英汉双语材料力学

材料力学常用英文词汇弹性力学elasticity弹性理论theory of elasticity均匀应力状态homogeneous state of stress应力不变量stress invariant应变不变量strain invariant应变椭球strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态homogeneous state of strain应变协调方程equation of strain compatibility拉梅常量Lame constants各向同性弹性isotropic elasticity旋转圆盘rotating circular disk楔wedge开尔文问题Kelvin problem布西内斯克问题Boussinesq problem艾里应力函数Airy stress function克罗索夫--穆斯赫利什维利法Kolosoff-Muskhelishvili method 基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis板Plate矩形板Rectangular plate圆板Circular plate环板Annular plate波纹板Corrugated plate加劲板Stiffened plate,reinforced Plate中厚板Plate of moderate thickness弯[曲]应力函数Stress function of bending壳Shell扁壳Shallow shell旋转壳Revolutionary shell球壳Spherical shell[圆]柱壳Cylindrical shell锥壳Conical shell环壳Toroidal shell封闭壳Closed shell波纹壳Corrugated shell扭[转]应力函数Stress function of torsion翘曲函数Warping function半逆解法semi-inverse method瑞利--里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method松弛法Relaxation method莱维法Levy method松弛Relaxation量纲分析Dimensional analysis自相似[性] self-similarity影响面Influence surface接触应力Contact stress赫兹理论Hertz theory协调接触Conforming contact滑动接触Sliding contact滚动接触Rolling contact压入Indentation各向异性弹性Anisotropic elasticity颗粒材料Granular material散体力学Mechanics of granular media 热弹性Thermoelasticity超弹性Hyperelasticity粘弹性Viscoelasticity对应原理Correspondence principle褶皱Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity 滑动Sliding微滑Microslip粗糙度Roughness非线性弹性Nonlinear elasticity大挠度Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through有限变形Finite deformation格林应变Green strain阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain弹性动力学Dynamic elasticity运动方程Equation of motion准静态的Quasi-static气动弹性Aeroelasticity水弹性Hydroelasticity颤振Flutter弹性波Elastic wave简单波Simple wave柱面波Cylindrical wave水平剪切波Horizontal shear wave竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave体波body wave无旋波Irrotational wave畸变波Distortion wave膨胀波Dilatation wave瑞利波Rayleigh wave等容波Equivoluminal wave勒夫波Love wave界面波Interfacial wave边缘效应edge effect塑性力学Plasticity可成形性Formability金属成形Metal forming耐撞性Crashworthiness结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthiness拉拔Drawing破坏机构Collapse mechanism回弹Springback挤压Extrusion冲压Stamping穿透Perforation层裂Spalling塑性理论Theory of plasticity安定[性]理论Shake-down theory运动安定定理kinematic shake-down theorem 静力安定定理Static shake-down theorem率相关理论rate dependent theorem载荷因子load factor加载准则Loading criterion加载函数Loading function加载面Loading surface塑性加载Plastic loading塑性加载波Plastic loading wave简单加载Simple loading比例加载Proportional loading卸载Unloading卸载波Unloading wave冲击载荷Impulsive load阶跃载荷step load脉冲载荷pulse load极限载荷limit load中性变载nentral loading拉抻失稳instability in tension加速度波acceleration wave本构方程constitutive equation完全解complete solution名义应力nominal stress过应力over-stress真应力true stress等效应力equivalent stress流动应力flow stress应力间断stress discontinuity应力空间stress space主应力空间principal stress space静水应力状态hydrostatic state of stress对数应变logarithmic strain工程应变engineering strain等效应变equivalent strain应变局部化strain localization应变率strain rate应变率敏感性strain rate sensitivity应变空间strain space有限应变finite strain塑性应变增量plastic strain increment累积塑性应变accumulated plastic strain永久变形permanent deformation内变量internal variable应变软化strain-softening理想刚塑性材料rigid-perfectly plastic Material 刚塑性材料rigid-plastic material理想塑性材料perfectl plastic material材料稳定性stability of material应变偏张量deviatoric tensor of strain应力偏张量deviatori tensor of stress应变球张量spherical tensor of strain应力球张量spherical tensor of stress路径相关性path-dependency线性强化linear strain-hardening应变强化strain-hardening随动强化kinematic hardening各向同性强化isotropic hardening强化模量strain-hardening modulus幂强化power hardening塑性极限弯矩plastic limit bending Moment塑性极限扭矩plastic limit torque弹塑性弯曲elastic-plastic bending弹塑性交界面elastic-plastic interface弹塑性扭转elastic-plastic torsion粘塑性Viscoplasticity非弹性Inelasticity理想弹塑性材料elastic-perfectly plastic Material 极限分析limit analysis极限设计limit design极限面limit surface上限定理upper bound theorem上屈服点upper yield point下限定理lower bound theorem下屈服点lower yield point界限定理bound theorem初始屈服面initial yield surface后继屈服面subsequent yield surface屈服面[的]外凸性convexity of yield surface截面形状因子shape factor of cross-section沙堆比拟sand heap analogy屈服Yield屈服条件yield condition屈服准则yield criterion屈服函数yield function屈服面yield surface塑性势plastic potential能量吸收装置energy absorbing device能量耗散率energy absorbing device塑性动力学dynamic plasticity塑性动力屈曲dynamic plastic buckling塑性动力响应dynamic plastic response塑性波plastic wave运动容许场kinematically admissible Field静力容许场statically admissible Field流动法则flow rule速度间断velocity discontinuity滑移线slip-lines滑移线场slip-lines field移行塑性铰travelling plastic hinge塑性增量理论incremental theory of Plasticity米泽斯屈服准则Mises yield criterion普朗特--罗伊斯关系prandtl- Reuss relation特雷斯卡屈服准则Tresca yield criterion洛德应力参数Lode stress parameter莱维--米泽斯关系Levy-Mises relation亨基应力方程Hencky stress equation赫艾--韦斯特加德应力空间Haigh-Westergaard stress space 洛德应变参数Lode strain parameter德鲁克公设Drucker postulate盖林格速度方程Geiringer velocity Equation。

Chapter 4 Internal Forces in BendingMECHANICS OF MATERIALS 材料力学（双语）Content§4.1 Concept of symmetrical bending and calculation sketch of the beam §4.2 The shearing force and bending moment of the beam §4.3 The shearing-force and bending-moment equations · the shearing-force and bending-moment diagrams §4.4 Relations among the shearing force、the bending moment and the density of the distributed load and their applications §4.5 Plot the bending-moment diagram by the theorem of superposition §4.6 The internal-force diagrams of the planar rigid frames and curved rods2目录§4.1 对称弯曲的概念及梁的计算简图 §4.2 梁的剪力和弯矩 §4.3 剪力方程和弯矩方程 ·剪力图和弯矩图 §4.4 剪力、弯矩与分布荷载集度间的关系及应用 §4.5 按叠加原理作弯矩图 §4.6 平面刚架和曲杆的内力图34.1 Concept of symmetrical bending and calculation sketch of the beam1. Concepts of Bending 1). BENDING(弯曲): The action of the external force or the external couple vector perpendicular to the axis of the rod makes the axis of the rod change into curve from original straight lines, this deformation is called bending. 2). BEAM（梁): The member of whose deformation is mainly bending is generally called beam.43). Practical example in engineering about bending564). Symmetric bending(平面弯曲) After deformation the curved axis of the beam is still in the same plane with the external forces. P1 q P2MThe plane of symmetry7Unsymmetrical bending： If a beam does not possess any plane of symmetry, or the external forces do not act in a plane of symmetry of the beam with symmetric planes, this kind of bending is called unsymmetrical bending.82. Calculation sketch of the beamIn general supports and external forces of the beam are very complex. We should do some necessary simplification for them for our convenient calculation and obtain the calculation sketch.1). Simplification(简化) of the beamsIn general case we take the place of the beam by its axis.2). Simplification of the loads (荷载)The loads (including the reaction) acting on the beam may be reduced into three types：concentrated force、concentrated force couple and distributed force.3). Simplification of the supports (支座条件)9①Fixed hinged support固定铰支座2 constraints，1 degree of freedom. Such as the fixed hinged support under bridges.②Movable hinged support可动铰支座1 constraint，2 degree of freedom. Such as the movable hinged support under the bridge.10θA BDB R RA A AB B B0.50.50.5P0.5PP0.50.50.5P0.5PP 0。

