Compensatory Growth of Olive Flounder

2023-2024学年黑龙江省哈尔滨市六校高二下学期期末联考英语试卷Four Must-visit Campsites in Western AustraliaFair HarvestPlaying host to campers looking for a more environmentally-friendly stay, Fair Harvest has an outdoor kitchen made from wood harvested on site and a farm cafe where you can buy fresh produce and home cooked meals. Guests are free to wander in the gardens, go bushwalking in the private forest, or take a class in the on-site yoga (瑜伽) barn — the only campsite yoga studio in the area. Lucky BayIn 2017, a scientific study was carried out to discover which Australian beach had the whitest sand and Lucky Bay, in Cape. Le Grand National Park on the southern coast of Western Australia, emerged victo rious. Up close, the beach is often frequented by kangaroos bounding at the sand’s edge. The Lucky Bay campground sits right behind the beach and is well-equipped with toilets, showers, barbecues and picnic tables-though campers do need to bring their own drinking water. Rottnest IslandMore commonly a day trip destination, Rottnest is a car-free island best explored by bike and ringed by glorious Indian Ocean beaches. There are options for luxurious glamping (豪华野营) at Discovery Parks Rottnest Island, but those looking for a more traditional camping experience should head instead to the Rottnest Island campground. Here, you’ll find bathroom blocks, a camp kitchen and barbecues, but the highlight is the site’s large population of quokkas, which are close rela tives of the kangaroo.ImintjiLocated at the foothills of the Wunaamin Miliwundi Ranges, Imintjii is a simple yet well-maintained campground that includes washing facilities, fire pits, barbecue shelters,outdoor seating and water taps. It’s a great base f or visiting the dramatic landscapes of Bell Gorge, Tunnel Creek and Windjana Gorge. It’s also one of the few campsites in the world that are famous for their own art center, with works by local artists on sale.1. What can campers do at Fair Harvest?A．See kangaroos. B．Buy home-cooked meals.C．Admire the whitest sand. D．Get works from local artists.2. Which is the best way to tour Rottnest Island?A．Walking. B．Driving. C．Taking a boat. D．Riding a bike. 3. Where should campers go if they want to visit Bell Gorge?A．Imintji. B．Lucky Bay. C．Fair Harvest. D．Rottnest Island.Born on March 21, 1958, in Louisiana, Grant Cardone is not a typical celebrity. He didn’t come from a wealthy family. He’s not a Hollywood superstar, nor does he have some amazing tal ents, like script-writing, politics or athleticism. However, what he has is something that is available to us all, and that is a determination to succeed.At the age of 25, Cardone took the first job that he could find. That job was as a car salesman. It was a title and a position that Grant was not very fond of. However, the economy was slow, which meant he didn’t have many options, so he made it work.Cardone was committed to becoming the best salesperson he could be. So, he invested (投资) heavily in his own self-improvement by reading books and studying his craft and his industry. After committing himself to becoming his very best, his income quickly doubled. And soon thereafter, he became one of the best car salesmen in the country. He eventually moved on to running his own business, and was extremely smart and disciplined (自律的) with his money. Cardone only spent money on what was absolutely necessary for food and housing. He would place anything left over into an investment fund just for the property market.Cardone’s focus on learning more so that he could earn more, along with having the discipline to invest his extra money, instead of wasting it on useless things, helped him become a self-made millionaire just five years later by the age of 30.Cardone has since gone on to become a well-known international businessman, speaker and the owner of Cardone Capital, a $ 1.5 billion investment firm. He’s authored the New York Times bestselling books If You’re Not First, You’re Last, and other famous books like The 10X Rule, and Axiom Award winning Sell or Be Sold. In addition to this, he also founded Cardone University, a popular sales training platform that has over 50,000,000 and growing users.It took Cardone only five years to completely change his entire life. With the right mindset and sufficient willpower, just imagine what five years could do for you.4. Why did Cardone choose to become a car salesman?A．To meet a superstar. B．To do research on cars.C．To support himself. D．To maintain his interest.5. How did Cardone handle his money?A．He bought many clothes. B．He helped his family members.C．He spent it on useful things. D．He put most of it in the bank.6. What does paragraph 5 mainly tell us about Cardone?A．His achievements. B．The plans for his company.C．His experiences of education. D．The reasons for his popularity.7. What can we learn from Cardone’s story?A．Failure is the mother of success.B．Investment is risky but rewarding.C．Making money calls for professional advice.D．Success requires determination and efforts.A team of researchers at the University of Cambridge have created an innovative floating device that uses solar power to transform polluted water or seawater into clean hydrogen (氢气) fuel and purified water.This device is particularly beneficial for areas with limited resources or without access to the electricity, as it can operate with any open water source and does not rely on external power sources. It takes its inspiration from photosynthesis, the process by which plants turn sunlight into food. However, unlike earlier versions of the “artificial leaf”, which could produce green hydrogen fuel from clean water sources, this new device operates from polluted or seawater sources and can produce clean drinking water-at the same time.“In remote or developing regions, where clean water is relatively scarce and the basic facilities necessary for water purification are not readily available, water splitting (分解) is extremely difficult,” said Ariffin Mohamad Annuar, a member of the research team. “The device that could work using polluted water could solve two problems at once: it could split water to make clean fuel, and it could make clean drinking water.”The device that can make clean fuel and clean water at once using solar power alone could help address the energy and the water crises facing so many parts of the world. For example, the indoor air pollution caused by cooking with “dirty” fuels, such as kerosene, is responsible for more than three million deaths annually, according to the World Health Organization. Cooking with green hydrogen instead could help reduce that number significantly.“It’s such a simple design as well: in just a few steps, we can build a device that works well on water from a wide vari ety of sources,” said Ariffin Mohamad Annuar. “In addition, the new device uses more of the sun’s energy. The light-driven process for making solar fuels only uses a small portion of the solar spectrum (光谱) —there’s a whole lot of the spectrum that goes unused.”8. What do we know about the new device?A．It can hardly produce clean hydrogen fuel.B．It needs a lot of power to function properly.C．It is not as convenient as the “artificial leaf”.D．It can turn polluted water into purified water.9. What does the underlined word “scarce” in paragraph 4 mean?A．Insufficient. B．Cheap. C．Available. D．Useless.10. Which word can best describe the new device?A．Costly. B．Environmentally-friendly.C．Outdated. D．Complex.11. Why does the author mention the example in paragraph 5?A．To stress the harm of air pollution to human beings.B．To predict how many people will buy the new device.C．To show the potential impact of the new device on the world.D．To explain the skills of selling the new device to the poor people.Recent research has found that Martian (火星的) soil contains all the essential nutrients necessary for growing rice, planetary scientist Abhilash Ramachandran of the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville, reported at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, providing new possibilities for agriculture on the Red Planet.The study, conducted by a team of researchers from the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville, tested simulated (模拟的) Martian soil to determine its suitability for growing rice. The researchers found that the soil contained all the essential nutrients needed for the crop to grow.However, it would be a bit challenging for the plants to survive in the soil that has perchlorate, a chemical that has been detected on Mars’ surface and can be poisonous to plants.The team grew rice plants in a Martian soil simulant primarily made of Mojave Desert basalt (玄武岩). However, the new-grown plants developed slighter shoots and thinner roots than the plants that grew from the potting mix. Even replacing just 25 percent of the simulant with a potting mix made a big difference, the team found.The team of researchers then conducted an experiment to grow rice in soil containing perchlorate. They used a wild rice variety and two genetically edited varieties, which were designed to stand up to environmental stressors such as drought, and tested them in Mars-simulated soil with and without perchlorate.The study revealed that a concentration of three grams of perchlorate per kilogram of soil resulted in no growth of rice plants. However, when the concentration was reduced to one gram per kilogram, one of the genetically edited lines successfully grew both a shoot and a root, while the wild variety was only able to grow a root.“We want to send humans to Mars but we cannot take everything there. It’s going to be expensive,” said Ramachandran. The discovery could be a game-changer for future missions to Mars, as it could enable astronauts to grow their own food on the planet, reducing the need for costly and complex resupply missions.12. How did the researchers conduct their study?A．By asking questions. B．By carrying out experiments.C．By making a case study. D．By referring to former studies.13. The gene-edited variety grows better in one kilogram of soil containing ______.A．one gram of perchlorate B．two grams of perchlorateC．three grams of perchlorate D．four grams of perchlorate14. Why did the researchers want to grow rice on Mars?A．To find a wonderful way to make money.B．To support the growing population on Earth.C．To help astronauts feed themselves on Mars.D．To enable people to eat new varieties of rice.15. What’s the best title for the text?A．What Should We Grow on Mars?B．How Did Martian Soil Change Over Time?C．People Are Likely to Live on Mars Years LaterD．Martian Soil May Have All the Essential Nutrients Rice NeedsWriting a poem is about observing the world within or around you. 16 , from love to loss to the gate at the old farm. Writing poetry seems difficult. However, with the right approach, you can write a poem that you can be proud to share with others.Pick a specific theme or idea. This can make it easier for you to narrow down what images and descriptions you are going to use in your poem. For example, you may decide to write a poem around the theme of love and friendship. 17 .Avoid cliché(陈词滥调). Your poetry will be much stronger if you avoid cliches, which are phrases that have become so familiar that they have lost their meaning. 18 . By doing so, your reader is surprised and attracted by your writing. If you feel a certain phrase or image is too familiar to your reader, replace it with a more unique one.19 . Poetry is made to be read out loud. So you should write your poem with a focus on how it sounds on the page. Pay attention to the structure of your poem and your word choice. Notice how each line of your poem flows into one another and how placing one word next to another creates a certain sound.Get feedback(反馈) from others. You can also share your poem with other poets to get feedback from them and improve your poem. 20 , where you discuss your poems with other poets and work on your poetry together. Or you may take a poetry writing class, where you work with an instructor and other poets to improve your writing.Urquhart finished running 1,402 kilometers over the course of 28 days in Antarctica, setting the record for the longest-ever run in a polar region.Australian Urquhart is an _________ mar athon runner. But running on Antarctica’s Union Glacier _________ Urquhart to a wholly different challenge. “No female had _________ this before,” she says.Urquhart spent 10 months preparing for the challenge, turning to some _________ training methods.A container company _________ her to put a treadmill (跑步机) in a refrigerated storage unit and run for hours each weekend, while she also _________ with an automotive parts company to train inside an industrial wind tunnel.The _________ Urquhart faced in Antarctica were numerous. She had to fight through temperatures as low as -20℃ and winds as _________ as 50 miles per hour — moments in which Antarctica lived up to its _________ as the coldest, windiest and driest place on the Earth. Urquhart would__________ stumbled (绊倒) as she struggled to put one foot in front of the other. She would usually wear four layers but had to __________ her body temperature while running. Happily, Urquhart’s body soon __________ to the physical rigors (严酷) of running 30 miles each day.A huge __________ has been formed behind her run in Antarctica. “It was actually showing what females are __________ of doing and that we can push our __________ and explore what seems impossible,” says Urquhart.21.A．attractive B．experienced C．independent D．ordinary22.A．admitted B．applied C．exposed D．expanded23.A．attempted B．evaluated C．appreciated D．enhanced24.A．simple B．realistic C．unusual D．typical25.A．allowed B．forced C．begged D．warned26.A．dealt B．chatted C．agreed D．partnered27.A．choices B．challenges C．decisions D．secrets28.A．gentle B．strong C．graceful D．basic29.A．satisfaction B．guarantee C．glory D．reputation30.A．frequently B．actually C．purposely D．precisely31.A．pay attention to B．put up with C．make up for D．get along with 32.A．responded B．compared C．adapted D．related33.A．policy B．inspiration C．schedule D．objective34.A．fond B．afraid C．capable D．proud35.A．researches B．speeds C．paces D．limits阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Title: The Value of Investing in High School Biology EducationIn the realm of academic pursuits, few subjects hold as much promise for fostering curiosity, critical thinking, and a deep understanding of life's intricate mechanisms as biology. As students embark on their high school journey, investing in biology education goes beyond mere tuition fees; it's an investment in their future, their intellectual growth, and their ability to contribute positively to society. This essay delves into the myriad reasons why spending money on high school biology education is a worthwhile endeavor.Fostering Scientific LiteracyFirstly, biology education plays a pivotal role in enhancing students' scientific literacy. In an era where scientific advancements shape our daily lives, understanding basic biological principles becomes imperative. From genetics and evolution to ecology and human physiology, biology provides a framework for comprehending the complexities of our world. By investing in biology classes, schools equip students with the knowledge and skills necessary to navigate the information age critically and make informed decisions about health, environmental issues, and biotechnology. Cultivating Critical ThinkingMoreover, biology education fosters critical thinking skills that transcend the classroom. Through experiments, fieldwork, and discussions, students learn to observe, hypothesize, test, and analyze data. This process not only deepens their understanding of biological concepts but also trains them to approach problems creatively and logically. Critical thinking is a transferable skill that benefits students across disciplines and throughout their lives, enabling them to adapt to changing circumstances and solve real-world challenges.Preparing for Future CareersInvesting in high school biology education also paves the way for students interested in pursuing careers in science, medicine, and related fields. Biology serves as a foundational subject for many university programs, including biology, biochemistry, medicine, nursing, and environmental science. A strong foundation in high school sets students apart in college admissions and prepares them for the rigorous coursework ahead. Furthermore, biology graduates enjoy diverse career opportunities, from research scientists to healthcare professionals to educators, all of which contribute significantly to society.Promoting Environmental Awareness and StewardshipIn today's world, environmental concerns are paramount. Biology education instills in students a sense of responsibility towards the natural world. By studying ecosystems, conservation biology, and the impact of human activities on the environment, students develop an appreciation for the interconnectedness of life and the fragilityof our planet. This awareness encourages them to become active stewards of the environment, taking steps to mitigate climate change, protect biodiversity, and promote sustainable practices.Enhancing Personal Growth and Well-beingLastly, biology education contributes to students' personal growth and well-being. Understanding the human body and its functions empowers students to make healthier choices, manage stress effectively, and maintain good physical and mental health. Additionally, the study of biology can inspire a sense of wonder and awe about the natural world, fostering a lifelong love of learning and exploration.In conclusion, investing in high school biology education is a strategic decision that yields far-reaching benefits. It fosters scientific literacy, cultivates critical thinking, prepares students for future careers, promotes environmental awareness, and enhances personal growth and well-being. As such, it is a worthwhile investment that enriches not just individual lives but also the collective knowledge and progress of society.。

