2021年新东方托福冲刺精讲班笔记吐血整理

TOEFL听⼒选项原则（适⽤于PART A）1．迅速看选项，找出其中相同、相似、相关的东西，确定场景，预测内容。

2．排除不符合TOEFL思路的选项，排除不合逻辑、常识的选项，排除读起来拗⼝的选项。

3．注意选项中的主谓及标志词。

Δ主语（题）做题法：4个选项主语不⼀致的时候，只要找对与对话中的主语⼀致的，即为正确答案。

Δ标志词：如shuold表⽰“建议”，agree表⽰“同意”等等。

4．注意意思相反的两个选项，正确选项必居其⼀。

5．注意相似的两个选项6．注意有同义词的选项。

7．注意有反义词的选项。

8．注意有同形异义词的选项。

如：A. go to the park B. park the car　park在对话中的含义不⼀样。

9．注意数字及数字所修饰的名词n.10．在⼩对话题中听见什么不选什么。

TOEFL段落题题⽬特征：对话2个，passage3个，⼀般⼀段4个问题。

开头⼀条，结尾⼀条，终结两条。

开头：IC句题：开头句型，开头语⽓和原词，重复率⾼的词：原词的数/概念的重复。

场景：who　what　where　why中段：细节题结尾题TOEFL段落题解题思路：1．确定段落的主题（找相同相似相关的东西）2．反推段落的问题如果两个选项相似，正确答案必居其⼀段落第⼀条是n./名词性短语，则是IC题段落中间是n/名词性短语，只要⽂中提到，就是正确答案。

即：听到什么选什么。

TOEFL对话段落题的题型：1．所听即所选（93、5、36）2．重复原则，重复多的就是答案（93、5、37）3．强调原则，强调多的就是答案（93、5、38）4．建议原则，有建议的就是考点。

5．对话题结构特点：开头：打招呼后，信息作为开头。

结尾：最后⼀句。

TOEFL错题原因：慢热（听时不看） Part A⾛神（延长时间）连错（学会放弃）读题（先紧后松）⽼题重要题型：中间带but转折题：1．语⽓转折： 90.1.33/96.12.A142．表单词多种含义　89.8.24/96.10.A2对⼀般疑问句的回答:1．听清第⼆句开头的短结构　89、8、322．间接回答⼀定表⽰反对　96、10、A123．听不懂没关系（第⼆句长⽽绕），选⼀个否定答案就可以　96、8、30 4．第⼀句语调特征：最后为升调5．第⼆句习语。

新东方在线网络课程教材TOEFL-IBT听力主讲：金鑫考试时间：60或90若听力是2个section 时间小于60min，题目为34个若听力加考的话，3个section 时间小于90min，题目51个Section = 1 conversation（非学术性内容）+ 2 lecture （学术性内容）（4-6 min，每个对话）Conversation 5个题，lecture 6个题，总17个题听清对话—笔记—解题美音的语速很快，有些语音听不到，要对语音信号有反应。

句子：①连读：Ⅰ：辅音＋元音（如果前一辅音以辅音结尾，后一个以元音开头，连读）在美音的发音里面爆破音t经常被发成d，所以读音中听见是很正常的。

（water可以读成“wader”，matter可以读成“madder”）ru n^ou t^of fi t^ i t^ i n in-side out cal l^ i t ^a ^day:到此为止M: Are you ready to go jogging?W: Almost. I have to warm up first.Q: What does the woman mean?Ⅱ：元音＋元音前一个单词音以[i]或者[i:]结尾+后一个单词以元音开头，也要连读，在两个元音之间多加一个流音：/ j /，/ w /前一个单词以[i] [i:]结尾，后面加元音的话，加流音/ j /，因为当我们发/ j / （ye）时，它的前一个步骤是发[i]的音的，就可以顺利成章的连读了。

/ i / +/ j / + 元音I am / aijæm /前一个单词以[u] [u:]结尾，后面加元音的话，加流音/w /，因为当我们发/w /时，它的前一个步骤是发[u]的音的，就可以顺利成章的连读了。

/ u / + / w / + 元音you are / juwar /四组固定变音：前一个结尾d+j前一个结尾→d3 （zhi）woul d^ y ou，coul d ^y ou前一个结尾t+j前一个结尾→ch（chi）abou t^ y ou; last^ y ear前一个结尾s+j前一个结尾→sh（shi，xi）mis s^ y ou: thi s ^y ear前一个结尾z+j前一个结尾→3（ri）does your前三个一定要记住，最后一个不常见。

