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中国MSM艾滋病流行情况与高危行为及干预措施发布时间：2021-04-23T02:38:54.063Z 来源：《医药前沿》2020年35期作者：张谊[导读] 本文将对我国MSM的艾滋病流行情况、高危行为特别是重叠高危行为的发生、社会对MSM人群的态度、国家和社会团体对MSM人群所进行的干预等方面进行综述，为MSM人群艾滋病防治策略的制定提供科学依据。
（龙州县疾病预防控制中心广西龙州 532400）【摘要】随着性传播代替血液传播成为艾滋病的主要传播方式，男男性接触人群（men who have sex with men，MSM）逐渐成为艾滋病传播的桥梁人群，其突出的隐蔽性、流动性特征以及多发的重叠高危行为对艾滋病的传播起到了促进作用，且由于大部分群众对MSM人群的不接纳甚至歧视导致了MSM人群不能很好地接受艾滋病防治教育和相关措施的干预。
本文将对我国MSM的艾滋病流行情况、高危行为特别是重叠高危行为的发生、社会对MSM人群的态度、国家和社会团体对MSM人群所进行的干预等方面进行综述，为MSM人群艾滋病防治策略的制定提供科学依据。
【关键词】男男性接触人群；艾滋病；流行；高危行为【中图分类号】R512.91 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】2095-1752（2020）35-0005-03HIV prevalence trends,risky behaviours and intervention measures among men who have sex with men in ChinaZhang YiLongzhou county Center for Disease Prevention and Control,Longzhou, Guangxi,532400,China【Abstract】With the spread of sexually transmitted instead of blood as the main mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS,the MSM becoming the spread of HIV/AIDS bridge population.It has played a catalytic role in the spread of HIV/AIDS because of the features of the concealment,the mobility and the overlapping risk behaviors.HIV/AIDS education and related intervention measures cannot be taken among the MSM as most of the people were not accepted even discriminated the population.This paper aims to reviews the overall epidemic trend,social attitudes towards MSM population and associated high-risk behaviours among Chinese MSM and to investigate the governmental and community responses to the epidemic.It will provide a scientific basis for HIV/AIDS prevention and control of strategy formulation.【Key words】Men who have sex with men,MSM; HIV/AIDS; Prevalent; Risky behaviours引言艾滋病是一种由HIV引起的，以免疫系统损害为主要特征的一组综合征。
拓展阅读：超级基因将使人类不患病The study of nearly 600,000 people found 13 who should have developed debilitating diseases, but did not.The hope is discovering what, against the odds, keeps them healthy and if that could lead to new therapies.Experts said the approach, published in Nature Biotechnology, was "fascinating" but that it was still early days.Errors in our code of life - our DNA - can cause disease.Large numbers of studies have tried to understand these mutations by looking at people who become ill.But the international team of researchers tried the opposite approach - searching for people harbouring damaging mutations but who remain healthy."Millions of years of evolution have produced far more protective mechanisms than we currently understand," said Dr Eric Schadt from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York.He added: "Most genomic studies focus on finding the cause of a disease, but we see tremendous opportunity in figuring out what keeps people healthy."The researchers scoured DNA databases containing information on 589,306 people.They found 13 healthy people who should have developed one of eight genetic diseases: cystic fibrosis, Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, familial dysautonomia, epidermolysis bullosa simplex, Pfeiffer syndrome, autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome, acampomelic campomelic dysplasia and atelosteogenesis.The report said the diseases were so severe that it was "highly unlikely that such an individual would have manifested the disease without it being clearly annotated in their health records".Prof Stephen Friend, from the Icahn School of Medicine, said: "Finding these individuals is a starting point to searching for the other changes, eg in the genome, that might give us clues to develop therapies."Study the healthy, don’t just study the sick."However, this is where the tantalising story ends. The scientists were unable to go out and find the lucky 13 because of the consent rules signed when their DNA sample was taken.It means they do not know what is protecting them against disease.It also leaves the team unable to prove that errors in testing, bad record keeping or mosaicism - in which the genetic defect affects only some cells in the body - are not behind their findings."Because of the inability to confirm the source or validity of the variants and the inability to recontact the individuals, this paper does not constitute a proof of principle," Dr Ada Hamosh, from Johns Hopkins University, argued.And while Dr Scott Hebbring, from the University of Wisconsin, described the study as "fascinating" he also cautioned that diseases can present very differently even between patients that have same mutations.Some may have few symptoms at all.在这项基于60万人的医学研究中，科学家发现有13人本应该患有衰弱性疾病，但是却并没有任何迹象显示他们曾有过类似病史。
关于抗老基金的英语作文Here is an essay on the topic of an anti-aging fund, with the content written in English and the word count exceeding 1000 words.The Significance of an Anti-Aging Fund: Investing in a Healthier FutureAs we navigate the ever-evolving landscape of modern life, the concept of aging has become a multifaceted challenge that extends far beyond the physical realm. The relentless march of time not only takes a toll on our bodies but also impacts our emotional well-being, financial security, and societal integration. In this context, the establishment of an anti-aging fund emerges as a strategic and visionary approach to addressing the complexities of growing older.At the heart of the anti-aging fund lies a fundamental recognition that aging is not merely a natural process to be passively endured, but a dynamic challenge that can be proactively managed. By channeling resources into research, development, and the implementation of innovative solutions, this fund aims to redefine the very nature of aging, transforming it from a burden to an opportunity for enhanced longevity, vitality, and quality of life.One of the primary objectives of the anti-aging fund is to drive advancements in medical and scientific fields that hold the potential to delay the onset of age-related diseases and disabilities. Through targeted investments in cutting-edge technologies, groundbreaking therapies, and comprehensive preventative measures, the