像油菜花一样做个有用的人英语作文英文回答：A meticulous observer of nature will marvel at the remarkable qualities of rapeseed flowers, which haveinspired countless poets and artists throughout history. Their vibrant yellow petals, arranged symmetrically in clusters, not only evoke a sense of cheerfulness but also hold profound lessons for human beings.Like rapeseed flowers, we should strive to be useful members of society. This utility manifests in various forms, just as the rapeseed plant offers multiple benefits. Its oil, rich in vitamins and fatty acids, nourishes our bodies and provides energy. Its leaves, a valuable source of nutrients, contribute to a healthy diet. And its flowers, a feast for the senses, uplift the spirits and beautify our surroundings.As individuals, we possess unique talents and passionsthat can enrich the lives of others. By harnessing our abilities and directing them towards meaningful endeavors, we can create a positive impact in the world. Just as rapeseed flowers collectively contribute to a bountiful harvest, our individual contributions, however small, can collectively make a significant difference.Furthermore, rapeseed flowers exhibit resilience and adaptability. They thrive in diverse soil conditions and can withstand various weather challenges. Similarly, we should cultivate a strong and adaptable mindset to overcome obstacles and navigate life's challenges. By embracing resilience, we can bloom in adversity and contribute to society even in difficult circumstances.The vibrant yellow color of rapeseed flowers represents hope and optimism. In the same vein, we should approachlife with a positive and hopeful outlook. This optimismwill fuel our motivation to pursue our goals and overcome setbacks. It will also inspire us to spread joy and positivity to those around us, creating a more harmonious and vibrant society.Like rapeseed flowers that turn into seeds, our endeavors should bear fruit. The seeds represent the legacy we leave behind, conveying our values and contributions to future generations. By living a life of purpose and integrity, we sow seeds that will continue to nourish and inspire others long after we are gone.In conclusion, by emulating the qualities of rapeseed flowers, we can become useful and meaningful contributors to society. Our talents, resilience, optimism, and integrity, like the oil, leaves, flowers, and seeds of the rapeseed plant, can create a lasting positive impact on the world. Let us bloom with purpose and scatter seeds of hope and inspiration for the betterment of humanity.中文回答：如同油菜花般做个有用的人。

