Context-dependence and Cultural Models

PrototypeOutline1. Category2. Prototype2.1 Background2.2 Definitions of Prototype2.2 Factors that influence the Prototype1. Category (范畴)赵艳芳(2001)：严格来讲，范畴是事物在认知中的归类。

F.Ungerer＆H.J.Schmid(2001): The product of the mental process of classification. They can be understood as mental concepts stored in our mind.王寅(2001): 范畴是人们在互动体验的基础上对客观事物普遍本质在思维上的概括反映，是由一个通常聚集在一起的属性所构成的“完形”概念构成的。

2.1 Background对原型的研究始于上个世纪60年代末, Berlin & Kay调查98种语言,发现“焦点色”(人们对颜色进行范畴化的参照系统)的存在(Berlin& Kay, 1969)。

受到“焦点色”以及维特根斯坦“家族相似性”的启发, Rosch和Labov将研究范围扩展到其他范畴, 发现同样的现象,并提出原型(prototype) 概念(Rosch, Labov , 1973)。

2.2 Definition of Prototype认知语言学家目前对“原型”主要有两种解释:一是指范畴内典型代表；Rosch (1975)认为原型是与同一概念的成员有更多共同特征的实例, 这个典型代表对于识别范畴起重要作用。

Langacker(1987): "A prototype is a typical instance of a category."二是指范畴核心概念的概括性图式的表征；Taylor (2001): "not a particular entity is the prototype, but that it instantiates the prototype."(原型是范畴的概念核心的图式表征, 并认为实体并非原型, 仅例示了原型。

Literature is an integral part of human culture,reflecting the thoughts,emotions,and experiences of individuals and societies.It is a medium through which we can explore the complexities of the human condition,gain insights into different cultures and histories, and understand the world from various perspectives.Here are some key aspects to consider when writing an essay on literature:1.Themes and Motifs:Discuss the central themes and recurring motifs in the work.How do these elements contribute to the overall meaning of the text?Consider how the author uses these themes to convey messages or explore universal human experiences.2.Character Analysis:Delve into the characters of the work,examining their personalities,motivations,and development throughout the narrative.How do the characters interact with one another,and how do their relationships drive the plot?3.Plot and Structure:Analyze the plot of the work,including the sequence of events, conflicts,and resolutions.Consider the structure of the narrative,such as whether it is linear or nonlinear,and how this affects the readers engagement with the story.4.Setting and Atmosphere:Explore the setting of the work and how it contributes to the atmosphere.Discuss the importance of the time period,location,and social context in which the story takes place,and how these elements influence the characters and events.5.Style and Language:Examine the authors use of language,including diction,syntax, and rhetorical devices.How does the style of writing affect the tone and mood of the work?Consider the use of imagery,symbolism,and figurative language.6.Narrative Perspective:Discuss the point of view from which the story is told.Is it firstperson,thirdperson,or omniscient?How does the narrative perspective affect the readers understanding of the events and characters?7.Cultural and Historical Context:Place the work within its cultural and historical context.How does the work reflect the values,beliefs,and social issues of the time in which it was written?Consider any historical events or cultural practices that may have influenced the authors writing.8.Symbolism and Allegory:Analyze any symbols or allegorical elements in the work. How do these contribute to the deeper meanings of the text?Discuss how the author uses these devices to convey complex ideas or critique society.9.Influence and Legacy:Consider the influence of the work on later literature and itslasting impact on readers.How has the work been received by critics and audiences,and what makes it enduring or significant?10.Personal Response:Reflect on your personal response to the work.How did the work affect you as a reader?What emotions or thoughts did it evoke,and why do you think the authors choices were effective or ineffective?When writing your essay,ensure that you provide specific examples from the text to support your analysis.Engage with the work critically,but also express your own interpretations and insights.Remember to structure your essay logically,with a clear introduction,body paragraphs that explore each aspect in depth,and a conclusion that summarizes your main points and offers a final reflection on the work.。