材料力学双语教学学习资料材料力学是工程院校中的一门重要课程，主要研究材料的力学特性和变形行为。

在学习材料力学的过程中，双语教学学习资料能够帮助学生更好地理解和掌握相关知识。

以下是一份关于材料力学双语教学学习资料，帮助学生深入了解材料力学的基本概念、原理和应用。

材料力学的基本概念-弹性模量：弹性模量是材料力学中衡量材料刚性的重要参数，表示单位面积内材料应力和应变的比例。

弹性模量越大，材料的刚性越高。

-屈服强度：屈服强度是材料在受力过程中的临界点，超过该强度材料会发生塑性变形或破坏。

-韧性：韧性是材料在受力下能够吸收能量的能力。

韧性越高，材料在受力下变形的能力越好。

-硬度：硬度是材料抵抗划伤或磨损的能力。

硬度越大的材料，其表面越不容易被刮花或磨损。

材料力学的原理-应力和应变：应力是材料内部单位面积上的力，应变是单位长度的变形量。

材料力学研究的是材料在接受外力时的应力分布和应变行为。

-弹性和塑性：材料力学区分材料的应变行为，弹性是指材料受力后能恢复原状的能力，塑性是指材料在受力后发生永久性变形的能力。

-破坏和失效：材料力学研究材料受力后失效和破坏的原因和机制，例如强度不足、断裂、疲劳等。

材料力学的应用-结构设计：材料力学的基本原理可应用于工程结构的设计和分析，确保结构在受力时能够满足安全和稳定的要求。

-金属材料加工：材料力学研究金属材料的塑性变形行为，可应用于金属材料的成形和加工工艺的优化和控制。

-材料选择和性能评估：材料力学可以帮助工程师选择合适的材料，根据材料的力学性能评估材料的适用性和可靠性。

Material Mechanics Bilingual Teaching and Learning Materials Material mechanics is an important course in engineering schools, which mainly studies the mechanical properties and deformation behavior of materials. Bilingual teaching and learning materials can help students better understand and master the relevant knowledge in the process of learning material mechanics. Here is a bilingual teaching and learning material on material mechanics to help students deepen their understanding of the basic concepts, principles, andapplications of material mechanics.Basic Concepts of Material Mechanics- Elastic modulus: The elastic modulus is an important parameter in material mechanics that measures the rigidity of the material. It represents the ratio of stress to strain within a unit area. The higher the elastic modulus, the higher the rigidity of the material.- Yield strength: Yield strength is the critical point of the material during the application of force. If the stress exceeds this strength, the material will undergo plastic deformation or failure.- Toughness: Toughness is the ability of the material to absorb energy under stress. The higher the toughness, the better the material's ability to deform under stress.- Hardness: Hardness is the material's resistance to scratching or abrasion. A material with higher hardness is less likely to be scratched or worn on the surface.Principles of Material Mechanics- Stress and strain: Stress is the force per unit area inside the material, and strain is the change in length per unit length. Material mechanics study the stress distribution and strain behavior of materials under external forces.- Elasticity and plasticity: Material mechanics distinguishes the strain behavior of materials. Elasticityrefers to the ability of a material to recover its original shape after being subjected to force, while plasticity refers to the ability of a material to undergo permanent deformation under stress.- Failure and fracture: Material mechanics studies the causes and mechanisms of failure and fracture of materials under stress, such as insufficient strength, fracture, fatigue, etc.Applications of Material Mechanics- Structural design: The basic principles of material mechanics can be applied to the design and analysis of engineering structures to ensure that the structures can meet safety and stability requirements under stress.- Metal material processing: Material mechanics studies the plastic deformation behavior of metal materials, which can be applied to the optimization and control of metal materials' forming and processing techniques.- Material selection and performance evaluation: Material mechanics helps engineers select suitable materials and evaluate their applicability and reliability based on the mechanical properties of materials.。

