材料力学(双语)Torsion

材料力学专业词汇1 强度strength2 刚度stiffness3 稳定性stability4 固体solid5 变形deformation6 材料力学mechanics of materials7 连续性continuity8 面积area9 载荷load10 轴axis11 假设assumption12 假定值assumed value13 破裂breakaway14 破坏试验breaking test15 延性ductility16 脆性brittleness17 脆性材料brittle material18 脆性破坏brittle failure19 外力external force20 内力internal force21 截面法sectional method22 应力stress23 正应力normal stress24 切应力shear stress25 杆bar26 拉伸stretch27 应变strain28 压缩compression29 斜面bevel30 平面假假设assumption of plane cross-section31 胡克定律Hoke law32 剪切shear33 力学性能mechanical properties34 比例极限proportional limit35 屈服极限yield limit36 强度极限ultimate strength37 弹性极限elastic limit38 弹性模量modulus of elasticity39 延伸率specific of elongation40 安全系数safety coefficient41 收缩率specific of contract42 许用应力allowable stress43 容许载荷admissible load44 挤压bearing45 扭转torsion46 圆轴circular shaft47 薄壁结构thin-walled structures48 扭矩torsion moment49 薄壁圆筒thin-walled cylinder50 互等定理reciprocal theorem51 位移displacement 52 几何性质geometrical properties53 静矩static moment54 形心centered55 惯性矩moment of inertia56 简支梁simple supported beam57 弯曲bending58 弯矩bending moment59 挠度deflection60 抗弯模量flexural modulus61 剪力shear force62 弯矩图bending moment diagram63 简化simplification64 斜率slope65 表层skin layer66 弯曲刚度bending rigidity67 连续梁continuous beam68 惯性积product of inertia69 极惯性矩polar moment of inertia70 曲梁curved beam71 截面核心core of section72 主平面principal73 挠曲线deflection curve74 变形deformation75 动应力dynamic stress76 疲劳fatigue77 偏心的eccentric78 危险截面critical section79 临界应力critical stress80 合成应力combined stresses81 单位力unit load82 跨span83 莫尔圆Mohr circle84 翘曲warping85 叠加原理superposition principle86 约束constrain87 刚架frame88 各向同性isotropy89 对称弯曲symmetric bending90 非对称弯曲unsymmetrical bending91 欧拉公式Euler formula92 柔度slenderness93 线应变linear strain94 相当系统equivalent system95 斜弯曲oblique bending96 悬臂梁cantilever beam97 泊松比Poisson ratio98 固定端fixed end99 均匀性假设homogenization assumption 100 构件member。

第七章应力和应变分析强度理论Chapter Seven Stress and Strain Analysis Strength Theories§7–1 应力状态概述§7–1 Concepts of the State of Stress1．一点的应力状态：过一点有无数的截面，这一点的各个截面上应力情况的集合，称为这点的应力状态。

The state of stress at a point: There are countless sections through a point. The gathering of stresses in all sections is called the state of stress at this point.2．单元体：构件内的点的代表物，是包围被研究点的无限小的几何体，常用的是正六面体。

Element: Delegate of a point in the member. It is an infinitesimal geometric body enveloping the studied point. In common use it is a correctitude cubic body.* 3．主单元体：各侧面上剪应力均为零的单元体。

Principal element :The element in which the shearing stresses in side planes are all zero.* 4．主平面：剪应力为零的截面。

Principal Planes:The planes on which the shearing stresses are zero.* 5．主应力：主平面上的正应力。

Principal stresses: Normal stresses acting on the principle planes.6．主应力排列规定；按代数值大小Convention of the order for three principal stresses: In magnitude of the algebraic value.7．三向应力状态：三个主应力都不为零的应力状态。

