新东方-托福冲刺精讲班笔记-吐血整理

TOEFL听⼒选项原则（适⽤于PART A）1．迅速看选项，找出其中相同、相似、相关的东西，确定场景，预测内容。

2．排除不符合TOEFL思路的选项，排除不合逻辑、常识的选项，排除读起来拗⼝的选项。

3．注意选项中的主谓及标志词。

Δ主语（题）做题法：4个选项主语不⼀致的时候，只要找对与对话中的主语⼀致的，即为正确答案。

Δ标志词：如shuold表⽰“建议”，agree表⽰“同意”等等。

4．注意意思相反的两个选项，正确选项必居其⼀。

5．注意相似的两个选项6．注意有同义词的选项。

7．注意有反义词的选项。

8．注意有同形异义词的选项。

如：A. go to the park B. park the car　park在对话中的含义不⼀样。

9．注意数字及数字所修饰的名词n.10．在⼩对话题中听见什么不选什么。

TOEFL段落题题⽬特征：对话2个，passage3个，⼀般⼀段4个问题。

开头⼀条，结尾⼀条，终结两条。

开头：IC句题：开头句型，开头语⽓和原词，重复率⾼的词：原词的数/概念的重复。

场景：who　what　where　why中段：细节题结尾题TOEFL段落题解题思路：1．确定段落的主题（找相同相似相关的东西）2．反推段落的问题如果两个选项相似，正确答案必居其⼀段落第⼀条是n./名词性短语，则是IC题段落中间是n/名词性短语，只要⽂中提到，就是正确答案。

即：听到什么选什么。

TOEFL对话段落题的题型：1．所听即所选（93、5、36）2．重复原则，重复多的就是答案（93、5、37）3．强调原则，强调多的就是答案（93、5、38）4．建议原则，有建议的就是考点。

5．对话题结构特点：开头：打招呼后，信息作为开头。

结尾：最后⼀句。

TOEFL错题原因：慢热（听时不看） Part A⾛神（延长时间）连错（学会放弃）读题（先紧后松）⽼题重要题型：中间带but转折题：1．语⽓转折： 90.1.33/96.12.A142．表单词多种含义　89.8.24/96.10.A2对⼀般疑问句的回答:1．听清第⼆句开头的短结构　89、8、322．间接回答⼀定表⽰反对　96、10、A123．听不懂没关系（第⼆句长⽽绕），选⼀个否定答案就可以　96、8、30 4．第⼀句语调特征：最后为升调5．第⼆句习语。