材料力学的英语是Material Mechanics，是工程力学中的一个重要分支，主要研究材料的力学性能及其应用，涉及材料的弹性、塑性、破坏等方面。

以下是一些与材料力学相关的英语术语：
Elasticity（弹性）：材料在受力作用下能够恢复原状的能力。

Plasticity（塑性）：材料在受力作用下能够发生不可逆的形变。

Yield strength（屈服强度）：材料开始发生塑性变形的最小应力。

Ultimate strength（极限强度）：材料承受最大载荷时发生破坏的应力。

Fracture toughness（断裂韧性）：材料在破坏前能够承受裂纹扩展的能力。

Fatigue strength（疲劳强度）：材料在经历多次循环加载后能够承受的最大应力。

Stress concentration（应力集中）：材料中存在的应力集中点或者区域，会导致材料在该处产生更高的应力。

以上是材料力学中的一些英语术语，对于学习和掌握材料力学知识和技能有很大的帮助。

CMmi@ Selected Technical Terms in Mechanics of Materials材料力学部分专业术语中英文对照（version 1.0, September 4, 2011）This tabulated list of selected technical terms in mechanics of materials is developed by Changwen Mi to facilitate the students in various engineering majors at the Southeast University. This file reflects part of our constant efforts in implementing bilingual teaching of a series of undergraduate and graduate mechanics courses hosted by the Department of Engineering Mechanics at the Southeast University. We had made every effort to ensure the accuracy and completeness of this file for the students’ sake. We, however, make no guarantee of the effects of using this file.Geometric properties of an area 截面几何性质centroid 形心centroidal axis 形心轴first moment of an area 静矩moment of inertia; second moment of an area 惯性矩parallel axis theorem 平行移轴定理products of inertia 惯性积polar moment of inertia 极惯性矩radius of gyration 惯性半径composite area组合截面principal centroidal axis主形心轴principal moment of inertia主惯性矩principal moments of inertia about centroidal axes 主形心惯性矩Structural members 构件bar 杆prismatic bars 等截面直杆CMmi@ shaft 轴column 柱（只受压缩）thin-walled tubes （闭口）薄壁杆thin-walled open tubes 开口薄壁杆pressure vessel 压力容器beam 梁neutral surface 中性层neutral axis 中性轴simply supported beams 简支梁cantilever beams 悬臂梁composite beams 复合梁overhanging beams 外伸梁continuous beams 连续梁fully stressed beams; beams of constant strength 等强度梁beams of variable cross section 变截面梁wide-flange beams 工字梁web 腹板flange 翼缘fixed support; clamped support 固定端pin support 固定铰支座roller support 可动铰支座curved beams 曲梁truss 桁架frame 刚架cross-section 横截面oblique cross-sectionaxis 轴线rigid joint 刚性结点CMmi@ Loads 荷载/载荷force 力force couple 力偶moment 力矩moment of a couple 力偶矩unit load 单位力unit couple 单位力偶concentrated loads 集中力distributed loads 分布力intensity of distributed loads 分布力的集度surface force 面力body force 体积力static loads 静载dynamic loads 动载allowable loads 许用荷载reaction 反作用力internal forces 内力axial force 轴力shear force 剪力Stress, Strain and Deformation 应力、应变及变形normal stress 正应力nominal stress 名义应力true stress 真实应力average stress 平均应力maximum stress 最大应力minimum stress 最小应力allowable stress 许用应力shear stress 剪切应力pure shear 纯剪切normal strain 正应变nominal strain 名义应变true strain 真实应变shear strain 切应变deformation 变形displacement 位移deflection 挠曲Common Terms in Mechanics of Deformable Bodies 可变形体力学常用术语mechanics of materials 材料力学strength of materials 材料力学mechanics of deformable bodies 变形体力学strength 强度stiffness 刚度stability 稳定性homogeneity/homogeneous 均质/匀质的continuity/continuous 连续性/连续的isotropy/isotropic 各向同性/各向同性的infinitesimal elastic deformation 微小弹性变形elasticity 弹性elastic deformation弹性变形linearly elastic body线性弹性体mechanical properties力学性质plasticity 塑性elastoplastic materials 弹塑性材料tension 拉伸compress 压缩shearing 剪切torsion 扭转bending 弯曲buckling 失稳allowable load method 许用荷载法allowable stress 许用应力allowable stress method 许用应力法method of safety factor 安全系数法method of discount factor 折扣系数法factor of safety 安全系数stress concentration factor 应力集中因数residual stress / initial stress / prestress 残余应力初应力，预应力stress distribution 应力分布equation of equilibrium 平衡方程method of sections 截面法Other Mechanical Terms 其它力学术语dimensionless quantities 无量纲量composite material复合材料specimen 试件elastic-perfectly plastic assumption理想弹塑性假设plastic hinge塑性铰Axial Loading 轴向荷载axially loaded bars 拉压杆，轴向承载杆axial tension 轴向拉伸axial compression 轴向压缩axial forces 轴向力internal forces 内力method of section 截面法diagram of axial forces 轴力图stress tensor 应力张量longitudinal 纵向的transverse 横向的Saint-Venant’s Principle 圣维南原理stresses on oblique planes 斜截面上的应力axial deformation 轴向变形elongation 伸长量extensometer 引伸计、伸展仪、伸长计uniaxial stress 单向应力，单轴应力normal stress 正应力sign convention 符号规定transverse/lateral strain 横向应变Tension/compression rigidity 拉压刚度(EA)stress concentration factor 应力集中系数Mechanical Behavior of Materials 材料力学行为gauge length 标记长度constitutive relations 本构关系（物理方程）Hooke’s Law 胡克定律generalized Hook’s law广义胡克定律stress-strain diagram 应力应变图Hook’s law of shearing剪切胡克定律brittle 脆性brittle materials脆性材料ductile 韧性ductile materials塑性材料，韧性材料，延展性材料plastic deformation塑性变形，残余变形creep 蠕变CMmi@ relaxation 松弛proportional limit 比例极限elastic modulus; modulus of elasticity 弹性模量Young’s modulus 杨氏模量elastic limit 弹性极限yield stress 屈服应力yield strength 屈服强度offset yield stress名义屈服强度strain hardening 强化，冷作硬化ultimate strength, strength limit 强度极限ultimate stress极限应力low carbon steel 低碳钢cast iron 铸铁transversely isotropic 横向同性necking 颈缩plastic flow 塑性流动percent reduction in area 断面收缩率percent elongation 延伸率bulk modulus 大块模量，体积模量Poisson’s ratio 泊松比Shearing and bearing Stress 剪切和挤压应力Shear/shearing 剪切Shear/shearing stress 切应力bearing 挤压bearing stress挤压应力bearing surface 挤压面single shear 单剪double shear 双剪CMmi@ rod 吊杆boom 托架pin 销钉rivet 铆钉joints/connectors 连接件lap joint 搭接butt joint 对接pure shear 纯剪切theorem of conjugate shearing stress 切应力互等定理shear modulus切变模量ultimate shear stress 剪切极限应力yield shear stress 剪切屈服应力Torsion 扭转torsional moment 扭矩twisting moment 扭力矩power & torque 功率与扭矩torque diagram 扭矩图angle of twist 扭转角angle of twist per unit length 单位长度扭转角torsional rigidity 抗扭刚度，扭曲刚度section modulus in torsion 抗扭截面系数slip-lines 滑移线slip bands 滑移带，剪切带free torsion 自由扭转constrained torsion 约束扭转Bending 弯曲symmetric bending 对称弯曲symmetric longitudinal plane 纵向对称面transverse loading 横向荷载shear force 剪力shear flow 剪流shear force diagram 剪力图equation of shear forces 剪力方程bending moment 弯矩equation of bending moment 弯矩方程bending moment diagram 弯矩图pure bending纯弯曲Transverse bending 横力弯曲plane cross-section hypothesis 平面假设hypothesis of uniaxial stress 单轴应力假设neutral surface 中性层neutral axis 中性轴bending normal stress 弯曲正应力section modulus 抗弯截面系数bending shear stress弯曲切应力constant-strength beam; fully stressed beams 等强度梁deflection 挠曲，挠度angle of rotation 转角slope 斜率curvature 曲率radius of curvature 曲率半径deflection curve 挠曲线approximate differential equation of deflection 挠曲轴近似微分方程flexural rigidity 抗弯刚度method of successive integrations 积分法boundary condition 边界条件continuity condition 连续性条件symmetry condition 对称性条件method of superposition 叠加法linear superposition 线性叠加superposition of loads 荷载叠加superposition of rigidized structures 刚化叠加，变形叠加method of singular/discontinuity function 奇异函数法boundary values 边界值moment-area theorems 图乘法unsymmetric bending 不对称弯曲shear center弯曲中心bending strain energy 弯曲应变能Indeterminate Problems 超静定问题statically determinate problem 静定问题statically indeterminate problem 静不定问题，超静定问题degree of static indeterminacy 静不定次，超静定次数redundancy 冗余，多余redundant restraint 多余约束basic determinate system 基本静定系force method 力法equation of deformation compatibility 变形协调方程complementary equation 补充方程thermal stress 热应力coefficient of thermal expansion 线胀系数assembly stress 装配应力residual stress 残余应力thermal strain 热应变eigenstrain 特征应变CMmi@ Stress States 应力状态state of stress 应力状态damage mechanisms 破坏机制stress state of a point 一点应力状态transformation of stresses 应力变换principal stresses 主应力principal axes 主轴，主方向stress circle 应力圆Mohr’s Circle 莫尔圆state of biaxial stress 二向应力状态state of plane stress 平面应力状态state of triaxial stress 三轴（复杂）应力状态triaxial stress 三向应力experimental stress analysis 实验应力分析volumetric strain energy density 体积应变能密度distortional strain energy density 畸变能密度volumetric strain 体应变decomposition of stress tensor 应力张量分解transformation of strain 应变变换Strength Theory 强度理论strength condition 强度条件equivalent stress 相当应力maximum tensile stress theory最大拉应力理论maximum tensile strain theory最大拉应变理论maximum shear stress theory最大切应力理论maximum distortion energy theory 最大畸变能理论Mohr theory of failure莫尔强度理论measurements of strain 应变测量strain gauge 应变计strain rosette 应变花three-element rectangular rosette 三轴直角应变花three-element delta rosette 三轴等角应变花full bridge 全桥接线法half bridge 半桥接法bridge balancing 电桥平衡compensating block 补偿块Combined Loadings 组合荷载eccentric tension 偏心拉伸eccentric compression 偏心压缩core of cross-sections 截面核心Stability of Columns 压杆稳定buckling 屈曲stability condition 稳定条件Euler’s formula欧拉公式critical load 临界压力critical stress 临界应力equivalent length相当长度，有效长度coefficient of equivalent length 长度因数slenderness ratio （压杆的）柔度或长细比long columns 大柔度杆intermediate columns 中柔度杆short columns小柔度杆safety factor of stability稳定安全因数discount factor of stability 折扣安全因数Energy Methods 能量方法strain energy 应变能strain energy density 应变能密度modulus of resilience 回弹模量modulus of toughness 韧度模量principle of work and energy 功能互等定理Castigliano’s theorem 卡氏定理reciprocal theorem of displacement; Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem位移互等定理method of dummy, method of virtual forces 虚力法method of unit dummy load 单位力法Dynamic Loading 冲击荷载impact load 冲击荷载dynamic load 动荷载constant acceleration 等加速constant rotation 等角速转动horizontal impact 水平冲击vertical impact 竖直冲击statically equivalent load 静力等效荷载dynamic load factor 动荷系数Cyclic Loading and Fatigue 交变荷载及疲劳cyclic/alternate load 交变荷载cyclic stress交变应力，循环应力fatigue failure 疲劳失效stress amplitude应力幅stress scope 应力范围cycle characteristics 循环特征symmetric cycling 对称循环unsymmetric cycling 非对称循环pulse cycling 脉冲循环fatigue life疲劳寿命stress-life diagram应力-寿命曲线，S-N曲线endurance limit 疲劳极限fatigue strength 疲劳强度surface roughness 表面粗糙度surface strength 表面强度equal-amplitude fatigue 等幅疲劳fatigue strength condition 疲劳强度条件fatigue factor of safety 疲劳安全因数。