CMmi@ Selected Technical Terms in Mechanics of Materials材料力学部分专业术语中英文对照（version 1.0, September 4, 2011）This tabulated list of selected technical terms in mechanics of materials is developed by Changwen Mi to facilitate the students in various engineering majors at the Southeast University. This file reflects part of our constant efforts in implementing bilingual teaching of a series of undergraduate and graduate mechanics courses hosted by the Department of Engineering Mechanics at the Southeast University. We had made every effort to ensure the accuracy and completeness of this file for the students’ sake. We, however, make no guarantee of the effects of using this file.Geometric properties of an area 截面几何性质centroid 形心centroidal axis 形心轴first moment of an area 静矩moment of inertia; second moment of an area 惯性矩parallel axis theorem 平行移轴定理products of inertia 惯性积polar moment of inertia 极惯性矩radius of gyration 惯性半径composite area组合截面principal centroidal axis主形心轴principal moment of inertia主惯性矩principal moments of inertia about centroidal axes 主形心惯性矩Structural members 构件bar 杆prismatic bars 等截面直杆CMmi@ shaft 轴column 柱（只受压缩）thin-walled tubes （闭口）薄壁杆thin-walled open tubes 开口薄壁杆pressure vessel 压力容器beam 梁neutral surface 中性层neutral axis 中性轴simply supported beams 简支梁cantilever beams 悬臂梁composite beams 复合梁overhanging beams 外伸梁continuous beams 连续梁fully stressed beams; beams of constant strength 等强度梁beams of variable cross section 变截面梁wide-flange beams 工字梁web 腹板flange 翼缘fixed support; clamped support 固定端pin support 固定铰支座roller support 可动铰支座curved beams 曲梁truss 桁架frame 刚架cross-section 横截面oblique cross-sectionaxis 轴线rigid joint 刚性结点CMmi@ Loads 荷载/载荷force 力force couple 力偶moment 力矩moment of a couple 力偶矩unit load 单位力unit couple 单位力偶concentrated loads 集中力distributed loads 分布力intensity of distributed loads 分布力的集度surface force 面力body force 体积力static loads 静载dynamic loads 动载allowable loads 许用荷载reaction 反作用力internal forces 内力axial force 轴力shear force 剪力Stress, Strain and Deformation 应力、应变及变形normal stress 正应力nominal stress 名义应力true stress 真实应力average stress 平均应力maximum stress 最大应力minimum stress 最小应力allowable stress 许用应力shear stress 剪切应力pure shear 纯剪切normal strain 正应变nominal strain 名义应变true strain 真实应变shear strain 切应变deformation 变形displacement 位移deflection 挠曲Common Terms in Mechanics of Deformable Bodies 可变形体力学常用术语mechanics of materials 材料力学strength of materials 材料力学mechanics of deformable bodies 变形体力学strength 强度stiffness 刚度stability 稳定性homogeneity/homogeneous 均质/匀质的continuity/continuous 连续性/连续的isotropy/isotropic 各向同性/各向同性的infinitesimal elastic deformation 微小弹性变形elasticity 弹性elastic deformation弹性变形linearly elastic body线性弹性体mechanical properties力学性质plasticity 塑性elastoplastic materials 弹塑性材料tension 拉伸compress 压缩shearing 剪切torsion 扭转bending 弯曲buckling 失稳allowable load method 许用荷载法allowable stress 许用应力allowable stress method 许用应力法method of safety factor 安全系数法method of discount factor 折扣系数法factor of safety 安全系数stress concentration factor 应力集中因数residual stress / initial stress / prestress 