细胞衰老英语作文Title: Understanding Cellular Senescence: Implications and Mitigation Strategies。

Cellular senescence, the phenomenon where cells cease to divide and undergo functional changes as they age, is a crucial aspect of biological aging. This intricate process involves various molecular mechanisms and has significant implications for human health and disease. In this essay, we will delve into the intricacies of cellular senescence, its underlying mechanisms, its impact on aging, and potential strategies to mitigate its effects.At the core of cellular senescence lies the gradual accumulation of cellular damage and the activation of specific signaling pathways. One of the key mechanisms driving senescence is telomere shortening, where the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes progressively erode with each cell division. Once telomeres reach a critical length, cells enter a state of replicativesenescence, halting further proliferation.Apart from telomere attrition, cellular senescence can also be triggered by various stressors, including oxidative stress, DNA damage, and oncogene activation. These stressors activate signaling pathways such as the p53-p21 and p16INK4a-Rb pathways, leading to cell cycle arrest and the acquisition of a senescent phenotype.The consequences of cellular senescence extend far beyond the individual cells. Senescent cells secrete a myriad of pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and matrix metalloproteinases, collectively termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The SASP not only perpetuates the senescent phenotype but also contributes to chronic inflammation, tissue dysfunction, and age-related pathologies.The impact of cellular senescence on aging and age-related diseases is profound. Accumulation of senescent cells is observed in various tissues and organs with advancing age, correlating with age-related functionaldecline and disease susceptibility. For instance, in the context of cardiovascular aging, senescent endothelialcells impair vascular function and promote atherosclerosis. Similarly, in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, senescent glial cells contribute to neuroinflammation and neuronal dysfunction.Given the detrimental effects of cellular senescence, there is growing interest in developing strategies to mitigate its impact and promote healthy aging. One promising approach is the selective elimination of senescent cells, a concept termed "senotherapy." Several senolytic agents, such as dasatinib and quercetin, have shown efficacy in targeting and clearing senescent cells in preclinical studies. These compounds selectively induce apoptosis in senescent cells while sparing healthy ones, thereby rejuvenating aged tissues and ameliorating age-related pathologies.Moreover, interventions targeting the SASP, termed "senomorphics," hold therapeutic potential in modulating the detrimental effects of senescent cells. By dampeningthe pro-inflammatory and pro-tumorigenic components of the SASP, senomorphics could attenuate age-related inflammation and tissue dysfunction.In addition to pharmacological interventions, lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and stress management play a crucial role in modulating cellular senescence and promoting healthy aging. Caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, and dietary supplementation with anti-oxidants have been shown to mitigate cellular senescence and extend lifespan in various model organisms. Regular physical activity also exerts anti-senescent effects by promoting DNA repair, reducing oxidative stress, and enhancing mitochondrial function.In conclusion, cellular senescence is a multifaceted process that plays a central role in biological aging and age-related diseases. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of senescence and developing targeted interventions to alleviate its effects hold promise for promoting healthy aging and extending lifespan. By harnessing the power of senotherapy, senomorphics, andlifestyle modifications, we can strive towards a future where aging is not just prolonged but characterized by vitality and resilience.。

第46卷第6期2023年11月河北农业大学学报JOURNAL OF HEBEI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITYVol.46 No.6Nov.2023低浓度NaCl对油葵芽苗菜生长及品质的影响尹伟僮，王明姣，范 辉，李青云，薛占军（河北农业大学 园艺学院，河北 保定 071001）摘要：以油葵种子‘S667’为试材，从催芽到芽苗菜收获的整个过程分别连续施用10 d 0（CK）、5、10、15、20和25 mmol/L NaCl溶液，测定油葵芽苗菜的生长、产量和品质指标，探索低浓度NaCl对油葵芽苗菜生长及品质的调控效应。

与对照（CK，0 mmol/L NaCl）相比，15 mmol/L NaCl对油葵芽苗菜的生长和品质的调控效应最明显，其中下胚轴的长度、粗度、可溶性蛋白和Vc含量分别增加41.57%、8.58%、1548.03%和169.57%，子叶的面积、Vc和多酚含量分别增加45.49%、37.10%和81.49%，同时油葵芽苗菜的可食率和经济产量分别提升了13.68%和73.76%，叶绿素总量/类胡萝卜素含量增加了30.77%；但是，低浓度NaCl处理显著降低了油葵芽苗菜下胚轴和子叶的游离氨基酸含量，分别较CK降低了47.00%～77.70%和56.63%～74.96%。

由此可见，施用15 mmol/L NaCl可显著提升油葵芽苗菜的产量和品质。

关 键 词：油葵；芽苗菜；低浓度NaCl；生长；品质中图分类号：S649开放科学（资源服务）标识码（OSID）：文献标志码：AEffects of low concentration NaCl on the growth and quality of oilsunflower sproutsYIN Weitong, WANG Mingjiao, FAN Hui, LI Qingyun, XUE Zhanjun(College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China)Abstract: The oil sunflower ‘S667’ was treated with 0 (CK), 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mmol/L NaCl solutions from seedgermination to sprout harvest followed by measurement of the growth, yield and quality indexes of oil sunflower sproutsafter 10 days to explore the effects of low concentration NaCl on the growth and quality of oil sunflower sprouts.Compared with the control (0 mmol/L NaCl), 15 mmol/L NaCl treatment had the most obvious effects on the growth andquality of oil sunflower sprouts, in which the length, thickness, soluble protein and Vc contents of hypocotyl increasedby 41.57%, 8.58%, 1548.03% and 169.57%, respectively, and area, Vc and polyphenol content of cotyledon increasedby 45.49%, 37.10% and 81.49%, respectively. Meanwhile, edible percentage, economic yield and total chlorophyll/carotenoid content of oil sunflower sprouts increased by 13.68%, 73.76% and 30.77%, respectively. However, lowconcentration of NaCl significantly reduced the content of free amino acids in hypocotyl and cotyledon of oil sunflowerseedlings, which decreased by 47.00%-77.70% and 56.63%-74.96% compared with CK, respectively. In conclusion,application of 15 mmol/L NaCl significantly increased the yield and quality of oil sunflower sprouts. Our resultsprovided a simple, safe and effective regulation technology to produce oil sunflower sprouts.Keywords: Oil sunflower; sprouts; low concentration of NaCl; growth; quality收稿日期：2023-06-07基金项目：河北省现代农业产业技术体系设施蔬菜创新团队项目（HBCT2021030213）.第一作者：尹伟僮（1997-），女，河北廊坊人，硕士研究生，从事蔬菜栽培生理与品质调控研究.E-mail：**************通信作者：薛占军（1983-），男，内蒙古商都县人，博士，讲师，从事蔬菜栽培生理与品质调控研究.E-mail：****************本刊网址：文章编号：1000-1573(2023)06-0052-06DOI：10.13320/ki.jauh.2023.009253第6期芽苗蔬菜生产因其具有生育周期短、产品质量等级优、生物效率高和对设施及装备要求低等特点，率先实现了工厂化优质高效生产，不同程度地推动了新型芽苗菜产业的快速发展。