材料力学中英对照词汇A安全因数safety factorB半桥接法half bridge闭口薄壁杆thin-walled tubes比例极限proportional limit边界条件boundary conditions变截面梁beam of variable cross section 变形deformation变形协调方程compatibility equation 标距gage length泊松比Poisson’s ratio补偿块compensating blockC材料力学mechanics of materials冲击荷载impact load初应力，预应力initial stress纯剪切pure shear纯弯曲pure bending脆性材料brittle materialsD大柔度杆long columns单位荷载unit load单位力偶unit couple单位荷载法unit-load method单向应力，单向受力uniaxial stress等强度梁beam of constant strength低周疲劳low-cycle fatigue电桥平衡bridge balancing电阻应变计resistance strain gage电阻应变仪resistance strain indicator 叠加法superposition method叠加原理superposition principle 动荷载dynamic load断面收缩率percentage reduction in area多余约束redundant restraintE二向应力状态state of biaxial stressF分布力distributed force复杂应力状态state of triaxial stress复合材料composite materialG杆，杆件bar刚度stiffness刚架，构架frame刚结点rigid joint高周疲劳high-cycle fatigue各向同性材料isotropical material功的互等定理reciprocal-work theorem工作应变计active strain gage工作应力working stress构件structural member惯性半径radius of gyration of an area惯性积product of inertia惯性矩，截面二次轴距moment of inertia广义胡克定律generalized Hook’s lawH横向变形lateral deformation胡克定律Hook’s law滑移线slip-linesJ基本系统primary system畸变能理论distortion energy theory畸变能密度distortional strain energydensity极惯性矩，截面二次极矩polar moment of inertia极限应力ultimate stress极限荷载limit load挤压应力bearing stress剪力shear force剪力方程equation of shear force剪力图shear force diagram剪流shear flow剪切胡克定律Hook’s law for shear剪切shear交变应力，循环应力cyclic stress截面法method of sections截面几何性质geometrical properties ofan area截面核心core of section静不定次，超静定次数degree of astatically indeterminate problem静不定问题，超静定问题staticallyindeterminate problem静定问题statically determinate problem静荷载static load静矩，一次矩static moment颈缩neckingK开口薄壁杆bar of thin-walled open crosssection抗拉强度ultimate stress in tension抗扭截面系数section modulus in torsion抗扭强度ultimate stress in torsion抗弯截面系数section modulus inbendingL拉压刚度axial rigidity拉压杆，轴向承载杆axially loaded bar理想弹塑性假设elastic-perfectly plasticassumption力法force method力学性能mechanical properties连续梁continuous beam连续条件continuity condition梁beams临界应力critical stress临界荷载critical loadM迈因纳定律Miner’s law名义屈服强度offset yielding stress莫尔强度理论Mohr theory of failure敏感栅sensitive gridN挠度deflection挠曲轴deflection curve挠曲轴方程equation of deflection curve挠曲轴近似微分方程approximatelydifferential equation of the deflectioncurve内力internal forces扭力矩twisting moment扭矩torsional moment扭矩图torque diagram扭转torsion扭转极限应力ultimate stress in torsion扭转角angel of twist扭转屈服强度yielding stress in torsion扭转刚度torsional rigidityO欧拉公式Euler’s formulaP疲劳极限，条件疲劳极限endurancelimit疲劳破坏fatigue rupture疲劳寿命fatigue life偏心拉伸eccentric tension偏心压缩eccentric compression平均应力average stress平面弯曲plane bending平面应力状态state of plane stress平行移轴定理parallel axis theorem平面假设plane cross-section assumptionQ强度strength强度理论theory of strength强度条件strength condition切变模量shear modulus切应变shear strain切应力shear stress切应力互等定理theorem of conjugate shearing stress屈服yield屈服强度yield strength全桥接线法full bridgeR热应力thermal stressS三向应力状态state of triaxial stress三轴直角应变花three-element rectangular rosette三轴等角应变花three-element delta rosette失稳buckling伸长率elongation圣维南原理Saint-Venant’s principle实验应力分析experimental stress analysis塑性变形，残余变形plastic deformationductile materials塑性材料，延性材料塑性铰plastic hingeT弹簧常量spring constant弹性变形elastic deformation弹性模量modulus of elasticity体积力body force体积改变能密度density of energy ofvolume change体应变volume strainW弯矩bending moment弯矩方程equation of bending moment弯矩图bending moment diagram弯曲bending弯曲刚度flexural rigidity弯曲正应力normal stress in bending弯曲切应力shear stress in bending弯曲中心shear center位移法displacement method位移互等定理reciprocal-displacementtheorem稳定条件stability condition稳定性stability稳定安全因数safety factor for stabilityX细长比，柔度slenderness ratio线性弹性体linear elastic body约束扭转constraint torsion相当长度，有效长度equivalent length相当应力equivalent stress小柔度杆short columns形心轴centroidal axis形状系数shape factor许用应力allowable stress许用应力法allowable stress method许用荷载allowable load许用荷载法allowable load methodY应变花strain rosette应变计strain gage应变能strain energy应变能密度strain energy density应力stress应力速率stress ratio应力比stress ratio应力幅stress amplitude应力状态state of stress应力集中stress concentration应力集中因数stress concentration factor应力－寿命曲线，S-N曲线stress-cyclecurve应力－应变图stress-strain diagram应力圆，莫尔圆Mohr’s circle for stressesZ正应变normal strain正应力normal stress中面middle plane中柔度杆intermediate columns中性层neutral surface中性轴neutral axis轴shaft轴力axial force轴力图axial force diagram轴向变形axial deformation轴向拉伸axial tension轴向压缩axial compression主平面principal planes主应力principal stress主应力迹线principal stress trajectory主轴principal axis主惯性矩principal moment of inertia主形心惯性矩principal centroidalmoments of inertia主形心轴principal centroidal axis转角angel of rotation转轴公式transformation equation自由扭转free torsion组合变形combined deformation组合截面composite area最大切应力理论maximum shear stresstheory最大拉应变理论maximum tensile straintheory最大拉应力理论maximum tensile stresstheory最大应力maximum stress最小应力minimum stress。

tension and compression 拉伸与压缩torsion 扭转bending 弯曲shear 剪切tension compression test 拉伸压缩试验mechanical properties of materials 材料的机械特性gauge length 标距extensometer 引伸计electrical-resistance strain gauge 电阻应变片stress-strain diagram 应力应变曲线ductile materials 塑性材料brittle materials 脆性材料Poisson’s Ratio 泊松比Saint-Venant’s principle 圣文南原理statically indeterminated 静不定的（超静定的）statically determinated 静定的NNeeww w woorrddss a anndd p phhrraasseessChapter 1. Introductionthermal stress 热应力linear coefficient of thermal expansion 热膨胀系数stress concentration 应力集中concentration factor 应力集中系数mechanical Model 力学模型sign conventionultimate Stress 极限应力allowable stress 许用应力safety factor 安全因数mild steel 低碳钢gray cast iron 灰铸铁percent elongation 延伸率percent reduction of area 断面收缩率nominal yield stress 名义屈服极限strength (plastic) index 强度(塑性)指标cold hardening 冷作硬化method of positive assumption 设正法Tensile rigidity 抗拉刚度torque 扭矩axle 车轴drive shaft 驱动轴circular shaft 圆轴angle of twist 扭转角polar moment of inertia 极惯性矩power 功率angular speed 角速度solid shaft 实心轴tubular shaft 空心轴right-hand rule 右手法则torque-loaded member 受扭构件bulge (warp) 扭曲external torque 外力偶矩(转矩) internal torque 扭矩torsional section modulus 抗扭截面系数跳beam 梁shear 剪力moment 弯矩simply supported beam 简支梁cantilevered beam 悬臂梁overhanging beam 外伸梁shear and moment functions 剪力弯矩方程shear and moment diagrams 剪力弯矩图beam sign convention 梁的内力符号规则distributed load 分布载荷differential relation 微分关系slope 斜率jump upward (downward) 向上(下)突跳planar bending 平面弯曲shearing bending 剪切弯曲pure bending 纯弯曲neutral surface 中性层neutral axis 中性轴shear flow 剪切流shear center 剪切中心thin-walled member 薄壁构件prismatic beam 等截面梁fully stressed beam 等强度梁unsymmetric bending 非对称弯曲curvature 曲率wide-flange 工字形截面rectangular cross section 矩形截面bending section modulus 抗弯截面系数of integration 积分常数boundary condition 边界条件continuity condition 连续条件slope 转角deflection 挠度the integration method 积分法method of superposition 叠加法moment-area method 力矩面积法flexural rigidity 抗弯刚度elastic curve 挠曲线constant of integration 积分常数boundary condition 边界条件continuity condition 连续条件slope 转角deflection 挠度the integration method 积分法method of superposition 叠加法moment-area method 力矩面积法plane-stress 平面应力three-dimensional stress 三维应力state of stress 应力状态principal stresses 主应力principal planes 主平面principal element volume 主单元体stress circle 应力圆Mohr’s circle 莫尔圆triaxial stress 三轴应力strain rosettes 应变花Generalized Hooke’s Law 广义虎克定理dilatation 体积应变bulk modulus 体积弹性模量material failure 材料破坏yielding 屈服fracture 断裂multiaxial state of stress 多向应力状态Maximum-shear-stress theory 最大切应力理论Tresca yield criterion Tresca屈服准则Maximum-distortion-energy theory 最大歪形能理论Maximum-normal-stress theory 最大正应力理论Mohr’s failure criterion Mohr破坏准则critical load 临界载荷long slender bar 细长杆buckling 屈曲失稳，压弯stable equilibrium 稳定平衡unstable equilibrium 不稳定平衡neutral equilibrium 随遇平衡pin supports 铰链支座radius of gyration 回转半径effective-length factor 长度因子effective-slenderness radio 长细比，柔度。