Listening1.欧阳光明（2021.03.07）2.开头——复习+主旨例外：①课堂复习——不考标志过去时态开始标志：now,today, OK, while②老师道歉③归纳法的开头，先给出例子，再给出结论--记例子的主体&论点3.结尾——推断+细节4.注意重复的细节与观点5.举例——记例子主体，注意提示词6.定义解释——其中的关系7.注意可以的停顿8.注意课堂引导词——remember now OK while imagine today9.讲课中的问答10.因果关系11.听清层次——firstly secondly...12.注意转折13.Listen again 专业术语不变避免原词重复Speaking notesQ1&Q2To start with I believe most of people would choose... However i would like to choose...today i have two arguments to supports to support my idea. Today i mainly have one important argument to back up my ideaTake me for example... For instance... For example Furthermore what's moreTo summarize to conclude all in allBased on the two points i have already mentioned ...will always be my choice...Q31.The school wants/plans to doThe school policy is...The school wants to carry out a policy which is...2.sb suggests/advises that the university should (stop) do...3.In the conversation, the man disagrees, and he has two pointsIn the listening material, the man agree with the policy because of the following reasons...4.First, the school think, however the man think...Second...Based on the two points the man disagree.Q4In this set of material, the reading passage introduce atheory/principle/definition...which means(suggests) that... In the lecture, the professor uses/gives us/provides us/offers us one/two examples to explain/illustrate/demonstrate/clarify this theory.The first is about...The second is ...Q51.time conflict①to find sb else to replace/take place of youto find sb to help him②drop, give up,cancel one of the plans③reschedulePut off, delay, postpone,to find another day to do.Do/finish...before...④ask for extension/extra days/putting off the dead line2.course is not available①to take the same/similar course next s emester②take it in another school③choose the graduate lessonQ6The lecture is about/the topic is about...The professor mainly talked about ...According to the lecture...In this listening material the professor explain...All in all/in conclusion...Tips1.DefinitionThe term ...is defined as..The definition of the term is...2.ResultThe/it result turn out to be...pareIn the experiment, students are divided into two groups. The first group is... In the second group the situation is totally different/is on the contrary.Writing一、Heading（一）方案1凸显主题引述观点我的立场1.凸显主题①As is often the case, Under many circumstances,Currently / In contemporary society, +X/ the issue of X+is widely discussed.is so much concerned that it has aroused a widediscussion.is much concerned to a point where a wide discussion has been aroused.is much concerned at such a degree that a wide discussion has been aroused.is much/ widely discussed to a point where a deep contemplation has been aroused.②so…that…He is so 2 that he is used to running outside at cold winter mid-night with nothing on.= subj+ v. + adj. / ved. + to a / the point whereHe is 2 to a point where he is used to running outside at cold winter mid-night with nothing on.= subj+ v. + adj. /ved. + at such a degree that…He is 2 at such a degree that…2.引述观点againstSome people maintain/ hold that it is …that…A few people hold the opinion that…One point is that…One perspective is that…One conventional idea/ acceptance / view / notion is that…forA common belief is that…A prevailing notion/ acceptance is that…题目核心名词不动题目中观点的方向不动3.我的立场程度+ 态度①程度to large extent，at large degree,on large scale,②态度I agree with this opinion.I am on the side of this claim / assumption / assertionI side with this claim.I stand with this claim.I would nod in agreement with this claim.I lean toward this claim.I disagree with this opinion.I am on the opposite side of this claim.I side on the opposite.I stand against this claim.I would cast doubt on this claim.I would frown on this claim.全局Currently, the issue of X is much concerned to a point where a wide discussion has been aroused. Some people maintain that it is … that…. To large extent, however, Iam on the opposite side of this claim.（二）方案2一分钟快捷法：Some people hold / maintain that…I reckon/ deem thatagainstSome people maintain that…. To large extent, however, I am on the opposite side of this claim and reckon that it assumes a distorted and narrow view.forA prevailing a cceptance is that…. To large extent, Iam on the side of this claim and reckon that itsensible and rational.Body structureBody+support+strong二、基本思路框架：（一）1.让步Concede：客观性—题目观点有点道理To begin with, I have to concede that…2.主旨段1：分析—题目观点/言论谬误Nevertheless（Nonetheless）the claim—problematic Attention: 探讨论点 > 议论话题3.主旨段2:推理—后果严重，危害巨大At last, the influence—negative4.其他备选思路Optional 1: 可行性欠佳not feasibleOptional 2: 效用差ineffectiveOptional 3: 当A>B时，支持弱者B is also significant Optional 4：当题目中X is the …e st,质疑“最”X is not the …est.Optional 5：因果关系不合理No direct relation between A and B（二）中心句：1 .让步To begin with, I have to admit that…To begin with, it is undisputable that…First of all, I have to concede that X, at some / certain degree, is/ can…First of all, I have to concede that doing some writing, at certain degree,is beneficial(与题目立场一致).限制级让步—避免喧宾夺主…, to some / certain extent,……, at some/ certain degree,……, on some/ specific occasions,….…, in particular / certain cases, ……, under some /particular circumstances,……, theoretically speaking,……, in short-terms,…… is/ can somewhat…… is/ can relatively…2. against1—分析：题目观点谬误(本质使然）驳斥言论>质疑话题Nevertheless, X/ the assumption that…is not immune to several defects, (which makes this claim / assertion open to question).Nevertheless, X/ the assumption that… is not immune to several defects, which degrades this claim as problematic / misrepresentative.Nevertheless, the assumption that… is also contaminated with several defects/ irrationalities, which degrades this claim as problematic / misrepresentative.Do—undertake Be engaged inTip:下定义A isB (B=n. –A function)A serves asB / A functions as BFriends serve as companionships.media serve as sources of influence.作判断A is B (B=adj. / n.)A is accepted / acknowledged as BThis proposal is accepted as beneficial.This proposal, to large extent, is accepted as beneficial.3. against2—推理：后果很严重/危害巨大effect vs influenceNegative influence—destructive consequencesdisastrous consequencesAt last, the consequences/ misleading of… would be negative / destructive / pernicious.At last, the consequences/ misleading that … is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive.4.其他备选思路中心句Option1: 这样做不可行 feasible = viable--It is not feasible the feasibility of … is open to question.--It is not viable the viability of… is open to question.The feasibility/ viability of … is vulnerable to any question or challenge.… can hardly be converted from b lueprint into reality.… can merely rest on the blueprint.Option1 效果欠佳--切断联系Step1 It can not solve this problemStep2 It fails to offer solutions to this problem.Step3For 建议This proposal / solution/ approach/ X is awkward in serving as a k ey to….For 结论This definition/ conclusion/ X is awkward in serving asa reference for...PracticeThis proposal / solution/ approach/ X is awkward in serving as a key to….Option2: B重要( for A>B 话题)B is of great significance for …Great significan ce for…is closely attached to B--Great significance for the rise of a nation is closely attached to the promotion of education.--Great significance for leading a healthy life is closely attached to the preservation of environment.--Great significance for the duty of celebrities is closely attached to the participation of social services. Option4: X并非最佳There is no point to claim that X serves as the best/ ultimate/ the most approved solution / definition.It is groundless to assert that…serve as—function asOption5: 因果关系不合理There is no direct causal relation between A and BThis claim suffers from a fallacy of causal oversimplification.This assumption/ assertion fails to establish a causal relation between A and B.三、Body（一）1.让步First of all/ to begin with, I have to concede that X, at certain degree, is beneficial / is effective.2.观点谬误Nevertheless, the assumption that… is not immune to several defects, which makes this claim/ assumption /assertion open to question.Nevertheless, the assumption that… is also contaminated with several irrationalities, which degrades this claim as problematic / misrepresentative.3.后果严重At last, the consequences / the misleading that X is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive. / disastrous/ pernicious.4.可行性欠佳The feasibility / viability of X is vulnerable to any question or challenge.5. Ineffective即使有结果，也很难达到目的for 建议类话题To carry the idea further, this proposal / solution/ approach is awkward in serving as a key that guarantees the effectiveness and efficiency.for 定义/结论类话题To carry the idea further, this definition/ conclusion is awkward in serving as a convincing reference that can offer objective and accurate / reliable / trustworthy guidance.6. not the best/ --est ( for 最…话题)There is no point to claim that... serves as the best/ultimate/ the most approved solution / definition.7. 挽救B—B重要( for A>B 话题)Great significance is also supposed to be attached to B.8. 因果关系不能建立This claim suffers from a fallacy of causaloversimplification.First of all, I have to concede that…, at some / certain degree, is/ can…For one thing, X, on some occasions, is/ can…For the other, it is/ can also somewhat/relatively…, on the ground that…, for the reason that…, for the sake that…First of all, I have to concede that doing some writing, at certain degree, is beneficial. For one thing, such exercises, on some occasions, contribute to promoting writing skills. For the other, writing can somewhat sharpen the mind.（二）方案1—双论据论点First of all, I have to concede that X, on certain occasions, is beneficial. 论据1For one thing, X serves as 是什么 through which 作用/效果论据2For the other, X also contributes to/ X is alsoeffective in人例case of/ the case concerning … serves as a n example/evidence / an evident example which, to large extent, can support / solidify / consolidate my claim (that it is…that…)事例the personal experience of … serves as an example /evidence that/ which can largely consolidate/lend credible support t o my claim that…方案2—单论据论点First of all, I have to concede that X, on certain occasions, is beneficial， CS2. against1—本质不好i Nevertheless, the inherited/intrinsic /inborn defect ofX can largely undermine the claim/ assumption that….ii Nevertheless, X/ the conclusion that…/ the proposal that… is not immune to several defects, which makes this claim/ assumption / assertion open to question. Nevertheless, X/ the conclusion that…/ the proposal that… is not immune to several defects, which degrades this claim as problematic / misrepresentative.For 建议类话题：复杂任务简单化As is often the case, / Under many circumstances,/ As a matter of fact, 待解决之问题/达成之目标 is acknowledged as a complicated task/ project/ cause whose solutioninvolves/ requires a combination/ joint of efforts on both the internal and external layers and cannot possibly be tackled/ accomplished by XAs is often the case, 待介定之事物 is acknowledged as a complicated phenomenon / concept/ existence whosedefinition involves/ requires/ concerns a combination of elements / factors on both the subjective and objective layers and cannot possibly be defined by highlighting X. 数据With reference for a survey by International …, % of the people / respondents between and in European countries / E.U. claimed that…W ith reference for a survey by International …, % of thepeople / respondents between 15 and 65 in European countries / E.U. claimed that X is the last option employed to…With reference for a survey by International …, %of the people / respondents between 15 and 65 in European countries / E.U. had gloomy views over the effectiveness / the prospect of XAccording to a survey by International Deserts (vol.250), the deserts all over the world are extending at a rate of 250 football fields every 3 hours.