以花芽为题目的英语作文Floral Buds: The Latent Blossoms of Spring.In the heart of winter, when the icy grip of frost cloaks the world in a monochrome tapestry, there lies a hidden promise of beauty waiting to unfold. Deep beneath the barren earth, encased within protective layers of bud scales, reside the floral buds—the dormant embryos of the springtime spectacle.Floral buds are the future flowers, miniature marvels awaiting the opportune moment to burst forth into vibrant life. They embody the essence of hope and renewal, concealed within the silent depths of winter's embrace. Their journey from dormancy to full bloom is a breathtaking symphony of nature's artistry.Anatomy of a Floral Bud.Floral buds are composed of a complex arrangement oftissues and structures that work in harmony to ensure the successful development of the flower. At the core lies the apical meristem, a cluster of undifferentiated cells responsible for the growth and development of all floral parts.Surrounding the meristem are the primordia, small mounds of tissue that will eventually give rise to the various flower structures—petals, sepals, stamens, and carpels. These primordia are arranged in a specific spiral pattern known as the floral formula, which determines the number and arrangement of each type of floral organ.The primordia are enclosed within protective layers of bud scales. These scales, often covered in a waxy or hairy coating, shield the developing flower from desiccation, cold temperatures, and mechanical damage. As the bud matures, the bud scales gradually soften and spread apart, allowing the flower to emerge.Dormancy and Environmental Cues.Floral buds enter dormancy during the unfavorable conditions of winter. This period of arrested development allows the buds to conserve resources and protect the delicate flower primordia from freezing temperatures.The release of buds from dormancy is triggered by a combination of environmental cues, primarily temperatureand photoperiod. As the days lengthen and temperatures rise, the buds sense the approaching spring and begin to break their winter slumber.The Miracle of Flowering.With the arrival of spring, the floral buds emerge from dormancy and embark on an extraordinary transformation. The bud scales unfold, revealing the vibrant colors andintricate patterns of the flower. The petals, initially tightly furled, gradually unfurl like delicate origami creations, showcasing their full glory.The stamens, bearing pollen grains, protrude from the center of the flower, ready to transfer their geneticmaterial to the carpels, the female reproductive organs.The carpels, consisting of the ovary, style, and stigma, await the arrival of pollen grains to initiatefertilization and seed production.The Purpose of Flowers.Flowers, the culmination of the floral bud's journey, serve a vital role in the plant's reproductive strategy. They attract pollinators, such as bees or butterflies,which carry pollen from one flower to another, ensuring genetic diversity and the production of new seeds.Seeds, carried by the wind or animals, disperse theplant's offspring to new locations, allowing the species to colonize new territories and adapt to changing environments. Flowers, therefore, are essential for the survival and propagation of plant species.Floral Buds in Literature and Art.Floral buds have long captured the imagination ofartists, writers, and poets. Their symbolism of hope, beauty, and renewal permeates various cultures and artistic expressions.In Japanese culture, cherry blossom buds, known as "sakura-tsubomi," are celebrated as a symbol of springtime and the ephemeral nature of life. The delicate pink buds are often depicted in paintings, poems, and traditional crafts, inspiring a sense of wonder and awe.In Western art, the floral bud has been used to symbolize purity, innocence, and the promise of new beginnings. Painters from the Renaissance to the present day have captured the beauty of floral buds in their still-life compositions and allegorical paintings.Conclusion.Floral buds are unassuming marvels, the silent precursors of springtime's glorious display. Hidden within their protective layers, they embody the promise of renewal and the extraordinary beauty that nature has in store. Asthey emerge from dormancy and burst forth into bloom, floral buds remind us of the cyclical nature of life and the indomitable spirit of nature. From their humble beginnings to their radiant blossoms, floral buds are a testament to the wonders that lie dormant, awaiting the right moment to reveal their full potential.。

芙利莲英语作文In the world of fashion and beauty, few names resonate as powerfully as the elegant and timeless Florentine brand, Florentine. Since its inception, the brand has been synonymous with elegance, sophistication, and unparalleled quality. Its influence extends far beyond the realm of fashion, touching the lives of millions around the globe.Florentine's journey began with a vision. A vision to create a line of products that would embody the timeless elegance and refinement of the Florentine city, a city renowned for its rich cultural heritage and artistic prowess. This vision was brought to life through meticulous attention to detail, innovative design, and the use of only the finest materials.The brand's signature style is a harmonious blend of classic elegance and modern sophistication. Its designs are timeless, able to transition seamlessly from day to night, from casual to formal occasions. This flexibility is what makes Florentine such a popular choice among fashion-forward individuals who appreciate the art of dressing well.But Florentine's appeal is not limited to its aesthetic value. The brand embodies a philosophy that resonates deeply with its customers. It champions the idea of self-expression through fashion, encouraging individuals to embrace their unique sense of style and confidence. This philosophy is reflected in the brand's diverse range of products, catering to a wide array of tastes and preferences.The impact of Florentine extends beyond the realm of fashion. Its products are not just accessories; they are statements of personal style and confidence. They empower individuals to express themselves in a way that is true to their personalities, values, and aspirations. In this way, Florentine has become a symbol of empowerment and self-expression, a testament to the transformative power of fashion.The legacy of Florentine is one that is built on a foundation of quality, innovation, and style. Its products are not just fashion statements; they are heirlooms that are passed down from generation to generation. They are a testament to the enduring power of elegance and refinement,a reminder of the timeless beauty of Florentine and its enduring influence on the world of fashion.In conclusion, Florentine is not just a fashion brand;it is a cultural icon. Its influence extends far beyond the realm of fashion, touching the lives of millions around the globe. Its products are not just accessories; they are statements of personal style and confidence. They empower individuals to express themselves in a way that is true to their personalities, values, and aspirations. As we move forward into a new era of fashion, Florentine remains a constant, a beacon of elegance and refinement that will continue to inspire and influence for generations to come.**芙利莲的魅力与影响**在时尚与美丽的世界里，芙利莲这个优雅且永恒的品牌名字，无疑是最具影响力的。

增加花的养分英文作文英文回答：Nourishing Your Blooms: A Comprehensive Guide to Enriching Your Flowers。

Flowers, with their vibrant colors, captivating fragrances, and delicate forms, are a true testament to nature's artistry. To ensure their thriving growth and radiant beauty, it is essential to provide them with ample nourishment. This comprehensive guide will delve into the various ways to increase the nutrient content of your blooms, encompassing both organic and inorganic methods.1. Soil Health: A Foundation for Floral Flourishing。

The soil in which your flowers reside serves as the primary source of nutrients. Healthy, fertile soil is rich in organic matter, which decomposes to release vital elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and traceminerals. By improving soil health, you lay the foundation for robust flower growth.a) Compost: Nature's Nutrient-Packed Treat。

将植物与育儿进行类比英语作文In the marvellous world of life, there exist profound analogies that span across kingdoms and stages. One such analogy lies in the parallel between the growth of plants and the development of children. Both processes involve nurture, growth, and the unfolding of potential, making them mirrors of each other in their unique ways.Plants, from their germination to maturity, require a nurturing environment to thrive. Sunlight, water, and soil provide the essential nutrients and energy for plants to grow strong and healthy. Similarly, children, from infancy to adulthood, require a nurturing and supportive environment to grow and develop. Parents and caregivers act as the sun, water, and soil, providing love, guidance, and resources for children to flourish.Just as plants go through various stages of growth, from sprouting to flowering and fruiting, children also undergo distinct stages of development. Each stage brings new challenges and opportunities for growth. It is essential tounderstand and adapt to these stages to ensure the optimal development of both plants and children.Plants display resilience and adaptability in response to environmental challenges. Whether it's a drought, a flood, or a change in soil conditions, plants find ways to adapt and thrive. Similarly, children encounter challenges and obstacles in their grow up journey. It is through these challenges that they learn resilience, adaptability, and the ability to bounce back.The analogy extends further to the role of patience in both processes. Gardeners know that plants grow at their own pace, and rushing the process is counterproductive. Similarly, parents must cultivate patience as they raise their children, understanding that each child grows and learns at their own unique speed.Finally, both plants and children exhibit the beauty of uniqueness. Each plant species has its own distinct features and beauty, and so do children. It is this uniqueness that makes each individual valuable and special. Encouraging children toembrace their uniqueness and cultivate their own talents is as important as encouraging plants to grow in their natural forms.In conclusion, the analogy of plant growth and child development provides a valuable framework for understanding the nurture, growth, and potential of both. By embracing this analogy, we can create more nurturing environments for children, fostering their growth and development in the most optimal ways. Just as gardeners carefully cultivate their plants, parents and caregivers can cultivate the growth of their children with love, patience, and understanding.。

