has played a positive role in supervision, public opinion, prompted both parties on the conscience of the enlightenment, also others have touched and constraints to the society. However, these are the information that "human flesh search", did not consult the opinion of the search, under the condition of the client without knowing or reluctant, became public, and from the social various aspects attack even scratch faze. The author believed that person don't scruple the legitimate rights and interests of others, such as personal privacy and dignity of the law has given all the rights and interests of people in search of such a "human flesh search" improper network, should belong to the infringement behavior in legal nature. Therefore, in such event, whether online or in real life, "human flesh search" is a violation of the parties legitimate rights and interests, also to the real life of the parties caused serious influence, just very special tort way and carrier.(3) the "human flesh search" relating to the infringement behavior characteristics"Human flesh search" in our country also has a number of sensational network events. Such as: "women's abuse cat" events, events, "Beijing female white-collar Jiang Yan suicide", wenchuan earthquake call names "liaoning women" event. We see, this kind of event mode of "human flesh search", is the lock person or event in reallife as the search object, and then launch a native, release the related information, such as name, age, phone number, QQ number, email, home address, etc. Also appeared in some so-called "fatwa" network, online outrage, hunting on the parties, even out of the network virtual world, spread into the real world. That the parties not powerful mental pressure and social pressure, normal life, work, study to a party with devastating effect. Based on above the summary of the events of "human flesh search", "human flesh search" involved in the infringement, usually has the following several characteristics: first, the universality of infringement behavior person. Second, the diversity of the object of infringement. Third, the complexity of tort liability cognizance.In a word, "human flesh search" involving infringement fact is that not to hide, especially some interference with the privacy of citizens has over the normal moral bottom line. As is known to all, "the law is the minimum moral". Although some events of "human flesh search" has a certain moral can condemn sex, but because of the "human flesh search" behavior such as infringement of reputation, privacy, and disturb others life must be the regulation of the law.3 how to regulate the "human flesh search""Human flesh search" starting from the date of birth has been hovering between law and morality, in which the illegal behavior, have already beyond the bottom line of justice. There is no doubt that the "human flesh search" regulation in legislation is imperative. Rather than on the legal regulation, must pay attention to the following two aspects:(1) clear "human flesh search" relating to the infringement behavior subject and its legal liability"Human flesh search" relating to the infringement behavior main body shall include: "bounty hunters", Internet users and network operators.First of all, as a problem to search the original publisher, "bounty hunters" will be released. On the one hand, some questions have a Ming harm the directivity of infringing upon the citizen right of privacy. When they publish information or, on theother hand, published articles, make the party in the reality is accordingly under attack, or the damaged caused by false public comments, would be easy to violate the privacy rights of the parties and reputation. So it should be correct motive, guarantee the authenticity of the comment, active protection related to people's privacy.Second, "human flesh search" the biggest characteristic is of many Internet users get to participate in, for "human flesh search" of Internet users, there are the following several types: one is the organization launched a "human flesh search", is one is in real life according to oneself know the victim's personal information and privacy, etc, shall be publicly disclosed on the Internet users for the first time. One is referring to on the network, has publicly on the Internet for various kinds of normal reasons of information collecting, comparing and sorting, summary of the victim's personal information and privacy and other content focused issue in Internet users on the "human flesh search" page. There is a Internet users, is the illegal use of victims of disclosure of personal information and privacy, the implementation of other tort, such as telephone harassment, personal attacks, violation of property, etc. Nettie’s, we think, the irrational expression and the abuse of network freedom of speech is the main reason for the "human flesh search". In addition, the majority of Internet users actually belong to the "cross type", and "enthusiasm" to participate in online abuse, privacy, while "tireless" in real-life harassment on the parties. Although there are real violence is not in network, but overall, netizens online infringement, also extends to the real life directly. So we must to netizens in the network space and corresponding regulation behavior in real life, to stop the infringement occurred.Finally, network management is between the publisher and disseminator of intermediary platform provider, on the one hand, it is not before the user articles to read, modify, or delete, but it can in the user will be uploaded and published by the system automatically, its content can be abridged, amended, or even completely delete to prevent from there continue to spread, in order to prevent the injury consequence expands, and not for profit purpose, violated its own obligation to review. On the other hand, because of lack of ZeRenHua network anonymous propagation characteristics, make "searcher" forget the real life of legal responsibility, this is actually a misunderstanding and abuse of network virtual property. As soon as possible, therefore, we should also establish network identity authentication system, network news system, strengthen the supervision of online comments, reduce the emergence of the Internet mob, realize the violators of the criminal law.(2) must strengthen the legislation of right of privacy protection"Human flesh search" is related to the object of infringement, the most main is the privacy of the parties. But at present our country constitution, criminal law, procedure law and administrative laws and regulations are made rules to protect privacy. Current civil law, however, there is no direct provision of privacy protection, just in the 101th regulation: "citizens and legal persons shall enjoy reputation, only the personal dignity of citizens of protected by law, and banned with insult, libel and otherwise damage the reputation of citizens and legal persons." But caused by "human flesh search" privacy breaches, apply for the settlement of reputation tort law nature is inappropriate.conclusionIn contemporary society public opinion is a good moral character and integrity maintenance and purification of powerful weapons. If somebody's behavior is out of line, often with social public opinion, strong criticism and condemnation. "Human flesh search" as a "network of public opinion" in maintaining social public opinion, is good. We can take advantage of the "human flesh search" exert its social function of public opinion, but at the same time, it must be to spec with the help of a network of malicious rumors, slander, exposure privacy as well as some irrational behavior. Network space is also calling for rational, this behavior is not only belongs to morality itself, therefore, gradually involved in the "human flesh search" infringement of citizens' legitimate interests, we must strengthen legislation regulating them, at the same time, improve the quality of netizens. Anyway, regardless of how the development of Internet technology, it is still a double-edged sword, both benefit for us, and come back to hurt us, the key lies in how we use it.人肉搜索”当前热议问题探究摘要：近年来，在互联网领域出现的“人肉搜索”现象，已经受到人们越来越多的关注。

1.Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international businessoperations.经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。

2.Macroculture:The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming onelarge society.宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。

3.Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds andnationlities.熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。

4.Microcultures:cultures within cultures微观文化：文化中的文化5.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultureperceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。

Chapter 16.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affectthe behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。

名词解释1.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultureperceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。

2.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, whichaffect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，标准的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，标准对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。

3.Culture identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.文化身份：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。

4.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart anddistinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。

5.Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if brokencarry a form of overt or covert penalty.标准指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原那么，这种不正确的行为一旦发生，就意味着一种显性或隐性的处分。

2024届贵州省贵阳市第一中学高三4月大联考英语试题理试题注意事项:1．答题前，考生先将自己的姓名、准考证号码填写清楚，将条形码准确粘贴在条形码区域内。

2．答题时请按要求用笔。

3．请按照题号顺序在答题卡各题目的答题区域内作答，超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试卷上答题无效。

4．作图可先使用铅笔画出，确定后必须用黑色字迹的签字笔描黑。

5．保持卡面清洁，不要折暴、不要弄破、弄皱，不准使用涂改液、修正带、刮纸刀。

第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．The police have anyone with information to come forward and talk to them.A．appealed to B．attended toC．responded to D．attached to2．Among the crises that face humans ________ the lack of natural resources.A．is B．are C．is there D．are there3．I am sorry I am very busy now. If I time, I would certainly go to the movies with you.A．have B．hadC．have had D．had had4．I was caught in a traffic jam for over an hour, otherwise, I ________ you waiting for such a long time.A．had not kept B．will not keepC．would not have kept D．have not kept5．The auto factory ______ new profit records through technical innovation — 10% growth rate in the last two years and hopefully 15% this year.A．set B．has setC．is setting D．has been setting6．F/ f riendships fade away if there isn’t ___good balance between the give and the take．A．The;/ B．/;a C．The; a D．/;the7．If she ________ generous as she makes out she would have donated more money in the catastrophe.A．had been B．wereC．would be D．was8．—What a consequence!—Yes. I ________ him about it, but without success.A．will remind B．would remindC．was reminding D．had reminded9．It is what you do rather than what you say __________ matters.A．that B．whatC．which D．this10．He ________ in a university for five years, but now he runs a company of his own.A．has taught B．had taughtC．taught D．has been teaching11．_____________equal opportunities, both Frank and Billy may accomplish the task.A．Given B．GivingC．To give D．to be given12．volleyball is her main focus, she is also great at basketball.A．Since B．OnceC．Unless D．While13．--It is really fun to hike and I often go hiking in the forest.--But hiking alone in the forest ______ be very dangerous.A．can B．must C．shall D．will14．—Mum, I am worrying about my pet dog while we are away.—Boy, you ________. Our neighbor has offered to help us.A．can’t B．wouldn’t C．needn’t D．mustn’t15．What he liked to do was to take an idea and ______ it by finding every possible consequence.A．squeeze B．wrestleC．switch D．shrink16．Enter our prize ______and win a break in a National Trust holiday cottage of your choice anywhere in the country. A．draw B．search C．match D．collection17．Anna was in Inner Mongolia for two years, ____ as a volunteer teacher.A．having worked B．working C．worked D．to work18．All the dishes in this menu，_____ otherwise stated，will serve two to three people.A．as B．if C．though D．unless19．It _____ a Saturday afternoon in May ____ Margaret could arrange for me to meet her elder ,sister.A．was until; when B．was until;thatC．was not until; when D．was not until; that20．—People should stop using their cars and start using public transport.—________. The roads are too crowded as it is.A．All right B．ExactlyC．Go ahead D．Fine第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