残余应力初应力，预应力stress distribution 应力分布equation of equilibrium 平衡方程method of sections 截面法Other Mechanical Terms 其它力学术语dimensionless quantities 无量纲量composite material复合材料specimen 试件elastic-perfectly plastic assumption理想弹塑性假设plastic hinge塑性铰Axial Loading 轴向荷载axially loaded bars 拉压杆，轴向承载杆axial tension 轴向拉伸axial compression 轴向压缩axial forces 轴向力internal forces 内力method of section 截面法diagram of axial forces 轴力图stress tensor 应力张量longitudinal 纵向的transverse 横向的Saint-Venant’s Principle 圣维南原理stresses on oblique planes 斜截面上的应力axial deformation 轴向变形elongation 伸长量extensometer 引伸计、伸展仪、伸长计uniaxial stress 单向应力，单轴应力normal stress 正应力sign convention 符号规定transverse/lateral strain 横向应变Tension/compression rigidity 拉压刚度(EA)stress concentration factor 应力集中系数Mechanical Behavior of Materials 材料力学行为gauge length 标记长度constitutive relations 本构关系（物理方程）Hooke’s Law 胡克定律generalized Hook’s law广义胡克定律stress-strain diagram 应力应变图Hook’s law of shearing剪切胡克定律brittle 脆性brittle materials脆性材料ductile 韧性ductile materials塑性材料，韧性材料，延展性材料plastic deformation塑性变形，残余变形creep 蠕变CMmi@ relaxation 松弛proportional limit 比例极限elastic modulus; modulus of elasticity 弹性模量Young’s modulus 杨氏模量elastic limit 弹性极限yield stress 屈服应力yield strength 屈服强度offset yield stress名义屈服强度strain hardening 强化，冷作硬化ultimate strength, strength limit 强度极限ultimate stress极限应力low carbon steel 低碳钢cast iron 铸铁transversely isotropic 横向同性necking 颈缩plastic flow 塑性流动percent reduction in area 断面收缩率percent elongation 延伸率bulk modulus 大块模量，体积模量Poisson’s ratio 泊松比Shearing and bearing Stress 剪切和挤压应力Shear/shearing 剪切Shear/shearing stress 切应力bearing 挤压bearing stress挤压应力bearing surface 挤压面single shear 单剪double shear 双剪CMmi@ rod 吊杆boom 托架pin 销钉rivet 铆钉joints/connectors 连接件lap joint 搭接butt joint 对接pure shear 纯剪切theorem of conjugate shearing stress 切应力互等定理shear modulus切变模量ultimate shear stress 剪切极限应力yield shear stress 剪切屈服应力Torsion 扭转torsional moment 扭矩twisting moment 扭力矩power & torque 功率与扭矩torque diagram 扭矩图angle of twist 扭转角angle of twist per unit length 单位长度扭转角torsional rigidity 抗扭刚度，扭曲刚度section modulus in torsion 抗扭截面系数slip-lines 滑移线slip bands 滑移带，剪切带free torsion 自由扭转constrained torsion 约束扭转Bending 弯曲symmetric bending 对称弯曲symmetric longitudinal plane 纵向对称面transverse loading 横向荷载shear force 剪力shear flow 剪流shear force diagram 剪力图equation of shear forces 剪力方程bending moment 弯矩equation of bending moment 弯矩方程bending moment diagram 弯矩图pure bending纯弯曲Transverse bending 横力弯曲plane cross-section hypothesis 平面假设hypothesis of uniaxial stress 单轴应力假设neutral surface 中性层neutral axis 中性轴bending normal stress 弯曲正应力section modulus 抗弯截面系数bending shear stress弯曲切应力constant-strength beam; fully stressed beams 等强度梁deflection 挠曲，挠度angle of rotation 转角slope 斜率curvature 曲率radius of curvature 曲率半径deflection curve 挠曲线approximate differential equation of deflection 挠曲轴近似微分方程flexural rigidity 抗弯刚度method of successive integrations 积分法boundary condition 边界条件continuity condition 连续性条件symmetry condition 对称性条件method of superposition 叠加法linear superposition 线性叠加superposition of loads 荷载叠加superposition of rigidized