名贵植物定义英文作文英文：What is the definition of precious plants? Precious plants are those that are rare, valuable, and have significant economic, ecological, or cultural importance. These plants are often sought after by collectors, researchers, and industries for their unique characteristics and potential benefits.Some examples of precious plants include the ginseng plant, which is highly valued for its medicinal properties and is often used in traditional Chinese medicine. Another example is the agarwood tree, which produces a fragrant resin that is used in perfumes and incense.In addition to their economic value, precious plants also play an important role in maintaining ecological balance and biodiversity. They provide habitats and food sources for various animal species and contribute to theoverall health of ecosystems.Overall, precious plants are a vital part of ournatural world and should be protected and conserved for future generations.中文：名贵植物是什么定义？名贵植物是那些稀有、有价值、具有重要的经济、生态或文化意义的植物。

方寸之间天地大英语作文,草的蜕变英文回答：In the vast expanse of the cosmos, there lies an unassuming realm where life unfolds in miniature. Within the confines of a single inch of soil, a microcosm of existence plays out, teeming with wonder and boundless potential. It is here, in this realm of the infinitesimal, that we witness the transformative journey of grass, a humble plant that embodies the resilience and indomitable spirit of life.The odyssey of grass begins as a tiny seed, a mere speck of potential carried by the wind or hidden within the earth. In this dormant state, it possesses the blueprintfor a life yet to come, a symphony of genes awaiting the right conditions to awaken. When the time is ripe, with the arrival of moisture and warmth, the seed cracks open, unleashing a surge of vitality that propels a tiny root downward and a slender shoot upward.The root of grass anchors it firmly in the soil, drawing sustenance from the depths of the earth. It serves as a lifeline, connecting the plant to the subterranean world of nutrients and water. The shoot, on the other hand, reaches towards the sky, its every fiber yearning for the life-giving rays of the sun. It is through photosynthesis, the intricate process by which plants convert sunlight into energy, that grass sustains itself and contributes to the delicate balance of our planet's ecosystem.As the grass grows, its leaves unfurl like tiny emerald flags, each one a testament to the plant's indomitable will to survive. They face the sun, absorbing its energy and transforming it into nourishment. The leaves of grass are also nature's air filters, removing harmful pollutants and releasing oxygen into the atmosphere. In this way, grass plays a vital role in maintaining the delicate equilibrium of our planet's environment.The life of grass is not without its challenges. It must endure the scorching heat of summer, the icy grip ofwinter, and the relentless grazing of animals. Yet, through it all, grass perseveres, its resilience a testament to the adaptability of life. It has evolved to withstand drought, to regenerate after injury, and to flourish in a wide range of conditions. This adaptability is a reminder that even in the face of adversity, life finds a way to endure and prevail.Over time, the grass will mature, producing flowersthat dance in the breeze and release seeds that will carry the plant's legacy to future generations. The cycle of life continues, as the grass dies back in winter only to re-emerge with renewed vigor in the spring. This cyclical nature of grass mirrors the cyclical nature of life itself, a reminder that even in the face of death, there is always the promise of rebirth.The realm of grass, though seemingly insignificant, holds profound lessons for us all. It teaches us about the resilience of life, the importance of adaptation, and the interconnectedness of all things. By observing the humble grass, we gain a glimpse into the wonders of the naturalworld and the indomitable spirit that drives all living beings.中文回答：寸土之间天地宽广。

Growing up, I was always fascinated by stories of great individuals who had transformed their lives from humble beginnings to achieve remarkable feats. It seemed as if greatness was a distant dream, something that could only be reached by a select few. However, as I delved deeper into the lives of these extraordinary people, I realized that the path to greatness often begins with humbleness and a willingness to embrace change.One of the most inspiring examples of this transformation is the story of Thomas Edison, the inventor of the light bulb. Born into a humble family, Edison faced numerous challenges throughout his life, including being labeled as slow by his teachers. Despite these setbacks, he never gave up on his dreams. Instead, he channeled his energy into learning and experimenting, eventually becoming one of the most prolific inventors in history.Edisons journey from a humble background to a position of greatness is a testament to the power of perseverance and hard work. He didnt let his circumstances define him instead, he used them as motivation to push himself further. This is a lesson that can be applied to our own lives. No matter where we come from or what obstacles we face, we have the ability to rise above them and achieve greatness.Another inspiring example is the story of J.K. Rowling, the author of the Harry Potter series. Before she became a bestselling author, Rowling was a single mother living on welfare. She faced numerous rejections from publishers, but she didnt let that deter her from pursuing her passion for writing. Eventually, her persistence paid off, and the Harry Potter seriesbecame a global phenomenon.Rowlings story is a reminder that greatness often lies in the ability to persevere through adversity. Its not about having a perfect life or being handed opportunities on a silver platter. Its about having the courage to keep going, even when the odds are stacked against you.In my own life, Ive experienced the transformative power of embracing change and striving for greatness. As a high school student, I faced challenges in my academics and struggled to find my place in the world. However, I was determined to make a difference and prove to myself that I could achieve greatness.I started by setting small, achievable goals for myself, such as improving my grades and participating in extracurricular activities. Over time, these small victories built my confidence and fueled my desire to push myself further. I began to take on leadership roles in school and volunteer in my community, using these experiences to develop my skills and broaden my horizons.Through these experiences, I learned that greatness is not something that is handed to us it is something that we must work for and strive towards. It requires us to step out of our comfort zones, take risks, and embrace the challenges that come our way.In conclusion, the path to greatness is not a straight line, nor is it an easy one. It is a journey filled with obstacles, setbacks, and moments ofselfdoubt. However, it is also a journey filled with growth, learning, and the opportunity to transform our lives from humble beginnings to something truly remarkable.So, let us not be discouraged by our current circumstances or the challenges we face. Instead, let us embrace the power of change and strive for greatness, knowing that even the most humble beginnings can lead to extraordinary achievements.。

因为关于金银花英语的作文和思维导图Honeysuckle is a versatile and captivating plant that has long been celebrated for its beauty, fragrance, and medicinal properties. This climbing vine, with its delicate flowers and intertwining stems, has a rich history and cultural significance that spans across many regions and civilizations. From its ancient use in traditional Chinese medicine to its modern-day popularity in gardens and natural landscapes, the honeysuckle has captured the imagination of people around the world.One of the most striking features of the honeysuckle is its stunning blooms. The flowers, which typically come in shades of white, yellow, pink, or red, are known for their tubular shape and intoxicating aroma. This fragrance, which is often described as sweet, floral, and slightly citrusy, has made the honeysuckle a beloved addition to gardens and outdoor spaces. The blooms are not only visually appealing but also attract a wide variety of pollinators, including bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds, making the honeysuckle an important component of many ecosystems.Beyond its aesthetic appeal, the honeysuckle has also long been prized for its medicinal properties. In traditional Chinese medicine, the flowers and leaves of the honeysuckle have been used to treat a variety of ailments, including fever, inflammation, and respiratory issues. The plant is believed to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, and has been used to create a range of herbal remedies and tonics.In recent years, the medicinal potential of the honeysuckle has attracted the attention of modern researchers and scientists. Studies have suggested that the plant may have a range of therapeutic applications, from reducing the symptoms of the common cold to potentially inhibiting the growth of certain types of cancer cells. While more research is needed to fully understand the extent of the honeysuckle's medicinal benefits, the plant's long history of traditional use and growing scientific interest have made it a subject of increasing fascination and study.One of the most remarkable aspects of the honeysuckle is its ability to thrive in a wide range of environments. The plant is native to many regions of the world, including Europe, Asia, and North America, and can be found growing wild in a variety of habitats, from forests and meadows to urban gardens and roadsides. This adaptability has made the honeysuckle a popular choice for gardeners and landscapers, who often use the plant to createbeautiful and fragrant displays.In addition to its practical applications, the honeysuckle has also played an important role in the cultural and artistic traditions of many societies. In literature and poetry, the honeysuckle has long been a symbol of love, romance, and the beauty of nature. The plant has also been featured in various forms of visual art, from paintings and drawings to decorative motifs and patterns.One of the most famous examples of the honeysuckle's cultural significance can be found in the work of the English Romantic poet, John Keats. In his poem "Ode to a Nightingale," Keats famously describes the "embalmed darkness" of a moonlit garden, where the "soft incense" of the honeysuckle mingles with the song of the nightingale. This evocative imagery has become a beloved part of the literary canon, and has helped to cement the honeysuckle's status as a symbol of the natural world's beauty and wonder.Despite its many virtues, the honeysuckle is not without its challenges. In some regions, certain species of the plant have been classified as invasive, as they can quickly spread and outcompete native plants, disrupting local ecosystems. This has led to efforts to control and manage the growth of honeysuckle in certain areas, as well as the development of more environmentally-friendly cultivation practices.Despite these challenges, the honeysuckle remains a beloved and widely-cultivated plant, with a rich history and a bright future. As our understanding of the plant's medicinal and ecological benefits continues to grow, it is likely that the honeysuckle will continue to play an important role in both our gardens and our lives.In conclusion, the honeysuckle is a truly remarkable plant that has captured the imagination of people around the world for centuries. From its stunning blooms and intoxicating fragrance to its rich cultural and medicinal history, the honeysuckle is a testament to the beauty and wonder of the natural world. Whether you are a gardener, a nature lover, or simply someone who appreciates the simple pleasures of a beautiful flower, the honeysuckle is sure to captivate and delight.。