实事—caseThe case concerning … serves as an example/ evidence / an evident example which can, to large extent, support/ solidify/ justify / reinforce / bolster / consolidate my claim that…人例—personal experienceThe personal experience concerning … serves a s an evident example which can largely consolidate my claim that…Optional结论/建议未必适用于所有情形（无视个案差异）… is not unexceptionally acceptable… is not undisputable all the time / under any circumstancesThe other flaw is that the validation of the view presented in this topic is not universally self evident.On occasion(s) that…,/ On conditions that… , the (utmost) significance is supposed to be attached to X, whereas when this prerequisite/ the condition removes, the emphasis/ focus would also be switched （to o ther…）.Tip: 本段（质疑言论）的组织架构：言论谬误The assumption/ assertion that… is problematic.谬误/漏洞1—复杂的事物被简化X复杂，解决/定义需要诸多（a combinationof ) 努力(efforts)/ 因素（elements）谬误/漏洞2—观点的合理性是有条件的X 不总正确（not universally self-evident）, 只有在… 条件下，(on conditions that…), 才合理，否则就不行X has been proved to be (the most) effective …/ the best …Any other efforts / possibilities have been proved to be vain attemptsX has been proved to be the most effective …/ the best … that can ruleout any other …X enjoys the widest preference后果很严重At last, the consequences/ influence of… is negative / destructive / pernicious.At last, the consequences that X is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive.子论据1：负面影响+小的个体（ individual ）大到整体（ society/ system/ industryOne point th at is worth of mentioning is that…The negative influence of X would be infectious.The negative influence of X would result in a series of chain reaction.The negative influence of X would give rise to Domino Effect/ Butterfly Effect.it can inevitably endanger/ jeopardize both the individual… and the whole society/ industry/ system.The negative influence of X would be infectious, which can inevitably jeopardize / endanger both the individual…and the whole…子论据2：弊大于利To carry the idea further,Other than that,In addition, advantages vs. disadvantagesthe disadvantages outweigh the advantages.= the advantages are outweighed by the disadvantages.the disadvantages overshadow the advantages.= the advantages are overshadowed by the disadvantages.Advantages:The expected/ the foreseeable benefits and opportunities / solutions… can offerFor conclusion The expected reference and guidance …can offerDisadvantages:the potential risks and uncertainties … can incurFor conclusion--the potential confusions and misleading … can incurDisadvantage > advantage--the potential risks and uncertainties … incurs far outweigh the expected benefits and opportunities itcan offer.--the potential confusions and misleading … incurs can rule out any reference and guidance it can offer.To be exact, it is tantamount to an act of trading A for B trade long-term … for short term…trade … in the long run for … at presenttrade the possibility of sustainable development for the reality of present interests.trade the unique… for common…trade the cherished… for common / ordinary …trade the invaluable … for the valueless …trade everything for nothing子论据3影响负面且深远Even worse, It runs the risk of driving …to a dead end. This proposal / conclusion is acknowledged as an illogical and irrational assumption/ assertion which indicates / reveals / mirrors a set of misplaced values that run the risk of driving … to a dead end.（三）思路框架：3.让步To begin with, I have to concede that knowing how to use money effectively, at certain degree, is beneficial. For one thing, it somewhat minimizes the risk of financial problems in the future. For the other, the acquisition of such knowledge and skills, at certain degree, contributes to relatively sensible consuming habits.2．因素分析Nevertheless, the claim of emphasizing the role that learning money management at young age plays in makinga financially responsible adult is contaminated withseveral intrinsic irrationalities. As is often the case,implanting a sense of financial responsibility into an individual is acknowledged as a complicated task whose solution involves a combination of efforts on both the internal and external respects and cannot possibly be tackled/ accomplished by simply making children learn management. The personal experience of Madoff serves as an evident example which can largely consolidate my claim. Although Madoof received good education for money management since he was young, he did not have any sense of responsibility and was labeled as a cheater in 2008. The other flaw this assumption suffers from is that it ignores the differentials among cases.On conditions that that the learning of managing money is combined with the instillation of conscience and moral, or that this proposal has been proved as the most effective measure which can rule out any other solutions, making children learn to manage money is acceptable, whereas when this prerequisite removes, the things would be otherwise.3. 演绎推理At last, the consequences that this proposal is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive. One point that is worth of mentioning is that the misleading andconfusion that relating managing money to financial responsibility can incur far outweigh the expected benefits and solutions it can offer. Other than this, learning money management on early stage bears the possibility of bringing in materialism into our education and misplacing the values, which runs the risk of driving the healthy growth of our next generation to a dead end. EndingTo sum up, at large degree, I would cast doubt on this assumption. What is more, it is essential for us to have circumspection over all the factors before any critical decision-makings.Tip:其他备用思路：Option1--可行性欠佳What is more, the feasibility of X is vulnerable to any question or challenge.A host of impediments that are expected to encounterlike A, B, C and D are acknowledged as significantfactors that play decisive roles in minimizing theviability.In this sense, it is almost a miss ion impossible to…重要因素表达—用于论点+论据… serves as a significant factor that plays decisive role in….… serves as an indispensable element that is not supposed to be overlooked.Tip :不可行的障碍--(show no respect) the legal principles--(overlook) the basic laws of nature--(violate) the ethical bottom line--the unsatisfactory voices from the public--limited budgets or financial problemsOption2--即使有结果，也很难达到目的(个性化方案—选配)--牵强的联系For 建议This proposal / solution/ approach/ X is awkward in serving as a key to….For 结论This definition/ conclusion/ X is awkward in serving asa convincing/ credible reference for...教师是否应该根据他们的表现而支付薪水?Paying teachers in accordance with theirperformance is awkward in serving as a key toenhancing / improving/ promoting / upgrading theeducation.This proposal / solution/ approach/ X is awkward inserving as a key to….+切断联系 For 建议As a matter of fact/ In effect, A/ the former does not function as the exclusive prerequisite for B/ the latter.+冲淡联系1 原因多样Under many circumstances, a host of solutions/ possibilities such as A1, A2, A3 and A4 are also indispensable/ significant approaches that are not supposed to be overlooked....is a significant factor that plays a decisive role in…… is also an indispens able element that is not supposed to be overlooked.+冲淡联系2 结果无效On the other hand, such oversimplified strategy would be doomed/ deemed as counterproductive.+阶段性结论In this sense, there exists no direct (causal) relation between A and B (the result and the proposal).For 结论This definition/ conclusion/ X is awkward in serving asa convincing/ credible reference for...+切断联系For 结论A does not serve as an exclusive prerequisite forgaining a better understanding about B+冲淡联系1可能性多样Under certain circumstances, B can be concluded as A1, whereas under others, the definition/ conclusion like A2, A3, A4 are also sensible/ acceptable/ rational.+冲淡联系2 定义/概括无效GeneralOn the other hand, such over generalized conclusion fails to be representative.+阶段性结论In this sense, there exists no direct relation between the conclusion/ definition and the phenomenon.In this sense, A can tell just part of the story.Option 3-- ... is not the ..estThere is no point to claim that A serves as the best/ ultimate/ the most approved solution / definition.A multitude of other options/ elements/ possibilities / solutions such as B, C, and D are also significant factors that are not supposed to be overlooked.In this sense, it is groundless to put ultimate premium onA.Option 4--挽救B-B重要( for A>B 话题)Great significance is also supposed to be attached to B. Option5—因果无法建立：Furthermore, the claim that… suffers from a fallacy of causal oversimplification.Furthermore, the claim that … rests on a gratuities causal relationship which is in short of legitimacy.In effect, the former does not serve as the exclusive prerequisite for the latter.Under many circumstances, a host of approaches /solutions/ reasons/ possibilities as A, B, C and D are also acknowledged as significant factors that are not supposed to be overlooked.In addition, this conclusion runs the risk of misleading the understanding / the definition of…In addition, this proposal bears the possibility ofdriving the result to quite different paths.In this sense, there exists no direct causal relation between A and B.Topics:Because we are busy, we can do few things well.Because we are busy, politeness has become unnecessary andout of fashion.In order to make ourselves happy, we should learn how to make others happy first.For这样很好（本性使然）… is blessed/ gifted withadvantagemerit in …./thatgeniusX is blessed with a multitude of merits.As it stands, X enjoys many advantages like A, B, C andD.According to a survey by…, X% of the respondents …这是不可避免的 indispensable / 重要部分A is a part of B= A is included in B= A serves as / functions as an indispensable episode in composing Bthe absence of… would result in…Families serve as indispensable episode in composing our society.Failures in every segment of our life serve as indispensable episodes in composing our growth.Competition serves as indispensable episode in composingour market.The multimedia and the internet serve as indispensable episodes in composing our modern life.The quantum leaps in science and technology serve as indispensable episode in composing our civilization.这样做可行且运转良好What is more, the feasibility of X can withstand question or challenge.A host of factors such as A, B, C and D areacknowledged as significant elements that play decisive roles in maximizing the viability.Not only does it enjoy feasibility, but also it can operate in a smooth way.如果这样，结果诱人Other than this, the positive consequences of X would turn out to be profound.it will benefit both the individual and the whole systemit contributes to promoting …., boosting …..and …will thereafter beenhancedIt contributes to promoting the advance of economy, boosting the communication among cultures and the reputation of a city is thereafter enhanced.It contributes to promoting the efficiency, boosting the effectiveness and our self-confidence is thereafter enhanced.It contributes to promoting our skills in getting along with others, boosting our abilities in thinking over things and our minds are thereafter sharpened.Advantage> Disadvantage应该这样，因为这样做不仅有益，而且无害。