小学上册英语第三单元真题试卷(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The _____ (根系) absorbs nutrients from the soil.2.What is the opposite of empty?A. FullB. LightC. HeavyD. Dark答案:A3. A ______ has a unique pattern on its fur.4.What is the opposite of up?A. DownB. LeftC. RightD. Across答案:A5.What is the name of the longest river in the world?A. AmazonB. NileC. YangtzeD. Mississippi答案:B6.Acids are proton ______.7.The _____ is a natural satellite that orbits a planet.8.Erosion can reshape the landscape and create new __________.9.The __________ (全球视野) broadens perspectives.10.What do you call the ability to see things clearly?A. VisionB. SightC. PerceptionD. Clarity答案:A11. A ________ (国家公园) protects nature and wildlife.12.The bear forages for food in the _____ forest.13. A liquid's resistance to flow is known as its ______.14.The __________ (历史的理解过程) is essential for growth.15.She is ___ (reading/writing) a letter.16.What do we call the process of a caterpillar turning into a butterfly?A. MetamorphosisB. GerminationC. EvolutionD. Pollination答案:A17.An octopus can change its ________________ (颜色).18.How many teeth does an adult human have?A. 20B. 28C. 32D. 36答案:C19.The __________ (历史的璀璨) shines brightly.20.What do we call the lines that run east to west on a map?A. LatitudeB. LongitudeC. EquatorD. Meridian21.I enjoy visiting museums to learn about __________.22.I can stack my ________ (玩具类型) high.23.How many letters are in the word "school"?A. FiveB. SixC. SevenD. Eight24.The teacher is _____ us to read. (reminding)25.It is important to ______ (exercise) every day.26.What is the capital of the Pitcairn Islands?A. AdamstownB. Bounty BayC. Down RopeD. Garrison答案:A27.What do you call a place where animals are kept for public viewing?A. ParkB. MuseumC. ZooD. Aquarium答案:C28.What color is a typical school bus?A. GreenB. BlueC. YellowD. Red答案:C Yellow29.Flowers can be pollinated by wind, water, or ______. (花可以通过风、水或动物授粉。

2019—2020学年高三年级调研考试（一）英语卷第一部分听力（共两节）第一节听下面5段对话，每段对话后有一个小题。

从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例：How much is the shirt?A．£19.15. B．£9.18. C．£9.15.答案是C。

1．What does the woman plan to do?A．Open a restaurant. B．Learn cooking. C．Decorate her kitchen.2．Where does the conversation take place?A．On the phone. B．In the street. C．At a hotel.3．What failed to work for the man?A．His bank account. B．His Internet connection. C．His TV service.4．What does the man say about Tom at work?A．He’s hard-working. B．He’s often late. C．He’s considerate.5．What will the speakers do?A．Go under a tree. B．Catch the bus. C．Go to a store.第二节听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

每段对话或独白读两遍。

听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。

6．What are the speakers doing?A．Hiking along the mountain path.B．Driving along the street.C．Biking in the national park.7．Why does the woman want to stop?A．To watch the animals. B．To drink some water. C．To enjoy the scenery.听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。

difference知识点总结1. Differences in the natural worldThe natural world is full of diversity, and there are countless differences to be found in the living organisms, ecosystems, and physical features of the Earth. One of the most obvious differences in the natural world is the diversity of species, with millions of different types of plants, animals, and microorganisms inhabiting the planet. These differences are the result of evolution, as species have adapted to different environmental conditions and have developed unique characteristics and behaviors.In addition to differences in species, there are also differences in ecosystems, with each region of the Earth having its own unique blend of plants, animals, and physical features. These differences are the result of a variety of factors, including climate, geology, and human influence. For example, rainforests, deserts, and coral reefs all have their own distinct characteristics and species compositions.Furthermore, there are differences in physical features such as mountains, rivers, and oceans, which are the result of geological processes and the movement of the Earth's tectonic plates. These physical differences play a crucial role in shaping the habitats and ecosystems of the natural world, and they also have a significant impact on human societies and cultures.2. Differences in human societies and culturesHuman societies and cultures are also full of differences, as people have developed a wide range of customs, beliefs, languages, and social structures. These differences are the result of historical, geographical, and environmental factors, as well as the interactions between different groups of people.One of the most obvious differences in human societies is the diversity of languages, with thousands of different languages spoken around the world. These differences in language are a reflection of the cultural diversity of human societies, and they play a crucial role in shaping people's identities, beliefs, and ways of life.In addition to differences in language, there are also differences in customs and traditions, with each culture having its own unique rituals, celebrations, and social norms. These differences are the result of historical and cultural developments, as well as the influence of religion, philosophy, and political systems.Furthermore, there are differences in social structures, with various forms of government, family systems, and economic models being found around the world. These differences in social structures are the result of historical and political developments, as well as the interactions between different groups of people and the distribution of resources.3. Differences in the realm of ideas and knowledgeThe realm of ideas and knowledge is also full of differences, as people have developed a wide range of philosophical, religious, and scientific perspectives. These differences are the result of human creativity, curiosity, and the search for understanding and meaning.One of the most obvious differences in the realm of ideas is the diversity of religious beliefs and practices, with millions of people around the world following different religions and spiritual traditions. These differences in religion are the result of historical, cultural, and geographical factors, as well as the search for meaning, transcendence, and moral guidance.In addition to differences in religion, there are also differences in philosophical perspectives, with various schools of thought and intellectual traditions being found around the world. These differences in philosophy are the result of human reflection, inquiry, and the search for understanding and truth.Furthermore, there are differences in scientific knowledge, with various disciplines such as biology, physics, and psychology offering different perspectives on the natural world and human experience. These differences in scientific knowledge are the result of empirical investigation, experimentation, and the accumulation of evidence and theories.In conclusion, the concept of difference is a fundamental aspect of the natural world, human societies, and the realm of ideas and knowledge. Understanding the various types of differences in these different realms can help us to appreciate the diversity and complexity of the world around us, and it can also offer insights into the processes of change, adaptation, and creativity. By exploring and respecting the differences in the natural world, human societies, and the realm of ideas and knowledge, we can gain a deeper understanding of the world and our place within it.。