fund seeks to empower individuals to maintain their physical and cognitive capacities for longer periods. This not only enhances personal well-being but also has far-reaching societal implications, as a healthier and more productive aging population can contribute to economic growth, reduce the strain on healthcare systems, and foster a more inclusive and dynamic social fabric.Moreover, the anti-aging fund recognizes the importance of addressing the emotional and psychological aspects of growing older. As individuals navigate the transitions and challenges associated with aging, the fund aims to support the development of innovative programs and resources that promote mental health, social engagement, and personal fulfillment. By investing in initiatives that foster resilience, foster intergenerational connections, and cultivate a sense of purpose, the fund can help mitigate the isolation, anxiety, and depression that often accompany the aging process.In the realm of financial security, the anti-aging fund plays a crucialrole in ensuring that individuals can maintain their economic well-being as they age. Through strategic investments in retirement planning, long-term care solutions, and innovative financial products, the fund can help individuals and families plan for a future that is both financially stable and aligned with their evolving needs and aspirations. By addressing the complex interplay between physical, emotional, and financial well-being, the anti-aging fund can empower individuals to approach the later stages of life with confidence and a sense of control.Importantly, the anti-aging fund also recognizes the need for a holistic and inclusive approach to aging. By investing in the development of age-friendly communities, accessible infrastructure, and inclusive social policies, the fund can contribute to the creation of environments that support the diverse needs and experiences of individuals across the aging spectrum. This includes addressing the unique challenges faced by marginalized populations, such as individuals with disabilities, low-income communities, and underrepresented minority groups, ensuring that the benefits of the anti-aging initiatives are equitably distributed.Furthermore, the anti-aging fund can play a pivotal role in shaping the narrative around aging, challenging the prevailing societal perceptions that often cast older adults as burdens or liabilities. By investing in public awareness campaigns, educational programs, andadvocacy efforts, the fund can help reframe aging as a positive and empowering experience, one that is characterized by wisdom, resilience, and the opportunity for continued growth and contribution.In conclusion, the establishment of an anti-aging fund represents a bold and visionary step towards a future where the challenges of growing older are met with innovative solutions, compassionate support, and a renewed sense of purpose. By investing in cutting-edge research, holistic well-being programs, and inclusive social policies, this fund has the potential to transform the very nature of aging, empowering individuals to live longer, healthier, and more fulfilling lives. As we navigate the complexities of the 21st century, the anti-aging fund stands as a testament to our collective commitment to creating a world where the golden years truly shine.。
Scientists Develop Therapy That Someday Might Protect Public Against Flu PandemicsJessica BermanMay 29, 2013Researchers have developed a gene therapy against pandemic influenza in laboratory animals, one that stops infection at the point of entry - the nose. The therapy could potentially thwart the most aggressive viral pathogens, saving the lives of an estimated 500,000 people who die worldwide each year from the flu.The genetic therapy developed by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania expresses so-called broadly neutralizing antibodies, giving lab mice and ferrets almost complete protection against a number of lethal avian influenza strains, including those isolated from the deadly 1918 and 2009 pandemics.Unlike conventional vaccines whic h stimulate the body’s natural immune system to fight an infection, broadly neutralizing antibodies halt a virus’s biological activity so it cannot make people sick by infecting cells in the first place. The antibodies can become effective in two to three days.The head of the University of Pennsylvania's Gene Therapy Program, James Wilson, says scientists created a nasal spray to introduce protective genes.“And create what I call a "bioshield" around the nose and the mouth to prevent the influenza viru s from replicating,” Wilson said.The genes, which engineer the tissue to produce protective antibodies, were delivered by a harmless cold virus in the nasal spray.The therapy uses a single gene that produces antibodies against many different flu strains, hence the term, "broadly neutralizing antibodies." Wilson says this broad-based strategy protected all mice exposed to lethal amounts of three strains of H5N1 and two strains of H1N1.But the microbes replicated or reproduced rapidly in untreated rodents. The nasal spray was also successfully tested in ferrets, a good model for human flu because the tiny, furry animals cough and sneeze when sick.Conventional vaccines to protect against seasonal influenza are not 100 percent effective in preventing illness. The viral strains mutate rapidly, so there is little or no immune-system protection stimulated by the previous year’s flu shot, and the pathogens can evade experts' predictions of what virus is likely to be in circulation during the coming flu season.Wilson says a different approach to flu protection is needed. Researchers are currently in discussions with U.S. drug regulators about quickly testing the therapy in humans using a safe flu strain. According to Wilson, they are aiming to manufacture and stockpile the drug in anticipation of a serious influenza pandemic.“So then there is a pretty direct path into first, in human safety and then efficacy studies, which we have charted out. And with the right resources, we could move very quickly on t hat,” Wilson said.Wilson says the U.S. government has also expressed an interest in using the broadly neutralizing antibody approach to protect against bioweapons, such as anthrax and other toxic agents.An article on the development of a gene therapy against pandemic influenza is published in Science Translational Medicine .。