structures 刚化叠加，变形叠加method of singular/discontinuity function 奇异函数法boundary values 边界值moment-area theorems 图乘法unsymmetric bending 不对称弯曲shear center弯曲中心bending strain energy 弯曲应变能Indeterminate Problems 超静定问题statically determinate problem 静定问题statically indeterminate problem 静不定问题，超静定问题degree of static indeterminacy 静不定次，超静定次数redundancy 冗余，多余redundant restraint 多余约束basic determinate system 基本静定系force method 力法equation of deformation compatibility 变形协调方程complementary equation 补充方程thermal stress 热应力coefficient of thermal expansion 线胀系数assembly stress 装配应力residual stress 残余应力thermal strain 热应变eigenstrain 特征应变CMmi@ Stress States 应力状态state of stress 应力状态damage mechanisms 破坏机制stress state of a point 一点应力状态transformation of stresses 应力变换principal stresses 主应力principal axes 主轴，主方向stress circle 应力圆Mohr’s Circle 莫尔圆state of biaxial stress 二向应力状态state of plane stress 平面应力状态state of triaxial stress 三轴（复杂）应力状态triaxial stress 三向应力experimental stress analysis 实验应力分析volumetric strain energy density 体积应变能密度distortional strain energy density 畸变能密度volumetric strain 体应变decomposition of stress tensor 应力张量分解transformation of strain 应变变换Strength Theory 强度理论strength condition 强度条件equivalent stress 相当应力maximum tensile stress theory最大拉应力理论maximum tensile strain theory最大拉应变理论maximum shear stress theory最大切应力理论maximum distortion energy theory 最大畸变能理论Mohr theory of failure莫尔强度理论measurements of strain 应变测量strain gauge 应变计strain rosette 应变花three-element rectangular rosette 三轴直角应变花three-element delta rosette 三轴等角应变花full bridge 全桥接线法half bridge 半桥接法bridge balancing 电桥平衡compensating block 补偿块Combined Loadings 组合荷载eccentric tension 偏心拉伸eccentric compression 偏心压缩core of cross-sections 截面核心Stability of Columns 压杆稳定buckling 屈曲stability condition 稳定条件Euler’s formula欧拉公式critical load 临界压力critical stress 临界应力equivalent length相当长度，有效长度coefficient of equivalent length 长度因数slenderness ratio （压杆的）柔度或长细比long columns 大柔度杆intermediate columns 中柔度杆short columns小柔度杆safety factor of stability稳定安全因数discount factor of stability 折扣安全因数Energy Methods 能量方法strain energy 应变能strain energy density 应变能密度modulus of resilience 回弹模量modulus of toughness 韧度模量principle of work and energy 功能互等定理Castigliano’s theorem 卡氏定理reciprocal theorem of displacement; Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem位移互等定理method of dummy, method of virtual forces 虚力法method of unit dummy load 单位力法Dynamic Loading 冲击荷载impact load 冲击荷载dynamic load 动荷载constant acceleration 等加速constant rotation 等角速转动horizontal impact 水平冲击vertical impact 竖直冲击statically equivalent load 静力等效荷载dynamic load factor 动荷系数Cyclic Loading and Fatigue 交变荷载及疲劳cyclic/alternate load 交变荷载cyclic stress交变应力，循环应力fatigue failure 疲劳失效stress amplitude应力幅stress scope 应力范围cycle characteristics 循环特征symmetric cycling 对称循环unsymmetric cycling 非对称循环pulse cycling 脉冲循环fatigue life疲劳寿命stress-life diagram应力-寿命曲线，S-N曲线endurance limit 疲劳极限fatigue strength 疲劳强度surface roughness 表面粗糙度surface strength 表面强度equal-amplitude fatigue 等幅疲劳fatigue strength condition 疲劳强度条件fatigue factor of safety 疲劳安全因数。