Listening1.开头——复习+主旨例外：①课堂复习——不考标志过去时态开始标志：now,today, OK, while②老师道歉③归纳法的开头,先给出例子,再给出结论--记例子的主体&论点2.结尾——推断+细节3.注意重复的细节与观点4.举例——记例子主体,注意提示词5.定义解释——其中的关系6.注意可以的停顿7.注意课堂引导词——remember now OK while imagine today8.讲课中的问答9.因果关系10.听清层次——firstly secondly...11.注意转折12.Listen again 专业术语不变避免原词重复Speaking notesQ1&Q2To start with I believe most of people would choose... However i would like to choose...today i have two arguments to supports to support my idea.Today i mainly have one important argument to back up my ideaTake me for example... For instance... For exampleFurthermore what's moreTo summarize to conclude all in allBased on the two points i have already mentioned ...will always be my choice...Q31.The school wants/plans to doThe school policy is...The school wants to carry out a policy which is...2.sb suggests/advises that the university should stop do...3.In the conversation, the man disagrees, and he has two pointsIn the listening material, the man agree with the policy because of the following reasons...4.First, the school think, however the man think...Second...Based on the two points the man disagree.Q4In this set of material, the reading passage introduce a theory/principle/definition...which meanssuggests that...In the lecture, the professor uses/gives us/provides us/offers us one/two examples to explain/illustrate/demonstrate/clarify this theory.The first is about...The second is ...Q51.time conflict①to find sb else to replace/take place of youto find sb to help him②drop, give up,cancel one of the plans③reschedulePut off, delay, postpone,to find another day to do.Do/finish...before...④ask for extension/extra days/putting off the dead line2.course is not available①to take the same/similar course next semester②take it in another school③choose the graduate lessonQ6The lecture is about/the topic is about...The professor mainly talked about ...According to the lecture...In this listening material the professor explain...All in all/in conclusion...Tips1.DefinitionThe term ...is defined as..The definition of the term is...2.ResultThe/it result turn out to be...pareIn the experiment, students are divided into two groups.The first group is... In the second group the situation is totally different/is on the contrary.Writing一、Heading一方案1凸显主题引述观点我的立场1.凸显主题①As is often the case, Under many circumstances,Currently / In contemporary society, +X/ the issue of X+is widely discussed.is so much concerned that it has aroused a wide discussion.is much concerned to a point where a wide discussion has been aroused. is much concerned at such a degree that a wide discussion has beenaroused.is much/ widely discussed to a point where a deep contemplation has been aroused.②so…that…He is so 2 that he is used to running outside at cold winter mid-night with nothing on.= subj+ v. + adj. / ved. + to a / the point whereHe is 2 to a point where he is used to running outside at cold winter mid-night with nothing on.= subj+ v. + adj. /ved. + at such a degree that…He is 2 at such a degree that…2.引述观点againstSome people maintain/ hold that it is …that…A few people hold the opinion that…One point is that…One perspective is that…One conventional idea/ acceptance / view / notion is that…forA common belief is that…A prevailing notion/ acceptance is that…题目核心名词不动题目中观点的方向不动3.我的立场程度+ 态度①程度to large extent,at large degree,on large scale,②态度I agree with this opinion.I am on the side of this claim / assumption / assertionI side with this claim.I stand with this claim.I would nod in agreement with this claim.I lean toward this claim.I disagree with this opinion.I am on the opposite side of this claim.I side on the opposite.I stand against this claim.I would cast doubt on this claim.I would frown on this claim.全局Currently, the issue of X is much concerned to a point where a wide discussion has been aroused. Some people maintain that it is … that…. To large extent, however, I am on the opposite side of this claim. 二方案2一分钟快捷法：Some people hold / maintain that…I reckon/ deem thatagainstSome people maintain that…. To large extent, however, I am on the opposite side of this claim and reckon that it assumes a distorted and narrow view.forA prevailing acceptance is that…. To large extent, I am on theside of this claim and reckon that it sensible and rational. Body structureBody+support+strong二、基本思路框架：一1.让步Concede：客观性—题目观点有点道理To begin with, I have to concede that…2.主旨段1：分析—题目观点/言论谬误NeverthelessNonethelessthe claim—problematicAttention: 探讨论点 > 议论话题3.主旨段2:推理—后果严重,危害巨大At last, the influence—negative4.其他备选思路Optional 1: 可行性欠佳not feasibleOptional 2: 效用差ineffectiveOptional 3: 当A>B时,支持弱者B is also significantOptional 4：当题目中X is the …est,质疑“最”X is not the …est. Optional 5：因果关系不合理No direct relation between A and B二中心句：1 .让步To begin with, I have to admit that…To begin with, it is undisputable that…First of all, I have to concede that X, at some / certain degree, is/ can…First of all, I have to concede that doing some writing, at certain degree,is beneficial与题目立场一致.限制级让步—避免喧宾夺主…, to some / certain extent,……, at some/ certain degree,……, on some/ specific occasions,….…, in particular / certain cases, ……, under some / particular circumstances,……, theoretically speaking,……, in short-terms,…… is/ can somewhat…… is/ can relatively…2. against1—分析：题目观点谬误本质使然驳斥言论>质疑话题Nevertheless, X/ the assumption that…is not immune to several defects, which makes this claim / assertion open to question.Nevertheless, X/ the assumption that… is not immune to several defects, which degrades this claim as problematic / misrepresentative. Nevertheless, the assumption that… is also contaminated with several defects/ irrationalities, which degrades this claim as problematic / misrepresentative.Do—undertake Be engaged inTip:下定义A isB B=n. –A functionA serves asB / A functions as BFriends serve as companionships.media serve as sources of influence.作判断A is B B=adj. / n.A is accepted / acknowledged as BThis proposal is accepted as beneficial.This proposal, to large extent, is accepted as beneficial.3. against2—推理：后果很严重/危害巨大effect vs influenceNegative influence—destructive consequencesdisastrous consequencesAt last, the consequences/ misleading of…would be negative / destructive / pernicious.At last, the consequences/ misleading that … is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive.4.其他备选思路中心句Option1: 这样做不可行 feasible = viable--It is not feasible the feasibility of … is open to question.--It is not viable the viability of… is open to question.The feasibility/ viability of … is vulnerable to any question or challenge.… can hardly be converted from blueprint into reality.… can merely rest on the blueprint.Option1 效果欠佳--切断联系Step1 It can not solve this problemStep2 It fails to offer solutions to this problem.Step3For 建议This proposal / solution/ approach/ X is awkward in serving as a key to….For 结论This definition/ conclusion/ X is awkward in serving as a reference for...PracticeThis proposal / solution/ approach/ X is awkward in serving as a key to….Option2: B重要 for A>B 话题B is of great significance for …Great significance for…is closely attached to B--Great significance for the rise of a nation is closely attached to the promotion of education.--Great significance for leading a healthy life is closely attached to the preservation of environment.--Great significance for the duty of celebrities is closely attached to the participation of social services.Option4: X并非最佳There is no point to claim that X serves as the best/ ultimate/ the most approved solution / definition.It is groundless to assert that…serve as—function asOption5: 因果关系不合理There is no direct causal relation between A and BThis claim suffers from a fallacy of causal oversimplification.This assumption/ assertion fails to establish a causal relation betweenA and B.三、Body一1.让步First of all/ to begin with, I have to concede that X, at certain degree, is beneficial / is effective.2.观点谬误Nevertheless, the assumption that… is not immune to several defects, which makes this claim/ assumption / assertion open to question. Nevertheless, the assumption that… is also contaminated with several irrationalities, which degrades this claim as problematic / misrepresentative.3 .后果严重At last, the consequences / the misleading that X is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive. / disastrous/ pernicious.4.可行性欠佳The feasibility / viability of X is vulnerable to any question or challenge.5. Ineffective即使有结果,也很难达到目的for 建议类话题To carry the idea further, this proposal / solution/ approach is awkward in serving as a key that guarantees the effectiveness and efficiency.for 定义/结论类话题To carry the idea further, this definition/ conclusion is awkward in serving as a convincing reference that can offer objective and accurate / reliable / trustworthy guidance.6. not the best/ --est for 最…话题There is no point to claim that... serves as the best/ ultimate/ the most approved solution / definition.7. 