科普书的英文作文怎么写Science is amazing. It helps us understand the world around us and unravel the mysteries of the universe. From the tiniest particles to the vastness of space, science is constantly expanding our knowledge. It's like a never-ending adventure that keeps us curious and excited.Have you ever wondered how the Earth was formed? Well, billions of years ago, a cloud of gas and dust collapsed under its own gravity and formed our planet. It'sincredible to think that we are made up of the same elements that were present at the birth of the universe. We are all stardust!Speaking of elements, did you know that there are over 100 different ones? They make up everything we see and touch. From the oxygen we breathe to the iron in our blood, elements are the building blocks of life. It's fascinating how they combine and interact to create the world as we know it.Let's talk about animals now. Did you know that some animals can regenerate their body parts? Take the starfish, for example. If it loses an arm, it can grow a new one.Isn't that incredible? Imagine if humans had that ability. We could regrow limbs and heal ourselves in a matter of weeks. Science is constantly studying these amazingabilities and trying to unlock their secrets.Now, let's dive into the world of medicine. Have you ever heard of antibiotics? They are powerful drugs that can kill bacteria and cure infections. Before their discovery, a simple cut could lead to a deadly infection. Thanks to science, we now have the means to fight off these harmful bacteria and save lives. It's truly a medical breakthrough.Speaking of breakthroughs, have you heard of the CRISPR gene-editing technology? It's like something out of a science fiction movie. Scientists can now edit genes and potentially cure genetic diseases. Imagine a world where we can eradicate diseases like cancer or Alzheimer's. It may seem like a distant dream, but science is making incredibleprogress every day.In conclusion, science is a never-ending journey of discovery. It's a way for us to understand the world and push the boundaries of what is possible. From the formation of our planet to the mysteries of the human body, science is always there, guiding us forward. So, let's embrace the wonders of science and continue to explore, learn, and be amazed.。
a rXiv:h ep-ph/412216v115Dec24On the intrinsic limitation of the Rosenbluth method at large Q 2.E.Tomasi-Gustafsson DAPNIA/SPhN,CEA/Saclay,91191Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex,France ∗(Dated:February 2,2008)Abstract Correlations in the elastic electron proton scattering data show that the Rosenbluth method is not reliable for the extraction of the electric proton form factors at large momentum transfer,where the magnetic term dominates,due to the size and the ǫdependence of the radiative corrections.PACS numbers:25.30.Bf,13.40.-f,13.60.-Hb,13.88.+eThe determination of the elastic proton electromagnetic form factors(FFs)at large mo-mentum transfer is a very actual problem,due to the availability of electron beams in the GeV range,with high intensity and high polarization,large acceptance spectrometers, hadron polarized targets,hadron polarimeters.The possibility to extend the measurements of such fundamental quantities,which contain dynamical information on the nucleon struc-ture,inspired experimental programs at JLab,Frascati and at future machines,as GSI,both in the space-like and in the time-like regions.The traditional way to measure electromagnetic proton form factors consists in the de-termination of theǫdependence of the reduced elastic differential cross section,which can be written,assuming that the interaction occurs through the exchange of one-photon,as[1]:σred=ǫ(1+τ) 1+2Eα2cos2(θ/2)dσ•strong monotonical decreasing from polarization transfer measurements.R(Q2)==1−0.13(Q2[GeV2]−0.04).(2)The ratio deviates from unity,as Q2increasing,reaching a value of≃0.34at Q2≃5.5GeV2 [10].This puzzle has given rise to many speculations and different interpretations[11,12,13], suggesting expensive experiments.In particular,it has been suggested that the2γexchange could solve this discrepancy through its interference with the the main mechanism(the1γexchange).In a previous paper[14]it has been shown that the present data do not show any evidence of the presence of the2γmechanism,in the limit of the experimental errors.The main reason is that,if one takes into account C-invariance and crossing symmetry,the2γmechanism introduces a non linear,very specificǫdependence of the reduced cross section [15,16,17],whereas the data does not show any deviation from linearity.Before analyzing the data in a different perspective,we stress the following points:•No experimental bias has been found in both types of measurements,the experimental observables being the differential cross section on one side,and the polarization of the outgoing proton in the scattering plane(more precisely the ratio between the longitudinal and the transverse polarization),on the other side.•The discrepancy is not at the level of these observables:it has been shown that constraining the ratio R from polarization measurements and extracting G Mp from the measured cross section leads to a renormalization of2-3%with respect to the Rosenbluth data,well inside the error bars[10].