I. Theoretical Mechanics理论力学Gravitational Force, Gravity重力Concurrent Force汇交力, Coplanar Force共面力Force, Torque / Moment扭矩, Couple 约束力，反应，被动力，内力Constraint Force, Reaction, Passive Force, Internal/External Force 静力学直角坐标分量，合力，平行四边形准则Rectangular Components, Resultant Force, Parallelogram Law 1. Statics Composition of Force力的合成, Free Body Diagram隔离体Vector (Magnitude, Direction)矢量, Scalar标量静力平衡平衡方程平衡条件Net Force = 0Static Equilibrium, Equation of Equilibrium, Conditions for EquilibriumNet Torque/Moment = 0Rectilinear MovementMotion of Particle粒子运动Curvilinear Movement运动学 Translation平移2. Kinematics Motion of Rigid Body刚体运动Rotation扭转Linear线性的Velocity速度, Acceleration加速度Angular有角的Momentum, Kinetic Energy, Potential Energy动量，动能，势能动力学Moment of Inertia (Rectangular, Polar), Radius of Gyration惯性矩，回转半径3. Dynamics, Kinetics Centroid (Center of Mass/Gravity)中心Vibration, Oscillation (Free/Forced/Damped/Undamped)振动Simple Harmonic Motion, Period, Frequency简谐振动，周期，频率Pendulum, Centrifugal/Centripetal Force钟摆，离/向心力II. Mechanics of Materials材料力学材料强度 Compressive, Compression压缩1. Strength of Materials Tensile, Tension (Elongation, Extension)伸长Shear, Shearing剪切Linear, Hooke’s LawElastic弹性, Elasticity Non-linearViscoelasticity, Pseudo-elasticity, Super-elasticity粘弹性，拟弹性，超弹性应力应变关系塑性 Perfect Plasticity理想塑性2. Stress-Strain Relation/Behavior Plastic, Plasticity Viscoplasticity, Viscosity黏性, Creeping徐变, RelaxationBrittle脆性, Ductile柔性Work Hardening/Softening, Strain Hardening/Softening弹性模量，弹性系数 Young’s Modulus = Axial Stress / Axial Strain杨氏模量3. Modulus of Elasticity, Elastic Modulus Shear Modulus = Shear Stress / Shear Strain剪切模量Bulk Modulus = Volumetric Stress / Volumetric Strain体积弹性模量破坏理论，失效准则，屈服准则 Maximum Principal Stress Theory最大应力准则4. Failure Theory, Failure Criteria, Yield Criteria Shear Stress TheoryMohr-Coulomb Theory库伦理论Shear Force剪力, Bending Moment弯矩, Flexural Load弯曲荷载梁 Bending Stress弯曲应力, Normal Stress正应力, Shear Stress剪应力 (Horizontal/Longitudinal, Vertical/Transverse)5. Beam Neutral Axis中性轴, Flexure屈曲, Deflection挠曲Cantilever Beam悬臂梁, Simply Supported Beam简支梁, Pin-end, Fixed End固定端Uniformly/Linearly Distributed Load均布荷载, Concentrated Load集中荷载Buckling屈曲系数, Euler’s Equation欧拉方程6. Column 长细比，有效长度，临界荷载，偏心率Slenderness Ratio, Effective Length, Critical Load/Stress, Eccentricity RatioTension弹力, Compression压缩, Uniaxial/Axial Load单轴荷载7. Shaft杆, Rod长杆, Bar Inner/Outer Diameter内/外径Torsion扭转, Torque扭矩, TwistingRadial Distance辐射距离平面应变平面应力双向应力（单轴，三轴）应变能最大/小主应力8. Plane Strain, Plane Stress, Biaxial Stress (Uniaxial, Triaxial), Strain Energy, Major (Minor) Principal Stress Deformation变形, Displacement位移, Deflection偏向Stiffness, Rigidity刚度, Hardness硬度, Flexibility弹性, ComplianceDynamic Loading动力荷载, Cyclic/Fluctuating Loading脉冲荷载, Fatigue疲劳度Thermal Stress热应力/Strain/Deformation, Coefficient of Thermal Expansion热膨胀系数Factor of Safety安全系数, Safety FactorLimit State Design极限状态设计 (Ultimate Limit State极限状态, Serviceability Limit State正常使用极限状态), Probabilistic Design概率设计III. Structural Mechanics, Structural AnalysisRod, Shaft, Bar构件Beam, Girder1. Structural Element Column, PillarPlate, Shell, MembraneShear Wall, Shear Panel2. Truss构架, 3-hinge Arch, Rigid Frame刚性框架 (Joint节点, Pin-Joint, Hinge, Node)3. Statically Determinate静定, Statically Indeterminate超静定, Degree of Static Indeterminacy, N-fold Statically Indeterminate, Degree of Freedom自由度虚功原理 Virtual Displacement, (Matrix) Displacement Method, Stiffness Method4. Virtual Work Principle Virtual Force, (Matrix) Force Method, Flexibility MethodFinite Element MethodIV. Theory of Elasticity(Differential) Equilibrium Equation, Physical Equation, Compatibility/Geometrical EquationBoundary Conditions。