文化沟通的英语作文好句英文回答：Communicating Across Cultures: Bridging the Gaps.Effective communication is paramount in any human interaction, but it becomes increasingly complex when navigating cultural differences. Cross-cultural communication involves understanding not only words but also the underlying meanings, values, and norms that shape them.Challenges of Cultural Communication.Language Barriers: Different languages convey meanings in unique ways, making it challenging for speakers of different tongues to express and interpret messages accurately.Cultural Differences: Cultural beliefs and values caninfluence the way people communicate. For example, directness may be considered acceptable in one culture but offensive in another.Nonverbal Communication: Body language, gestures, and eye contact vary across cultures, leading to potential misunderstandings if not interpreted correctly.Context Dependence: In some cultures, the context plays a significant role in communication, while in others, the focus is on explicit statements.Strategies for Successful Cross-Cultural Communication.Learn about the Language: Acquiring basic proficiency in the other language can improve understanding and reduce misunderstandings.Embrace Cultural Sensitivity: Respecting and understanding different cultural perspectives fosters empathy and facilitates effective communication.Use Clear and Concise Language: Avoiding jargon or ambiguous terms can prevent confusion and help convey messages more effectively.Be Aware of Nonverbal Cues: Pay attention to body language, gestures, and eye contact to ensure that the intended message is being communicated.Be Patient and Seek Clarification: Allow time for questions and clarifications to avoid misinterpretations. Active listening demonstrates respect and enhances understanding.Use Technology as a Bridge: Translation services, video conferencing, and other technological tools can facilitate communication across cultures.Build Relationships: Establishing personal connections can foster trust and make communication more effective.Benefits of Effective Cross-Cultural Communication.Improved Collaboration: Breaking down communication barriers enables effective collaboration between individuals and teams from diverse backgrounds.Increased Understanding: Appreciating cultural differences promotes mutual respect and understanding, leading to stronger relationships.Global Perspective: Communicating across cultures expands horizons, fosters empathy, and provides a broader perspective on the world.Reduced Conflict: Understanding cultural differences can help prevent misunderstandings and conflicts by promoting tolerance and open dialogue.Enhanced Career Opportunities: Proficiency in cross-cultural communication opens doors to global opportunities and careers.Conclusion.Cross-cultural communication is a complex but rewarding endeavor that requires cultural sensitivity, language proficiency, and effective strategies. By embracing these strategies, we can bridge the gaps between cultures, foster understanding, and reap the benefits of effective global communication.中文回答：跨文化交流，弥合差异。

pragmatic features of humorouslanguageHumorous language is a unique language phenomenon that is widely used in various fields such as daily communication, literature, and art. The pragmatic features of humorous language mainly include the following aspects:1. Context dependence: The pragmatic feature of humorous language is that it often relies on specific contexts and background knowledge. Only in a specific context can listeners or readers understand the humorous effect and implied meaning of humorous language.2. Creative use of language: The pragmatic feature of humorous language is that it often uses creative language expressions, such as metaphor, simile, pun, irony, and hyperbole. These creative language expressions can make language more vivid, interesting, and attractive, and at the same time convey the speaker's humorous intention and emotions.3. Cultural dependence: The pragmatic feature of humorous language is that it is often closely related to cultural background and social customs. Different cultures and social customs may lead to differences in understanding and appreciation of humorous language. Therefore, in cross-cultural communication, it is necessary to understand and respect the cultural background and social customs of the other party in order to better appreciate and use humorous language.4. Interpersonal function: The pragmatic feature of humorous language is that it often plays an important role in interpersonal communication. Humorous language can ease tension and awkwardness in interpersonal communication, enhance mutual understanding and closeness, and at the same time reflect the speaker's intelligence, wit, and humor.In short, the pragmatic features of humorous language are context dependence, creative use of language, cultural dependence, and interpersonal function.Understanding and applying these pragmatic features can help us better appreciate and use humorous language, and at the same time improve our communication skills and interpersonal relationships.。