•The inconsistency arises at the level of the slope of theǫdependence of the reduced cross section,which is directly related to G Ep,i.e.,the derivative of the differential cross section,with respect toǫ.The difference of such slope,derived from the two methods above,appears particularly in the last and precise data[6].One should note that the discrepancy appears in the ratio G E/G M,whereas G M,for example,decreases more than one order of magnitude from Q2=1to5GeV2.The starting point of this work is the observation of a correlation,which appears in the published FFs data extracted with the Rosenbluth method:the larger is G2E,the smallerFIG.1:Dependence of G2E/G2D versus G2M/µ2G2D:(a)for Q2≥2GeV2from Refs.[6](triangles), [7](stars)and[18](squares);(b)for Q2≤2GeV2from Refs.[19](circles),and[20](squares).G2M.This is especially visible in the most recent and precise experiments,at large Q2.The dependence of G2E/G2D versus G2M/µ2G2D is shown in Fig.1a for three recent data sets,at Q2≥2GeV2[6,7,18].In Fig.1b two data sets at low Q2(Q2≤2GeV2)are shown[19,20]. Whereas at low Q2,G2E/G2D seems constant and quite independent from G2M/µ2G2D,at large Q2an evident correlation appears.Polarization data show also a linearity of the ratio G E/G M,but with an opposite trend. In this case,the ratio is measured directly,whereas according to the Rosenbluth method, one extracts two(independent)parameters from a linearfit.A correlation between the two parameters could be induced by the procedure itself or could be a physical effect and have a dynamical origin.In the last case,it should not depend on the experiment.In order to analyze this question in a quantitative way we have done a statistical study of the Rosenbluth data for several experiments.First of all,at large Q2,the contribution of the electric term to the cross section becomes very small,as the magnetic part is amplified by the kinematical factorτ.This is illustrated in Fig.2,where the ratio of the electric part(F E=ǫG2Ep)to the reduced cross section isshown as a function of Q2.The different curves correspond to different values ofǫ,assuming FFs scaling or in the hypothesis of the linear dependence(2).In the second case,one can see that,for example,forǫ=0.2,the electric contribution becomes lower than3%starting from2GeV2.This number should be compared with the uncertainty on the cross section measurement.When this contribution is larger or is of the same order,the sensitivity of the measurement to the electric term is lost and the extraction of G Ep becomes meaningless.Secondly,since thefirst measurements[21],the electromagnetic probes are traditionally preferred to the hadronic beams,as the electromagnetic interaction is exactly calculable in QED,and one can safely extract the information from the hadronic vertex.However,one has to introduce the radiative corrections,which become very large as the momentum transfer squared,Q2,increases.Radiative corrections werefirstly calculated by Schwinger[22]and are important for the discussion of the experimental determination of the differential cross section.The measured elastic cross section,is corrected by a global factor C R,according to the prescription following[23]:(3)σred=C RσmeasredThe factor C R contains a largeǫdependence,and a smooth Q2dependence,and it is common for the electric and magnetic part.At the largest Q2considered here,this factor can reach 30-40%,getting larger when the resolution is higher.If one made a linear approximation for the uncorrected data,one might evenfind a negative slope starting from Q2≥3GeV2[14].In Fig.3we show the C R dependence onǫ,for different Q2and from different set of data.One can see that C R increases withǫ,arising very fast asǫ→1.It may be different in different experiments,because its calculation requires an integration on the experimental acceptance.The Rosenbluth separation consists in a linearfit of the reduced cross section atfixed Q2, where the two parameters are G2E and G2M.Multiplying by a common factor,which depends strongly onǫ,the electric and magnetic term in(2)may induce a correlation between these two parameters.In order to test this hypothesis,we have built the error matrix for the Rosenbluthfits for different sets of data available in literature.Atfixed Q2,the reduced cross section,normalized to G2D,has been parametrized by a linearǫdependence:σred/G2D=aǫ+b.The two parameters,a and b,have been determined for each set of data as well as their errorsσa,σb and the covariance,cov(a,b).The correlationFIG.2:Contribution of the G E dependent term to the reduced cross section(in percent)for ǫ=0.2(solid line),ǫ=0.5(dashed line),ǫ=0.8(dash-dotted line),in the hypothesis of FF scaling(thin lines)or following Eq.(2)(thick lines).coefficientξ,is defined asξ=cov(a,b)/σaσb and is shown in Fig.4as a function of the average of the radiative correction factor<C R>,weighted overǫ.As the radiative corrections become larger,the correlation between the two parametersFIG.3:Radiative correction factor applied to the data at Q2=3GeV2(squares)from Ref.[18], at Q2=4GeV2(triangles)and5GeV2(inverted triangles)from Ref.[5],and at Q2=0.32GeV2 from Ref.[20](circles).The lines are drawn to drive the eyes.becomes also larger,reaching values near its maximum(in absolute value).Full correlation means that the two parameters are related through a constraint,i.e.,it is possible tofind a one-parameter description of the data.This does not necessarily means that the reducedcross section becomesflat,as a function ofǫ,but that the slope is related to a kinematical effect,not to a dynamical one.The data shown here correspond to three sets of experiments,where the necessary infor-mation on the radiative corrections is available.The correlation coefficient can be calculated for a larger number of data and one could plot the correlation as a function of Q2.However, different experiments,at the same Q2,have been done at different angles and energy,i.e., at differentǫ,and the radiative corrections which enter in the determination of a and b are different.Such plot would be not easy to interprete.At low Q2a correlation still exists,but it is smaller.For the data from Ref.