挽救B—B重要 for A>B 话题Great significance is also supposed to be attached to B.8. 因果关系不能建立This claim suffers from a fallacy of causal oversimplification.First of all, I have to concede that…, at some / certain degree, is/ can…For one thing, X, on some occasions, is/ can…For the other, it is/ can also somewhat/ relatively…, on the ground that…, for the reason that…, for the sake that…First of all, I have to concede that doing some writing, at certain degree, is beneficial. For one thing, such exercises, on some occasions, contribute to promoting writing skills. For the other, writing can somewhat sharpen the mind.二方案1—双论据论点First of all, I have to concede that X, on certain occasions, is beneficial. 论据1For one thing, X serves as 是什么 through which 作用/效果论据2For the other, X also contributes to/ X is also effective in人例case of/ the case concerning … serves as an example/ evidence / an evident example which, to large extent, can support / solidify /consolidate my claim that it is… that…事例the personal experience of … serves as an example / evidence that/ which can largely consolidate/lend credible support to my claim that…方案2—单论据论点First of all, I have to concede that X, on certain occasions, is beneficial, CS2. against1—本质不好i Nevertheless, the inherited/intrinsic /inborn defect of X can largelyundermine the claim/ assumption that….ii Nevertheless, X/ the conclusion that…/ the proposal that… is not immune to several defects, which makes this claim/ assumption / assertion open to question.Nevertheless, X/ the conclusion that…/ the proposal that… is not immune to several defects, which degrades this claim as problematic /misrepresentative.For 建议类话题：复杂任务简单化As is often the case, / Under many circumstances,/ As a matter of fact, 待解决之问题/达成之目标 is acknowledged as a complicated task/ project/ cause whose solution involves/ requires a combination/ joint of efforts on both the internal and external layers and cannot possibly be tackled/ accomplished by XAs is often the case, 待介定之事物 is acknowledged as a complicated phenomenon / concept/ existence whose definition involves/ requires/ concerns a combination of elements / factors on both the subjective and objective layers and cannot possibly be defined by highlighting X.数据With reference for a survey by International …, % of the people / respondents between and in European countries / . claimed that…With reference for a survey by International …, % of the people / respondents between 15 and 65 in European countries / . claimed that X is the last option employed to…With reference for a survey by International …, %of the people / respondents between 15 and 65 in European countries / . had gloomy views over the effectiveness / the prospect of XAccording to a survey by International Deserts , the deserts all over the world are extending at a rate of 250 football fields every 3 hours.实事—caseThe case concerning … serves as an example/ evidence / an evident example which can, to large extent, support/ solidify/ justify / reinforce / bolster / consolidate my claim that…人例—personal experienceThe personal experience concerning … serves as an evident example which can largely consolidate my claim that…Optional结论/建议未必适用于所有情形无视个案差异… is not unexceptionally acceptable… is not undisputable all the time / under any circumstances The other flaw is that the validation of the view presented in this topic is not universally self evident. On occasions that…,/ On conditions that… , the utmost significance is supposed to be attached to X, whereas when this prerequisite/ the condition removes, the emphasis/ focus would also be switched to other….Tip: 本段质疑言论的组织架构：言论谬误The assumption/ assertion that… is problematic.谬误/漏洞1—复杂的事物被简化X复杂,解决/定义需要诸多 a combination of 努力 efforts/ 因素elements谬误/漏洞2—观点的合理性是有条件的X 不总正确not universally self-evident, 只有在…条件下,on conditions that…, 才合理,否则就不行X has been proved to be the most effective …/ the best …Any other efforts / possibilities have been proved to be vain attempts X has been proved to be the most effective …/ the best … that can ruleout any other …X enjoys the widest preference后果很严重At last, the consequences/ influence of… is negative / destructive / pernicious.At last, the consequences that X is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive.子论据1：负面影响+小的个体 individual 大到整体 society/ system/ industry One point that is worth of mentioning is that…The negative influence of X would be infectious.The negative influence of X would result in a series of chain reaction. The negative influence of X would give rise to Domino Effect/ Butterfly Effect.it can inevitably endanger/ jeopardize both the individual… and the whole society/ industry/ system.The negative influence of X would be infectious, which can inevitably jeopardize / endanger both the individual… and the whole…子论据2：弊大于利To carry the idea further,Other than that,In addition, advantages vs. disadvantagesthe disadvantages outweigh the advantages.= the advantages are outweighed by the disadvantages.the disadvantages overshadow the advantages.= the advantages are overshadowed by the disadvantages.Advantages:The expected/ the foreseeable benefits and opportunities / solutions…can offerFor conclusion The expected reference and guidance … can offer Disadvantages:the potential risks and uncertainties … can incurFor conclusion--the potential confusions and misleading … can incurDisadvantage > advantage--the potential risks and uncertainties … incurs far outweigh the expected benefits and opportunities it can offer.--the potential confusions and misleading … incurs can rule out any reference and guidance it can offer.To be exact, it is tantamount to an act of trading A for Btrade long-term … for short term…trade … in the long run for … at presenttrade the possibility of sustainable development for the reality of present interests.trade the unique… for common…trade the cherished… for common / ordinary …trade the invaluable … for the valueless …trade everything for nothing子论据3影响负面且深远Even worse, It runs the risk of driving …to a dead end.This proposal / conclusion is acknowledged as an illogical and irrational assumption/ assertion which indicates / reveals / mirrors a set of misplaced values that run the risk of driving … to a dead end.三思路框架：1.让步To begin with, I have to concede that knowing how to use money effectively, at certain degree, is beneficial. For one thing, it somewhat minimizes the risk of financial problems in the future. For the other, the acquisition of such knowledge and skills, at certain degree, contributes to relatively sensible consuming habits.2．因素分析Nevertheless, the claim of emphasizing the role that learning money management at young age plays in making a financially responsible adult is contaminated with several intrinsic irrationalities. As is often the case, implanting a sense of financial responsibility into an individual is acknowledged as a complicated task whose solution involves a combination of efforts on both the internal and external respects and cannot possibly be tackled/ accomplished by simply making children learn management. The personal experience of Madoff serves as an evident example which can largely consolidate my claim. Although Madoof received good education for money management since he was young, he did not have any sense of responsibility and was labeled as a cheater in 2008. The other flaw this assumption suffers from is that it ignores the differentials among cases. On conditions that that the learning of managing money is combined with the instillation of conscience and moral, or that this proposal has been proved as the most effective measure which can rule out any other solutions, making children learn to manage money is acceptable, whereas when this prerequisite removes, the things would be otherwise.3. 演绎推理At last, the consequences that this proposal is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive. One point that is worth of mentioning is that the misleading and confusion that relating managing money to financial responsibility can incur far outweigh the expected benefits and solutions it can offer. Other than this, learning money management on early stage bears the possibility of bringing in materialism into our education and misplacing the values, which runs the risk of driving the healthy growth of our next generation to a dead end.EndingTo sum up, at large degree, I would cast doubt on this assumption. What is more, it is essential for us to have circumspection over all the factors before any critical decision-makings.Tip:其他备用思路：Option1--可行性欠佳What is more, the feasibility of X is vulnerable to any question or challenge.A host of impediments that are expected to encounter like A, B, C andD are acknowledged as significant factors that play decisive rolesin minimizing the viability.In this sense, it is almost a mission impossible to…重要因素表达—用于论点+论据… serves as a significant factor that plays decisive role in….