摘要图像深度估计是计算机视觉领域中一项重要的研究课题。

深度信息是理解一个场景三维结构关系的重要组成部分，准确的深度信息能够帮助我们更好地进行场景理解。

在真三维显示、语义分割、自动驾驶及三维重建等多个领域都有着广泛的应用。

传统方法多是利用双目或多目图像进行深度估计，最常用的方法是立体匹配技术，利用三角测量法从图像中估计场景深度信息，但容易受到场景多样性的影响，而且计算量很大。

单目图像的获取对设备数量和环境条件要求较低，通过单目图像进行深度估计更贴近实际情况，应用场景更广泛。

深度学习的迅猛发展，使得基于卷积神经网络的方法在单目图像深度估计领域取得了一定的成果，成为图像深度估计领域的研究热点。

但是单目深度估计仍面临着许多挑战：复杂场景中的复杂纹理和复杂几何结构会导致大量深度误差，容易造成局部细节信息丢失、物体边界扭曲及模糊重建等问题，直接影响图像的恢复精度。

针对上述问题，本文主要研究基于深度学习的单目图像深度估计方法。

主要工作包括以下两个方面：（1）针对室内场景中复杂纹理和复杂几何结构造成的物体边界扭曲、局部细节信息丢失等问题，提出一种基于多尺度残差金字塔注意力网络模型。

首先，提出了一个多尺度注意力上下文聚合模块，该模块由两部分组成：空间注意力模型和全局注意力模型，通过从空间和全局分别考虑像素的位置相关性和尺度相关性，捕获特征的空间上下文信息和尺度上下文信息。

该模块通过聚合特征的空间和尺度上下文信息，自适应地学习像素之间的相似性，从而获取图像更多的全局上下文信息，解决场景中复杂结构导致的问题。

然后，针对场景理解中物体的局部细节容易被忽略的问题，提出了一个增强的残差细化模块，在获取多尺度特征的同时，获取更深层次的语义信息和更多的细节信息，进一步细化场景结构。

在NYU Depth V2数据集上的实验结果表明，该方法在物体边界和局部细节具有较好的性能。

（2）针对已有非监督深度估计方法中细节信息预测不够准确、模糊重建等问题，结合Non-local能够提取每个像素的长期空间依赖关系，获取更多空间上下文的原理，本文通过引入Non-local提出了一种新的非监督学习深度估计模型。

对校园恋爱的理解英语作文Understanding Campus RomanceCampus romance is a subject that has always been a topic of interest and debate among students, educators, and parents alike. It refers to the romantic relationships that form between students while they are pursuing their education. The dynamics of campus romance are influenced by various factors, including the age of the individuals, the environment of the campus, and the cultural context in which the relationship takes place.One of the most significant aspects of campus romance is the emotional growth it can foster. Young adults are at a stage in their lives where they are discovering who they are and what they want from life. Engaging in a romantic relationship can be a part of this self-discovery process. It can teach them about compromise, empathy, and the importance of communication—skills that are valuable not only in love but also in professional and social interactions.Another important consideration is the impact of campus romance on academic performance. Some argue that romantic distractions can detract from a student's studies, while others believe that a healthy relationship can provide the emotional support necessary for academic success. The key is balance. Students in a relationship should be able to manage their time effectively, ensuring that their academicresponsibilities are not neglected.The campus environment itself can be conducive to the development of romantic relationships. The shared experiences of attending classes, participating in extracurricular activities, and living in close proximity can create a sense of camaraderie and intimacy. However, it is also importantfor students to maintain a social circle outside of their romantic partner, as this can help prevent over-dependence and provide a well-rounded college experience.Cultural norms and values also play a significant role in shaping campus romance. In some cultures, dating is seen as a natural progression towards marriage, while in others, it is considered a more casual exploration of companionship. Understanding and respecting these differences is crucial for maintaining healthy and respectful relationships.Moreover, campus romance can also present challenges such as dealing with breakups, which can be emotionally taxing. It is essential for educational institutions to provide resources and support systems for students navigating the complexities of love and heartbreak.In conclusion, campus romance is a multifaceted aspect of student life that can offer valuable life lessons and personal growth. It is a natural part of the developmental journey for many young adults. With the right balance, respect for cultural differences, and support from educational institutions, campus romance can be a positive and enriching experience.。