[20]the radiative corrections are of the order of15%,seldom exceed25%and correspond toǫ<0.8. This allows a more safe extraction of the FFs.Fig.4shows that,for each Q2,the extraction of FFs by a two parametersfit,may be biased by theǫdependence induced by the radiative corrections.Whatever the precision on the individual measurement is,the slope of the reduced cross section is not sensitive to G Ep at large Q2,which,therefore,can not be extracted from the data.The Q2dependence is therefore driven by G Mp,which follows a dipole form.For each Q2, a nonzero value of the ratio G Ep/G Mp will lead to an apparent dipole dependence of G Ep.To summarize,we reanalyzed the Rosenbluth data with particular attention to the radia-tive corrections applied to the measured cross section,and we showed,from the(published) data themselves that,at large Q2the contribution of G E to the cross section is so small that it can not be safely extracted.The method itself is biased,at large momentum transfer because the electric contribution to the measured cross section is in competition with the size of theǫdependent corrections.When plotting the reduced cross section as a function ofǫ,one,indeed,sees a nonzero slope,but it is due to theǫdependence contained in the radiative corrections,and it is no more primarily related to the inner structure of the proton.Therefore,the Rosenbluth method can not be used to extract the nucleon FFs at large momentum transfer,due to an intrinsic limitation deriving from the large size of the radia-tive corrections,compared to the electric contribution to the differential cross section,and especially to their steepǫdependence.In other words,there is a type of systematic error which becomes dominant and has never been included in the data,preventing the extrac-tion of G Ep.We confirm the conclusion of a previous paper[4],whichfirstly suggested the polarization method for the determination of G Ep,due to the increased sensitivity of theFIG.4:Correlation coefficient,ξ,as a function of the radiative correction factor<C R>,averaged overǫ,for different sets of data:from Ref.[20](circles),from Ref.[5](triangles)and from Ref.[18](squares).cross section to the magnetic term,at large Q2:’Thus,there exist a number of polarization experiments which are more effective for determining the proton charge form factor than isthe measurement of the differential cross section for unpolarized particles’.This work was inspired by stimulating discussions with M.P.Rekalo.Thanks are due to J.L.Charvet,G.I.Gakh and B.Tatischefffor useful suggestions and a careful reading of the manuscript.[1]M.N.Rosenbluth,Phys.Rev.79,615(1950).[2]M.K.Jones et al.[Jefferson Lab Hall A Collaboration],Phys.Rev.Lett.84,1398(2000).[3]O.Gayou et al.[Jefferson Lab Hall A Collaboration],Phys.Rev.Lett.88,092301(2002).[4] A.Akhiezer and M.P.Rekalo,Dokl.Akad.Nauk USSR,180,1081(1968);Sov.J.Part.Nucl.4,277(1974).[5]L.Andivahis et al.,Phys.Rev.D50,5491(1994).[6]I.A.Qattan et al.,arXiv:nucl-ex/0410010.[7]M.E.Christy et al.[E94110Collaboration],Phys.Rev.C70,015206(2004).[8]J.Arrington,Phys.Rev.C68,034325(2003).[9]R.G.Arnold et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.35,776(1975).[10] E.J.Brash,A.Kozlov,S.Li and G.M.Huber,Phys.Rev.C65(2002)051001.[11]P.G.Blunden,W.Melnitchouk and J.A.Tjon,Phys.Rev.Lett.91,142304(2003).[12]P.A.M.Guichon and M.Vanderhaeghen,Phys.Rev.Lett.91,142303(2003).[13]Y.C.Chen,A.Afanasev,S.J.Brodsky,C.E.Carlson and M.Vanderhaeghen,Phys.Rev.Lett.93,122301(2004).[14] E.Tomasi-Gustafsson and G.I.Gakh,arXiv:hep-ph/0412137.[15]M.P.Rekalo and E.Tomasi-Gustafsson,Eur.Phys.J.A.22,331(2004).[16]M.P.Rekalo and E.Tomasi-Gustafsson,Nucl.Phys.A740,271(2004).[17]M.P.Rekalo and E.Tomasi-Gustafsson,Nucl.Phys.A742,322(2004).[18]R.C.Walker et al.,Phys.Rev.D49,5671(1994).[19]Ch.Berger,V.Burkert,G.Knop,ngenbeck and K.Rith Phys.Lett.b1,87(1971).[20]T.Janssens,R.Hofstadter,E.B.Hughes and M.R.Yerian,Phys.Rev.142,922(1966).[21]R.Hofstadter,F Bumiller and M.Yearian,Rev.Mod.Phys.30,482(1958).[22]J.S.Schwinger,Phys.Rev.76,790(1949).[23]L.W.Mo and Y.S.Tsai,Rev.Mod.Phys.41,205(1969).。
金转停Genistein金雀异黄素可抑制人乳腺癌细胞的生长作者：G 彼得森，S 巴恩斯摘要：已经检查了金雀异黄素对人乳腺癌细胞系MDA-468（雌激素受体阴性）以及MCF-7 和MCF-7-D-40（雌激素受体阳性）生长的影响。
金雀异黄素是每种细胞系生长的有效抑制剂（IC50 值为6.5 至12.0 μg/ml），而biochanin A 和大豆苷元是较弱的生长抑制剂（IC50 值为20 至34 μg/ml）。
金雀异黄素β-葡萄糖苷，genistin和daidzin，对生长几乎没有影响（IC50值大于100μg/ml）。
金雀异黄素不需要雌激素受体的存在来抑制肿瘤细胞生长（MDA-468 与MCF-7 细胞）。
此外，金雀异黄素和生物素A的作用不会因多重耐药基因产物（MCF-7-D40 与MCF-7 细胞）的过表达而减弱。
收起关键词：精胺色氨酸抗氧化剂电子喷射自由基年份：1991Genistein inhibition of the growth of human breast cancer cells: independence from estrogen receptors and the multi-drug resistance gene作者：G Peterson，S Barnes摘要：The effect of isoflavones on the growth of the human breast carcinoma cell lines, MDA-468 (estrogen receptor negative), and MCF-7 and MCF-7-D-40 (estrogen receptor positive), has been examined.Genistein is a potent inhibitor of the growth of each cell line (IC50 values from 6.5 to 12.0 micrograms/ml), whereas biochanin A and daidzein are weaker growth inhibitors (IC50 values from 20 to 34 micrograms/ml). The isoflavone beta-glucosides, genistin and daidzin, have little effect on growth (IC50 values greater than 100 micrograms/ml). The presence of the estrogen receptor is not required for the isoflavones to inhibit tumor cell growth (MDA-468 vs MCF-7 cells). In addition, the effects of genistein and biochanin A are not attenuated by overexpression of the multi-drug resistance gene product (MCF-7-D40 vs MCF-7 cells).关键词：SPERMINE TRYPTOPHAN ANTIOXIDANT ELECTRON EJECTION FREE RADICALS年份：1991。