… serves as an indispensable element that is not supposed to be overlooked.Tip :不可行的障碍--show no respect the legal principles--overlook the basic laws of nature--violate the ethical bottom line--the unsatisfactory voices from the public--limited budgets or financial problemsOption2--即使有结果,也很难达到目的个性化方案—选配--牵强的联系For 建议This proposal / solution/ approach/ X is awkward in serving as a key to….For 结论This definition/ conclusion/ X is awkward in serving as a convincing/ credible reference for...教师是否应该根据他们的表现而支付薪水Paying teachers in accordance with their performance is awkwardin serving as a key to enhancing / improving/ promoting /upgrading the education.This proposal / solution/ approach/ X is awkward in serving as a key to….+切断联系 For 建议As a matter of fact/ In effect, A/ the former does not function as the exclusive prerequisite for B/ the latter.+冲淡联系1 原因多样Under many circumstances, a host of solutions/ possibilities such as A1, A2, A3 and A4 are also indispensable/ significant approaches that are not supposed to be overlooked....is a significant factor that plays a decisive role in…… is also an indispensable element that is not supposed to be overlooked.+冲淡联系2 结果无效On the other hand, such oversimplified strategy would be doomed/ deemed as counterproductive.+阶段性结论In this sense, there exists no direct causal relation between A andB the result and the proposal.For 结论This definition/ conclusion/ X is awkward in serving as a convincing/ credible reference for...+切断联系For 结论A does not serve as an exclusive prerequisite for gaining a betterunderstanding about B+冲淡联系1可能性多样Under certain circumstances, B can be concluded as A1, whereas under others, the definition/ conclusion like A2, A3, A4 are also sensible/ acceptable/ rational.+冲淡联系2 定义/概括无效GeneralOn the other hand, such over generalized conclusion fails to be representative.+阶段性结论In this sense, there exists no direct relation between the conclusion/ definition and the phenomenon.In this sense, A can tell just part of the story.Option 3-- ... is not the ..estThere is no point to claim that A serves as the best/ ultimate/ the most approved solution / definition.A multitude of other options/ elements/ possibilities / solutions such as B, C, and D are also significant factors that are not supposed to be overlooked.In this sense, it is groundless to put ultimate premium on A.Option 4--挽救B-B重要 for A>B 话题Great significance is also supposed to be attached to B.Option5—因果无法建立：Furthermore, the claim that… suffers from a fallacy of causal oversimplification.Furthermore, the claim that … rests on a gratuities causal relationship which is in short of legitimacy.In effect, the former does not serve as the exclusive prerequisite for the latter.Under many circumstances, a host of approaches / solutions/ reasons/ possibilities as A, B, C and D are also acknowledged as significant factors that are not supposed to be overlooked.In addition, this conclusion runs the risk of misleading the understanding / the definition of…In addition, this proposal bears the possibility of driving the result to quite different paths.In this sense, there exists no direct causal relation between A and B.Topics:Because we are busy, we can do few things well.Because we are busy, politeness has become unnecessary and out of fashion. In order to make ourselves happy, we should learn how to make others happy first.For这样很好本性使然… is blessed/ gifted withadvantagemerit in …./thatgeniusX is blessed with a multitude of merits.As it stands, X enjoys many advantages like A, B, C and D.According to a survey by…, X% of the respondents …这是不可避免的 indispensable / 重要部分A is a part of B= A is included in B= A serves as / functions as an indispensable episode in composing B the absence of… would result in…Families serve as indispensable episode in composing our society.Failures in every segment of our life serve as indispensable episodes in composing our growth.Competition serves as indispensable episode in composing our market. The multimedia and the internet serve as indispensable episodes in composing our modern life.The quantum leaps in science and technology serve as indispensable episode in composing our civilization.这样做可行且运转良好What is more, the feasibility of X can withstand question or challenge.A host of factors such as A, B, C and D are acknowledged as significantelements that play decisive roles in maximizing the viability.Not only does it enjoy feasibility, but also it can operate in a smooth way.如果这样,结果诱人Other than this, the positive consequences of X would turn out to be profound.it will benefit both the individual and the whole systemit contributes to promoting …., boosting …..and …will thereafter beenhancedIt contributes to promoting the advance of economy, boosting the communication among cultures and the reputation of a city is thereafter enhanced.It contributes to promoting the efficiency, boosting the effectiveness and our self-confidence is thereafter enhanced.It contributes to promoting our skills in getting along with others, boosting our abilities in thinking over things and our minds are thereafter sharpened.Advantage> Disadvantage应该这样,因为这样做不仅有益,而且无害;A andB can co-exist harmoniouslyA andB are not 2 mutually exclusive matters.A andB are compatibleA andB are 2 mutually exclusive matters. As a matter of fact, the former andthe latter can co-exist harmoniously.The existence/ advance of A does not act/ serve as a terminator forBThe existence / advance of A does not bring negative influence / consequenceon BTo sum up, I side on the opposite of the claim that… What is more, it is essential for us to pay more attention to …/ What is more, special attention is called for to四、Tip1.若要/为了X目的, 就得YX and Y are closely relatedthere is a direct causal relation between X and YY serves as the exclusive prerequisite for Xcreate—creativity,advent,reckon,doomed to be,the sin revelation 2.这样不好/不应该本性/本质使然be born with / to be inherit intrinsic natureinborn problematiclast, the consequences/ influence of… is negative / destructive / pernicious.At last, the consequences that X is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive.and more--an/ the increasing number of +可数名词--the increasing + 不可数名词--the increasingly + adj. + n.Give rise toof great significance for…great significance for… is closely attached to…great significance for your future career is closely attached to your study.great significance for the effectiveness of leadership is closely attached to the respect from the public.7.可能…, to large extent, …… bears the possibilities that…… runs the risk of…--This measure runs the risk of triggering disasters.switch alter convertDo undertake be engaged in estimate assess9.10.没有上过大学Lyndon Johnson AbrahamLincolnGrover Cleveland—honest + independent Andrew Jackson—the incarnation of courageMike Dell Stephen Jobs Zuckburge接受过优秀教育OxfordMargaret Hilda Thatcher David Cameron Bill ClintonStephen Hawking Mr. BeanHarvardFranklin Roosevelt Obama John F. KennedyGeorge W. Bush Gary Faye Locke素材accumulate the knowledge train the skills broaden the horizon experience the defeats/ failures strengthen the willsharpen the mind develop personalities shape valuespurify the soul detach the view12.媒体books:magazine; text book; bibliography; encyclopedia; novelTV programs; TV networksvideo; audience; display; screenread—reading—reader words; lines; passages重要影响力杂志New Yorker；the Times—实事评论性杂--through which we can extract insightful thoughts.Vogue；ELLE;—时尚杂志--let us breathe fashionable airReader’s Digest—综合性期刊National Geography—人文景观the Palace museumthe Louver Palacethe Expos—有必要出现暴力内容的娱乐the western movies—pioneering spiritGone with Wind--setting Atlanta on fire—chaosSchindler's List--Whoever saves one life, saves the world entireSaving Private Ryan-- the value of lifeBrave Heart-- shedding blood and sacrificing for just one chance for freedom Negative—过分暴力的娱乐-- Transformer 3-- justice do not have to be exchanged by extreme violencenor at the price of the whole Chicago City with thousandsof innocent lives.small step though it is for young people, a giant leap for the future life.That's one small step for me, one giant leap for mankind.Achilles’ Heelthe absence of innovation/ sympathy is acknowledged as the Achilles’Heel of our education.the absence of creditability is acknowledged as the Achilles’ Heel of political leadership.significant五、综合写作一HeadingThelecturerefutesobjects tosides on the opposite ofthepointsillustratedinthereadingmaterial.In accordance with With reference forAccordingto the listening,theprofessorthe lecturerclaims /asserts that。