以下是《材料力学》课中专业词汇，共141个，对机械、力学专业本科生绝对有用！mechanics of materials 材料力学axial force 轴向力bar 杆（只受轴向力）torsion 扭转shaft 轴（只受扭转）bending 弯曲beam 梁（只受弯曲）compression; compressive 压缩column 柱（只受压缩）stress 应力strain 应变displacement 位移deformation 变形strength 强度stiffness 刚度stability 稳定性tension; tensile 拉伸shear 剪切prismatic bar 等截面直杆cross section 截面uniformly distributed load; uniform load 均布载荷normal stress 正应力sign convention 符号规定stress distribution 应力分布stress concentration 应力集中dimensionless quantity 无量纲量homogeneous 匀质的uniaxial stress and strain 单轴应力和应变mechanical behavior (材料的)力学行为specimen 试件elongation 伸长量extensometer 引伸计gage length 标准长度nominal stress 名义应力true stress 真实应力proportional limit 比例极限elastic modulus; modulus of elasticity 弹性模量 (pl. moduli)yielding 屈服plastic 塑性strain hardening 强化necking 颈缩ultimate strength 强度极限ductile 韧性percent elongation 延伸率percent reduction in area 断面收缩率brittle 脆性elastic limit 弹性极限plasticity 塑性plastic flow 塑性流动creep 蠕变relaxation 松弛Hooke’s Law 胡克定律Poisson’s ratio 泊松比lateral strain 横向应变pure shear 纯剪切shear stress 切应力bearing 挤压shear modulus of elasticity 切变模量factor of safety 安全系数allowable stress 许用应力axial rigidity 抗拉刚度(EA)statically indeterminate 静不定equation of equilibrium 平衡方程equation of compatibility 变形协调方程constitutive relations 本构关系（物理方程）thermal stress 热应力coefficient of thermal expansion 线胀系数prestrain 预应变inclined section 斜截面strain energy 应变能strain energy density 应变能密度modulus of resilience 回弹模量impact load 冲击载荷dynamic load 动载荷repeated load 交变载荷fatigue 疲劳fatigue limit; endurance limit 疲劳极限Saint-Venant’s Principle 圣维南原理statically equivalent 静力等效stress-concentration factor 应力集中系数elastoplastic material 弹塑性材料couple 力偶moment of a couple 力偶矩vector 矢量torque; twisting moment 扭矩angle of twist / rotation 扭转角rate of twist; angle of twist per unit length 单位长度扭转角polar moment of inertia 极惯性矩Iptorsional rigidity 抗扭刚度GIpthin-walled open cross section 开口薄壁截面bending moment 弯矩shear force 剪力simply supported beam; simple beam 简支梁pin support 固定铰支座roller support 可动铰支座cantilever beam 悬臂梁fixed support; clamped support 固定端beam with an overhang 外伸梁concentrated load 集中力distributed load 分布力intensity (of distributed load) （分布力的）集度reaction 反力pure bending 纯弯曲nonuniform bending 横力弯曲neutral surface 中性层neutral axis 中性轴moment of inertia; second moment 惯性矩；二次轴矩flexural rigidity 抗弯刚度EI section modulus 抗弯截面系数fully stressed beam 等强度梁first moment 静矩products of inertia 惯性积beam of wide-flange shape 工字梁web 腹板flange 翼缘composite beam 复合梁deflection curve 挠度曲线curvature 曲率radius of curvature 曲率半径angle of rotation 转角slope 斜率differential equation 微分方程method of successive integrations 积分法boundary condition 边界条件continuity condition 连续性条件symmetry condition 对称性条件method of superposition 叠加法principal stress 主应力principal plane 主平面Mohr’s Circle 摩尔圆triaxial stress 三向应力electrical-resistance strain gage 电阻应变片strain rosette 应变花pressure vessel 压力容器combined loadings 组合应力buckling 屈曲critical load 临界压力effective length factor 长度因数slenderness ratio （压杆的）柔度或长细比。