抗老紧致护肤品英语作文Anti-aging and firming skincare products have become increasingly popular in recent years. People are constantly searching for effective products that can help them maintain youthful and firm skin. These products promise to reduce the appearance of wrinkles, tighten sagging skin, and improve overall skin texture. With a wide range of options available in the market, it can be overwhelming to choose the right product. However, by understanding the benefits and ingredients of these products, one can make an informed decision.One of the key benefits of anti-aging and firming skincare products is their ability to reduce the appearance of wrinkles. These products often contain ingredients such as retinol, hyaluronic acid, and peptides, which are known to stimulate collagen production and improve skin elasticity. As a result, wrinkles and fine lines become less visible, giving the skin a smoother and more youthful appearance.In addition to reducing wrinkles, these products also aim to tighten sagging skin. Ingredients like DMAE (dimethylaminoethanol) and alpha-lipoic acid are commonly found in firming skincare products. These ingredients work by improving muscle tone and tightening the skin, resulting in a more lifted and firm complexion.Another important aspect of anti-aging and firming skincare products is their ability to improve overall skin texture. Ingredients like glycolic acid and vitamin C are often included in these products to exfoliate the skin and promote cell turnover. This helps to remove dead skin cells, revealing a brighter and smoother complexion.It is worth mentioning that the effectiveness of these products may vary from person to person. Factors such as age, genetics, and lifestyle habits can influence the results. Therefore, it is important to choose products that are suitable for your specific skin concerns and needs.In conclusion, anti-aging and firming skincare productshave gained popularity due to their ability to reduce wrinkles, tighten sagging skin, and improve overall skin texture. By understanding the benefits and ingredients of these products, individuals can make informed decisions and choose the right products for their skincare routine. It is important to remember that results may vary, and consistency is key when it comes to achieving desired skincare goals. So, why wait? Start incorporating these products into your skincare routine and embrace youthful and firm skin!。

将成长比作播种的英语作文标题，Growth as Planting: An Analogy。

In the journey of life, growth can be aptly likened to planting seeds. Just as a farmer meticulously selects the finest seeds for planting, individuals sow the seeds of their ambitions, dreams, and aspirations in the fertilesoil of their minds. Through nurturing care, perseverance, and continuous effort, these seeds sprout, take root, and eventually blossom into the fruits of success and fulfillment.To begin with, the process of growth resembles the initial stage of planting seeds. Much like a farmer carefully prepares the soil before sowing seeds,individuals lay down the groundwork for their growth by setting clear goals, cultivating positive habits, and acquiring necessary skills and knowledge. Just as soil provides the essential nutrients for seeds to germinate, a conducive environment, comprising supportive relationships,conducive circumstances, and a positive mindset, is crucial for personal development.Moreover, the journey of growth mirrors the nurturing phase following seed planting. Like a gardener who tends to his crops with diligence, individuals must nurture their aspirations with unwavering determination and dedication. This entails overcoming obstacles, learning from setbacks, and persistently striving towards self-improvement. Just as plants require water, sunlight, and care to thrive, individuals need to nourish their dreams with resilience, optimism, and perseverance.Furthermore, the process of growth involves the gradual maturation of planted seeds into thriving plants. As seeds germinate and sprout, individuals undergo significant transformations, both internally and externally. Theyevolve into stronger, more resilient versions of themselves, equipped with newfound wisdom, skills, and experiences.Just as plants bear flowers and fruits as a testament to their growth, individuals showcase their achievements and milestones as tangible evidence of their progress anddevelopment.Nevertheless, the journey of growth is fraught with challenges and adversities, much like the obstacles that plants encounter in their quest for survival. From harsh weather conditions to pest infestations, plants face numerous threats that test their resilience and adaptability. Similarly, individuals encounter setbacks, failures, and disappointments that challenge their resolve and resilience. Yet, it is through overcoming these obstacles that both plants and individuals fortify themselves, emerging stronger and more resilient in the process.In conclusion, growth can be aptly likened to planting seeds, as both processes involve careful nurturing, perseverance, and eventual fruition. Just as a farmer tends to his crops with diligence and care, individuals must cultivate their aspirations with unwavering dedication and determination. By embracing the journey of growth as akin to planting seeds, individuals can harness their potential,overcome challenges, and ultimately flourish into the best versions of themselves.。