Unite 3 Doctor’s Dilemma: Treat or Let Die?Abigail Trafford1. Medical advances in wonder drugs, daring surgical procedures, radiation therapies, and intensive-care units have brought new life to thousands of people. Yet to many of them, modern medicine has become a double-edged sword.2. Doctor’s power to treat with an array of space-age techniques has outstripped the body’s capacity to heal. More medical problems can be treated, but for many patients, there is little hope of recovery. Even the fundamental distinction between life and death has been blurred.3. Many Americans are caught in medical limbo, as was the South Korean boxer Duk Koo Kim, who was kept alive by artificial means after he had been knocked unconscious in a fight and his brain ceased to function. With the permission of his family, doctors in Las Vegas disconnected the life-support machines and death quickly followed.4. In the wake of technology’s advances in medicine, a heated debate is taking place in hospitals and nursing homes across the country --- over whether survival or quality of life is the paramount goal of medicine.5. “It gets down to what medicine is all about, ” says Daniel Callahan, director of the Institute of Society, Ethics, and the Life Sciences in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York. “Is it really to save a life? Or is the larger goal the welfare of the patient?”6. Doctors, patients, relatives, and often the courts are being forced to make hard choices in medicine. Most often it is at the two extremes of life that these difficultyethical questions arise --- at the beginning for the very sick newborn and at the end for the dying patient.7. The dilemma posed by modern medical technology has created the growing new discipline or bioethics. Many of the country’s 127 medical s chools now offer courses in medical ethics, a field virtually ignored only a decade ago. Many hospitals have chaplains, philosophers, psychiatrists, and social workers on the staff to help patients make crucial decisions, and one in twenty institutions has a special ethics committee to resolve difficult cases.Death and Dying8. Of all the patients in intensive-care units who are at risk of dying, some 20 percent present difficult ethical choices --- whether to keep trying to save the life or to pull back and let the patient die. In many units, decisions regarding life-sustaining care are made about three times a week.9. Even the definition of death has been changed. Now that the heart-lung machine can take over the functions of breathing and pumping blood, death no longer always comes with the patient’s “last gasp” or when the heart stops beating. Thirty-one states and the District of Columbia have passed brain-death statutes that identify death as when the whole brain ceases to function.10. More than a do zen states recognize “living wills” in which the patients leave instructions to doctors not to prolong life by feeding them intravenously or by other methods if their illness becomes hopeless. A survey of California doctors showed that 20 to 30 percent were following instructions of such wills. Meanwhile, the hospicemovement, which its emphasis on providing comfort --- not cure --- to the dying patient, has gained momentum in many areas.11. Despite progress in society’s understanding of death and dying, t heory issues remain. Example: A woman, 87, afflicted by the nervous-system disorder of Parkinson’s disease, has a massive stroke and is found unconscious by her family. Their choices are to put her in a nursing home until she dies or to send her to a medical center for diagnosis and possible treatment. The family opts for a teaching hospital in New York city. Tests show the woman’s stroke resulted from a blood clot that is curable with surgery. After the operation, she says to her family: “Why did you bring me back to this agony?” Her health continues to worsen, and two years later she dies.12. On the other hand, doctors say prognosis is often uncertain and that patients, just because they are old and disabled, should not be denied life-saving therapy. Ethicists also fear that under the guise of medical decision not to treat certain patients, death may become too easy, pushing the country toward the acceptance of euthanasia.13. For some people, the agony of watching high-technology dying is too great. Earlier this year, Woodrow Wilson Collums, a retired dairyman from Poteet, Texas, was put on probation for the mercy killing of his older brother Jim, who lay hopeless in his bed at a nursing home, a victim of severe senility resul ting from Alzheimer’s disease. After the killing, the victim’s widow said: “I think God, Jim’s out of his misery. I hate to think it had to be done the way it was done, but I understand it. ”Crisis in Newborn Care14. At the other end of the life span, technology has so revolutionized newborn carethat it is no longer clear when human life is viable outside the womb. Newborn care has got huge progress, so it is absolutely clear that human being can survive independently outside the womb. Twenty-five years ago, infants weighting less than three and one-half pounds rarely survived. The current survival rate is 70 percent, and doctors are “salvaging” some babies that weigh only one and one-half pounds. Tremendous progress has been made in treating birth deformities such as spina bifida. Just ten years ago, only 5 percent of infants with transposition of the great arteries --- the congenital heart defect most commonly found in newborns --- survived. Today, 50 percent live.15. Yet, for many infants who owe their lives to new medical advances, survival has come at a price. A significant number emerge with permanent physical and mental handicaps.16. “The question of treatment and nontreatment of seriously ill newborns is not a single one,”says Thomas Murray of the Hastings Center. “But I feel strongly that retardation or the fact that someone is going to be less than perfect is not good grounds for allowing an infant to die.”17. For many parents, however, the experience of having a sick newborn becomes a lingering nightmare. Two years ago, an Atlanta mother gave birth to a baby suffering from Down’s Syndrome, a form of mental retardation; the child also had blocked intestines. The doctors rejected the parents’ plea not to operate, and today the child, severely retarded, still suffers intestinal problems.18. “Every time Melanie has a bowel movement, she cries,” explains her mother.