材料、结构力学名词英文-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1力学 mechanics 牛顿力学 Newtonian mechanics 经典力学 classical mechanics 静力学 statics 运动学 kinematics 动力学 dynamics子波 wavelet 次级子波 secondary wavele 驻波 standing wave声强 intensity of sound 声强计 phonometer 声调 intonation音色 musical quality 音调 pitch 声级 sound level声压[强] sound pressure 声源 sound source 声阻抗 acoustic impedance声抗 acoustic reactance 声阻 acoustic resistance 声导纳 acoustic admittance声导 acoustic conductance 声纳 acoustic susceptance 声共振 acoustic resonance声波 sound wave 超声波 supersonic wave 声速 sound velocity次声波 infrasonic wave 亚声速 subsonic speed又称“亚音速”。

超声速 supersonic speed又称“超音速”。

声呐 sonar 共鸣 resonance回波 echo 回声 echo 拍 beat 拍频 beat frequency群速 group velocity 相速 phase velocity 能流 energy flux能流密度 energy flux density 材料力学 mechanics of materials, strength of materials 应力 stress 法向应力 normal stress 剪[切]应力 shear stress单轴应力 uniaxial stress 双轴应力 biaxial stress 拉[伸]应力 tensile stress压[缩]应力 compressive stress 周向应力 circumferential stress纵向应力 longitudinal stress 轴向应力 axial stress弯[曲]应力 bending stress, flexural stress 扭[转]应力 torsional stress局部应力 localized stress 残余应力 residual stress 热应力 thermal stress最大法向应力 maximum normal stress 最小法向应力 minimum normal stress最大剪应力 maximum shear stress 主应力 principal stress主剪应力 principal shear stress 工作应力 working stress 许用应力 allowable stress 应力集中 stress concentration 应力集中系数 stress concentration factor应力状态 state of stress 应力分析 stress analysis结构[强度]分析 structured analysis 应变 strain 剪[切]应变 shear strain法向应变 normal strain 拉[伸]应变 tensile strain 压[缩]应变 compressive strain 体积应变 volumetric strain 残余应变 residual strain 热应变 thermal strain最大法向应变 maximum normal strain 主应变 principal strain主剪应变 principal shear strain 名义应变 nominal strain应变状态 state of strain 载荷 load又称“荷载”。

tension and compression 拉伸与压缩torsion 扭转bending 弯曲shear 剪切tension compression test 拉伸压缩试验mechanical properties of materials 材料的机械特性gauge length 标距extensometer 引伸计electrical-resistance strain gauge 电阻应变片stress-strain diagram 应力应变曲线ductile materials 塑性材料brittle materials 脆性材料Poisson’s Ratio 泊松比Saint-Venant’s principle 圣文南原理statically indeterminated 静不定的（超静定的）statically determinated 静定的NNeeww w woorrddss a anndd p phhrraasseessChapter 1. Introductionthermal stress 热应力linear coefficient of thermal expansion 热膨胀系数stress concentration 应力集中concentration factor 应力集中系数mechanical Model 力学模型sign conventionultimate Stress 极限应力allowable stress 许用应力safety factor 安全因数mild steel 低碳钢gray cast iron 灰铸铁percent elongation 延伸率percent reduction of area 断面收缩率nominal yield stress 名义屈服极限strength (plastic) index 强度(塑性)指标cold hardening 冷作硬化method of positive assumption 设正法Tensile rigidity 抗拉刚度torque 扭矩axle 车轴drive shaft 驱动轴circular shaft 圆轴angle of twist 扭转角polar moment of inertia 极惯性矩power 功率angular speed 角速度solid shaft 实心轴tubular shaft 空心轴right-hand rule 右手法则torque-loaded member 受扭构件bulge (warp) 扭曲external torque 外力偶矩(转矩) internal torque 扭矩torsional section modulus 抗扭截面系数跳beam 梁shear 剪力moment 弯矩simply supported beam 简支梁cantilevered beam 悬臂梁overhanging beam 外伸梁shear and moment functions 剪力弯矩方程shear and moment diagrams 剪力弯矩图beam sign convention 梁的内力符号规则distributed load 分布载荷differential relation 微分关系slope 斜率jump upward (downward) 向上(下)突跳planar bending 平面弯曲shearing bending 剪切弯曲pure bending 纯弯曲neutral surface 中性层neutral axis 中性轴shear flow 剪切流shear center 剪切中心thin-walled member 薄壁构件prismatic beam 等截面梁fully stressed beam 等强度梁unsymmetric bending 非对称弯曲curvature 曲率wide-flange 工字形截面rectangular cross section 矩形截面bending section modulus 抗弯截面系数of integration 积分常数boundary condition 边界条件continuity condition 连续条件slope 转角deflection 挠度the integration method 积分法method of superposition 叠加法moment-area method 力矩面积法flexural rigidity 抗弯刚度elastic curve 挠曲线constant of integration 积分常数boundary condition 边界条件continuity condition 连续条件slope 转角deflection 挠度the integration method 积分法method of superposition 叠加法moment-area method 力矩面积法plane-stress 平面应力three-dimensional stress 三维应力state of stress 应力状态principal stresses 主应力principal planes 主平面principal element volume 主单元体stress circle 应力圆Mohr’s circle 莫尔圆triaxial stress 三轴应力strain rosettes 应变花Generalized Hooke’s Law 广义虎克定理dilatation 体积应变bulk modulus 体积弹性模量material failure 材料破坏yielding 屈服fracture 断裂multiaxial state of stress 多向应力状态Maximum-shear-stress theory 最大切应力理论Tresca yield criterion Tresca屈服准则Maximum-distortion-energy theory 最大歪形能理论Maximum-normal-stress theory 最大正应力理论Mohr’s failure criterion Mohr破坏准则critical load 临界载荷long slender bar 细长杆buckling 屈曲失稳，压弯stable equilibrium 稳定平衡unstable equilibrium 不稳定平衡neutral equilibrium 随遇平衡pin supports 铰链支座radius of gyration 回转半径effective-length factor 长度因子effective-slenderness radio 长细比，柔度。