Expert system for pests,diseases and weeds identification in olive cropsJ.L.Gonzalez-Andujar *Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible-CSIC,Alameda del Obispo,Apdo.4084,14080Cordoba,SpainAbstractAn expert system was developed with the aim of improving decision-making by olive oil growers.Knowledge was obtained from the literature and from experts.The knowledge was then represented in the knowledge base of the expert system in a series of IF–THEN rules.The system is supported by a data base containing information for the identification of 9weeds,14insects and 14diseases.The system is enhanced with 150photos and drawings that assist the used in the identification process.The expert system was evaluated following the conventional expert system evaluation methodologies.According to the validation results the system was considered very satisfactory.The program can be used as an identification tool for farmers and technicians and for educational purposes.Ó2008Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:Production rules;Olive oil;Knowledge base;Evaluation;Validation;Decision support system1.IntroductionAlthough the olive tree originated in Asia,it has been cultivated for over 3000years in Mediterranean countries,where much of the olive crop is used to make olive oil.The olive is an important crop in terms of both its commercial value and the role it plays in the rural economy of the Med-iterranean region,with its millions of producers.Spain is the world’s leading producer of quality olive oil;it is estimated that there are over 215million olive trees in Spain,covering over 2.300,000ha.This amounts to over 27%of the world’s olive production extension.Spain has an average annual production of over 800.000tons of olive oil.Olive crop production is hampered by pests,weeds and diseases (thereafter harmful organisms)which reduce pro-duction and quality of olive oil.Although harmful organ-isms management information is available from different sources,theirs identification is,in many cases,difficult and often requires consultation with a specialist.Expert systems have been developed for many kinds of applications in agriculture,involving diagnosis,predictions,consultation,control,etc.(Carrascal &Pau,1992;Edward-Jones,1992;Gonzalez-Andujar,Fernandez-Quintanilla,Izquierdo,&Urbano,2006;Gonzalez-Andujar &Recio,1996;Kaloudis,Anastopoulos,Yialouris,Lorentzos,&Sideridis,2005;Mahaman,Passam,Sideridis,&Yialouris 2003).Only a few expert systems have been reported for olive production,mainly for olive oil quality.SEXIA has been developed for the authentication of extra virgin olive oils from different regions of Spain,Italy and Portugal,by means of their fatty acids,alcohols,sterols,methyl sterols and hydrocarbons content (Aparicio &Alonso,1994).However,none expert system have been developed for the identification of harmful organism in olive crops.A System Expert is proposed in this paper to provide farmers and technicians with information for an early iden-tification of harmful organisms commonly found in olive crops in Spain.Moreover,the system can be useful for training as well as for educational purposes.2.Methods2.1.The knowledge baseA critical aspect of building an expert system is formu-lating the scope of the problem and gleaning from the0957-4174/$-see front matter Ó2008Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2008.01.007*Fax:+34957499252.E-mail address:andujar@cica.es/locate/eswaAvailable online at Expert Systems with Applications 36(2009)3278–3283Expert Systems with Applicationssource expert the domain information needed to solve the problem.The reliability of an Expert System depends on the quality of knowledge contained in the knowledge base (Plant&Stone,1991).In the present work,knowledge has been obtained from two sources.We acquired textual information from literature such as extension booklets,reports,papers,etc.The printed mate-rial allowed familiarization with the subject and a more effective communication with the experts.Most knowledge was acquired from the experts using conventional interviewing techniques(Scott,Clayton,& Gibson,1991).The interview methods allowed us to obtain the heuristic knowledge that was not present in the printed material.This knowledge was provided by three experts on crop protection(one plant pathologists,one entomologist and one weed expert).Unstructured and structured inter-views were used.The unstructured interviews were used to define the familiar tasks involved in the process of iden-tification,to obtain an initial understanding of the range of complications involved,and to define specific problems (e.g.,similarity between some species,number of species to be considered,etc.)for later discussion.The questions were more or less spontaneous and notes were taken on dis-cussion.These methods were complemented with struc-tured interviews.In the structured interviews,we revised and discussed in depth familiar tasks to clarify questions.2.2.Knowledge representationAmongst the different methods for representing the knowledge production rules are the most frequently used for diagnostic expert systems(Ellison,Ash,&McDonald, 1998;Gonzalez-Andu´jar,Garcia de Ceca,&Fereres, 1993;Mahaman et al.,2002;Plant&Stone,1991).A rule is composed of a list of IF conditions and a list of THEN and ELSE statements about the appropriate solution to the problem.Rules IF/THEN were used in developing the identification system.The knowledge base contains information for the identi-fication of9weed species,14insect species and14diseases (Table1)and150digital photos and drawings.All of these species are frequently found in olive crops in Spain(De Andres F.,2001).3.InterfaceOne of the most important design considerations behind the system was that the resulting system should be as user-friendly as possible.The system was divided in three sub-systems,namely:insects,diseases and weeds.Each subsys-tem has its own database.This modularity ensures that only some of the rules are active at any one time.The user operates the system through screens of a graphical user interface.At the beginning of the each diagnosis session the user is prompted to select the corresponding subsystem in the start-up screen(Fig.1).In the insect identification subsys-tem,the user can identify the insect by its feeding habitat (leaves,fruits,etc.)(Fig.1a).When electing the feeding habitat,the user interacts with the expert system by provid-ing a yes-no answer to the identification questions (Fig.2b).Finally,the system shows the insect that has been identified.Each identified insect is accompanied by thumb-nail sized(a small version of the photograph)photographs that include the insect life cycle and the damages produced. These photographs can be expanded to a larger image by clicking on the thumbnail images(Fig.3a).These full-screen images assist the user in comparing the case evalu-ated with the identification result.In the disease subsystem,the diagnosis is based on the parts of the olive tree where the symptoms appear (leaves,fruits,roots,etc.)(Fig.1b).The process of identifi-cation is similar to the insect identification by providing a yes-no answers until the disease identification.Each identified disease is accompanied by thumbnail sized photographs.Table1Weeds,pests and diseases included in the expert systemWeedsCynodon dactylonLolium rigidumAllium spp.Conium macalatumAmaranthus spp.Malva parvifloraConyza ssp.Sinapsis arvensisEcballium elateriumPestsBractrocera oleaePrays oleaeSaissetia oleaeLiothrips oleaeCoenorrhinus cribripennisEuphyllura olivitaPhloeotribus scarabaeoidesHylesinus oleiperdaParlatoria oleaeLepidosaphes ulmiPalpita unionalisAceria oleaeReseliella oleisugaMelolontha papposaDiseasesSpilocea oleaginaFomes,spp.Polyporus spp.Stereum birsutumGloesporium olivarumCescorpora cladosporioidesAlternaria tenuisCapnodium olaeophiluVerticilium dahliaePseudomonas savastanoiSictis panizzeiCamarosporium(=Sphaeropsis)dalmaticumArmillaria melleaMeloidogyne spp.J.L.Gonzalez-Andujar/Expert Systems with Applications36(2009)3278–32833279In the weed subsystem,the identification process starts by determining whether a grass or broadleaf weed plant is going to be classified (Fig.1c).The user interacts with the expert system by providing a yes-no answer as well (Fig.2a).Finally,the system shows the weed species that has been identified.Again each weed is accompanied by thumbnail sized photographs (Fig.3b)about the weed life cycle.The system records the decision made at each level and also allows for jumping back to previous decisionlevel.Fig.1.Interface screens used to select:(a)pests;(b)diseases and (c)weeds.3280J.L.Gonzalez-Andujar /Expert Systems with Applications 36(2009)3278–32834.System evaluationThe evaluation process was carried out in two steps:ver-ification and validation (Harrison,1991).In the verification step,it was determined the possible errors in the expert sys-tem and ensured that the expert system performed as intended.Verification consisted of tracing all pathways to determine their correctness.This was accomplished by run-ning the program many times,giving all the combinations of possible answers.The result of each consultation was verified by a different specialist working in the area of olive crop protection.The second step of the evaluation was validation.In this step,we used the methodology validation by the end users or live testing (Mosqueira-Rey &Monet-Bonillo,2000).The validation process was conducted by two groups.The first group was formed 20technicians and the second group consisted of 20students from agricultural courses.The three groups were asked to mark in a table-like ques-tionnaire the following criteria (Kaloudis,Anastopoulos,Yialouris,Lorentzos,&Sideridis,2005):usefulness,user friendliness,easiness to learn,and educational relevance.The evaluated mark these criteria on a continuum 1–10scale,corresponding to the following responses:1unsatis-factory and 10extremely satisfactory.According to the validation results the system was con-sidered very satisfactory with an average rank of 9.28by technicians and of 9.13by students with a statistic mode ranking 10in all the cases (Fig.4and 5).The expert system was found in general more satisfactory by the technicians than the students.This is because the system wasconsid-Fig.2.An example of an interface screen used to identify:(a)a broadleaf weed specie and (b)an insect specie.J.L.Gonzalez-Andujar /Expert Systems with Applications 36(2009)3278–32833281ered as a professional tool and there was able to provide consultation in a rapid way.The usefulness of the system was considered very satis-factory (Fig.4a).Student ranked an average of 9.15and technicians ranked 9.25.It was really satisfactory the response of the technicians because this question is evaluat-ing the system as a professional tool.System friendliness was also considered very satisfactory,especially by the technicians who ranked an average of 9.55.Student ranked an average of 8.95(Fig.4b).The expert system was found very satisfactory in rela-tionship with educational relevance,especially for students which ranked 9.30.The technicians ranked 9.05(Fig 5).This result seems logical because the students aremoreFig.3.An example of an interface screen showing the specific conclusion of:(a)identification of an insect specie and (b)identification of a weed specie.Both images present thumbnail-sized images which can be expanded to larger images by clicking on the image.3282J.L.Gonzalez-Andujar /Expert Systems with Applications 36(2009)3278–3283concerns about education than technicians who are more concerns about practical applications.Everyone who used the expert system believed that the system had management and educational value.As an edu-cational tool,it can augment the traditional educational methodologies for students and farmers.The use of photos was a determining factor to help in the identification pro-cess and the acceptance of the system.At present,the system is stand-alone;in the future we are planning to make it web-based.This modification would make the system accessible to everyone with a com-puter and Internet connection.Further work includes the extension of the system by the inclusion of control measures.AcknowledgementsI would like to thank Miguel Angel Ayuso for his help with the program development.ReferencesAparicio,R.,&Alonso,V.(1994).Characterization of vergin olive oils by SEXIA expert system.Progress in Lipid Research,33,29–38. Carrascal,M.J.,&Pau,L.F.(1992).A survey of expert systems in agriculture and food processing.AI Applications,6,27–49.De Andres,F.(2001).Enfermedades y plagas del olivo.Sevilla,Spain: Riquelme y Vargas Ediciones.Edward-Jones,G.(1992).Knowledge-based systems for pest management: An application-based review.Pesticide Science,36,143–153. Ellison,P.,Ash,G.,&McDonald,C.(1998).An expert system for the management of Botrytis cinerea in Australian vineyard.I.Develop-ment.Agricultural Systems,56,185–207.Gonzalez-Andu´jar,J.L.,Garcia de Ceca,J.L.,&Fereres,A.(1993).Cereal aphid expert system(CAES):Identification and decision puters&Electronics in Agriculture,8,293–300. Gonzalez-Andujar,J.L.,&Recio,B.(1996).Aplicacio´n de los Sistemas Expertos en Agricultura.Madrid:Mapa-Mundiprensa.Gonzalez-Andujar,J.L.,Fernandez-Quintanilla, C.,Izquierdo,J.,& Urbano,J.M.(2006).SIMCE:An expert system for seedling weed identification in puters&Electronics in Agriculture,54, 115–123.Harrison,S.R.(1991).Validation of agricultural expert systems.Agricultural Systems,35,265–285.Kaloudis,S.,Anastopoulos,D.,Yialouris,C.P.,Lorentzos,N.A.,& Sideridis,A.B.(2005).Insect identification expert system for forest protection.Expert Systems with Applications,28,445–452. Mahaman,B.D.,Harizanis,P.,Filis,I.,Antonopoulou,E.,Yialouris,C.P.,&Sideridis,A.B.(2002).A diagnostic expert system for honeybee puters and Electronics in Agriculture,36,17–31. Mahaman,B.D.,Passam,A.C.,Sideridis,A.B.,&Yialouris,C.P.(2003).DIARES-IPM:A diagnostic advisory rule-based expert system for integrated pest management in Solanaceous crop systems.Agri-cultural Systems,76,1119–1135.Mosqueira-Rey,E.,&Monet-Bonillo,V.(2000).Validation of intelligent systems:a critical study and a tool.Expert Systems with Applications, 18,1–16.Plant,R. E.,&Stone,N. D.(1991).Knowledge-based systems in agriculture.New York,USA:McGraw-Hill.Scott,A.C.,Clayton,J.E.,&Gibson,E.L.(1991).A practical guide to knowledge acquisition.Massachusetts,USA:Addison-Wesley.J.L.Gonzalez-Andujar/Expert Systems with Applications36(2009)3278–32833283。