“She’s not able to take care of herself, and we won’t live forever. I wanted to save her from sorrow, pain, and suffering. I don’t understand the emphasis on life at all costs, and I’m very angry at the doctors and the hospital. Who will take care of Melanie after we’re gone? Where will you doctors be then?”Changing Standards19. The choices posed by modern technology have profoundly changed the practice of medicine. Until now, most doctors have been activists, trained to use all the tools in their medical arsenals to treat disease. The current trend is toward nontreatment as doctors grapple with questions not just of who should get care but when to take therapy away.20. Always in the background is the threat of legal action. In August, two California doctors were charged with murdering a comatose patient by allegedly disconnecting the respirator and cutting off food and water. In 1981, a Massachusetts nurse was charged with murdering a cancer patient with massive doses of morphine but was subsequently acquitted.21. Between lawsuits, government regulations, and patients’ rights, many doctors feel they are under siege. Modern technology actually has limited their ability to make choices. More recently, these actions are resolved by committees.Public Policy22. In recent years, the debate on medical ethics has moved to the level of national policy. “It’s just beginning to hit us that we don’t have unlimited resources,” says Washington Hospital Center’s Dr. Lynch. “You can’t talk about ethics without talkingethics without talking about money.”23. Since 1972. Americans have enjoyed unlimited access to a taxpayer-supported, kidney dialysis program that offers life-prolonging therapy to all patients with kidney failure. To a number of police analysts, the program has grown out of control --- to a $1.4billion operation supporting 61,000 patients. The majority are over 50, and about a quarter have other illness, such as cancer or heart disease, conditions that could exclude them from dialysis in other countries.24. Some hospitals are pulling back from certain lifesaving treatment. Massachusetts General Hospital, for example, has decided not perform heart transplants on the ground that the high costs of providing such surgery help too few patients. Burn units --- through extremely effective --- also provide very expensive therapy for very few patients.25. As medical scientists push back the frontiers of therapy, the moral dilemma will continue to grow for doctors and patients alike, making the choice of to treat the basic question in modern medicine.1. 在特效药、风险性手术进程、放疗法以及特护病房方面的医学进展已为数千人带来新生。
UNIT 2 课文译文Text A结婚礼物伊莉莎白·埃科诺莫我一直有这样的梦想：星光灿烂的晚上，在一家巴黎咖啡馆能有人向我求婚。
那个咖啡馆就像凡高所画的“夜晚的咖啡馆”，我的工作室墙上就挂着一幅此画的翻印本。
然而，我男朋友却在我用“稳得新”擦洗卫生问镜子的时候叫我嫁给他。
我已经上40岁，是该轮到我了。
我已经体面地让开，眼看着孪生妹妹还有小妹在我之前出嫁。
我做过女傧相7次，伴娘3次。
我的淡颜色塔夫绸衣服比寄物店都多。
我的未婚夫乔治和我都是希腊裔美国人，但是我们想办一个简朴、大方的婚礼。
不需要很多伴娘伴郎。
也不放映幻灯片，展示求婚的细节，那太傻了。
这会是一次很温馨的聚会，请的人不多也不铺张，100个左右的宾客吧。
在我们的家族，那算是小圈子内的聚会。
我为一位偏执狂的管弦乐队指挥做公关刚刚结束，因而我有很多时间投入到我这个新的项目上。
乔治是药剂师，每周工作60小时，现在又有一份工作：听我抱怨婚礼一事。
这毕竟是我表现的时候，得由我说着算。
但是，我投入的时间和精力越多，万事就越和我过不去。
没有请到我想要的洛杉矶希腊乐队。
我到教堂时所戴面纱的针线活也很糟，不是我原来所要求的。
我订的象牙色的丝绸礼服被隔离在新加坡的某个地方。
眼看婚礼也就没有几个礼拜了，我邀请的客人大部分在最后期限之后才回信，让我很是烦恼。
之后，我接到妈妈的电话。
她个头娇小，68岁却依然精力饱满。
几天前还为我即将举行的婚礼感到兴奋不已。
她刚去医院做例年的身体检查。
虽然感觉还不错，但被诊断是胃癌。
接下来的几天，问题不再是“举行什么样的婚礼?”，而是“还办婚礼吗?”我把这看成是我的大喜日子。
我认识到没有妈妈的大喜日子不可思议。
爸爸已经在三年前过世，不可能牵着我的手到教堂圣坛完婚，这已经让我觉得凄苦。
但是一想到妈妈那天也不能在教堂就让我觉得无法忍受。
几天后，我从纽约市搬回西雅图，延迟了婚礼。
我从操办婚礼转向指导保健。
我已经挑选好歌曲，准备作为我们夫妻的首个舞曲，但现在压力那么大，我已经记不起来是哪首了。
burden of disease study"Burden of Disease Study: Assessing Health Challenges for a Better Future"Introduction:The burden of disease study is a comprehensive assessment of the health challenges faced by communities and populations. It quantifies the impact of diseases, injuries, and risk factors on a population and helps in shaping public health policies and interventions. This article aims to explore the steps involved in a burden of disease study and how it contributes to creating a better future for individuals and societies.Step 1: Defining the Scope and ObjectivesThe first step in a burden of disease study is to clearly define the scope and objectives. This involves identifying the population under study, the diseases and risk factors to be included, and the time period for analysis. For example, researchers may choose to focus on a specific country or region, target certain age groups, or examine both communicable and non-communicable diseases.Step 2: Gathering DataTo accurately assess the burden of disease, extensive data collection is crucial. Researchers collect data from various sources, such as national health statistics, surveys, medical records, and vital registration systems. They also use modeling techniques to fill data gaps or to estimate disease burden where data is limited. Furthermore, collaborating with health organizations and institutions helps ensure a diverse and representative dataset.Step 3: Measuring Disease and Injury Incidence and PrevalenceThe next step involves measuring the incidence (number of new cases) and prevalence (total number of cases) of diseases and injuries within the target population. This data provides valuable insights into the burden experienced by individuals and the healthcare system. This step often requires epidemiological methods, statistical analysis, and mathematical modeling to estimate the burden accurately.Step 4: Assessing Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)To further understand the burden, researchers measure disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). DALYs combine years of healthy life lost due to premature death (Years of Life Lost - YLL) and years lived with disability (Years Lived with Disability - YLD). By quantifying the impact of diseases and injuries in terms of these years, researchers can compare different health conditions and prioritize interventions accordingly.Step 5: Identifying Risk FactorsIn addition to measuring disease burden, a comprehensive burden of disease study identifies, quantifies, and evaluates risk factors, such as tobacco use, unhealthy diets, and environmental hazards. By understanding the contribution of each risk factor to the burden of disease, policymakers