(一)阅读题型及解题步骤21.句子简化题22.排除列举题23.句子插入题24.词汇题25.指代题36.细节题（考察定位能力）37.推理题38.修辞目的性题目39.文章内容小节题410.图标题4(二)听力4(三)口语4(四)写作411.独立写作攻略61)评分标准62)句子表达练习63)写作原那么74)题库的分类75)题型的转化76)审题87)提纲98)论点99)理由的寻找910)寻找理由的方法1011)理由1012)文章结构1013)文章内容比例1114)人称1115)文章开头的方法1116)主体句1217)结尾1218)重述语义的技巧-黄金规那么三1219)一个核心思想1320)段落的实现1421)衔接手段1422)例子的引出1523)引用1524)数字1525)重要的人名举例1527)中国人名和地名的写法1728)语言的雕琢1729)黄金句型－黄金规那么四1830)语言的雕琢-词2031)词汇选择的标准2112.综合写作攻略211)评分标准（5分）2132)出题方式2133)学习要点（P75）2134)如何却定要点-黄金规那么四2235)如何对付陌生名词2236)寻找并纪录要点的训练方法2237)文章框架2238)如何结构段落2239)表示相反关系的词和短语2340)精彩句型2341)对材料的指称2342)对时态的运用24(一)阅读题型及解题步骤1.句子简化题1)阅读原文2)拆分复杂句：把握句子要点，抓住主题词3)用排除法删除干扰选项4)找到最佳选项提炼选项中的关键词2.排除列举题Not except less least三种考法1)单词列举题2)短语列举题（提炼选项中的一两个关键词）3)句子列举题做题步骤：1)看题干，判断是什么题2)看选项3)看题干找关键字4)回到原文中找3.句子插入题1)看题干，判断题型2)看题目中给的话，找关键字和要点a)关键字要点b)关联词和路标词c)看自己逻辑关系3)回到原文，阅读可插入方块的前后信息，寻找与插入句相关的意思4)选择与插入句最相关的方块4.词汇题1)背单词托福要求8000多单词2)在文章的上下文中找答案3)在上下文中利用平行结构，平行同意关系来猜4)反义关系5)短语和词组看尾巴或者介词6)合成词切割成最小单位（即切割成前缀，后缀）7)代入法，将四个选项依次代入原文中看哪一个最符合上下文的意思8)一词多义5.指代题1)指代题反映的是英文的简单原那么，因此指代都是往前找答案-后指代前在一句话中或相邻的两句话中，后半句的代词主语经常指代前半句话的名词主语2)如果一句话中有两个并列的及物动词，第二个动词后面的代词宾语经常指代前一个动词后面的名词宾语3)所有格代词经常指代他前面位置上最接近的名词但是要注意两个条件a)有短语时b)指代的经常是前面的核心名词4)平行结构-前后呼应，前后平行5)多重指代-文章中不止一个代词6)注意代词指代中的单复数问题7)代词指代词一定要验证一遍8)在整个题目做完之后，把代词和代词之前的话通读一遍来验证6.细节题（考察定位能力）1)看题目找关键字2)带着关键字回原文中找地方3)看选项找到原文的改写7.推理题题干中常见问法1)infer2)imply3)most likely4)probably推理题的做题步骤1)先看题干，看到刚刚那些词汇，判断出该题是一道推理题2)带着题干中的关键字回到原文中找地方3)读完原文到选项中寻找答案与细节题不一一样，有一个推理的过程时间概念推断8.修辞目的性题目如果在考试中见到三篇文章，经常会有两到三道这样的题目出现角色转换不要把自己看成读者，而是以作者的角度思考文章的结构及内容安排第二段开头：on the other hand第二段与第一段讲的是不同的内容，是一种转折关系一句话的目的9.文章内容小节题1)仔细阅读内容概要表中列出的主题2)把主题成几个意群，找到关键字或主题词10.图标题(二)听力(三)口语新托福的报名()(四)写作●综合写作：150-225 words不能有自己的任何见解●Time:1)Integrated writing: 20 minute sReading:3mins\230-300wordsListening: 2mins\230-300words2)独立写作：300字以上，高分400字以上●写作训练方法：写●练习写作的步骤：需要写20篇左右的文章1)1-5篇不限时写作，字数达到300，结构完整，不计好坏2)6-10保证1小时内完成，结构完整，字数达到300以上，写完进行检查3)11-20要半个小时内完成，字数超过400，结构完整，写完进行检查和润饰。