Part 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction1. Which of the following decision should be considered legitimate topics of concern in thestudy of consumer behavior:(a). selecting a college (b). purchasing a life insurance policy(c). Smoking a cigarette (d).selecting a church to join(e).selecting a dentist (f).visiting an auto showroom to see new models(g).purchasing a college textbook2. Consumption behavior begins with the step of:(a). purchasing process (b). Information search and evaluation(c). Problem recognition (d). Postpurchasing behavior3. ____occurs when an individual perceives a difference between an ideal state of affairs andthe actual state at any given moment.(a). Problem recognition (b).search (c).alternative evaluation(d).choice (e).outcome4. The research scope of consumer behavior includes:(a). Psychological characteristics of consumer such as needs, motives, personality, attitudes andgeneral effect of such psychological process as perception and learning on consumer behavior(b).Application of psychology research accomplishments on marketing strategies such asinfluences of such factors as brand, package, price, advertisement on consumer behavior(c). Family, social group, social class, culture, subculture influences on consumer purchasing5. From which of the following we can see the research of consumer behavior is beingwidened?(a). From the past research of “customer” to present “consumer”(b). From the simple describe of the relationship of variables to the study of the cause and effectrelationship, and performing laboratory research of many problems(c).The work abstract level improvedMany consumer theory models are put forward.(d).From static concept to dynamic concept6. What are the two parts psychology includes:(a). Psychology process(b). Psychology characteristic(c).recognition and perception(d).personality consciousness7. AD( Absolutely Difference) refers to____JND(Just Noticed Difference) refers to____(a). The least difference that people can detect.(b). The least stimulus that people can detect.8. The discoverer of the forgetting curve is :(a).Fisher (b).Wundt (c).Ebbinghaus (d).Herbent Simon9. Explain the main difference of the theory of S-R, S-P-R, S-L-R, S-T(J)-R.10.Choose the factors that influence consumer purchase:(a). Education of family(b).New product development and produce of enterprise(c).Persuade ability of enterprise(d). Function of brand(e).Store location and service quality11.What is consumer balance and what is the condition of it?Answer: 1)a,b,e,g; 2)c; 3)a; 4)a,b,c; 5)a,b,c,d; 6)a,b; 7)b,a; 8)c; 10)a,b,c,d,ePoints1、Consumer behavior is defined as those acts of individuals directly involves in obtaining,using, and disposing of economic goods and services, including the decision processes thatprecede and determine of these acts.2、Psychology is a subject that studies the laws of people’s psychological activities. Generally, itincludes two part s：1.Psychology process 2.Psychology characteristic3、Absolutely Difference( AD):Just noticed Difference (JND):Part 2 Consumer Decision MakingChapter 2 Complex Decision MakingChoice Questions1.Which of the following is a proper function for a consumer model :A to provide an integrative view of consumer behaviorB to provide detailed guidelines for the development of media and advertising strategiesC to identify new product characteristics to meet consumer needsD to provide a basis for organizing marketing activities2.It is generally easier to organize information by:A attributeB brandC neitherD both3.Stimuli are more likely to be perceived when they:A conform to cultural normsB are complexC deal with information about existing brandsD relate to consumer needs ANSWER: 1 A 2 A 3 DTrue-False Questions1.A model of consumer behavior is equally relevant for all product categories.2.A model of consumer behavior should provide detailed guidance in establishing criteria by which to position a product.3.A consumer’s action tendency toward a brand is represented by whether it was the brand last purchased.4.Consumer information processing always requires interpretation and comprehension of a stimulus.5.Generally, consumer like to use as few need criteria as possible in evaluating brands, consistent with choosing a satisfactory rather than an optimal product.ANSWER: 1 F 2 F 3 F 4 F 5 TQuestionsA large auto manufacturer conducted a survey of recent car purchasers to determine their needs in buying a new car and their perceptions of the company’s makes so as to evaluate possible new product offerings. Information collected by the company can be classified into information dealing with each of the four stages of the decision-making model,namely:A,Need arousal1)consumer thought variables2)consumer characteristicsB,Information processing1)exposure to marketing stimuli2)perceptions of marketing stimuliC,Evaluation of alternative brands of carsD,Purchase and postpurchase evaluationSpecify the types of information the auto manufacturer might collect from consumers for each of the four stages described above,Specify the strategic applications of such information.Pointsconsumer decision is the activity when the consumer chooses one alternative from two or more ones.Chapter 3 Brand LoyaltyChoice Question1.Habit is a means of :A choosing and processing marketing information in an efficientB insuring satisfaction based on past experienceC assessing the positive and negative attributes of a brandD considering alternative brands and choosing the best one.2.Brand loyalty is a result of :A a favorable attitude towards the brandB repurchasing the brand over timeC reinforcementD all of the above3.Purchasing by habit tends to :A increase riskB decrease brand involvementC reduce shopping timeD increase price sensitivity4.Which of following concept is associated with classical conditioning:A repetitionB reinforcementC forgettingD satisfactionE all of the above5.Which of following concept is associated with instrumental conditioning:A contiguityB reinforcementC problem solvingD information processing6.Cognitive theory describes learning as a:A stochastic processB repetitive processC process of problem solvingD behavioral processE all of above7.Brand loyal consumers are more likely to be :A opinion leadersB youngerC self-confident in brand choiceD innovators8.Brand loyalty is more likely to occur when the brand is:A well-knownB a private brandC a durableD not seen as risky goodANSWER: 1 B 2 D 3 C 4 A 5 B 6 C 7 C 8 ATrue-False Question1.Boredom with the existing brand might be a sufficient reason to cause a consumer to switchfrom habit to decision-making.2.Widespread distribution provides an important reminder effect when consumers purchase byhabit.3.Cognitive learning theory is more relevant in understanding complex decision-making thanhabit.4.Consumers who buy a brand regularly but are not strongly committed to it are brand loyal. ANSWER: 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 FQuestionsThis chapter suggests that boredom and desire for variety may result in a change from habit to decision making.Is this more likely for certain product categories than others?Is this more likely for certain consumers than others? That is, is there a “stick with it ”type as opposed to a “novelty seeker type”?PointsBrand loyalty represents a favorable attitude toward and consistent purchase of a single brand over time.Chapter 4 Low Involvement Decision MakingChoice Question1.A low involvement decision model also involves a sequence of three steps. Place a___ next tothe first step, a ___ next to the second, and a ___ next to the third.A beliefsB intentionsC behaviorD need-arousalE evaluation2.Buying by inertia generally involvesA high involvement and significant differences between brandsB high involvement and few differences between brandsC low involvement and significant differences between brandsD low involvement and few differences between brandsE none of the above3.High involvement purchasing behavior does not involve one of the followingA consumer involvementB cognitive evaluationC passive learningD post- purchase evaluationE information processing4.According to Krugman, television encourage passive learning becauseA the advertising is active while the viewer is passiveB both the advertising and the viewer are passiveC the viewer can control the pace of viewingD the viewer is active while the advertising is passive5.According to Sherif’s theory of social judgement, a highly involved consumer would haveA a narrow latitude of rejectionB a narrow latitude of acceptanceC a wide latitude of acceptanceD a wide latitude of rejection6.Advertising in a low involvement situation is not likely toA increase brand awarenessB increase brand trialC increase in-store brand recognitionD change brand attitudesANSWER: 1 A C E 2 D 3 C 4 A 5 B 6 DTrue-False Question1.Consumers are not highly involved with most products.2.The primary basis for inducing trial under low involvement conditions is through price andin-store promotional strategies.3.Marketing strategies should be directed to minimizing consumer problems in the highinvolvement case and to maximizing consumer benefits in the low involvement case.4.The leading brand in a market should encourage variety-seeking behavior.ANSWER: 1T 2 T 3 F 4 FPointsA low involvement purchase is one where the consumer does not consider the productsufficiently important to his or her belief system and does not strongly identify with the product.Chapter 5 Situational Determinants of Consumer BehaviorChoice Question1.Which of the following is not a situational variableA nutritional orientationB a social occasionC being in a storeD between mealsE shopping for a gift2.Which of the following situational influences is most likely to influence behaviorA the consumption situationB the social situationC the environment situationD the in-store situation3.Which of the following is not a characteristic of a usage or purchase situationA timeB social surroundingC brand attitudeD antecedent statesE physical surroundings4.The theory that best explain the relative influence of product versus situation on consumer behavior isA dissonance theoryB balance theoryC attribution theoryD learning theoryE assimilation/contrast theory5.The situation “eating a snack while working at home”is made up of which of the following situational characteristicsA social surroundingB task definitionC timeD antecedent states6.Price sensitive consumers are most likely to be influenced byA the usage situationsB the purchase situationC product attributesD the communication situationE peer group influencesANSWER: 1 A 2 A 3 C 4 C 5 B 6 BTrue-False Questions1. The assumption in most multiattribute models is that brand attitudes are the same, regardless of usage situation.2. The greater the degree of brand loyalty, the more important are situational influence.3. If a situation is close to behavior in time, then it is more likely to influence behavior.4. Purchase situation variables are most likely to be defined by in-store conditions. ANSWER: 1 T 2 F 3 T 4 TPoints1、Type of situations：1.The Communications Situations；2.The Purchase Situation；3.The Consumption Situation2、Characteristics of consumption situations：1.The physical surrounding.2.Social Surrounding.3.Time.4.Task definition.5.Antecedent States.Part 3 The Individual ConsumerChapter 6 Consumer PerceptionQuestion1. What is perception and what is the basic characteristic of it?2. Suppose that a consumer cannot recall seeing advertisements for any brand of hair spray otherthan her preferred brand even through she had the opportunity in a given day to see 20 or morecompeting ads. What explanation can be given?3. Two consumers are exposed to the same ad. One is in the market for this product while theother is not. How might these two consumers differ in their perception of this ad?4. Why is figure-ground concept important for designing an effective ad? Give an example tosupport you answer.5. What is closure and how can it be used to marketers’ advantage?Give an example to support you answer.6.Distinguish between classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning and assess therelative importance of each in an analysis of consumer behavior.7. Learning which increases the probability of a particular response being emitted is:(a).* Instrumental conditioning(b).*classical conditioning(c).conditioned response(d).hit-miss conditioning8. “change in response to tendencies due to the effects of experience” is the definition of:(a).dissonance(b).fatigue©*.learning(d).reactive evaluation9. Learning will occur more rapidly if:(a)*.every response is rewarded(b).there is a large interval between each response and reward(c).the reward is large(d).the respondent has a broad range of experience10.Tell what is packaging , its benefit and how it can be used to influence consumers’ behavior.11.Explain what is branding, brand loyalty and expected satisfaction. Use examples to supportyour answer.12.Brand loyalty is a:(a) general attribute across products(b)product specific phenomenon, with high variability of loyalty across items.13.In picking a brand name, What criteria should be followed?14.How do consumers evaluate a brand? Use examples to explain what is conpensatory model and nonconpensatory model for consumers’ brand evaluation.15.The product manager for a new brand of skin softener is considering two possible names: Soft Skin versus Dickson’ Skin Moisturizer. What name would you select?16. For years, The Linx Company has had a reputation for producing high-quality crystal stemware. Because of economical pressure on consumers, the company plans to market a lower priced glass for the mass market. What branding strategy would you recommend? What are the trade-offs with your recommended strategy?17.Generic brands are a new entry into the marketplace. Assume you are the manufacturer of the Green Giant canned vegetables. Would you introduce a generic line of canned vegetables? Explain your rationale.18. Tell the definition of advertising and advantages and disadvantages of major advertising medias.19. A recent study reveals that a particular ad was much more effective in magazine A than in magazine B, even though the readership of the two magazines is virtually identical. How can you explain this finding?20. In this chapter we discussed many factors that can influence the perception of ads. What do you perceived as the important principles that can be learned from this chapter for making ads more effective?21. Many critics contend that too much advertising today is gimmicky and cute. The argument if that creative people are carried away by flashy attention-attracting devices and are forgetting that good advertising must sell. How would you respond to this criticism?22. Do you believe that recognition and/or recall measures are appropriate measures for advertising effectiveness?PointsPerception is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory impressions in order to give meaning to the environment. Selection is the basic characteristic of perception .Inferences are knowledge or beliefs that are not based on explicit information in the environment.A means-end chain is a knowledge structure that links consumers’knowledge about productattributes with knowledge about consequences and values.Chapter 7 Consumer Needs and MotivesChoices1 Enduring dispositions to strive to attain goals are called:A: attitudes B: intention *C: motives D: aspirations E: recognized problem2 ___ integrates motives into a purposeful pattern that is reflected in purchasing behavior.A: The evoked set B: The charged need state*C: The self-concept D: The rational-emotional center3 That “Why don’t we just leave well enough alone?” is always ____customer’s say.A: Q1 * B:Q2 C:Q3 D: Q4True-False Questions1 Motive patterns are not likely to be changed through persuasive activity of any type.(T)2 The theory of needs –based approach to motivation is based on the M aslow’s hierarchy of needtheory .(T)3 Expectancy theory includes three variables, they are value, expectancy and reinforcer.(F)Questions1 Can motives be changed through advertising? Why or why not?2 Can you distinguish needs with motives?PointsNeed refers to resulting from a discrepancy between an actual and a desired state of beingMotive refers to an activated state within a person that leads to goal-directed behavior. That is to say, motive is the direct reason of the behavior.Choices1 which of the following is not one of the four functions of attitudes defined by Daniel Katz? A: the utilitarian function B: the value-expressive functionC: the ego-defensive function D: the beliefs functionE: the knowledge function2 Which of the following is not a true principle of attitude change ?A: attitudes are easier to change than needsB: weakly held attitudes are easier to changeC: attitudes of consumers with less confidence in brand evaluation are easier to changeD: culturally derived attitudes are easier to changeE: attitudes are easier to change if there is a low level of ego-involvement3 Trying to convince non-users of a brand that it provides useful benefits is an attempt to change attitudes by using ____A: the utilitarian function B: the value-expressive functionC: the ego-defensive function D: the evaluative functionE: the knowledge functionTrue-False Questions1 In marketing situations, attitude change is probably best achieved by one or a few exposures, each of which encompasses a fairly large discrepancy.2 Attitude consistsof three components, that is , cogntive, affectice and conative.3 We can changes the consumer’s behavior by changing the attitude to the brand.Questions1 What explanations can you give for the contradictory evidence in the literature until recently regarding the relationship of change in attitude to a change in behavior? Is attitude change a valid marketing goal?2 What is the relationship between evaluative criteria, beliefs, attitude and intention?3 How can we change the existing attitudes?Answer: 1 D 2 D 3 A 1F 2 T 3 TPointsAttitudes are the amount of effect or feeling for or against a stimulus, such as a person, product, company or idea.Attitude has some structure,and it consists of three components: cognitive, affective, intention. Conclusion: It was found that in each case, a person’s buying intention could be predicted with considerable accuracy from knowledge of his corresponding attitude and subjective norm.Choices1.____ is defined as responses to the outer stimuli in the same way .A: Needs * B: Personality C: Intention D: Attitude2. In A.I.O terminology, an ____is something generating both excitement and attention.A: activity B: attitude C: intention * D: interest E: opinion3.In A.I.O terminology, an ____is manifest behavior, such as shopping.*A: activity B: attitude C: intention D: interest E: opinion4. Life-styles are represented by consumer’____A: brand attitude B: needs *C: activities D: perceptions E: beliefs5.Life-styles research has been used by marketers to provide guidelines for ____A: identifying target markets B: advertising C: product positioningD: media selection *E: all of the above6.When somebody always judges himself by the other ideals, we can call that kind of the formation of the self-conception_____.A: self-evaluation *B: reflection evaluation C: social compare D: self formationTrue-False Questions1. Lifestyles are derivatives of a consumer’s personal value system and personality.(T)2.Lifestyle is the operational measure of psychographics.(F)3. Personality has not been demonstrated convincingly as a useful means of market segmentation.(T)4. Consumer with a wide discrepancy between their actual and ideal self-image are more likely to be influenced by appeals to fantasy.(T)Questions1. What is the self-conception? How is it formed? Would measurement of self-concept be of any use to a brand manager who has full responsibility for the marketing of a new brand of household detergent?2. How the dress forms and developes the self-conception?Definition：1、In consumer behavior, personality is defined as consistent responses to environmental stimuli.2、A life-style is broadly defined as a mode of living that is identified by how people spend their time(activities); what they consider important in their environment(interests);and what they think of themselves and the world around them(opinions).3、The self-concept, or self-structure, may be thought of as an organized configuration of perceptions of the self which are admissible to awareness.4、Activities, Interests, and Opinions (AIO)Part 4 Environmental Influences on ConsumerChapter 10 Household Decision MakingChoices1.One factor that is important in family decision making but not in individual decision making is :A:stimulus expose B:changes in attitudes C:role specializationD:advertising awareness E:post-purchase evaluation2.The individual who has the role of influencing the type of stimuli the decision unit is exposed tois known as the:A:information-gatherer B:influencer C:decision maker D:purchasing agentE:consumer3.Joint decisions are more likely whenA:the product is purchased frequentlyB:there is little time to make a decisionC:the product is technologically complexD:the level of perceived risk in purchasing is highE:the product is likely to be used by more than one family member4.When family members agree about goals, the primary strategy for conflict resolution is throughA:consensus B:accomodation C:coercion D:bargaining E:persuasion5.When family members disagree about goals, the primary strategy for conflict resolution isthrough:A:consensus B:accomodation C:problem solvingD:budgetary allocation E:role specialization6.Wives tend to make the decision for:A:automobiles B:food C:housing D:vacations E:garden tools7.A joint decision is most likely to be made forA:small appliances B:food C:housing D:automobiles E:garden toolsAnswer:1 C 2 A 3 D 4 A 5 B 6 B 7 CTrue-False Questions1.Expressive roles are more likely to be performed by the husband, instrumental roles by the wife.2.Joint decision making is more likely when there is little time pressure in making the decision.3.Conflict is norm in family decision making.4.The profile of the husband-dominant family suggests a family with more traditional values andattitudes towards marital roles.5.The mother is the most important source of information for a child in evaluating alternativebrands.6.Most studies that have interviewed husbands and wives separatly have found little agreementbetween them regarding their respective influence on the purchase decision.Answer: 1 F 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 F 6 FPoints1、The U.S, Census Bureau defines a housing unit as having its own entrance(inside and outside )and basic facilities .If the housing unit has people living in it ,they constitute a household.2、A family is a group of two or more persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption who residetogether.In view of function it can be defined as the basic unit of society , in which two or more persons live together for personal and municipal purpose. So family is one kind of household.3、Consumer socialization refers to how children acquire knowledge about products and servicesand various consumption-related skills(such as how to search for bargains).Chapter 11 Group FactorsChoices1.Which of the following is membership groupA:symbolic groups B:avoidance groups C:aspirational groupsD:disclaimant groups E:none of the above2.The most important influence on purchasing decisions is generally provided byA:primary informal groups B:secondary informal groupsC:primary formal groups D:secondary formal groupsE:aspiration groups3.A consumer whose main objective is self-maintenance and enrichment is most likely to acceptwhich of the following types of influenceA:informational B:material C:comparative D:cultural E:normative4.Normative influence is most closely linked to which of the following types of powerA:expert power B:bargaining power C:referent power D:reward powerE:coercive powerAnswer:1 D 2 A 3 C 4 DTrue-False Questions1.Both membership and aspiration groups are reference groups.2.A disclaimant group is a membership group.3.Most group influence on consumer purchasing behavior is achieved through reward power.rmational influence is an overrated aspect of group influence.Much of what passes forinformational influence is really normative influence.Answer: 1 T 2 T 3 F 4 FPointsTABLE11.2 Conditions Reflecting Informational,Comparative, and Normative Influences Informational influence1.The individual seeks information about various brands of the product from an associationof professionals or independent group of experts .2.The individual seeks brand-related knowledge and experience (such as how Brand A’sperformance compares to Brand B’s ) from those friends,neighbors,relatives ,or workassociates who have reliable information about the brands .3.The individual’s observation of what experts do influences his or her choice of a brand(such as observing the type of car which police drive or the brand of TV which repairpeople buy ).Comparative influence4.The individual feels that the purchase or use of a particular brand will enhance the imagewhich others have of him or her .5.The individual feels that the purchase of a particular brand helps show others what he orshe is ,or would like to be (such as an athlete ,successful businessperson ,etc. ).6.The individual feels that those who purchase or use a particular brand process thecharacteristics which he or she would like to have.7.The individual sometimes feels that it would be nice to be like the type of person whichadvertisements show using a particular brand .Normative influence8.The individual’s decision to purchase a particular brand is influenced by the preferencesof people with whom he or she has social interaction .9.The individual’s decision to purchase a particular brand is influenced by the preferencesof family members .10.The desire to satisfy the expectation which others have of him or her has an impact on theindividual’s brand choice .Chapter 12 Social Class InfluencesChoices1.The most important distinction between social classes is that they are likely to have differentA:life-style B:brand perceptions C:patterns of group influenceD*:value systems E:personality characteristics2.The group that is most likely to engage in impulse purchasing is theA:upper-upper class B:lower-upper class C:upper-middle classD*:lower-middle class E*:upper-lower class F*:lower-lower class3. The group that is most likely to emphasize quality and value in purchasing is theA*:upper-upper class B*:lower-upper class C*:upper-middle classD:lower-middle class E:upper-lower class F:lower-lower class4.The reason that upper and upper-middle class consumers tend to engage in more active leisureactivities than lower-class consumers isA:to make up for less activity in their occupationsB*:as a means of self-ecpressionC:because of more disposable incomeD:to spend more time with their familiesE:because they are more achievement orientedTrue-False Questions1.Income is the best criterion of social stratification in Chinese society.2.Lower class consumers tend to be more oriented to traditional values.3.Social classes are face to face groups that exert direct influence on the individual consumer.。