(一)阅读题型及解题步骤21.句子简化题22.排除列举题23.句子插入题24.词汇题25.指代题36.细节题（考察定位能力）37.推理题38.修辞目的性题目39.文章内容小节题410.图标题4(二)听力4(三)口语4(四)写作411.独立写作攻略61)评分标准62)句子表达练习63)写作原那么74)题库的分类75)题型的转化76)审题87)提纲98)论点99)理由的寻找910)寻找理由的方法1011)理由1012)文章结构1013)文章内容比例1114)人称1115)文章开头的方法1116)主体句1217)结尾1218)重述语义的技巧-黄金规那么三1219)一个核心思想1320)段落的实现1421)衔接手段1422)例子的引出1523)引用1524)数字1525)重要的人名举例1527)中国人名和地名的写法1728)语言的雕琢1729)黄金句型－黄金规那么四1830)语言的雕琢-词2031)词汇选择的标准2112.综合写作攻略211)评分标准（5分）2132)出题方式2133)学习要点（P75）2134)如何却定要点-黄金规那么四2235)如何对付陌生名词2236)寻找并纪录要点的训练方法2237)文章框架2238)如何结构段落2239)表示相反关系的词和短语2340)精彩句型2341)对材料的指称2342)对时态的运用24(一)阅读题型及解题步骤1.句子简化题1)阅读原文2)拆分复杂句：把握句子要点，抓住主题词3)用排除法删除干扰选项4)找到最佳选项提炼选项中的关键词2.排除列举题Not except less least三种考法1)单词列举题2)短语列举题（提炼选项中的一两个关键词）3)句子列举题做题步骤：1)看题干，判断是什么题2)看选项3)看题干找关键字4)回到原文中找3.句子插入题1)看题干，判断题型2)看题目中给的话，找关键字和要点a)关键字要点b)关联词和路标词c)看自己逻辑关系3)回到原文，阅读可插入方块的前后信息，寻找与插入句相关的意思4)选择与插入句最相关的方块4.词汇题1)背单词托福要求8000多单词2)在文章的上下文中找答案3)在上下文中利用平行结构，平行同意关系来猜4)反义关系5)短语和词组看尾巴或者介词6)合成词切割成最小单位（即切割成前缀，后缀）7)代入法，将四个选项依次代入原文中看哪一个最符合上下文的意思8)一词多义5.指代题1)指代题反映的是英文的简单原那么，因此指代都是往前找答案-后指代前在一句话中或相邻的两句话中，后半句的代词主语经常指代前半句话的名词主语2)如果一句话中有两个并列的及物动词，第二个动词后面的代词宾语经常指代前一个动词后面的名词宾语3)所有格代词经常指代他前面位置上最接近的名词但是要注意两个条件a)有短语时b)指代的经常是前面的核心名词4)平行结构-前后呼应，前后平行5)多重指代-文章中不止一个代词6)注意代词指代中的单复数问题7)代词指代词一定要验证一遍8)在整个题目做完之后，把代词和代词之前的话通读一遍来验证6.细节题（考察定位能力）1)看题目找关键字2)带着关键字回原文中找地方3)看选项找到原文的改写7.推理题题干中常见问法1)infer2)imply3)most likely4)probably推理题的做题步骤1)先看题干，看到刚刚那些词汇，判断出该题是一道推理题2)带着题干中的关键字回到原文中找地方3)读完原文到选项中寻找答案与细节题不一一样，有一个推理的过程时间概念推断8.修辞目的性题目如果在考试中见到三篇文章，经常会有两到三道这样的题目出现角色转换不要把自己看成读者，而是以作者的角度思考文章的结构及内容安排第二段开头：on the other hand第二段与第一段讲的是不同的内容，是一种转折关系一句话的目的9.文章内容小节题1)仔细阅读内容概要表中列出的主题2)把主题成几个意群，找到关键字或主题词10.图标题(二)听力(三)口语新托福的报名()(四)写作●综合写作：150-225 words不能有自己的任何见解●Time:1)Integrated writing: 20 minute sReading:3mins\230-300wordsListening: 2mins\230-300words2)独立写作：300字以上，高分400字以上●写作训练方法：写●练习写作的步骤：需要写20篇左右的文章1)1-5篇不限时写作，字数达到300，结构完整，不计好坏2)6-10保证1小时内完成，结构完整，字数达到300以上，写完进行检查3)11-20要半个小时内完成，字数超过400，结构完整，写完进行检查和润饰。