力学词汇英汉对译通类名词力学 mechanics牛顿力学 Newtonian mechanics经典力学 classical mechanics静力学 statics运动学 kinematics动力学 dynamics动理学 kinetics宏观力学 macroscopic mechanics,macromechanics细观力学 mesomechanics微观力学 microscopic mechanics,micromechanics一般力学 general mechanics固体力学 solid mechanics流体力学 fluid mechanics理论力学 theoretical mechanics应用力学 applied mechanics工程力学 engineering mechanics实验力学 experimental mechanics计算力学 computational mechanics理性力学 rational mechanics物理力学 physical mechanics地球动力学 geodynamics力 force作用点 point of action作用线 line of action力系 system of forces力系的简化 reduction of force system等效力系 equivalent force system刚体 rigid body力的可传性 transmissibility of force平行四边形定则 parallelogram rule力三角形 force triangle力多边形 force polygon零力系 null-force system平衡 equilibrium力的平衡 equilibrium of forces平衡条件 equilibrium condition平衡位置 equilibrium position平衡态 equilibrium state分析力学 analytical mechanics拉格朗日乘子 Lagrange multiplier拉格朗日[量] Lagrangian拉格朗日括号 Lagrange bracket循环坐标 cyclic coordinate循环积分 cyclic integral哈密顿[量] Hamiltonian哈密顿函数 Hamiltonian function正则方程 canonical equation正则摄动 canonical perturbation正则变换 canonical transformation正则变量 canonical variable哈密顿原理 Hamilton principle作用量积分 action integral哈密顿--雅可比方程 Hamilton-Jacobi equation作用--角度变量 action-angle variables 阿佩尔方程 Appell equation劳斯方程 Routh equation拉格朗日函数 Lagrangian function诺特定理 Noether theorem泊松括号 poisson bracket边界积分法 boundary integral method 并矢 dyad运动稳定性 stability of motion轨道稳定性 orbital stability李雅普诺夫函数 Lyapunov function渐近稳定性 asymptotic stability结构稳定性 structural stability久期不稳定性 secular instability弗洛凯定理 Floquet theorem倾覆力矩 capsizing moment自由振动 free vibration固有振动 natural vibration暂态 transient state环境振动 ambient vibration反共振 anti-resonance衰减 attenuation库仑阻尼 Coulomb damping同相分量 in-phase component非同相分量 out-of -phase component超调量 overshoot参量[激励]振动 parametric vibration 模糊振动 fuzzy vibration临界转速 critical speed of rotation阻尼器 damper半峰宽度 half-peak width集总参量系统 lumped parameter system相平面法 phase plane method相轨迹 phase trajectory等倾线法 isocline method跳跃现象 jump phenomenon负阻尼 negative damping达芬方程 Duffing equation希尔方程 Hill equationKBM方法 KBM method, Krylov-Bogoliu-bov-Mitropol'skii method 马蒂厄方程 Mathieu equation平均法 averaging method组合音调 combination tone解谐 detuning耗散函数 dissipative function硬激励 hard excitation硬弹簧 hard spring, hardening spring谐波平衡法 harmonic balance method久期项 secular term自激振动 self-excited vibration分界线 separatrix亚谐波 subharmonic软弹簧 soft spring ,softening spring软激励 soft excitation邓克利公式 Dunkerley formula瑞利定理 Rayleigh theorem分布参量系统 distributed parameter system优势频率 dominant frequency模态分析 modal analysis固有模态 natural mode of vibration同步 synchronization超谐波 ultraharmonic范德波尔方程 van der pol equation频谱 frequency spectrum基频 fundamental frequencyWKB方法 WKB method, Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin method 缓冲器 buffer风激振动 aeolian vibration嗡鸣 buzz倒谱 cepstrum颤动 chatter蛇行 hunting阻抗匹配 impedance matching机械导纳 mechanical admittance机械效率 mechanical efficiency机械阻抗 mechanical impedance随机振动 stochastic vibration, random vibration隔振 vibration isolation减振 vibration reduction应力过冲 stress overshoot喘振 surge摆振 shimmy起伏运动 phugoid motion起伏振荡 phugoid oscillation驰振 galloping陀螺动力学 gyrodynamics陀螺摆 gyropendulum陀螺平台 gyroplatform.陀螺力矩 gyroscoopic torque陀螺稳定器 gyrostabilizer陀螺体 gyrostat惯性导航 inertial guidance姿态角 attitude angle方位角 azimuthal angle舒勒周期 Schuler period机器人动力学 robot dynamics多体系统 multibody system多刚体系统 multi-rigid-body system机动性 maneuverability凯恩方法 Kane method转子[系统]动力学 rotor dynamics转子[一支承一基础]系统 rotor-support-foundation system 静平衡 static balancing动平衡 dynamic balancing静不平衡 static unbalance动不平衡 dynamic unbalance现场平衡 field balancing不平衡 unbalance不平衡量 unbalance互耦力 cross force挠性转子 flexible rotor分频进动 fractional frequency precession半频进动 half frequency precession油膜振荡 oil whip转子临界转速 rotor critical speed自动定心 self-alignment亚临界转速 subcritical speed涡动 whirl固体力学弹性力学 elasticity弹性理论 theory of elasticity均匀应力状态 homogeneous state of stress应力不变量 stress invariant应变不变量 strain invariant应变椭球 strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态 homogeneous state of strain应变协调方程 equation of strain compatibility拉梅常量 Lame constants各向同性弹性 isotropic elasticity旋转圆盘 rotating circular disk楔 wedge开尔文问题 Kelvin problem布西内斯克问题 Boussinesq problem艾里应力函数 Airy stress function克罗索夫--穆斯赫利什维利法 Kolosoff-Muskhelishvili method 基尔霍夫假设 Kirchhoff hypothesis板 Plate矩形板 Rectangular plate圆板 Circular plate环板 Annular plate波纹板 Corrugated plate加劲板 Stiffened plate,reinforced Plate 中厚板 Plate of moderate thickness弯[曲]应力函数 Stress function of bending 壳 Shell扁壳 Shallow shell旋转壳 Revolutionary shell球壳 Spherical shell[圆]柱壳 Cylindrical shell锥壳 Conical shell环壳 Toroidal shell封闭壳 Closed shell波纹壳 Corrugated shell扭[转]应力函数 Stress function of torsion 翘曲函数 Warping function半逆解法 semi-inverse method瑞利--里茨法 Rayleigh-Ritz method松弛法 Relaxation method莱维法 Levy method松弛 Relaxation量纲分析 Dimensional analysis自相似[性] self-similarity影响面 Influence surface接触应力 Contact stress赫兹理论 Hertz theory协调接触 Conforming contact滑动接触 Sliding contact滚动接触 Rolling contact压入 Indentation各向异性弹性 Anisotropic elasticity颗粒材料 Granular material散体力学 Mechanics of granular media热弹性 Thermoelasticity超弹性 Hyperelasticity粘弹性 Viscoelasticity对应原理 Correspondence principle褶皱 Wrinkle塑性全量理论 Total theory of plasticity 滑动 Sliding微滑 Microslip粗糙度 Roughness非线性弹性 Nonlinear elasticity大挠度 Large deflection突弹跳变 snap-through有限变形 Finite deformation格林应变 Green strain阿尔曼西应变 Almansi strain弹性动力学 Dynamic elasticity运动方程 Equation of motion准静态的 Quasi-static气动弹性 Aeroelasticity水弹性 Hydroelasticity颤振 Flutter弹性波 Elastic wave简单波 Simple wave柱面波 Cylindrical wave水平剪切波 Horizontal shear wave竖直剪切波 Vertical shear wave体波 body wave无旋波 Irrotational wave畸变波 Distortion wave膨胀波 Dilatation wave瑞利波 Rayleigh wave等容波 Equivoluminal wave勒夫波 Love wave界面波 Interfacial wave边缘效应 edge effect塑性力学 Plasticity可成形性 Formability金属成形 Metal forming耐撞性 Crashworthiness结构抗撞毁性 Structural crashworthiness 拉拔 Drawing破坏机构 Collapse mechanism回弹 Springback挤压 Extrusion冲压 Stamping穿透 Perforation层裂 Spalling塑性理论 Theory of plasticity安定[性]理论 Shake-down theory运动安定定理 kinematic shake-down theorem 静力安定定理 Static shake-down theorem率相关理论 rate dependent theorem载荷因子 load factor加载准则 Loading criterion加载函数 Loading function加载面 Loading surface塑性加载 Plastic loading塑性加载波 Plastic loading wave简单加载 Simple loading比例加载 Proportional loading卸载 Unloading卸载波 Unloading wave冲击载荷 Impulsive load阶跃载荷 step load脉冲载荷 pulse load极限载荷 limit load中性变载 nentral loading拉抻失稳 instability in tension加速度波 acceleration wave本构方程 constitutive equation完全解 complete solution名义应力 nominal stress过应力 over-stress真应力 true stress等效应力 equivalent stress流动应力 flow stress应力间断 stress discontinuity应力空间 stress space主应力空间 principal stress space静水应力状态 hydrostatic state of stress对数应变 logarithmic strain工程应变 engineering strain等效应变 equivalent strain应变局部化 strain localization应变率 strain rate应变率敏感性 strain rate sensitivity应变空间 strain space有限应变 finite strain塑性应变增量 plastic strain increment累积塑性应变 accumulated plastic strain永久变形 permanent deformation内变量 internal variable应变软化 strain-softening理想刚塑性材料 rigid-perfectly plastic Material 刚塑性材料 rigid-plastic material理想塑性材料 perfectl plastic material材料稳定性 stability of material应变偏张量 deviatoric tensor of strain应力偏张量 deviatori tensor of stress应变球张量 spherical tensor of strain应力球张量 spherical tensor of stress路径相关性 path-dependency线性强化 linear strain-hardening应变强化 strain-hardening随动强化 kinematic hardening各向同性强化 isotropic hardening强化模量 strain-hardening modulus幂强化 power hardening塑性极限弯矩 plastic limit bending Moment塑性极限扭矩 plastic limit torque弹塑性弯曲 elastic-plastic bending弹塑性交界面 elastic-plastic interface弹塑性扭转 elastic-plastic torsion粘塑性 Viscoplasticity非弹性 Inelasticity理想弹塑性材料 elastic-perfectly plastic Material 极限分析 limit analysis极限设计 limit design极限面 limit surface上限定理 upper bound theorem上屈服点 upper yield point下限定理 lower bound theorem下屈服点 lower yield point界限定理 bound theorem初始屈服面 initial yield surface后继屈服面 subsequent yield surface屈服面[的]外凸性 convexity of yield surface截面形状因子 shape factor of cross-section沙堆比拟 sand heap analogy屈服 Yield屈服条件 yield condition屈服准则 yield criterion屈服函数 yield function屈服面 yield surface塑性势 plastic potential能量吸收装置 energy absorbing device能量耗散率 energy absorbing device塑性动力学 dynamic plasticity塑性动力屈曲 dynamic plastic buckling塑性动力响应 dynamic plastic response塑性波 plastic wave运动容许场 kinematically admissible Field静力容许场 statically admissible Field流动法则 flow rule速度间断 velocity discontinuity滑移线 slip-lines滑移线场 slip-lines field移行塑性铰 travelling