Migration and the search for a betterway of life:a critical exploration of lifestyle migrationMichaela Benson and Karen O’ReillyAbstractFor the past few years,the term‘lifestyle migration’has been used to refer to an increasing number of people who take the decision to migrate based on their belief that there is a more fulfilling way of life available to them elsewhere.Lifestyle migration is thus a growing,disparate phenomenon,with important but little under-stood implications for both societies and individuals.This article outlines and explores in detail a series of mobilities that have in common relative affluence and this search for a better lifestyle.We attempt to define the limits of the term lifestyle migration,the characteristics of the lifestyle sought,and the place of this form of migration in the contemporary world.In this manner,we map the various migra-tions that can be considered under this broad rubric,recognising the similarities and differences in their migration trajectories.Further to this,drawing on the sociologi-cal literature on lifestyle,we provide an initial theoretical conceptualisation of this phenomenon,attempting to explain its recent escalation in various guises,and investigating the historical,sociological,and individualised conditions that inspire this migration.This article is thus thefirst step in defining a broader programme for the study of lifestyle migration.We contend that the study of this migration is especially important in the current era given the impact such moves have on places and people at both ends of the migratory chain.IntroductionIn this article,we explore the usefulness of‘lifestyle migration’as an analytical tool in explaining a budding sociological phenomenon:the relocation of people within the developed world searching for a better way of life.We outline the unique characteristics of this form of migration,locating this migratory trend as a consequence of particular historical,sociological,and individualised condi-tions.In this manner,we present a new way of conceptualising a trend that runs counter to the most important or numerically dominant streams as identified by most migration researchers(eg Bommes and Morawska,2005;Castles and Miller,2003;Papastergiadis,2000),yet appears to be a historical continuation of earlier mobilities including the Grand Tour,adventure travel,and voluntary, The Sociological Review,57:4(2009)©2009The Authors.Journal compilation©2009The Editorial Board of The Sociological Review.Published by Blackwell Publishing Inc.,9600Garsington Road,Oxford OX42DQ,UK and350Main Street,Malden,02148, USA.Migration and the search for a better way of life temporary,and‘love’migration(King,2002).While it is recognised that,broadly speaking,the search for a better way of life is meaningful for all migrants,this paper examines a growing range of contemporary mobilities that intimate the growing interest in lifestyle within sociology.The migration of relatively affluent individuals has been largely overlooked in the more general literature on migration.Where affluent migrants have been studied,the major focus has been on professional expatriates(see for example Amit,2001,2002;Amit-Talai,1998;Beaverstock,2002;Cohen,1977; Fechter,2007;Iredale,2001;Nowicka,2006)or International Retirement Migration,with a particular focus on policy implications(see for example Casado-Díaz,2006;Helset et al.,2005;Rodríguez et al.,2005;Schriewer and García,2005).As Aledo Tur(2005)has noted,a policy focus tends to exclude relatively affluent migrants who do notfit the stereotypical idea of a migrant in the given destinations,do not compete for jobs,and tend not to be racialised as other immigrants.Despite the significant and increasing number of affluent individuals migrating in search of a better way of life(with an increasing number of locations involved as both sending communities and destinations), in general they remain poorly understood and conceptualised.We contend that the study of these relatively affluent migrants is especially important in the current era given the impact such moves has on places and people at both ends of the migratory chain(Mantecón,2008).Since this phenomenon of moving for a better way of life has rarely been covered by standard migration typologies(but see King,2002),researchers have attempted to link their studies to wider phenomena using umbrella concepts such as,inter alia,retirement migration,leisure migration,(inter-national)counterurbanisation,second home ownership,amenity-seeking and seasonal migration.None of these conceptualisations,however,is fully inclu-sive in grasping the complexity of this trend and uniting its various elements. In all these cases,research shows a common narrative through which respon-dents render their lives meaningful(Cortazzi,2001)–the search for a different lifestyle,a significantly better quality of life which underlies migration.We argue here that despite the peculiarity of each case,these common lifestyle concerns demonstrate that these different migrations can be considered as a single phenomenon–lifestyle migration.As we perceive it,lifestyle migrants are relatively affluent individuals of all ages,moving either part-time or full-time to places that,for various reasons, signify,for the migrant,a better quality of life.Ethnographic accounts espe-cially have revealed a narrative of escape permeating migrants’accounts of the decision to migrate,further emphasised by their negative presentations of life before migration.Migration is thus often described using language like ‘getting out of the trap’,‘making a fresh start’,‘a new beginning’(eg Helset et al.,2005;Karisto,2005;SalváTomás,2005).The fundamental features of the different lifestyles sought thus include the re-negotiation of the work-life balance,quality of life,and freedom from prior constraints.Through these strategies of reorientation,the migrants seek the greater good in life,however609©2009The Authors.Journal compilation©2009The Editorial Board of The Sociological ReviewMichaela Benson and Karen O’Reillythat might be perceived.Lifestyle migration is thus a search,a project,rather than an act,and it encompasses diverse destinations,desires and dreams. The search for a better way of lifeThe search for the good life as a comparative project is a consistent theme in lifestyle migration.Migrants retrospectively explain their specific relocation contrasting the merits of the host community–the slow pace of life;the relative cost of living(including cheap property prices);the climate and health benefits;a feeling of community–with the shortcomings of home–rising levels of crime and unemployment;lack of community spirit;high-pressured lifestyles(or the ‘rat race’);and low quality of life(eg O’Reilly,2000;Sunil et al.,2007).These narrativesofdeclinehavebeenremovedfromtheindividualandhistoriographic contexts,rather than being analysed as narrative(eg Buller and Hoggart,1994; King,Warnes and Williams,2000).As retrospective stories,they may not reflect objective reality;the presented advantages of life in the destination are often romanticised accounts,while the migrants’representations of the ills of their home society are often overstated.However,the exaggerated comparison between life before and after migration provides a rationalisation of this form of migration extending beyond the discussion of economic privilege.Through such narrative accounts,the migrants challenge their depiction as consumers, emphasising instead their substantial,personal reasons for migrating.Migration stories thus additionally emphasise individualised,self-realisation narratives of the decision to migrate.Many stress the particular events and circumstancesleadinguptotheirmigration,orexplaintheirmigrationinrelation to one watershed event(Benson,2007;Hoey,2005;O’Reilly,2000).This might be redundancy,a change in working status(eg retirement),or a bereavement, each of which is experienced as traumatic in some way.Migration is presented as a way of overcoming the trauma of these events,of taking control of their lives,or as releasing them from ties and enabling them to live lives more‘true’to themselves.Life after migration is thus presented as the antithesis of life before migration,not only generally,but also on a more personal level.Because the fundamental features of the different lifestyles sought by such migrants include the good life,escape from past individual and community histories,and the opportunity for self-realisation,strategies post migration often include the re-negotiation of the work-life balance,maintaining quality of life and freedom from prior constraints.However,in order to achieve and maintain their new,preferable lifestyles,many migrants still need to generate income following migration,and it is common tofind that they run small businesses as‘self-employed expatriates’(Stone and Stubbs,2007).Their choice of enterprise varies and,while many work within tourism or providing services for other migrants,the advances in communications technology make the possibilities endless.Importantly,these lifestyle migrants use their businesses as a means to an end;they use them to fund their new lifestyles 610©2009The Authors.Journal compilation©2009The Editorial Board of The Sociological ReviewMigration and the search for a better way of life (Befus et al.,1988;Madden,1999;Stone and Stubbs,2007).For example,when small business owners on the Costa del Sol were asked why they moved,they listed climate,quality of life,and lifestyle ahead of business opportunities. Lifestyle remains the main priority(Madden,1999).Individuals often seek self-employment not because they cannotfind work locally,but because they prefer being their own boss.As Stone and Stubbs argue,‘working for others ...was not part of the new life that they had envisaged’(2007:438).Self-employed,the migrants have a greater degree of control over how much they work,and thus maintain what they perceive as an acceptable work-life balance.There is thus often a limit to how much the migrants will engage in the expansion–both in size and pecuniary terms–of their businesses,for fear that it will disturb the work-life balance they have established.Importantly,entrepreneurial activities undertaken by these migrants are most often a departure from their careers in life before migration;Hoey’s (2005)discovery that‘the pie guy’had previously worked as an engineer is perhaps the best example of the contrast between life before and after migra-tion.It is often the case that many lifestyle migrants have little or no previous experience of establishing and running businesses,but many of them take the opportunity of migrating to follow their dreams(some more successfully than others).In this respect,it can be seen that this form of migration does have a liberatory potential,instilling into people the idea that they can do anything they want.However,when viewed more clearly within the context of people’s lives before migration,this apparent disjuncture is not so clear-cut.The migrants take transferable skills from their jobs before migration,which they then put to use in their new businesses.As we have described in this section,the search for a better way of life is necessarily a comparative project.Presenting their migration within a compara-tive frame,the migrants provide an easily understandable justification for their migration.However,what is often understated is the effort migrants invest in making their dreams a reality,and achieving an appropriate work-life balance. The search for idyllic placesThe destinations chosen by lifestyle migrants tell us a lot about the lives they aspire to lead.The different or better way of life sought is diverse,and,to some extent,and is specific to the destination chosen,reflecting individual prefer-ences and aspirations.This specificity warrants further investigation,but we can suggest a typology of lifestyle migration based upon the choice of desti-nation.We therefore present three different types of lifestyle migrant:the residential tourist,the rural idyll seeker,and the bourgeois bohemian. Residential tourismThe most renowned of lifestyle migrants have chosen destinations in coastal resorts or islands in the sun.1Reflecting the extensive public interest in these611©2009The Authors.Journal compilation©2009The Editorial Board of The Sociological ReviewMichaela Benson and Karen O’Reillymigrants,academic research on this‘heliotropic’migration has been relatively extensive,especially in relation to North-South migration,and with Spain as a favoured destination.2Migrants are attracted to places such as the Algarve, Malta and the Costa del Sol with their characteristic‘Mediterranean lifestyle’, incorporating cuisine,wine,a slow pace of life,and outdoor living(Casado-Díaz,2006;King et al.,2000),features analogous to those mentioned by those seeking the rural idyll and the bohemian ideal,discussed below.Although these sun-seeking migrants could be portrayed as hedonistic‘residential tour-ists’(Aledo Tur,2005),the health benefits of the weather and the coast,as well as the relaxation and tranquillity associated with tourist destinations,act as a greater pull than any desire to be with other tourists(eg Sunil et al.,2007). Nevertheless,the imaginings and desires of these coastal migrants are difficult to distinguish from the social construction of the spaces associated with mass tourism(O’Reilly,2003,2007b).Coastal lifestyle migration emphasises escape, leisure,relaxation,and‘tourism as a way of life’.The rural idyllRural locations are imagined to offer lifestyle migrants a sense of stepping back in time,getting back to the land,the simple or good life,as well as a sense of community spirit.While it is often the case in lifestyle migration that destinations are depicted as having the characteristics of rurality,the narra-tives of those who move to the countryside,whether at home or abroad, additionally stress the unique and embodied relationship that they have with the landscape(see for example Benson,2007;Geoffrey,2007).The everyday lives of migrants in these rural retreats are relatively understudied.There are, however,an increasing number of researchers studying the British and North European populations in France(see for example Deschamps,2006;Benson, 2007,forthcoming;Geoffrey,2007;Smallwood,2007;Drake and Collard,forth-coming).And we know that more and more people are seeking rural desti-nations;Spain has seen an increase in international buyers seeking rural properties,and new markets across Europe are opening up with,for example as Nagy(2006)argues,the Romanian countryside attracting European city dwellers with its relatively low-costs.And on the other side of the Atlantic, Hoey(2005)spearheads the interest in the relocation of middle-class migrants to non-metropolitan areas in an attempt to‘start over’.Further afield,there are North American communities in the highlands of Panama and Costa Rica who have yet to be studied,destinations that are equally marketed to migrants on the grounds that they offer escape.It will be interesting to explore the extent to which these unstudied migrations can also be considered forms of lifestyle migration.Bourgeois BohemiansFinally,there are migrants who seek alternative lifestyles in spaces that signify what we might define as bohemian ideals.These destinations are characterised 612©2009The Authors.Journal compilation©2009The Editorial Board of The Sociological ReviewMigration and the search for a better way of life by certain spiritual,artistic,or creative aspirations and unique‘cultural’expe-rience.The terms spiritual and‘cultural’in our rendering are intended in the widest sense.Jacqueline Waldren’s(1996)accounts of the outsiders–literary personalities,artists and musicians–of Deía,Mallorca is the seminal text on these bohemian ideals and the way that they intersect with the daily lives led in this particular Mediterranean village.More recently,Pola Bousiou (2008)presents an account of the Mykoniots d’élection,a group of people whose lives are characterised by their‘constant return to the island of Mykonos,Greece,and their insistence on living,acting,working and creating in a tourist space offers them an alternative identity’(2008:3).For these self-ascribed‘nomads’,this Greek island is a place on which they can inscribe their own alternative lifestyle.There are also a number of texts in preparation that equally concentrate on the perception that a bohemian form of living is available(see for example Korpela forthcoming;Trundle forthcoming), exploring diverse destinations such as Florence,Italy and Varanasi,India.These disparate destinations are not in any sense mutually exclusive in what they putatively provide for the lifestyle migrant.We offer their description as a framework for examining the similarities and differences in lifestyle migra-tion narratives.This framework reflects our efforts to consider what might be included in the definition of an emergent trend and what the uniqueness of each destination(or imagining)might offer to the paradigm.As there is,to date,comparatively little literature on lifestyle migration,there is plenty of scope for thefield to expand.There are many migration trends which could be thus categorised and which have,to our knowledge,not yet been examined.Narratives that emphasise the value of particular places and landscapes highlight that how individuals perceive destinations is the result of a complex interaction between their prior experiences of a location,wider culturally-specific imaginings(distributed primarily through the media and‘property pornography’),certain historical and material conditions,and their individual circumstances(including cultural,educational,and economic capital)at the point of migration.The choice of destination,while also an intentional choice about how to live,is thus the product of both structural constraints and individual agency.We will now consider some of these wider circumstances, beginning with a critical look at two ways these migrations have been con-ceptualised to date:as(residential)tourism and as counter-urbanisation. Conceptualising Lifestyle MigrationTourismMuch lifestyle migration is a clear case of what Williams and Hall(2002)have called tourism-informed mobility.In this rendering,migrants develop a taste for a particular way of life while on holiday in an area,and subsequently decide to migrate,encouraged by their imaginings of the place as offering a613©2009The Authors.Journal compilation©2009The Editorial Board of The Sociological ReviewMichaela Benson and Karen O’Reillybetter lifestyle.Simply,tourist destinations(for example the Costa del Sol, the Algarve,the Dordogne)become migration destinations.In some cases,the migration destination continues to be socially constructed in terms of holiday and its concomitant meanings(Shields,1991),with lifestyle migrants seeming loth to have their lives structured and routinised(O’Reilly,2000).Therefore, in terms of the lifestyle sought and the destination chosen,there is a partial overlap between lifestyle migration and tourism,(O’Reilly,2003and2007b). But to apply a persistent‘holiday feel’to the lives of all lifestyle migrants would,in our opinion,do an injustice to these populations,many of whom actively strive to show that they are different from tourists who are often negatively stereotyped(see for example Benson,2007;Oliver,2008;Waldren, 1996,1997).From another angle,the study of tourism as a phenomenon can inform our exploration of lifestyle migration(O’Reilly,2003).Tourism,of course,is based on all those distinctions Urry(1990)recognised between leisure and work, home and away,everyday and holiday.It is about escaping the drudgery of the routine in order to‘gaze’on the exotic and other;the perfect foundation for an anti-modern migration in search of community,security,leisure,and tranquil-lity.The pursuit of a better way of life that characterises lifestyle migration is the tourist’s pursuit of authentic experience(MacCannell,1976)made epic, an embedded feature of daily life within the destination(cf.Benson,2007; O’Reilly,2007b).Tourism facilitates this form of migration by constructing and marketing ideals.Through this process,these ideals become feasible and attainable lifestyle choices.Despite the links between the two,it is important not to reduce lifestyle migration to tourism as this undermines the diverse motivations and experi-ences of the migrants.Not all lifestyle migration began as tourism,and there has yet to be an adequate explanation of why people might want to turn their experiences from tourism into a way of life.CounterurbanisationThe study of counterurbanisation may also shed some light on lifestyle ed to describe and account for the physical movement of populations out of cities and metropolitan areas towards more rural areas,counterurbani-sation has tended to focus on trends andflows(Halliday and Coombes,1995). However,researchers are increasingly adding a motivational element to their definition(Mitchell,2004).While there are various motivations that might drive people to move to rural areas,including house prices,overcrowding, retirement,and the green movement,the most-documented motivation listed in the counterurbanisation literature is the rural idyll–that is the pull of the countryside as a way of life.The essential elements that the rural idyll incor-porates are a less hurried lifestyle,peace and quiet,space,and greenness(van Dam et al.,2002).The countryside is thus constructed or(mis)represented as somewhere people have more time for each other,with a more close-knit 614©2009The Authors.Journal compilation©2009The Editorial Board of The Sociological ReviewMigration and the search for a better way of life community,somewhere children can grow up in safety(Matthews et al.,2000), a stress-free environment away from the excesses and constraints of the city. There is an additional sense that this kind of move is motivated in part by more extreme anti-urban motivations,with counterurbanisation operating as an escape from high crime levels,taxes,congestion and pollution.Counterurban migrations can therefore include‘back to the land’moves,quality of life moves to smaller communities,and even amenity-driven,retirement migration (Mitchell,2004).In the perception of the counterurbanising population,their destinations offer them the antithesis of the lives that they are leaving behind.Indeed,this attraction to the countryside has already been well documented in the case of the British in rural France(Buller and Hoggart,1994;Barou and Prado,1995; Benson,2007).However,it is the case that the interpretations and meanings of a place,refracted through a range of media,matter more to migrants than the actual qualities that can be objectively described(Halliday and Coombes, 1995).As a result,the concrete attributes and characteristics labelled‘rural’means the term does not actually have to coincide with the countryside as such;rurality can be constructed,sought,or created elsewhere(see Boyle et al.,1998,van Dam et al.,2002).Bearing in mind this social construction of rurality,when once the countryside was marketed as offering an alternative way of life,an escape from the ills of modernity and the city,now distant lands hold the same meanings;in other words,they are being constructed in the same ways.Lifestyle migration shares the motivations characteristic of counter-urbanisation with migrants commonly stressing their anti-modern and anti-urban sentiments.Within the counterurbanisation discourse,it has been concluded that all destinations signify the same thing to individuals:a different and better way of life to that led before migration.How this then translates into their everyday experiences of life following migration is,however,some-thing that remains overlooked within the counterurbanisation discourse. Explaining Lifestyle MigrationFrom the preceding discussion,it is apparent that both tourism and counterur-banisation offer a specific lens through which this migration might be better perceived.However,their explanations do not look at how the act of migration intersects with life more generally.By encapsulating this form of migration within the term lifestyle,we shift the focus from the movement itself to the lifestyle choices inherent within the decision to migrate.In this manner,we re-place migration in the context of the lives led before and after migration and drawattentionawayfromthemovementasasingularevent.Theinitialmigration therefore emerges as one point of the journey en route to a better way of life (Benson,2007).Lifestyle migration is thus intrinsic to the lifestyle trajectories of individuals,a part of their reflexive project of the self(or the search for a615©2009The Authors.Journal compilation©2009The Editorial Board of The Sociological ReviewMichaela Benson and Karen O’Reillypotential self as Hoey(2005)describes it,whereby migrants escape disillu-sionment through seeking an alternative lifestyle.Studies of this phenomenon should concentrate,therefore,not only on the reasoning and circumstances leading to migration,but also on how these inform experiences of life within the destination.Lifestyle migration,as a conceptualisation,thus holds at its core a commitment to a more nuanced insight into individual circumstances (including phase in the life course,Oliver,2008)and their influence on the trajectory of lives following migration,while also recognising that there are various historical and material prerequisites for this form of migration. Lifestyle and habitusThe relocation of lifestyle migrants can broadly be defined as indicative of a fundamental change in lifestyle,signifying a break,a contrast,a turning point, and a new beginning.In this respect,the decision to migrate is a lifestyle choice.But what do we mean by lifestyle in this case and what is the impact of these choices?Many of the previous studies on this search for a better way of life emphasise its links to consumption(see for example King et al.,2000;Sunil et al.,2007;Williams and Hall,2002).With this in mind,we consider the insights offered by sociological theorists who make explicit the link between consump-tion and lifestyle(eg Beck,1992;Bauman,2000;Giddens,1991).Common to these accounts is the notion that society has now entered post,late,second, or liquid modernity(depending on the author),characterised by the demise of traditional social structures and divisions of labour,and a greater degree of consumer choice.Lifestyle,within this contemporary consumer society,is a life project for the individual,part of the reflexive project of the self(Giddens, 1991),in which we unremittingly,but never routinely,engage,in order to make sense of who we are and our place in the world.The lifestyle choices that individuals make thus,‘give material form to a particular narrative of self-identity’(Giddens,1991:81).Consumption enables individuals to sustain a coherent lifestyle reflecting their self-identity.These approaches to the study of lifestyle thus argue that,‘engaging in a particular lifestyle no longer reflects our already existing status as members of a particular class,for example,but says something about who we–as individuals–have decided we want to be’(Sweetman,2003:529original italics).While there is undoubtedly something appealing about the idea that we have such extensive freedom of choice,the pervading criticism of this empha-sis on the individual is that it fails to account for the persisting influence of social structures on the individual.For example,it remains unclear why the ‘goods’people seek(community,security,tranquillity)seem to remain so consistent.In contrast to these approaches,Bourdieu(1984)presents a more structurally aware description of lifestyle,linking consumption practices, lifestyle,and social position.In this rendering,lifestyles emerge as the result of particular material circumstances and a specific class habitus;all lifestyle choices are thus mediated through our habitus,our embodied class-culture. 616©2009The Authors.Journal compilation©2009The Editorial Board of The Sociological Review。