新东方的笔记资料在阅读题和词汇语法题中，有这几个词的选项肯定是答案：beyond, entitle, availabel, bargain, lest, except for在“自然科学”阅读中，有这几个词的选项肯定要排除：all, only, totally, compalatly, unlimiely.在“态度题”中，有这两个词的选项要排除：indiffrent（漠不关心的），subject（主观的）作文题目强烈推荐－－－－－“网络的利弊”词汇：（很有冲刺性）come go keep hold get put make turn bring look call ask stand lay run live 以上词跟介词搭配必考几道！重点记忆词汇－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－（括号内注明的是这次要考的意思）bargain（见了就选） except for（见了就选） offer（录取通知书） effects（个人财物） gap（不足、差距） mark(污点、做标记) mind（照料、看管） moment（考了8次）present（拿出） inquire deliberate advisable accuse anything but but for consume with extensive at intervals origin preferable to procedure profitable property pace point range refuse refer to relief religion relatively release rise single sole spoil stick suit surprise urgent vary tense tolerant trace vacant weaken wear off 需要辨析的：1. call off（取消、放弃）和 call up（召集、唤起）2. adapt to 和 adopt3. arise 和 arouse4. count on = rely on5. cope with = deal with6. no doubt 和 in doubt7. employee 和 employer8. general 和 generous9. instant 和 constant 10. lie（及物）和 lay（不及物） 11. regulate 和 regular12. supply（有目的提供）和 offer（无目的提供）语法：（分值小）1．虚拟语气：表示建议的几个词：wish, would rather, had rather;it is time that + 过去式；it is high time that + 过去式；but for、lest、as if、as though、would、should、could、might +动词原型。