最后译文：压力限制肿瘤生长法国物理学家发现了简单的力压在医学上可应用于降低肿瘤的生长速度并限制其生长大小。

通过使用老鼠细胞来完成这项工作的研究者说这个结果可以引生出更好的癌症诊断工具并很可能最终实现用药物治疗癌症。

众所周知当生长细胞中的DNA发生突变时就会形成肿瘤并发展为癌症, .但是这种发展是如何受到肿瘤周围环境的影响仍是一个需要讨论的课题。

由巴黎居里学院的让.弗朗斯科乔尼和其他一些院校进行了一项新的调查，研究肿瘤的生长是如何受到它所经受的压力的限制的，如同按压周围的健康组织一样。

很难把基因学、生物化学和力学在生物机体内的肿瘤中所扮演的角色分离出来。

为了解释这一问题，乔尼的团队用老鼠细胞中的一个直径十余毫米的类似肿瘤的球在实验台上进行了这项工作，工作者们把这个模拟肿瘤放入一个由半渗透聚合物制成的几毫米长的袋子中，这之后就进入到一个滋生细胞的包含营养物的研究方案中。

肿瘤在这种自由的状态下会继续生长两周或者三周, 直到达到细胞的死亡和分裂刚好平衡的稳态。

糖分的严厉打击为了找出在这个生长过程中是什么影响到了压力, 小组在此方案中加入了很多糖分这些糖分由于颗粒太大而无法穿过袋子的微小孔洞所以仍在袋子外面，造成了一种浓度的不平衡，而使其迫切的要解决掉袋子外的溶液以努力恢复其浓度的平衡，袋子外较大浓度的溶液随即对袋子产生了力度的压迫，并且这种压迫被里面的肿瘤所感应到。

这种方法被重复用于同样的肿瘤上，每个不同袋子中的肿瘤被不同浓度的糖分溶液所浸透，因此揭示出每个肿瘤都受到了不同的压力。

该小组发现压力越大，肿瘤生长越慢并且最终尺寸越小。

比如施加500帕的压力，仅仅百分之两点五的气压），便可将肿瘤的增长率和稳态量减半。

为了精准地确立压力是如何减弱增长的，乔恩和他的同事将肿瘤冰冻起来，将其切成非常薄的薄片，.并在薄片上覆盖两种抗体，这个方法显示出了在每个肿瘤上已死亡而被分离的细胞----这两种细胞发出的荧光波长不同-。

油菜花的价值写作文英文回答：Value of Rapeseeds.Economic Value.Rapeseed oil is a highly valuable vegetable oil used in various industries, including:1. Food: As a cooking oil, salad dressing, andmargarine ingredient.2. Fuel: For biodiesel production, reducing reliance on fossil fuels.3. Industrial: In lubricants, paints, and oleochemicals.Agricultural Value.1. Crop rotation: Rapeseed helps control weeds and improve soil structure, benefitting subsequent crops.2. Feedstock: Rapeseed meal, a byproduct of oil extraction, is a nutritious animal feed.3. Pollination: Rapeseed flowers attract bees, promoting pollination for other crops.Environmental Value.1. Bioremediation: Rapeseed can absorb heavy metals and other contaminants from soil.2. Biodiversity: Rapeseed fields provide habitats for wildlife and support insect populations.3. Carbon sequestration: Rapeseed plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, contributing to climate change mitigation.Nutritional Value.Rapeseed oil is rich in:1. Omega-3 fatty acids: Supports cardiovascular and cognitive health.2. Vitamin E: An antioxidant that protects cells from damage.3. Phytosterols: Compounds that may lower cholesterol levels.Other Values.1. Ornamental: Rapeseed flowers are known for their bright yellow color, making them attractive landscape plants.2. Cultural: Rapeseed cultivation has cultural significance in some regions, particularly in China.中文回答：油菜花的价值。

垂头生长昂首开花作文英文回答：To answer the question of how a drooping plant can grow upright and bloom beautifully, we must consider the factors that influence plant growth and development. Firstly,plants require optimal sunlight exposure for photosynthesis, the process by which they convert light energy intochemical energy. Insufficient sunlight can lead to weak and elongated stems, causing the plant to droop. Therefore, providing adequate light is crucial for promoting upright growth.Secondly, plants need essential nutrients from the soil, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. These nutrients are vital for building strong cell walls and tissues, which support the plant's structure. Without sufficient nutrients, the plant may struggle to maintainits upright posture and its blooming ability may be compromised. Fertilizing the plant regularly with abalanced fertilizer can address nutritional deficiencies and contribute to vigorous growth.Thirdly, water is necessary for all biological processes in plants, including cell division and expansion. Sufficient water helps maintain turgidity, the internal pressure within plant cells, which provides rigidity and support to the stems. When a plant is dehydrated, its cells lose turgidity, causing the leaves and stems to wilt and droop. Regular watering is therefore essential for maintaining the plant's upright growth habit.Lastly, temperature and humidity play a role in plant growth. Optimal temperatures and humidity levels vary depending on the plant species. Extreme temperatures or low humidity can stress the plant, leading to stunted growth and reduced blooming potential. Providing a suitable temperature range and湿度环境有助于促进健康和茂盛的生长。