The Application of AI Big Model Will Usher in the “Wave Y ear”By Guo Yan2023 was known as the year of artificial intelligence, and the application of large models emerged one after another. From the beginning of the year, the cognitive intelligence model repre-sented by ChatGPT was born, which quickly detonated the market. In the second half of the year, large-scale models quickly entered a new stage. Many large-scale models moved from technology to commercialization, and each family seized the high ground of data, computing power, scenarios and applications to compete for the right to speak in the large-scale model market.The vertical big model landed fastestWith the increasing popularity of the market, many enterprises are devoting themselves to the research and development of large-scale modelapplications. According to enterprise survey data, since New Year’s Day in 2023, there were 104 enterprises whose trademark names, patent names and patent abstracts contained key words such as “big model, big language model, model training, text generation model, visual model and neural network model”.At present, the application fields of AI big models involve natural language processing, computer vision, manufacturing, the cultural industry, finance, medical care, education, retail, etc. In addition, AI big models in the fields of architecture, household appliances and semiconductors have also appeared one after another.“2023 is known as the year of artificial intelligence. This evaluation mainly stems from the continuous breakthroughs in core technologies such as deep learning and machine learning and the wide application of large models in various fields. Large models, such as GPT-4 and Tongyi Qianwen, have made remarkable ac h ie v ement s i n te x t c re at ion , intelligent customer ser vice and programming assistants with their powerful language generation and understanding abilities, which has left a deep impression on people. This is due to the high global investment in AI technology, the improvements in computing power, the richness of data resources and the continuous expansion of application scenarios,” Hong Yong, an associate researcher at E-commerce Institute of the Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, stated in an exclusive interview with our reporter.For example, Miaobi Edition, the writer’s assistant of Yuewen Group,is positioned as “the industry’s first19large model of web fiction”, which provides functions such as assisting with creation, content diagnosis and answering questions. Hi Echo, the “world’s first virtual human oral private education experience” under Netease Youdao, was off icially launched in October, 2023, and has already been iterated to version 2.0. Baidu serves customers at three levels: by training big models, using big models and trialing their applications, and exploring big models in government, finance, transportation and other fields. Huawei Cloud built the Huawei Pangu model with the idea of “5 + N + X”, and formed industry solutions which have been in implemented in fields such as government affairs, finance, mining and intelligent driving.Fan Zhicong, Head of Yang Wuyou AI, is optimistic about the application of large models. He said: “It is possible to generate new and almost unlimited content based on the given input. The progress of this technology benef its from the development of powerful computing power, big data and deep learning a l gor it h ms. At t he s a me t i me, with the improvements in data and computing power, the performance of the model in natural language processing, visual recognition, question answering, and other tasks is also cont i nuously bei ng opt i m i z ed. The development seen over this yea r benef ited f rom t he globa l attention and investment in artificial intel ligence and the continuous innovation of related technologies.”In addition, at present, major provinces are developing large-scale models, with Beijing, Guangdong, Z he ji a n g, S h a n gh a i a nd ot he r places being the most active, with the largest number of large models. China’s New Generation Artificial Intelligence Technology Industry Development Report 2023 shows that Beijing accounts for 28% of the 2,200 artificial intelligence enterprises in China, with 618 artificial intelligence enterprises, ranking f irst among all provinces and cities in China. According to data from the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Economy and Information Technology, as of the beginning of October, 2023, thenumber of large models released inBeijing reached 115.Accord ing to t he Resea rc hReport of the China AI Big ModelMap released by the Institute ofScientific and Technical Informationof China, there are 79 large modelsabove the scale of 1 billion parametersin China, including 20 in GuangdongProvince, and accounting for 25.3%of the whole country. In November2023, t he People’s Gover nmentof Gu a ngdong Prov i nce is suedthe Implementation Opinions onAccelerating the Construction ofthe General Artificial IntelligenceIndustry Innovation Leading Place,proposing to strengthen the keytechnology research on large models.The commercialization ofbig models still faces manychallengesAlthough the AI big model industryis in full swing, insiders admit thatthe commercialization of domesticbig models is still in its infancy, andthe commercialization process stillfaces many challenges.“T h e c h a l l e n g e s f a c e d b yA I appl icat ions ma in ly inc ludetechnical bottlenecks, ethics, datasecurit y and privacy protection.First, although the large model has astrong performance, how to furtherimprove its reasoning ability, solvethe long tail problem and reduce thecalculation cost is still a technicalproblem. Secondly, the transparencyand controllability of AI’s decision-making need to be improved to avoidthe social risks caused by algorithmd i s c r i m i n a t i o n a n d b l a c k-b o xoperation. Comparing China withEurope and America in this field,Europe and America have certainadvantages in basic research andoriginal technology, while China hasan outstanding performance record inindustrial application and marketing.For supervision, it is suggested tobuild a legal and regulatory systemthat adapts to the development ofAI, not only to encourage innovation,but also to ensure that data securityand personal privacy are effectivelyprotected. In the application field,we should pay attention to guidingAI to develop in the direction ofpeople’s livelihood and social welfaresuch as in education, medical careand env ironmenta l protection,”Hong Yong explained.At present, the data securityinvolved in the application of AI bigmodels and how to balance supervisionand technological innovation are thefocus of attention in the general industry.L i a n g Z h e np e n g, a s e n i o rindustrial economic observer, told thisreporter that, first, the acquisitionand processing of data is an importantcha l lenge, especia l ly for la rge-scale and high-quality labeled data.Secondly, the interpretability, securityand privacy protection of AI technologyalso need to be solved urgently. Inaddition, the standardization ofartificial intelligence in ethics andlaw is a lso a problem that mustbe faced. He said: “In response tothese challenges, and in terms ofsupervision, I believe that an A Ilaws and regulations system shouldbe establ ished and improved toensure the development of artificialintelligence on a compliant and safetrack. In the application field, it isimperative to encourage innovationand practice, and promote the deepintegration of AI technology acorssvarious industries.”Although the AI bigmodel industry isin full swing, thecommercialization ofdomestic big models isstill in its infancy, andthe commercializationprocess still faces manychallenges.20O n J u n e20,2023,t h e Cy b er s p ac e A d m i n is t r at ion of China issued an announcement on releasing the filing information of deep synthesis service algorithms, and announced the filing list of domestic deep synthesis service algorithms. The industry believes that with the release of the filing list, the regulatory rules are further being clarified. The big model license is expected to accelerate the landing and promote the transition of the supply side of the big model to a new stage.Fan Zhicong believes that for the application field, it is first necessary to st reng t hen t he resea rc h a nd development and optimization of AI technology to improve its performance and reliability. Secondly, we need to pay attention to the social impact and ethical issues of AI application to ensure that it operates within the legal and moral framework. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen data protection and privacy, and avoid the abuse of data and infringement on individual rights.Earlier, Li Yanhong, Founder, Chairman and CEO of Baidu, said at the Shenzhen 2023 X-Lake Forum that there are too many domestic big models, and there are too few AI native applications developed on the models. The industrialization mode of big models should combine the general capabilities of the basic models with the proprietary knowledge in the industry.Lu Yanxia, Research Directoro f I D C C h i n a, w a s f r a n k i nan inter v iew w ith our repor ter:“Although the popularity of the bigmodel exceeded expectations andgarnered great attention, there werenot many successful practices andmany fell short of expectations. TheB-end is not very impressive. On theC-end, the search interaction of thebig model can avoid the trouble ofchecking multiple apps once on thelarge model, which is more practical.However, the accuracy of the modeland the value of its application inthe actual scene need to be optimizedfor the scene, or it takes time tooptimize the iteration.”More industries will achievefurther landingsT h e i n d u s t r y g e n e r a l l yb e l i e v e s t h a t i n2024,t h eproductization, industrializationa n d c o m m e r c i a l i z a t i o n o f A Itechnology will be the top priorityof the development of large models.Fu Sheng, Chairman and CEO ofCheetah Mobile, said recently that2024 will be the wave year of AI bigmodel application.A few days ago, at the AIGCDevelopers Conference in China,Li Yang, the Ecological Director ofBaidu Big Model, expressed theirthoughts that with the development ofa big model in 2024, the improvementof high probability parameter orderis no longer the main theme of bigmodel development, traditiona lapplication software and big modelswill be better combined, and industryparticipants need to think aboutcompliance and localization issues.“In 2024, AI and big modelswill achieve further landings in moreindustries. For example, in the fieldof biomedicine, A I will aid newdrug research and development andprecision medical care. In intelligentmanufacturing, the big model willfurther optimize the productionprocess and improve the automationlevel. There will also be greaterbreakthroughs in smart cities andautonomous driving,” Hong Yong said.At the same time, he also pointed outthat it is necessary to pay attention todealing with potential social impactsand ethical challenges, promote thehealthy development of AI technology,and truly serve the progress of humansociety.Zhang Xuefeng, a f inancia lcommentator, believes that in 2024,the application of AI and big modelswill be more popular, involving morefields, such as medical care, educationand finance. The performance andeffect of the model will be furtherimproved, mak ing the artif icia lintelligence system more accurate andreliable. The driving factors for thistrend include the increasing amountof data, more eff icient algorithmdesign and the continuous progress ofhardware technology.According to Zhou Hong yi,t he fou nder of 360 Group, t hedevelopment direction of big modelsin China is industrialization andverticalization. In 2024, many realvertical big models will emerge. Thegovernment and enterprises willtrain vertical big models with theirown data, which proves that bigmodels can really solve problems.Regarding investment in the fieldof AI big models, Su Lianjie, ChiefAnalyst of Omdia AI, a researchinstitution, believes that investment inthe field of AI big models in China willincrease in 2024, and may focus on thetwo fields of big model algorithms andchips, that is, a more efficient algorithm21。