1-1学习词汇注意的问题1、单词的英文解释和例句例：The oppressed ____ freedom. [ A ]A. demandB. requireC. requestoppress→op+presspress 挤，压→pressure 压力op=against因此oppressed为“压迫”的意思→oppressed 被压迫的the+形容词表示一类人“被压迫的人____自由”那么ABC选项应选择什么？这题就暴露出一个问题：我们是按汉语记单词的，ABC的中文意思中都有“要求”的意思。

但是汉语只能大概的描述英文，不能百分之百的精准的解释英文。

我们看一下ABC的英文解释：demand：ask for firmly, unwilling to accept a refusal.强烈地要求，并不情愿接受拒绝require：the ruler set a rule with the expectation that it will be obeyed.统治者期望自己的命令规定会被遵守。

（如老师要求你完成作业，老板要求你完成工作）request：ask for politely.礼貌地要求单词的例句有两点好处：1）一个好的例句是最能准确说明单词最本源含义的句子2）给写作文的时候打下扎实的基础“不满意”怎么说呢？第一想到satisfied→content大部分单词我们只能达到认识（第一重境界），却达不到会运用（第二重境界）2、单词的熟词生意late“死亡”house“坐落于”，如Beijing neworiental school is housed in Haidian district.tell“我能够看出来”正确的英文怎么说？I can tell.brave“勇敢地面对”，如国歌中的“冒着敌人的炮火，前进，前进，前进进”brave the enemies' gunfire, march on, march on, march on, on, on...3、单词的发音语音的基础是一个单词一个单词地读postcard名信片，我们对单词的发音，并不敏感，只对单词的拼写和中文意思敏感pig，第一反应就是“猪”建设每天花5分钟时间跟读单词，读准后再背单词，这样单词才会背得立体1-2词汇的记忆方法一、形象化记忆词汇的方法人们对于图像的存储速度要远远高于对于语言符号的存储速度。