重点1Definition of cultureCulture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed through the generations in an identifiable group of people.重点2Characteristics of culture(10) 1、Culture is sharedCulture is a system of shared values beliefs or patterns of behaviors held in a group ,organization or society.It is not property of any individual.2、culture is cumulativeHuman beliefs, arts etc. are results of many generations.Every generations can discover the new things.The new knowledge are added to what was learned in previous generations.3、culture is learnedCulture is not inherent with any people.Culture can not be genetically and automatically passed down from previous generations.And it should be taught and learned by people.4、culture is adaptiveCulture is created by humans. Humans have to adapt the environment . thus is in development bears the trait of being adaptive5、culture is dynamicAt the same time that new culture are added, and the old ones are lost because they are no longer useful.6、culture is symbolicSymbols generally serve as communicative tools for a multitude purposes, on a persons as well as culture level.7 、culture is relationalCulture is an organic whole. All the components of culture are interlinked.8 、culture is implicit and explicitSome layers culture are easy to be observe, like eating ,dressing, talking. But the ideas underlying the behaviors are generally hard to know. Many scholars label the culture as iceberg.9、 culture is universal10 、culture is diversified重点3Hall’s dimensionsHigh contextHigh-context communication relies heavily on nonverbal, contextual and shared cultural meanings.The meanings are not fully expressed.Meanings are determined by “how”things are said , rather than “what” is said.日本欧洲东部和南部阿拉伯CollectivismLow contextVerbal codes rather than the information impliesClear straight and to-the-point communication美国德国斯堪的纳维亚IndividualismMonochromic cultureDo one thing at one time, Concentrate on the job, take time seriously, low-context and need information, commit to the job, religiously to the plans, not disturbing others, seldom borrow or lend things, emphasize promptnessPolychromic cultureDo many things at once, subject to interruptions, consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, high-context and already have information. Change plans often. Emphasize the relationships.重点4Triandis’s individualism & collectivismIndividualismFosters independence and individual achievement,Promotes self-expression ,personal choice, individual thinkingAssociated with egalitarian relationships and flexibility in rolesUnderstand the physical world as knowable apart of human lifeCollectivismInterdependence and group successPromotes adherence to normsAssociated with stable, hierarchical rolesShared property, group ownership重点5Elements of communicationSource (sender)EncodingMessageMedium(channel)ReceiverDecodingResponseFeedback重点6Grice’s cooperative principle Quantity maximMake your contribute as informative as is required for the current purpose of exchange.Do not make your contribution more information than isrequired.（量的准则——话语提供充分而不多余的信息）Quality maximMake your contribution is ture（质的准则——话语的容是真实的）Relation maximBe relevant（关系准则——话语与话题有关，即与所要实现的意图有关）Manner maximBe perspicuousAvoid obscurity of expressionAvoid ambiguityDe brief and orderly(方式准则——说话要清楚明白、简洁而有条理)重点7Brown & levinson’s face theory Face is something that is emotionally invested, can be lost, maintained, or enhanced, and must be often attended to in communicationPeople cooperate while maintaining face in interaction. Face theory : face threatening acts (FTAs)Politeness strategiesPoliteness strategies: bald on-record不使用补救措施赤裸裸的公开实行面子威胁行为off-record indirect strategy非公开的实行面子威胁行为negative politeness消极礼貌策略Positive politeness积极礼貌策略Face: negative facePositive face重点8Thought patternsField dependence场依存性Holistic thinking eastern peoplePerspective of the whole, all the relevant parts take into account.Easily influence by othersField independence场独立性Analytic thinking western peopleDivinding the whole into parts to analyze the features or relations between the partsHardly influence by othersEastern: field-dependence, holistic thinking, high-context Western: field-independence, analytic thinking, low-context重点9Phases of negotiationPreparation 准备Non-task sounding 非任务测探Task-oriented exchangePersuasion 劝说ConcessionConclusion重点10Components of a brandBrand name 品牌名称（产品）Brand mark 品牌标志（产品）Trade name商号（公司名字）Trade mark 品牌商标重点11SWOT analysisStrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats重点12Intercultural advertising strategiesStandardization strategyConvey and extend the same advertising message to different markets and culturesKey point:Deal with the different markets using the same massage Example:MarlboroPhilips优点：reinforce the corporate imageSaving energyBe convenient to manage compared with several ads缺点: unlikely to be adaptive without change to all foreign cultureResult in misunderstanding or conflict even ruin a business Localization strategyStresses the specialties of the local market and adaptation to the local market environment重点13Three meaning layers of adsthe surface meaningthe intended meaningthe cultural meaning。