The Mystery of Human Behavior Human behavior has long been a subject of fascination and mystery. From theway we interact with others to the decisions we make, our behavior is complex and often unpredictable. Psychologists, sociologists, and neuroscientists have all attempted to unravel the mysteries of human behavior, but it remains an enigma. In this essay, we will explore the various perspectives on human behavior and attempt to shed light on this enduring mystery. One perspective on human behavior comes from the field of psychology. Psychologists study the mind and behavior, seekingto understand the underlying processes that drive human actions. They often lookat individual differences in behavior, examining how factors such as personality, upbringing, and genetics influence the way people behave. For example, a personwith an extroverted personality may be more likely to seek out social interactions, while someone with a history of trauma may exhibit avoidance behaviors. Additionally, psychologists study the role of cognitive processes in behavior,such as decision-making and problem-solving. By understanding these psychological factors, psychologists hope to gain insight into why people behave the way they do. Sociologists, on the other hand, take a broader perspective on human behavior.They study the ways in which social structures and institutions influenceindividual and group behavior. Sociologists are interested in how factors such as culture, social class, and social norms shape the way people act. For example, someone who grows up in a collectivist culture may prioritize the needs of thegroup over their own, while someone from an individualistic culture may prioritize personal goals. Sociologists also study the impact of social institutions, such as education, religion, and the media, on behavior. By examining these social forces, sociologists aim to understand the larger societal influences on human behavior. Another perspective on human behavior comes from the field of neuroscience. Neuroscientists study the brain and nervous system, seeking to understand howneural processes give rise to behavior. They use advanced imaging techniques, such as fMRI and EEG, to observe brain activity in real-time and correlate it with behavior. Neuroscientists are interested in understanding how the brain processes sensory information, regulates emotions, and controls movement. They also studythe role of neurotransmitters and hormones in behavior, as well as the impact ofbrain injuries and disorders on behavior. By unraveling the mysteries of the brain, neuroscientists hope to gain insight into the biological basis of human behavior. In addition to these academic perspectives, there are also practical applications of understanding human behavior. For example, businesses often seek to understand consumer behavior in order to market their products more effectively. They may conduct market research and analyze consumer trends to identify patterns in purchasing behavior. Similarly, policymakers may seek to understand the behaviorof certain groups, such as at-risk youth or individuals with mental illness, in order to develop targeted interventions. By understanding the factors that drive human behavior, these professionals hope to influence behavior in positive ways. Despite the efforts of psychologists, sociologists, neuroscientists, and other professionals, human behavior remains a mystery in many ways. This is because behavior is influenced by a multitude of complex and interacting factors, makingit difficult to predict and understand. Additionally, human behavior is often shaped by individual experiences and unique circumstances, making it challengingto generalize across populations. While research has shed light on some aspects of human behavior, there is still much that remains unknown. In conclusion, human behavior is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that has puzzled researchers and scholars for centuries. From the individual level to the societal level, behavioris influenced by a wide range of psychological, social, and biological factors. Despite the efforts of psychologists, sociologists, neuroscientists, and other professionals, human behavior remains a mystery in many ways. This is due to the intricate and interacting nature of the factors that shape behavior, as well asthe individualized and unique experiences that influence each person. While research has made progress in understanding certain aspects of human behavior, there is still much that remains unknown. As we continue to explore the mysteries of human behavior, it is important to approach the subject with humility and an open mind, recognizing that the complexities of human behavior may never be fully understood.。