plastic hinge塑性增量理论 incremental theory of Plasticity米泽斯屈服准则 Mises yield criterion普朗特--罗伊斯关系 prandtl- Reuss relation特雷斯卡屈服准则 Tresca yield criterion洛德应力参数 Lode stress parameter莱维--米泽斯关系 Levy-Mises relation亨基应力方程 Hencky stress equation赫艾--韦斯特加德应力空间 Haigh-Westergaard stress space 洛德应变参数 Lode strain parameter德鲁克公设 Drucker postulate盖林格速度方程 Geiringer velocity Equation结构力学 structural mechanics结构分析 structural analysis结构动力学 structural dynamics拱 Arch三铰拱 three-hinged arch抛物线拱 parabolic arch圆拱 circular arch穹顶 Dome空间结构 space structure空间桁架 space truss雪载[荷] snow load风载[荷] wind load土压力 earth pressure地震载荷 earthquake loading弹簧支座 spring support支座位移 support displacement支座沉降 support settlement超静定次数 degree of indeterminacy机动分析 kinematic analysis结点法 method of joints截面法 method of sections结点力 joint forces共轭位移 conjugate displacement影响线 influence line三弯矩方程 three-moment equation单位虚力 unit virtual force刚度系数 stiffness coefficient柔度系数 flexibility coefficient力矩分配 moment distribution力矩分配法 moment distribution method 力矩再分配 moment redistribution分配系数 distribution factor矩阵位移法 matri displacement method单元刚度矩阵 element stiffness matrix单元应变矩阵 element strain matrix总体坐标 global coordinates贝蒂定理 Betti theorem高斯--若尔当消去法 Gauss-Jordan elimination Method 屈曲模态 buckling mode复合材料力学 mechanics of composites复合材料 composite material纤维复合材料 fibrous composite单向复合材料 unidirectional composite泡沫复合材料 foamed composite颗粒复合材料 particulate composite层板 Laminate夹层板 sandwich panel正交层板 cross-ply laminate斜交层板 angle-ply laminate层片 Ply多胞固体 cellular solid膨胀 Expansion压实 Debulk劣化 Degradation脱层 Delamination脱粘 Debond纤维应力 fiber stress层应力 ply stress层应变 ply strain层间应力 interlaminar stress比强度 specific strength强度折减系数 strength reduction factor强度应力比 strength -stress ratio横向剪切模量 transverse shear modulus横观各向同性 transverse isotropy正交各向异 Orthotropy剪滞分析 shear lag analysis短纤维 chopped fiber长纤维 continuous fiber纤维方向 fiber direction纤维断裂 fiber break纤维拔脱 fiber pull-out纤维增强 fiber reinforcement致密化 Densification最小重量设计 optimum weight design网格分析法 netting analysis混合律 rule of mixture失效准则 failure criterion蔡--吴失效准则 Tsai-W u failure criterion达格代尔模型 Dugdale model断裂力学 fracture mechanics概率断裂力学 probabilistic fracture Mechanics格里菲思理论 Griffith theory线弹性断裂力学 linear elastic fracture mechanics, LEFM 弹塑性断裂力学 elastic-plastic fracture mecha-nics, EPFM 断裂 Fracture脆性断裂 brittle fracture解理断裂 cleavage fracture蠕变断裂 creep fracture延性断裂 ductile fracture晶间断裂 inter-granular fracture准解理断裂 quasi-cleavage fracture穿晶断裂 trans-granular fracture裂纹 Crack裂缝 Flaw缺陷 Defect割缝 Slit微裂纹 Microcrack折裂 Kink椭圆裂纹 elliptical crack深埋裂纹 embedded crack[钱]币状裂纹 penny-shape crack预制裂纹 Precrack短裂纹 short crack表面裂纹 surface crack裂纹钝化 crack blunting裂纹分叉 crack branching裂纹闭合 crack closure裂纹前缘 crack front裂纹嘴 crack mouth裂纹张开角 crack opening angle,COA裂纹张开位移 crack opening displacement, COD裂纹阻力 crack resistance裂纹面 crack surface裂纹尖端 crack tip裂尖张角 crack tip opening angle, CTOA裂尖张开位移 crack tip opening displacement, CTOD裂尖奇异场 crack tip singularity Field 裂纹扩展速率 crack growth rate稳定裂纹扩展 stable crack growth定常裂纹扩展 steady crack growth亚临界裂纹扩展 subcritical crack growth 裂纹[扩展]减速 crack retardation止裂 crack arrest止裂韧度 arrest toughness断裂类型 fracture mode滑开型 sliding mode张开型 opening mode撕开型 tearing mode复合型 mixed mode撕裂 Tearing撕裂模量 tearing modulus断裂准则 fracture criterionJ积分 J-integralJ阻力曲线 J-resistance curve断裂韧度 fracture toughness应力强度因子 stress intensity factor HRR场 Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren Field 守恒积分 conservation integral有效应力张量 effective stress tensor应变能密度 strain energy density能量释放率 energy release rate内聚区 cohesive zone塑性区 plastic zone张拉区 stretched zone热影响区 heat affected zone, HAZ延脆转变温度 brittle-ductile transition temperature剪切带 shear band剪切唇 shear lip无损检测 non-destructive inspection双边缺口试件 double edge notched specimen, DEN specimen单边缺口试件 single edge notched specimen, SEN specimen三点弯曲试件 three point bending specimen, TPB specimen中心裂纹拉伸试件 center cracked tension specimen, CCT specimen 中心裂纹板试件 center cracked panel specimen, CCP specimen紧凑拉伸试件 compact tension specimen, CT specimen大范围屈服 large scale yielding小范围攻屈服 small scale yielding韦布尔分布 Weibull distribution帕里斯公式 paris formula空穴化 Cavitation应力腐蚀 stress corrosion概率风险判定 probabilistic risk assessment, PRA损伤力学 damage mechanics损伤 Damage连续介质损伤力学 continuum damage mechanics细观损伤力学 microscopic damage mechanics累积损伤 accumulated damage脆性损伤 brittle damage延性损伤 ductile damage宏观损伤 macroscopic damage细观损伤 microscopic damage微观损伤 microscopic damage损伤准则 damage criterion损伤演化方程 damage evolution equation 损伤软化 damage softening损伤强化 damage strengthening损伤张量 damage tensor损伤阈值 damage threshold损伤变量 damage variable损伤矢量 damage vector损伤区 damage zone疲劳 Fatigue低周疲劳 low cycle fatigue应力疲劳 stress fatigue随机疲劳 random fatigue蠕变疲劳 creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳 corrosion fatigue疲劳损伤 fatigue damage疲劳失效 fatigue failure疲劳断裂 fatigue fracture疲劳裂纹 fatigue crack疲劳寿命 fatigue life疲劳破坏 fatigue rupture疲劳强度 fatigue strength疲劳辉纹 fatigue striations疲劳阈值 fatigue threshold交变载荷 alternating load交变应力 alternating stress应力幅值 stress amplitude应变疲劳 strain fatigue应力循环 stress cycle应力比 stress ratio安全寿命 safe life过载效应 overloading effect循环硬化 cyclic hardening循环软化 cyclic softening环境效应 environmental effect裂纹片 crack gage裂纹扩展 crack growth, crack Propagation 裂纹萌生 crack initiation循环比 cycle ratio实验应力分析 experimental stress Analysis 工作[应变]片 active[strain] gage基底材料 backing material应力计 stress gage零[点]飘移 zero shift, zero drift应变测量 strain measurement应变计 strain gage应变指示器 strain indicator应变花 strain rosette应变灵敏度 strain sensitivity机械式应变仪 mechanical strain gage直角应变花 rectangular rosette引伸仪 Extensometer应变遥测 telemetering of strain横向灵敏系数 transverse gage factor横向灵敏度 transverse sensitivity焊接式应变计 weldable strain gage平衡电桥 balanced bridge粘贴式应变计 bonded strain gage粘贴箔式应变计 bonded foiled gage粘贴丝式应变计 bonded wire gage桥路平衡 bridge balancing电容应变计 capacitance strain gage补偿片 compensation technique补偿技术 compensation technique基准电桥 reference bridge电阻应变计 resistance strain gage温度自补偿应变计 self-temperature compensating gage 半导体应变计 semiconductor strain Gage集流器 slip ring应变放大镜 strain amplifier疲劳寿命计 fatigue life gage电感应变计 inductance [strain] gage光[测]力学 Photomechanics光弹性 Photoelasticity光塑性 Photoplasticity杨氏条纹 Young fringe双折射效应 birefrigent effect等位移线 contour of equal Displacement暗条纹 dark fringe条纹倍增 fringe multiplication干涉条纹 interference fringe等差线 Isochromatic等倾线 Isoclinic等和线 isopachic应力光学定律 stress- optic law主应力迹线 Isostatic亮条纹 light fringe光程差 optical path difference热光弹性 photo-thermo -elasticity光弹性贴片法 photoelastic coating Method光弹性夹片法 photoelastic sandwich Method动态光弹性 dynamic photo-elasticity空间滤波 spatial filtering空间频率 spatial frequency起偏镜 Polarizer反射式光弹性仪 reflection polariscope残余双折射效应 residual birefringent Effect应变条纹值 strain fringe value应变光学灵敏度 strain-optic sensitivity应力冻结效应 stress freezing effect应力条纹值 stress fringe value应力光图 stress-optic pattern暂时双折射效应 temporary birefringent Effect脉冲全息法 pulsed holography透射式光弹性仪 transmission polariscope实时全息干涉法 real-time holographic interferometry 网格法 grid method全息光弹性法 holo-photoelasticity全息图 Hologram全息照相 Holograph全息干涉法 holographic interferometry全息云纹法 holographic moire technique全息术 Holography全场分析法 whole-field analysis散斑干涉法 speckle interferometry散斑 Speckle错位散斑干涉法 speckle-shearing interferometry, shearography 散斑图 Specklegram白光散斑法 white-light speckle method云纹干涉法 moire interferometry[叠栅]云纹 moire fringe[叠栅]云纹法 moire method云纹图 moire pattern离面云纹法 off-plane moire method参考栅 reference grating试件栅 specimen grating分析栅 analyzer grating面内云纹法 in-plane moire method脆性涂层法 brittle-coating method条带法 strip coating method坐标变换 transformation of Coordinates计算结构力学 computational structural mechanics加权残量法 weighted residual method有限差分法 finite difference method有限[单]元法 finite element method配点法 point collocation里茨法 Ritz method广义变分原理 generalized variational Principle最小二乘法 least square method胡[海昌]一鹫津原理 Hu-Washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理 Hellinger-Reissner Principle 修正变分原理 modified variational Principle约束变分原理 constrained variational Principle 混合法 mixed method杂交法 hybrid method边界解法 boundary solution method有限条法 finite strip method半解析法 semi-analytical method协调元 conforming element非协调元 non-conforming element混合元 mixed element杂交元 hybrid element边界元 boundary element强迫边界条件 forced boundary condition自然边界条件 natural boundary condition离散化 Discretization离散系统 discrete system连续问题 continuous problem广义位移 generalized displacement广义载荷 generalized load广义应变 generalized