【材料力学部分内容双语教学的探讨】材料力学公式大全pdf人类社会呈现全球化、信息化和国际化的发展趋势，英语已经成为当今高素质人才的必备条件。

在这种形势下，双语教学应运而生了，它不仅是培养新型世纪人才的需要，也是提高英语教学听说水平、更好地适应未来社会的需要，更是现代大学教育理念的要求。

材料力学是高等学校大部分工科学生必修的专业基础课，在培养学生对工程问题的分析和解决能力方面有其特有的优势。

但是，目前其双语教学的研究和实践还只是处在探索阶段。

在一门很重要的基础课材料力学中实行双语教学，是培养学生能力、提高学生素质、拓展学生视野的重要措施，是我国高校教育与国际接轨、迎接全球化挑战和教育改革发展的必然趋势。

[1-3]一、双语教学的必要性与可行性对材料力学的部分内容进行双语教学，可使学生在力学的学习过程，有一个更为丰富和国际化的语言层面，可扩大力学和外语学习实践的时空。

它不仅可培养学生的外语思维能力，拓宽外语的学习环境，解决公共外语学习与专业应用之间的脱节，更重要地是可拓展学生的专业知识和分析问题的能力。

因为，一些原版英语教材不同于国内多年来使用的教材，学生可从中学到不同以往的分析和解决问题的方式方法。

双语教学为学生提供了真实的语言环境，通过双语学习，能同时提高学生的专业水平和英语水平，提高他们的学习兴趣和学习积极性。

如果课堂上的板书或PPT是英语，学生的思想就不敢走神，注意力非常集中，课堂的教学气氛会很好。

当然，材料力学部分内容的双语教学也可改进教师的教学思想和方法。

经过多年的外语学习，大部分学生的现有英语水平已经比较高，能熟练地阅读和理解外文资料，所欠缺的只是专业方面的知识。

如果通过在双语环境中的学习，对原版教材进行消化吸收，加之大部分的中文讲授，学生一般都能理解材料力学的基本知识和解决问题的基本方法。

而且，授课教师一般都是高学历水准，英文水平较高，加上准备充分的英文PPT课件和板书，在材料力学课堂实行双语教学是完全可行的。