6．噪⾳场景　96.12.12/97.8.北美.6规律：室内：调⼩⾳量(turn down)　宿舍隔⾳(sound proof)　意识到噪⾳没有(didn’t realize)室外：⽆能为⼒ 96、5、18噪⾳来源：交通，室友/邻居　（93.10.23）影响：睡觉睡不着，学习受⼲扰I can’t heat myself think.解决：rraffic：学⽣只能忍受，或者向学校反映，或者换地⽅学习　soundproof室友/邻居：ake him to turn down the musicdorm supervise / apartment manager 宿舍管理员7．修理场景fix repair思路：什么坏了，找谁修（修理⼯及故障的表达，96、1、北美、11），修理费贵，修不如买（96、12、28）结合housing场景的：厕所，电话，洗澡。

window is stack 窗户打不开the sink will be clogged⽔池堵了pipe will be clogged管道堵了wiring电线出问题shutters→loose 百叶窗松了8．打⼯场景四个步骤及关键词 96、5、6打⼯职责、感受（段落） 96、1、国内、C2/98、5、B2⾯视者招聘员⼯：⼯作经验，学历被⾯视者（学⽣）：时间、⼯资、经验三要素 96、5、12　hour salary　experience9． High-way场景常塞车（怎么办）　96、5、20 be tired up　traaffic gam　be backed up拐错弯 96、8、24 should have turned从哪出 get out of it考违章 98.5.23　ticket 罚单10．借钱还钱场景　98.10.22不愿借，不想还，为什么注意听语⽓，注意听第⼆句时间副词（soon　later　some other time）吃喝玩乐篇1．⾳乐会场景规律：永远好听 97、1、8/97、10、10喜欢古典⾳乐，不喜欢摇滚⾳乐提前买票，学⽣折扣作为好坏，是否调换去不是因为学习或考试（语⽓特征：不情愿）剧院座位：谈座位是否好坏，要不要换。

生命中，不断地有人离开或进入。

于是，看见的，看不见的；记住的，遗忘了。

生命中，不断地有得到和失落。

于是，看不见的，看见了；遗忘的，记住了。

然而，看不见的，是不是就等于不存在？记住的，是不是永远不会消失？Notes of TOEFL CoursePart 1 Speaking●TOD——T opic Development●D——Delivery●LE——Language Use语速150 words per min语调emotional使用headset的技巧：mic置于嘴稍下（避免气流声），用手稍微捂住嘴说话（集中音量）Cracking TASK 1&2●要有topic sentence●Keep talking●Detailed: place, time, person, number●要用动词的同义词，不要照说原题●少用“我”开头地方题旅游，衣食住行人物题正直，有耐心，有爱心Cracking TASK 1●看题取代听题●使用同义词、近义词可以用排列句I always like to try their famous cheese, yogurt, and wine. Point 1 reason→because, the reason whyPoint 2 example→I remember, for example, the best case to support it is…Point 3 detail→name, data( duration, frequency, how old, etc.), itemization动词令听者有画面感Topic: abstract1. major2. interest3. personal life★Methods of Classification★i. Local vs. International /Foreignii. Big vs. Smalliii. Lots vs. Fewiv. Available vs. Unavailablev. Internal vs. Externalvi. Male vs. Femalevii. Freedom vs. Limitviii. Focus vs. Distractix. Waste vs. Costx. Active vs. Passivexi. Common vs. Specialxii. Public vs. Privatexiii. Majority vs. Minorityxiv. Safety vs. Dangerxv. Beautiful vs. UglyCut into the same issue with different angles.benefit: wellness/ goodnesskinda like, sorta like =for exampleleftoverset-up: arrangementTA=teaching assistantLibrarianConsulter/adviser辅导员Orientation入学指导Discourse= speechMating/breeding seasonallot分配时间assign分配任务allocate分配资源appoint分配人peek at偷看beforehand=in advanceunparallel不可比拟的costumes装束, 服装prop道具wear it loose披散头发parlor 店铺a beauty parlor, an ice cream parlor, a funeral parlor whereabouts在…附近；下落，去向Cracking TASK 21. which →answer2. key →same meaning / paraphrase3. adj. & adv. →similar (optional)4. v. →similar or opposite (optional)5. 题目出现之后把耳机拿开，阅读题目增加准备时间Cracking TASK 31. Fact + Change + 2 Reasons2. 把细节、过渡词全部忘掉3. 屏幕上文章一出现就开始看，手立即作笔记4. 听力中表达观点的人是主角，配角的话完全不用听，笔记格式如下：Hidden roles of ETS1. Student-centered2. For the sake of community3. Playing means studying4. Always the authority’s fault5. Competition-driven6. EqualityCracking TASK 5Step 1 Listening, note-taking1. Classify & Identify The ProblemWhat’s the problem?●Schedule conflicts: busy●Unavoidable absence●Resources unavailable●Student election (涉及选举公平性，或者选举的其他活动，如campaign,debate, speech )2. Solutions & DetailStep 2 Speaking, Retell &ChooseNote-taking in T ask 5●The one who asks question will provide the solution.Ex. Hey, you look so pale, are you ok?Sentence patterns●The man/woman in the conversation is facing the problem that…●The trouble faced by the man/ woman is that…●From the dialogue, we learned that the man/woman ran into theproblem that…●So, these are the two solutions available for her.●Between doing A and doing B, I would rather pick the first option.Cracking TASK 41. Wherever a different word appears, there is always a simplifiedreplacement.2. Reading: background + theme+ 2 points/theories (if examples exist,copy them)3. Listening: lecture + 2 detail examples4. 旁白在4和6题中有主旨，留意最前和最后的旁白Pattern 1 (fix)●reading →theme →titlepoint 1→phrase 时间递进point 2→phrase 时间递进●listening reminderexample 1example 2Pattern 2（mix）Live every day to the ultimate.Dare to dream; dare to live on dream.Part 2 Reading推荐书目或网页：●林语堂《吾国与吾民》●●Merriam Webster Collegiate 11th●韦氏辞典豪华版3.0●旧托词频表●杨鹏17天把阅读文章中不懂的词记成X，比如mound（土墩, 护堤, 垛）就是小m And的含义：1. 并列2. 递进3. 条件4. 因果1.3 Locating Reference指代1. 代词一般指代名词原则非限性定语从句which只指代主句中的名词，不能指代一件事/句子2. 单复数一致原则3. 代词一般指前原则同质同位，主语同指原则：1. 简单句（前句）2. 并列句中两个分句3. 主从句成对关系●one…another…/ one…others…●some…others…●more than●the former…the latter…1.6 Determining Purpose目的1. 例证关系a. 标记词P113-6b. 对称结构，往前面找答案P110-52. 对比关系compare & contrastsimilarity～differencea. 比较the same, equal, similar, likeb. 对比比较级vs. 否定词3. 其他形容词、比喻、形象化描述1.7 Recognizing Paraphrases释义对于简单句：1. 主干（主谓宾），小心被动语态2. 逻辑关系（连词，比较关系的字眼）3. 注意：a. 被动语态b. 首句是代词要看上句c. 正确的释义可能会用所指代的内容来代替代词d. 不要带着自己的逻辑做题，应该按照选项去推错项的特点：●新概念●白马非马●无中生有●绝对化only, all（原文中出现这类词除外）1.8 Recognizing Coherence插入1. 存在指代关系a. 代词b. 名词重复（代词+同义替换）2. 代词+名词重复，比如it is a method….3. 总分关系a. 明显标记词p138、og121-11b. 先抽象，后具体c. A of B，新概念d. 要比较，先介绍4. 因果关系错项的特点：●打乱了相邻句子间的逻辑性●影响了转折语的正常使用●打乱了代词与指代对象之间的逻辑关系1.9 Summarizing Important Ideas摘要~1.10 Organizing Information结构Main idea首段转折句首段设问句首段末句（结论、科学发现）首段因果句明显分类描述明显数量概述（总分） Sub idea → 各段首句选项相加不需要涵盖全文，顺序没关系。