多媒体教学的优缺点英语多媒体与英语教学Multimedia Teaching in English: Advantages and DisadvantagesIntroductionIn recent years, the integration of multimedia technology in language classrooms has gained increasing popularity. Multimedia teaching refers to the use of various media forms, such as videos, audio recordings, animations, and interactive exercises, to enhance the learning experience. This article aims to explore the advantages and disadvantages of multimedia teaching in the context of English language education.Advantages of Multimedia Teaching1. Enhances Engagement and MotivationOne of the major advantages of multimedia teaching is that it enhances student engagement and motivation. By incorporating visual and audio elements, multimedia materials can capture students' attention and create a more interactive and dynamic learning environment. This increased engagement can lead to improved learning outcomes and student participation.2. Facilitates Language Skills DevelopmentMultimedia teaching provides opportunities for learners to develop various language skills, including listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Through audio and video materials, students can practice listening comprehension and pronunciation. Interactive exercises and games can also encourage learners to communicate in English and practice their speakingskills. Reading and writing activities can be incorporated through digital texts and online platforms, allowing students to improve their literacy skills.3. Enhances Authenticity and Cultural AwarenessMultimedia materials can expose students to authentic language use and cultural aspects of English-speaking countries. By incorporating real-life situations, videos, and cultural references, multimedia teaching provides learners with a more comprehensive understanding of the language and culture. This exposure can help students develop cultural sensitivity, broaden their horizons, and improve their intercultural communication skills.4. Cater to Different Learning StylesEvery student has a unique learning style and preference. Some may be visual learners, while others may excel in auditory or kinesthetic learning. Multimedia teaching caters to a variety of learning styles by presenting information through different modalities. Visual learners benefit from visual aids, such as graphs and diagrams, while auditory learners benefit from audio recordings and videos. This multi-sensory approach ensures that students can access and process information in a way that suits their individual learning styles.Disadvantages of Multimedia Teaching1. Technical Issues and DependencyOne of the major challenges of multimedia teaching is the reliance on technology. Technical issues such as internet connectivity problems, software glitches, or hardware malfunctions can disrupt the teaching and learning process. Moreover, excessive dependence on multimedia materialsmay hinder students' ability to learn without technological aids, limiting their adaptability in traditional classroom settings.2. Limited Interactivity and Personalized LearningAlthough multimedia teaching provides various interactive elements, it may still lack the personal touch and individualized attention that traditional teaching methods offer. Students who require additional support or have specific learning needs may not receive the necessary guidance or feedback. Furthermore, the use of pre-designed multimedia materials may restrict the flexibility for teachers to adapt the content to suit the specific needs and interests of their students.3. Potential Distraction and OverstimulationThe integration of multimedia in the classroom can sometimes result in distractions and overstimulation. With the abundance of audiovisual elements, students may become overwhelmed or lose focus on the intended learning objectives. Additionally, excessive exposure to multimedia materials can lead to passive learning, as students may rely solely on audiovisual inputs without actively engaging in critical thinking, problem-solving, or collaborating with peers.ConclusionIn conclusion, multimedia teaching in English language education offers several advantages and disadvantages. It enhances engagement, facilitates language skills development, promotes authenticity and cultural awareness, and caters to different learning styles. However, it also presents challenges in terms of technical issues, limited interactivity, and potential distractions.It is crucial for educators to strike a balance between the benefits of multimedia teaching and the potential drawbacks to create a holistic and effective language learning environment.。