k）定语从句的省略结构：(讲义 26 27)1．如果that / which在定从中作obj，可以省略.sub+vt+n+(which / that)+sub+vt→s+vt+n+s+v　s+vt+n1+n2+vt*当做题时，若发现两个名词在⼀起，但是似乎连不上，则⼀定省略that / which，则动词为vt，做谓语。

2．定从的特殊省略（新题 P92 13）the way (in which) + 句⼦the reason (why that)+句⼦ 均为完整句the time (that / when)+句⼦I do remember the first time (that省) I ever heard the sweatest voicein the world.By the time省that+句⼦，句⼦。

3．定从的主系省略（主+系可同时省）即：which be , who be , that be可同时省（讲义P7 17）*在新题中难题常与which be的省略有关（新题 P196 15）l）状语从句的省略结构：（讲义 P8 28 29）Although (it is)native to Europe, svo.Although (she was) affluted by…svo.Even though (it is) costly,svo.省略条件：1）特定的状语从句引导词：although　though　even though　when　while　if　as2）从句为主系表结构3）从句主语与主句主语⼀致。

Alought (主+系)+表，主谓宾。

省略⽅式：a）可以同时省略主+系→连词+表语（a. 分词 svo）b）主系必须同时省c） Alough / Thouth / While / If / As / When +（系表）+a./分词，svo√ ⼀定是答案m）doing结构：（讲义 30 31）doing现在分词→ a./ad.作定于/状语动名词→ n. 作主语/宾语eg：1）Stranving troop have to surrender.现在分词修饰n.，翻译为“…的”2）Transforming faw materials into useful products is called maufacturing.　（Transforming：动名词）具有动词特征的n做主语或者宾语，但同时⼜可接宾语，动名词与n为动宾关系，中⼼词为v-ing，翻译为“…的⾏为”。

新东⽅考研英语笔记整理版⽣活必须主动――07新东⽅考研英语笔记整理版注：1.本笔记根据07新东⽅辅导班（含强化班和冲刺班）现场录⾳整理，百分百正版。

2.历时半年，参考⽆数⽹上资料。

尤其是印建坤阅读部分,他是的资料⼗分零散,整理起来⼗分⾟苦。

3.最好使⽤效果⽅法：本资料、真题和录⾳（尤其是印建坤阅读部分）⼀起复习，最⾼境界是把04－06年真题背下来（注：印⽼师语）。

前提是听过新东⽅07版课n次（n>=1）和细读过历年真题n次（n>=2）。

4.并不是每个部分都值得认真记，推荐阅读和翻译部分。

请注意阅读部分，印建坤风格和以前⽼师有所不同。

要注意概念转换。

5.真题就是经典。

真题是考试之纲，争分之本呀！！6.最后附有“考试⾍”全部技巧以供参考。

7.由于时间⼗分紧张，没有仔细排版校正，请见谅。

8.时间不是关键，致命的是⽅法。

这些技巧都是“技”，要是勤奋练习就是“术”，关键是⽤⼼做事才能修成“道”，如果天分不错最后就是“⽆招胜有招。

⼼中有剑，⼿中⽆剑”的最⾼境界。

加油！9.鸣谢：⼗分感谢过去各位的帮忙和⿎励。

⼀路⾛来因为互相⽀持，我们变得更加坚强。

衷⼼祝愿当春暖花开时，我们会⼼想事成也希望我们会成为好朋友馨馨敬上(注：数字代表做题时间)阅读：90+-10cloze：15+-5新题型：15翻译：20+-5⼩作⽂：15＋－5⼤作⽂：25+-506年outline:最难：完型(a最多) 阅读(b最多)全国最低：7选5(前3个c最多)(后2个d最多)最易：写作具体部分请见阅读和cloze部分。

印建坤阅读技巧+实⼒=成功（培养每⼀种题型能⼒）●速度，准度是成功关键●读⽂章能⼒达标：读⼀遍就知道哪个句⼦会出题●长句读不懂是因为写不出来●要是余2个选项不知如何选，要⽐较2选项侧重点与得分句和辅助句侧重点的关系。