新东方考研笔记全公开考研完型填空笔记公开完型填空１、完形考试的特点和测试点：文章不会太长（２４０－３００）；一般来说第一句都是主题句；一般每隔４－１５个词会有一个空；Choose the best one and mark...；任何一个空都是整篇文章的一部分；做题时要考虑整篇文章的信息背景而不是一句话的信息背景；完形的文章体裁：基本上都是以议论文和说明文为主，极个别时会有夹叙夹议，极偶尔时会有叙述文完形的特点：一般会有鲜明的主题；有完整的形式；简洁明了；经常采用总分结构；完形考试的测试点：阅读能力：对文章整体的把握和理解（要读出文章的主题；读出文章的导向或作者态度）要读懂文章上下段、上下句之间的关系；还要读懂句子内部结构；英语知识运用的能力：语法：（占２０％－３０％）习惯用语：（占１０％）词义的辨析和使用：（占６０％－７０％）词义的辨析和使用中的几个误区：只知其一，不知其它；只知大概，不知具体；只知认词，不知辨词；只知词义，不知使用。

用中文的思维，替代英文词的词义。

１、英文的很多词汇都是多意词，而词汇辨析往往就要靠词的多重意义；２、只知道词的大致含义，不知道它具体的解释；３、分辨不出形进次；４、知道词义，不知使用；以往完形题中词性的分布：１动词（２０％）；２名词（１６％）；３形容词和副词（２４％）实词——容易出词义辨析４连词（１６％）；５介词（１０％）；６代词（１０％）虚词——容易考语法和习惯分配２、今年完形考试变化的规律：从题量来看：在２０００年以前为老题型，１０道题，文章长度在１５０－１８０字左右；在２００１年以后题量增加到２０道题，文章长度在２４０－３００字左右。

分值还是１０分；从题材来看：在９６年以前以科普类文章为主；从９７年以后以社会科学类文章为主；按大趋势来说社科类文章会占主流；科普类文章的一些特点：时态比较简单，一般以现在时为主；文章结构简单，句子以判断句为主；为什么说新题型比旧题型难是因为阅读量增加了吗？不是是因为新题型大量使用了复杂句（复合句）；以９４与２００１年考题为例为什么说复杂句难？句子内部结构复杂要注意找句子的基本结构，先找道主干，而后逐层向下分析。

雅思写作(留学类)——Task 2新东方网络课堂主讲人：张驰新第一节：文章题型判断Task2是考试的重头戏，首先来看审题的过程：浏览文章出题的最后一句话（写作指令句），一个有经验的考生就会这样做，现在现行的考题一共有四种题型：一，discursive （50%）讨论性题型凡是以下五种，都被认为是discursive，前三种回答没有任何限制1, T o what extent do you agree (or disagree)2, How far do you agree (or disagree)3, What`s your opinion towards the statement?4, Discuss both opinions/statements (and give your own one)5, Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?discursive的四种写法：,1，单边同意一个观点2，单边反驳一个观点3，两个观点一起论述，支持观点可以多写一点（有倾向性）4，同时论证两个观点，表示中立（无倾向性）总体来说是两种大的写法，单边写和双边写，单边写就是同意不同意，双边写就是七三开和五五开。

五种类型的后两种就必须使用双边写。

二，agree or disagree（只能单边写）三，PRR（Problem + Reason + Recommendation）why + what 25%给你一个问题，你提出原因和解决方案，这种文法类似why+what，考生在写作过程中一定要注意比例，原因和建议的比例控制在6:4。

Reason : Recorn = 6:4，如果原因很多，建议很少甚至没有那是不可能高于5分的。

这个题型在近几年开始重要记起来，占据25%。

四，A&D（双边写，五五开，保持中立的写法）A: advantageB: disadvantage这样的文法是直接问好坏处，只要把好坏处加在一起，各写50%就到位了，是保持中立的一种写法，本身比较极限，没有自由，最近已经没落了下来，07年也只考了两次。