can design effective preventive strategies and interventions. This step often involves epidemiological analysis and population-level surveys.Step 6: Analyzing Socioeconomic ImpactsTo fully grasp the burden of disease, socioeconomic impacts mustbe considered. Researchers assess the economic costs associated with diseases and injuries, including direct healthcare expenditures, productivity losses, and the impact on families and communities. This analysis helps policymakers understand the broader implications of the burden and make informed decisions regarding resource allocation and health interventions.Step 7: Communicating and Utilizing FindingsThe final step in a burden of disease study is the effective communication and utilization of findings. Researchers present their results and conclusions to policymakers, health professionals, and the general public, raising awareness about the burden of diseases and the need for action. The findings can inform policy formulation, resource allocation, and the development of targeted interventions that address the most significant health challenges in a community or population.Conclusion:The burden of disease study plays a pivotal role in assessing health challenges and informing public health policies. By following thedefined steps, researchers can quantify the burden experienced by populations, identify key risk factors, and assess the socioeconomic impact of diseases and injuries. Ultimately, these studies facilitate evidence-based decision-making, targeting the most pressing health challenges, and contribute to building a healthier and prosperous future for individuals and societies.。
中国果菜质量控制近年来，无论是从新闻报道，还是各地食药监部门发布的不合格抽检信息来看，超范围、超限量使用食品添加剂的事件越来越频繁。
消费者对其的关注程度也越来越高，甚至到了“闻添色变”的程度[1-3]，国家对于食品添加剂的使用是有严格要求的，正常使用不仅可以改善食品的色香味，延长食品的保质期，而且在一定程度上保持了食品的营养价值。
脱氢乙酸作为一种常见的防腐剂，广泛应用在熟肉制品、糕点、面包、蔬菜制品中[4]，其主要作用是防止霉菌、细菌的滋生，延长了食品的保质期。
目前检测脱氢乙酸的方法主要有气相色谱法、液相色谱法[5-7]，国标中气相色谱法操作复杂，有机试剂消耗量大，增加了检验成本和周期。
在本文中，笔者结合自身在检验过程中的经验，优化了气相色谱法的提取步骤和仪器条件，同时扩大了标准适用范围，不再局限于果汁、腐乳和酱菜，为检测机构开展焙烤食品中脱氢乙酸的测定提供了必要的参考数据。
1材料与方法1.1材料与试剂20个样品采购自乐山市各零售网点（包括5个面包、3个绿豆糕、5个沙琪玛、3个肉松饼、2个酥饼、2个鲜花饼，每个样品均来自不同厂商）。
脱氢乙酸标准品，含量98%，购于百灵威科技有限公司；乙酸乙酯、正己烷，色谱纯；盐酸、氢氧化钠，优级纯。
1.2仪器与设备气相色谱仪，GC2010-Plus，岛津中国有限公司；超声波清洗器，KQ-700DE，昆山市超声仪器有限公司；高速冷冻离心机，TGL16M，长沙湘智离心机仪器有限公司。
1.3标准溶液配制称取适量脱氢乙酸标准品，用乙酸乙酯溶解并配制气相色谱法测定焙烤食品中脱氢乙酸景赞刘超（乐山市食品药品检验检测中心，四川乐山614000）摘要:本文优化了现有国标中测定脱氢乙酸的气相色谱法，分别从方法回收率、精密度、检出限和实际样品测定四个方面验证方法的适用性。
在0~2.5g/kg 测定范围内，线性关系良好，加标回收率为91.7~98.4%，精密度为1.9~3.7%，检出限为1.5mg/kg 。
4 Sample Sample must must must be be be treated treated treated with with with some some some organic organic organic solvent, solvent, solvent, previous previous previous to to to or or or simultaneously simultaneously simultaneously with with saponification or extraction process, in order to disrupt the structures where vitamin E can be associated to (membranes, lipoproteins, fat droplets . . . ), to eliminate interferences from big molecules molecules such such such as as as proteins or proteins or carbohydrates, carbohydrates, that that that are are are non-soluble non-soluble non-soluble in in in organic organic organic phases, phases, phases, and and to provide a medium in which analytes can be freely soluble. 样品在皂化或提取的时候，样品在皂化或提取的时候，或在此之前，或在此之前，必须用某些有机溶剂进行处理，必须用某些有机溶剂进行处理，其目的是为了破坏其目的是为了破坏VE 和细胞膜、脂蛋白、脂肪滴等之间的结合；消除蛋白质或碳水化合物等大分子的干扰，这些大分子在有机相中都是不可溶的；以及为被分析物提供能在其中充分溶解的介质。
The Ethics of Human Genetic EditingThe ethics of human genetic editing is a complex and controversial issue that has been debated extensively in recent years. On one hand, genetic editing has the potential to cure genetic diseases and improve the quality of life for millions of people. On the other hand, it raises significant ethical concerns about the potential misuse of this technology and the potential for unintended consequences.One of the main arguments in favor of genetic editing is that it has the potential to cure genetic diseases. For example, genetic editing could be used to correct the genetic mutations that cause diseases such as cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia. This could potentially save the lives of millions of people who suffer from these diseases.Another argument in favor of genetic editing is that it could be used to improve the quality of life for people who are born with genetic disorders. For example, genetic editing could be used to improve cognitive function in people with Down syndrome or to increase muscle mass in people with muscular dystrophy.Despite these potential benefits, there are also significant ethical concerns about the use of genetic editing. One concern is that it could be used for non-medical purposes, such as to enhance physical or intellectual abilities. This could create a divide between those who have access to these enhancements and those who do not, leading to social inequality.Another concern is the potential for unintended consequences. Genetic editing is a relatively new technology, and we do not yet fully understand the long-term effects of manipulating genes. There is a risk that genetic editing could have unintended consequences that could harm future generations.There are also concerns about the potential misuse of genetic editing. For example, genetic editing could be used to create “designer babies” with specific physical or intellectual traits. This could lead to a society where people are valued based on their genetic makeup rather than their individual qualities and achievements.In conclusion, the ethics of human genetic editing is a complex issue that requires careful consideration. While genetic editing has the potential to cure genetic diseases and improve the quality of life for millions of people, it also raises significant ethical concerns about the potential misuse of this technology and the potential for unintended consequences. As we continue to develop and refine genetic editing technology, it is important to carefully consider the ethical implications of its use and to ensure that it is used in a responsible and ethical manner.。