●概率论做题法：分析04-06年，只有05年是4个选项都是5个外，其他2年都是2个5个，1个4个，1个6个，要注意。

经典托福复习冲刺技巧心得经典托福复习冲刺技巧心得时间安排：每周休息一天，休息日共8天，完整学习日50天。

5天为一个单位时间。

分为10个【】时间分配：=【1】11.21－11.25【休息】11.26=【2】11.27－12.01【休息】12.02=【3】12.03－12.07【休息】12.08=【4】12.09－12.13【休息】12.14=【5】12.15－12.19【休息】12.20=【6】12.21－12.25【休息】12.26=【7】12.27－12.31【休息】01.01=【8】01.02－01.06【休息】01.07=【9】01.08－01.12=【10】01.13－01.17每日时间分配：【前期】【1－5】【后期】【6－10】词汇——2.5小时词汇——1.5小时听力——3小时听力——3小时语法——2小时语法——2小时阅读——3小时阅读——3小时写作——1小时写作——2小时词汇：每天保证至少2小时的时间专门用来背单词，早上一小时，下午一小时。

晚上睡觉前过一遍当天所学。

背词的对象变化如下：【1】词汇精选（听＋看），【2】阅读常考固定词对表【3】词汇精选（听＋看），【4】阅读常考固定词对表【3】ARCO词汇，阅读同义词对（旧题），TOEFL词汇常用词根、词缀【4】词频串讲（听＋看），TOEFL词汇经典300题【5】词频串讲（听＋看），TOEFL词汇经典300题【6】TOEFL词汇经典300题，阅读常考固定词对表【7】词汇精选（看），TOEFL词汇经典300题【8】词频串讲（看），阅读常考固定词对表【9】词频串讲（看），ARCO词汇，阅读常考固定词对表【10】阅读常考固定词对表，ARCO词汇，TOEFL词汇常用词根、词缀。

听力：【1，2】——熟悉题形，每天约4小时。

每天两套题，上下午各一套，晚上听邱政政的讲解，做错题分析，精听。

入睡前拿当天的题泛听。

熟记以下（注意总结归纳生疏的单词，词组。

加深印象）--TOEFL听力笔记＋选项原则--TOEFL听力场景词组归类--听力一、二类词汇统计册--听力段子特色词总结【3，4】——提高阶段，每天约3小时。

6．噪⾳场景　96.12.12/97.8.北美.6规律：室内：调⼩⾳量(turn down)　宿舍隔⾳(sound proof)　意识到噪⾳没有(didn’t realize)室外：⽆能为⼒ 96、5、18噪⾳来源：交通，室友/邻居　（93.10.23）影响：睡觉睡不着，学习受⼲扰I can’t heat myself think.解决：rraffic：学⽣只能忍受，或者向学校反映，或者换地⽅学习　soundproof室友/邻居：ake him to turn down the musicdorm supervise / apartment manager 宿舍管理员7．修理场景fix repair思路：什么坏了，找谁修（修理⼯及故障的表达，96、1、北美、11），修理费贵，修不如买（96、12、28）结合housing场景的：厕所，电话，洗澡。

window is stack 窗户打不开the sink will be clogged⽔池堵了pipe will be clogged管道堵了wiring电线出问题shutters→loose 百叶窗松了8．打⼯场景四个步骤及关键词 96、5、6打⼯职责、感受（段落） 96、1、国内、C2/98、5、B2⾯视者招聘员⼯：⼯作经验，学历被⾯视者（学⽣）：时间、⼯资、经验三要素 96、5、12　hour salary　experience9． High-way场景常塞车（怎么办）　96、5、20 be tired up　traaffic gam　be backed up拐错弯 96、8、24 should have turned从哪出 get out of it考违章 98.5.23　ticket 罚单10．借钱还钱场景　98.10.22不愿借，不想还，为什么注意听语⽓，注意听第⼆句时间副词（soon　later　some other time）吃喝玩乐篇1．⾳乐会场景规律：永远好听 97、1、8/97、10、10喜欢古典⾳乐，不喜欢摇滚⾳乐提前买票，学⽣折扣作为好坏，是否调换去不是因为学习或考试（语⽓特征：不情愿）剧院座位：谈座位是否好坏，要不要换。