strain广义应力 generalized stress界面变量 interface variable节点 node, nodal point[单]元 Element角节点 corner node边节点 mid-side node内节点 internal node无节点变量 nodeless variable杆元 bar element桁架杆元 truss element梁元 beam element二维元 two-dimensional element一维元 one-dimensional element三维元 three-dimensional element轴对称元 axisymmetric element板元 plate element壳元 shell element厚板元 thick plate element三角形元 triangular element四边形元 quadrilateral element四面体元 tetrahedral element曲线元 curved element二次元 quadratic element线性元 linear element三次元 cubic element四次元 quartic element等参[数]元 isoparametric element超参数元 super-parametric element亚参数元 sub-parametric element节点数可变元 variable-number-node element 拉格朗日元 Lagrange element拉格朗日族 Lagrange family巧凑边点元 serendipity element巧凑边点族 serendipity family无限元 infinite element单元分析 element analysis单元特性 element characteristics刚度矩阵 stiffness matrix几何矩阵 geometric matrix等效节点力 equivalent nodal force节点位移 nodal displacement节点载荷 nodal load位移矢量 displacement vector载荷矢量 load vector质量矩阵 mass matrix集总质量矩阵 lumped mass matrix相容质量矩阵 consistent mass matrix阻尼矩阵 damping matrix瑞利阻尼 Rayleigh damping刚度矩阵的组集 assembly of stiffness Matrices 载荷矢量的组集 consistent mass matrix质量矩阵的组集 assembly of mass matrices单元的组集 assembly of elements局部坐标系 local coordinate system局部坐标 local coordinate面积坐标 area coordinates体积坐标 volume coordinates曲线坐标 curvilinear coordinates静凝聚 static condensation合同变换 contragradient transformation形状函数 shape function试探函数 trial function检验函数 test function权函数 weight function样条函数 spline function代用函数 substitute function降阶积分 reduced integration零能模式 zero-energy modeP收敛 p-convergenceH收敛 h-convergence掺混插值 blended interpolation等参数映射 isoparametric mapping双线性插值 bilinear interpolation小块检验 patch test非协调模式 incompatible mode节点号 node number单元号 element number带宽 band width带状矩阵 banded matrix变带状矩阵 profile matrix带宽最小化 minimization of band width 波前法 frontal method子空间迭代法 subspace iteration method 行列式搜索法 determinant search method 逐步法 step-by-step method纽马克法 Newmark威尔逊法 Wilson拟牛顿法 quasi-Newton method牛顿-拉弗森法 Newton-Raphson method增量法 incremental method初应变 initial strain初应力 initial stress切线刚度矩阵 tangent stiffness matrix割线刚度矩阵 secant stiffness matrix模态叠加法 mode superposition method平衡迭代 equilibrium iteration子结构 Substructure子结构法 substructure technique超单元 super-element网格生成 mesh generation结构分析程序 structural analysis program前处理 pre-processing后处理 post-processing网格细化 mesh refinement应力光顺 stress smoothing组合结构 composite structure流体力学流体动力学 fluid dynamics连续介质力学 mechanics of continuous media 介质 medium流体质点 fluid particle无粘性流体 nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid 连续介质假设 continuous medium hypothesis 流体运动学 fluid kinematics水静力学 hydrostatics液体静力学 hydrostatics支配方程 governing equation伯努利方程 Bernoulli equation伯努利定理 Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律 Biot-Savart law欧拉方程 Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理 Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理 Kelvin theorem涡片 vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件 Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解 Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖 d'Alembert paradox雷诺数 Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数 Strouhal number随体导数 material derivative不可压缩流体 incompressible fluid质量守恒 conservation of mass动量守恒 conservation of momentum能量守恒 conservation of energy动量方程 momentum equation能量方程 energy equation控制体积 control volume液体静压 hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能 enstrophy压差 differential pressure流[动] flow流线 stream line流面 stream surface流管 stream tube迹线 path, path line流场 flow field流态 flow regime流动参量 flow parameter流量 flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋 vortex涡量 vorticity涡丝 vortex filament涡线 vortex line涡面 vortex surface涡层 vortex layer涡环 vortex ring涡对 vortex pair涡管 vortex tube涡街 vortex street卡门涡街 Karman vortex street 马蹄涡 horseshoe vortex对流涡胞 convective cell卷筒涡胞 roll cell涡 eddy涡粘性 eddy viscosity环流 circulation环量 circulation速度环量 velocity circulation 偶极子 doublet, dipole驻点 stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头 total head静压头 static head总焓 total enthalpy能量输运 energy transport速度剖面 velocity profile库埃特流 Couette flow单相流 single phase flow单组份流 single-component flow均匀流 uniform. flow非均匀流 nonuniform. flow二维流 two-dimensional flow三维流 three-dimensional flow准定常流 quasi-steady flow非定常流 unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流 transient flow周期流 periodic flow振荡流 oscillatory flow分层流 stratified flow无旋流 irrotational flow有旋流 rotational flow轴对称流 axisymmetric flow不可压缩性 incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体 floating body定倾中心 metacenter阻力 drag, resistance减阻 drag reduction表面力 surface force表面张力 surface tension毛细[管]作用 capillarity来流 incoming flow自由流 free stream自由流线 free stream line外流 external flow进口 entrance, inlet出口 exit, outlet扰动 disturbance, perturbation分布 distribution传播 propagation色散 dispersion弥散 dispersion附加质量 added mass ,associated mass 收缩 contraction镜象法 image method无量纲参数 dimensionless parameter 几何相似 geometric similarity运动相似 kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流 plane flow势 potential势流 potential flow速度势 velocity potential复势 complex potential复速度 complex velocity流函数 stream function源 source汇 sink速度[水]头 velocity head拐角流 corner flow空泡流 cavity flow超空泡 supercavity超空泡流 supercavity flow空气动力学 aerodynamics低速空气动力学 low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学 high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学 aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流 conical flow楔流 wedge flow叶栅流 cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体 slender body细长度 slenderness钝头体 bluff body钝体 blunt body翼型 airfoil翼弦 chord薄翼理论 thin-airfoil theory构型 configuration后缘 trailing edge迎角 angle of attack失速 stall脱体激波 detached shock wave波阻 wave drag诱导阻力 induced drag诱导速度 induced velocity临界雷诺数 critical Reynolds number前缘涡 leading edge vortex附着涡 bound vortex约束涡 confined vortex综合类：广义连续统力学 generalized continuum mechanics简单物质 simple material纯力学物质 purely mechanical material微分型物质 material of differential type积分型物质 material of integral type混合物组份 constituents of a mixture非协调理论 incompatibility theory微极理论 micropolar theory决定性原理 principle of determinism等存在原理 principle of equipresence局部作用原理 principle of objectivity客观性原理 principle of objectivity电磁连续统理论 theory of electromagnetic continuum 内时理论 endochronic theory非局部理论 nonlocal theory混合物理论 theory of mixtures里夫林-矣里克森张量 Rivlin-Ericksen tensor声张量 acoustic tensor半向同性张量 hemitropic tensor各向同性张量 isotropic tensor应变张量 strain tensor伸缩张量 stretch tensor连续旋错 continuous dislination连续位错 continuous dislocation动量矩平衡 angular momentum balance余本构关系 complementary constitutive relations共旋导数 co-rotational derivative, Jaumann derivative 非完整分量 anholonomic component爬升效应 climbing effect协调条件 compatibility condition错综度 complexity当时构形 current configuration能量平衡 energy balance变形梯度 deformation gradient有限弹性 finite elasticity熵增 entropy production标架无差异性 frame. indifference弹性势 elastic potential熵不等式 entropy inequality极分解 polar decomposition低弹性 hypoelasticity参考构形 reference configuration响应泛函 response functional动量平衡 momentum balance奇异面 singular surface贮能函数 stored-energy function内部约束 internal constraint物理分量 physical components本原元 primitive element普适变形 universal deformation速度梯度 velocity gradient测粘流动 viscometric flow当地导数 local derivative岩石力学 rock mechanics原始岩体应力 virgin rock stress构造应力 tectonic stress三轴压缩试验 three-axial compression test 三轴拉伸试验 three-axial tensile test三轴试验 triaxial test岩层静态应力 lithostatic stress吕荣 lugeon地压强 geostatic pressure水力劈裂 hydraulic fracture咬合[作用] interlocking内禀抗剪强度 intrinsic shear strength循环抗剪强度 cyclic shear strength残余抗剪强度 residual shear strength土力学 soil mechanics孔隙比 void ratio内磨擦角 angle of internal friction休止角 angle of repose孔隙率 porosity围压 ambient pressure渗透系数 coefficient of permeability [抗]剪切角 angle of shear resistance渗流力 seepage force表观粘聚力 apparent cohesion粘聚力 cohesion稠度 consistency固结 consolidation主固结 primary consolidation次固结 secondary consolidation固结仪 consolidometer浮升力 uplift扩容 dilatancy有效应力 effective stress絮凝[作用] flocculation主动土压力 active earth pressure 被动土压力 passive earth pressure 土动力学 soil dynamics应力解除 stress relief次时间效应 secondary time effect 贯入阻力 penetration resistance 沙土液化 liquefaction of sand泥流 mud flow多相流 multiphase flow马格努斯效应 Magnus effect韦伯数 Weber number环状流 annular flow泡状流 bubble flow层状流 stratified flow平衡流 equilibrium flow二组份流 two-component flow冻结流 frozen flow均质流 homogeneous flow二相流 two-phase flow。