The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM)The MEIM was developed to measure the process of ethnic identity development in adolescents and young adults. It has been used with participants from age 12 and up, including adults. It may not be appropriate with younger children because of their level of cognitive understanding. The MEIM was originally published in the following article:Phinney, J. (1992). The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure: A new scale for use with adolescents and young adults from diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 156-176.It has subsequently been used in dozens of studies and has consistently shown good reliability, typically with alphas above .80 across a wide range of ethnic groups and ages. It has evolved and been clarified over time, in particular in a 1999 study:Roberts, R., Phinney, J., Masse, L., Chen, Y., Roberts, C., & Romero, A. (1999). The structure ofethnic identity in young adolescents from diverse ethnocultural groups. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19, 301-322.Using factor analysis with a large diverse sample of adolescents, Roberts et al. (1999) found that the measure can best be thought of as comprising two factors, ethnic identity exploration (a process-oriented developmental and cognitive component) and commitment (an affective and attitudinal component). Two items from the original 1992 scale have been dropped, and a few minor modifications have been made, to yield the current 12-item version of the scale (below). It differs from the original in having fewer items (and not including the separate Other-group orientation scale). The two factors in the current 12-item scale are as follows: ethnic identity search (or exploration), items 1, 2, 4, 8, and 10; and ethnic identity commitment, items 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12. (None of the items are reversed.)The suggested ethnic group names in the first paragraph can be adapted to particular populations. Items 13, 14, and 15 are not part of the scale but can used, together with the initial open-ended item, for identifying participants' ethnic heritage.The preferred scoring is to use the mean of the item scores; that is, the mean of the 12 items for an over-all score. The two subscales can be used independently in research. The commitment subscale corresponds most closely with the common usage of the term “ethnic identity”; the meaning of the 7 items of the commitment subscale can be used alone to assess a sense of belonging to one’s group. The mean of the 5 items of the exploration scale can also be used alone to assess this aspect of ethnic identity. Note that the scale as originally published used a 4-point response scale, with a potential range of scores is from 1 to 4. However, we prefer using a 5-point scale that gives a neutral midpoint; thus, scores can range from 1 to 5. For comparison across studies, be sure that the same response range has been used. No norms are currently available, as the scores vary depending on demographic and contextual factors.The Other-group orientation scale, which was developed with the original MEIM, is not included, as it is considered to be a separate concept. It is available from the author. It can, of course, be used in conjunction with the MEIM.Translations of the measure into Spanish, French, and Dutch now exist and are available, but we currently have no information on their reliability.No written permission is required for use of the measure, as long as you use the reference above in any reports of the research. If you use the measure, please send me a summary of the results and a copy of any papers or publications that result from the study.A recent revision of the measure using confirmatory factor analysis to test competing models of the structure of ethnic identity is in press, due for publication in 2007. The article presents a 6-item version of the scale: Phinney, J., & Ong, A. (in press). Measurement of ethnic identity: Recurrent and emergent issues.Journal of Counseling Psychology.The reliability and validity of the scale have been demonstrated in a number of articles. See, for example: Ponterotto, J., Gretchen, D., Utsey, S., Stracuzzi, T., & Saya, R., Jr. (2003). The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM): Psychometric reviews and further validity testing. Educational andPsychological Measurement, 63, 502-525.Worrell, F. (2000). A validity study of scores on the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure on a sample of academically talented adolescents. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60, 439-447.Jean S. Phinney, Ph.D.Department of PsychologyCalifornia State University, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA 90032-8227E-mail:**********************Phone: 323 343-2261Multigroup Ethnic Identity MeasureIn this country, people come from many different countries and cultures, and there are many different words to describe the different backgrounds or ethnic groups that people come from. Some examples of ethnic groups are Latino, African American, Mexican, Asian American, Chinese, and many others. These questions are about your ethnicity or your ethnic group and how you feel about it or react to it.Please fill in: In terms of ethnic group, I consider myself to be ____________________Use the numbers below to indicate how much you agree or disagree with each statement.(5) Strongly agree (4) Agree (3) Neutral (2) Disagree (1) Strongly disagree1- I have spent time trying to find out more about my ethnic group, such asits history, traditions, and customs. _____2- I am active in organizations or social groups that include mostly membersof my own ethnic group. _____3- I have a clear sense of my ethnic background and what it means for me. _____4- I think a lot about how my life will be affected by my ethnic group membership. _____5- I am happy that I am a member of the group I belong to. _____6- I have a strong sense of belonging to my own ethnic group. _____7- I understand pretty well what my ethnic group membership means to me.8- In order to learn more about my ethnic background, I have often talkedto other people about my ethnic group. _____9- I have a lot of pride in my ethnic group. _____10- I participate in cultural practices of my own group, such as special food,music, or customs. _____11- I feel a strong attachment towards my own ethnic group. _____12- I feel good about my cultural or ethnic background. _____13- My ethnicity is _____(1) Asian or Asian American, including Chinese, Japanese, and others(2) Black or African American(3) Hispanic or Latino, including Mexican American, Central American, and others(4) White, Caucasian, Anglo, European American; not Hispanic(5) American Indian/Native American(6) Mixed; Parents are from two different groups(7) Other (write in): _____________________________________14- My father's ethnicity is (use numbers above) _____15- My mother's ethnicity is (use numbers above) _____。