生命中，不断地有人离开或进入。

于是，看见的，看不见的；记住的，遗忘了。

生命中，不断地有得到和失落。

于是，看不见的，看见了；遗忘的，记住了。

然而，看不见的，是不是就等于不存在？记住的，是不是永远不会消失？Notes of TOEFL CoursePart 1 Speaking●TOD——T opic Development●D——Delivery●LE——Language Use语速150 words per min语调emotional使用headset的技巧：mic置于嘴稍下（避免气流声），用手稍微捂住嘴说话（集中音量）Cracking TASK 1&2●要有topic sentence●Keep talking●Detailed: place, time, person, number●要用动词的同义词，不要照说原题●少用“我”开头地方题旅游，衣食住行人物题正直，有耐心，有爱心Cracking TASK 1●看题取代听题●使用同义词、近义词可以用排列句I always like to try their famous cheese, yogurt, and wine. Point 1 reason→because, the reason whyPoint 2 example→I remember, for example, the best case to support it is…Point 3 detail→name, data( duration, frequency, how old, etc.), itemization动词令听者有画面感Topic: abstract1. major2. interest3. personal life★Methods of Classification★i. Local vs. International /Foreignii. Big vs. Smalliii. Lots vs. Fewiv. Available vs. Unavailablev. Internal vs. Externalvi. Male vs. Femalevii. Freedom vs. Limitviii. Focus vs. Distractix. Waste vs. Costx. Active vs. Passivexi. Common vs. Specialxii. Public vs. Privatexiii. Majority vs. Minorityxiv. Safety vs. Dangerxv. Beautiful vs. UglyCut into the same issue with different angles.benefit: wellness/ goodnesskinda like, sorta like =for exampleleftoverset-up: arrangementTA=teaching assistantLibrarianConsulter/adviser辅导员Orientation入学指导Discourse= speechMating/breeding seasonallot分配时间assign分配任务allocate分配资源appoint分配人peek at偷看beforehand=in advanceunparallel不可比拟的costumes装束, 服装prop道具wear it loose披散头发parlor 店铺a beauty parlor, an ice cream parlor, a funeral parlor whereabouts在…附近；下落，去向Cracking TASK 21. which →answer2. key →same meaning / paraphrase3. adj. & adv. →similar (optional)4. v. →similar or opposite (optional)5. 题目出现之后把耳机拿开，阅读题目增加准备时间Cracking TASK 31. Fact + Change + 2 Reasons2. 把细节、过渡词全部忘掉3. 屏幕上文章一出现就开始看，手立即作笔记4. 听力中表达观点的人是主角，配角的话完全不用听，笔记格式如下：Hidden roles of ETS1. Student-centered2. For the sake of community3. Playing means studying4. Always the authority’s fault5. Competition-driven6. EqualityCracking TASK 5Step 1 Listening, note-taking1. Classify & Identify The ProblemWhat’s the problem?●Schedule conflicts: busy●Unavoidable absence●Resources unavailable●Student election (涉及选举公平性，或者选举的其他活动，如campaign,debate, speech )2. Solutions & DetailStep 2 Speaking, Retell &ChooseNote-taking in T ask 5●The one who asks question will provide the solution.Ex. Hey, you look so pale, are you ok?Sentence patterns●The man/woman in the conversation is facing the problem that…●The trouble faced by the man/ woman is that…●From the dialogue, we learned that the man/woman ran into theproblem that…●So, these are the two solutions available for her.●Between doing A and doing B, I would rather pick the first option.Cracking TASK 41. Wherever a different word appears, there is always a simplifiedreplacement.2. Reading: background + theme+ 2 points/theories (if examples exist,copy them)3. Listening: lecture + 2 detail examples4. 旁白在4和6题中有主旨，留意最前和最后的旁白Pattern 1 (fix)●reading →theme →titlepoint 1→phrase 时间递进point 2→phrase 时间递进●listening reminderexample 1example 2Pattern 2（mix）Live every day to the ultimate.Dare to dream; dare to live on dream.Part 2 Reading推荐书目或网页：●林语堂《吾国与吾民》●●Merriam Webster Collegiate 11th●韦氏辞典豪华版3.0●旧托词频表●杨鹏17天把阅读文章中不懂的词记成X，比如mound（土墩, 护堤, 垛）就是小m And的含义：1. 并列2. 递进3. 条件4. 因果1.3 Locating Reference指代1. 代词一般指代名词原则非限性定语从句which只指代主句中的名词，不能指代一件事/句子2. 单复数一致原则3. 代词一般指前原则同质同位，主语同指原则：1. 简单句（前句）2. 并列句中两个分句3. 主从句成对关系●one…another…/ one…others…●some…others…●more than●the former…the latter…1.6 Determining Purpose目的1. 例证关系a. 标记词P113-6b. 对称结构，往前面找答案P110-52. 对比关系compare & contrastsimilarity～differencea. 比较the same, equal, similar, likeb. 对比比较级vs. 否定词3. 其他形容词、比喻、形象化描述1.7 Recognizing Paraphrases释义对于简单句：1. 主干（主谓宾），小心被动语态2. 逻辑关系（连词，比较关系的字眼）3. 注意：a. 被动语态b. 首句是代词要看上句c. 正确的释义可能会用所指代的内容来代替代词d. 不要带着自己的逻辑做题，应该按照选项去推错项的特点：●新概念●白马非马●无中生有●绝对化only, all（原文中出现这类词除外）1.8 Recognizing Coherence插入1. 存在指代关系a. 代词b. 名词重复（代词+同义替换）2. 代词+名词重复，比如it is a method….3. 总分关系a. 明显标记词p138、og121-11b. 先抽象，后具体c. A of B，新概念d. 要比较，先介绍4. 因果关系错项的特点：●打乱了相邻句子间的逻辑性●影响了转折语的正常使用●打乱了代词与指代对象之间的逻辑关系1.9 Summarizing Important Ideas摘要~1.10 Organizing Information结构Main idea首段转折句首段设问句首段末句（结论、科学发现）首段因果句明显分类描述明显数量概述（总分） Sub idea → 各段首句选项相加不需要涵盖全文，顺序没关系。

Toefl 强化班群号：165465020二．联系方式66:27536277toefl66@ 666666LLniuniunaoshi@ 666666Fc：86443179fc827@Mia:65178131darkwhirlwind.nos@ kuikuijie三．下载内容：Mia：185ideas 口语词汇全集66：双飞燕键盘无老师tpo破解版牛津动词短语搭配生活大爆炸Fc：李笑来185篇官方范文（打字训练）张红岩10天搞定托福作文胡敏真题群里（综合写作材料）tpo21套新托福120/yingyu///wy：galaaa网ttc美国名校讲座下载：电子复读机泛听：discovery national geography Scientific AmericanA阅读部分（六六）第一讲难点突破------五大难点一文章长度>700字3篇二academic essay词汇量多>8000 6000是基础学术词汇不做考点,只考认知公正性动物历史地理人类学文章难度:一>三>二生物历史地理三时间紧4H-4.5H1h 读20min 1p + 40min 2p1h 听30min 30min休息10min20min 说1.2 3.4 5.650min 写20min Reading Listening 30min其中:1 Reading:20min 1p 10t 700w 40min 2.3p 14t2 Listening:dialog1 lecture lecture dialog lecture lecture5 6 6 5 6 6t各30minp.s1 Dialog1 校园话题:学生-老师/ 学生-学生/学生-工作人员(宿舍管理员,图书馆管理员)3-4min2 关于听读加试:阅读加试2p 40min听力加试d l l 30min加试内容每年重复3***:每题自己点continue 不要被强行结束,自己结束3 Speaking:T 1) 主观阐述题你最。