【材料力学部分内容双语教学的探讨】材料力学公式大全pdf人类社会呈现全球化、信息化和国际化的发展趋势，英语已经成为当今高素质人才的必备条件。

在这种形势下，双语教学应运而生了，它不仅是培养新型世纪人才的需要，也是提高英语教学听说水平、更好地适应未来社会的需要，更是现代大学教育理念的要求。

材料力学是高等学校大部分工科学生必修的专业基础课，在培养学生对工程问题的分析和解决能力方面有其特有的优势。

但是，目前其双语教学的研究和实践还只是处在探索阶段。

在一门很重要的基础课材料力学中实行双语教学，是培养学生能力、提高学生素质、拓展学生视野的重要措施，是我国高校教育与国际接轨、迎接全球化挑战和教育改革发展的必然趋势。

[1-3]一、双语教学的必要性与可行性对材料力学的部分内容进行双语教学，可使学生在力学的学习过程，有一个更为丰富和国际化的语言层面，可扩大力学和外语学习实践的时空。

它不仅可培养学生的外语思维能力，拓宽外语的学习环境，解决公共外语学习与专业应用之间的脱节，更重要地是可拓展学生的专业知识和分析问题的能力。

因为，一些原版英语教材不同于国内多年来使用的教材，学生可从中学到不同以往的分析和解决问题的方式方法。

双语教学为学生提供了真实的语言环境，通过双语学习，能同时提高学生的专业水平和英语水平，提高他们的学习兴趣和学习积极性。

如果课堂上的板书或PPT是英语，学生的思想就不敢走神，注意力非常集中，课堂的教学气氛会很好。

当然，材料力学部分内容的双语教学也可改进教师的教学思想和方法。

经过多年的外语学习，大部分学生的现有英语水平已经比较高，能熟练地阅读和理解外文资料，所欠缺的只是专业方面的知识。

如果通过在双语环境中的学习，对原版教材进行消化吸收，加之大部分的中文讲授，学生一般都能理解材料力学的基本知识和解决问题的基本方法。

而且，授课教师一般都是高学历水准，英文水平较高，加上准备充分的英文PPT课件和板书，在材料力学课堂实行双语教学是完全可行的。