Urbanization The Evolution of CitiesUrbanization, the process by which cities grow and develop, has been adefining characteristic of human civilization for centuries. From the ancientcities of Mesopotamia to the sprawling metropolises of the modern world, urbanization has shaped the way we live, work, and interact with one another. The evolution of cities has been a complex and multifaceted process, influenced by a wide range of social, economic, and technological factors. One of the key drivers of urbanization has been the rise of industrialization. The shift from agrarian economies to industrial economies in the 18th and 19th centuries led to a massive influx of people into cities in search of work in factories and mills. This rapid urbanization brought with it a host of challenges, including overcrowding, pollution, and poor living conditions. However, it also sparked a wave ofinnovation and creativity, as people from different backgrounds and disciplines came together in urban centers to collaborate and exchange ideas. Anotherimportant factor in the evolution of cities has been advances in transportationand communication. The development of railroads, highways, and telegraph lines in the 19th and 20th centuries made it easier for people and goods to move between cities, facilitating trade and commerce on a global scale. The advent of theinternet in the late 20th century further revolutionized the way we interact with cities, allowing for instant communication and collaboration across vast distances. The growth of cities has also been influenced by social and cultural factors. As urban centers have become more diverse and multicultural, they have become hubs of creativity and innovation, attracting artists, musicians, and writers from around the world. This cultural exchange has enriched the fabric of cities, leading tothe development of vibrant neighborhoods and a thriving arts scene. However, urbanization has not been without its challenges. The rapid growth of cities hasput strain on infrastructure and resources, leading to issues such as traffic congestion, pollution, and housing shortages. In many cities, inequality has also become a major issue, with marginalized communities often bearing the brunt of urbanization's negative effects. Despite these challenges, the evolution ofcities continues unabated. As we look to the future, it is clear that urbanization will play a central role in shaping our world. By understanding the complexinterplay of social, economic, and technological factors that drive urbanization, we can work towards creating cities that are sustainable, inclusive, and vibrant. Only by embracing the opportunities and challenges of urbanization can we build a better future for all.。