2017年4月笔译实务冲刺班汉英第一课课件
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全国翻译专业资格(水平)考试口译、笔译冲刺班各位读友大家好,此文档由网络收集而来,欢迎您下载,谢谢新达雅翻译专修学校是中国外文局旗下专业的翻译教育机构,直属于中国外文局教育培训中心,是经市教委批准成立的社会力量办学事业单位,专门从事多语种口笔译培训。
2003年,国家人力资源和社会保障部推出全国翻译专业资格(水平)考试(CATTI),委托中国外文局组织实施;同年外文局教育培训中心组织开展CATTI考前培训,并由新达雅翻译专修学校具体承办系列培训班,是CATTI考试推出以来唯一不间断专门从事考前培训的专业机构,目前已经成功开办45期,为社会培养出大批的翻译相关人才。
D3:CATTI通关技能概览(综合提高应试技能,在夯实翻译能力的基础上合理运用考试技能)凡报名交费46期口笔译冲刺班的即可立即享受网上免费学习(时间为17年8月8日-18年4月30日)董建群:联合国同声传译译员,中国外文局教育培训中心全国高端应用型翻译人才培养专家委员会委员,英国《BMI》特约编审。
曾担任联合国同声传译工作多年,为国际会议做同传近千场,多次为外国元首、党领导、联合国高层官员及世界知名科学家担任翻译或大会口译,具有丰富的东文化经历和会议口译实战经验;从2004年起一直在外文局教育培训中心从事CATTI培训和教学工作,具有丰富的教学经验,培养出大量的翻译人才。
王冰:外国语大学高级翻译学院翻译硕士,CATTI英语一级口译,中国外文局教育培训中心特聘CATTI教师,长期从事CATTI口、笔译教学、实践与研究,对CATTI考试具有深入的研究与分析。
除翻译教学外,王冰老师还活跃于一线多万多字,长期为联合国,欧盟,国家部委,跨国公司,驻华国际组织,使提供笔译、同传和交传的翻译服务。
80年代初留美,专职从事汉英翻译工作40多年,汉英定稿工作30多年。
原《周报》、《今日中国》副总编辑,全国翻译资格(水平)考试专家委员会委员,全国翻译系列高级职称评定委员会委员。
201705CATTI笔译实务冲刺班第一课:真题讲解Norman Joseph Woodland was born in Atlantic City on Sept. 6, 1921. As a Boy Scout he learned Morse code, the spark that would ignite his invention.After spending World War II on the Manhattan Project , Mr. Woodland resumed his studies at the Drexel Institute of Technology in Philadelphia (it is now Drexel University), earning a bachelor’s degree in 1947.As an undergraduate, Mr. Woodland perfected a system for delivering elevator music efficiently. He planned to pursue the project commercially, but his father, who had come of age in “Boardwalk Empire”-era Atlantic City, forbade it: elevator music, he said, was controlled by the mob, and no son of his was going to come within spitting distance.The younger Mr. Woodland returned to Drexel for a master’s degree. In 1948, a local supermarket executive visited the campus, where he implored a dean to develop an efficient means of encoding product data. The dean demurred, but Mr. Silver, a fellow graduate student who overheard their conversation, was intrigued. He conscripted Mr. Woodland.An early idea of theirs, which involved printing product information in fluorescent ink and reading it with ultraviolet light, proved unworkable.But Mr. Woodland, convinced that a solution was close at hand, quit graduate school to devote himself to the problem. He holed up at his grandparents’ home in Miami Beach, where he spent the winter of 1948-49 in a chair in the sand, thinking.To represent information visually, he realized, he would need a code. The only code he knew was the one he had learned in the Boy Scouts.What would happen, Mr. Woodland wondered one day, if Morse code, with its elegant simplicity and limitless combinatorial potential, were adapted graphically? He began trailing his fingers idly through the sand.“What I’m going to tell you sounds like a fairy tale,” Mr. Woodland told Smithsonian magazine in 1999. “I poked my four fingers into the sand and for whatever reason —I didn’t know — I pulled my hand toward me and drew four lines. Now I have four lines, and they could be wide lines and narrow lines instead of dots and dashes.’ ”Today, bar codes appears on the surface of almost every product of contemporary life. All because a bright young man, his mind ablaze with dots and dashes, one day raked his fingers through the sand.模拟练习-1Roger Wilkins, who championed civil rights for black Americans for five decades as an official in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, a foundation executive, a journalist, an author and a university professor, died on Sunday in Kensington, Maryland. He was 85.A black lawyer in the corridors of power, Mr. Wilkins was an assistant United States attorney general, ran domestic programs for the Ford Foundation, wrote editorials for The Washington Post and The New York Times, taught history at George Mason University for nearly 20 years and was close to leading lights of literature, music, politics, journalism and civil rights.Beyond attending a segregated elementary school as a boy and being arrested once in a protest against apartheid, Mr. Wilkins had little personal experience with discrimination. He waged war against racism from above the barricades with political influence, jawboning, court injunctions, philanthropic grants, legislative proposals,and commentaries on radio and television and in newspapers, magazines and books.A lean, intense, soft-spoken intellectual, he grew up in a genteel middle-class family. The customs, attit udes and social currencies of everyday black life “evolved away from me,” he said in a memoir.真题讲解-2Scientists analyzing data from a NASA spacecraft have found the first evidence that briny water flowed on the surface of Mars as recently as last summer, a paper published on Monday showed, raising the possibility that the planet could support life.Although the source and the chemistry of the water is unknown, the discovery will change scientists' thinking about whether the planet that is most like Earth in the solar system could support present day microbial life."It suggests that it would be possible for life to be on Mars today," John Grunsfeld, NASA's associate administration for science, told reporters."Mars is not the dry, arid planet that we thought of in the past. Under certain circumstances, liquid water has been found on Mars," said Jim Green, the agency's director of planetary science.The discovery was made when scientists developed a new technique to analyze chemical maps of the surface of Mars obtained by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft.They found telltale fingerprints of salts that form only in the presence of water in narrow channels cut into cliff walls throughout the planet's equatorial region.The slopes, first reported in 2011, appear during the warm summer months on Mars, then vanish when the temperatures drop. Scientists suspected the streaks, known as recurring slope lineae, or RSL, were cut by flowing water, but previously had been unable to make the measurements."I thought there was no hope," Lujendra Ojha, a graduate student at Georgia Institute of Technology and lead author of a paper in this week's issue of the journal Nature Geoscience, told Reuters.Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter makes its measurements during the hottest part of the Martian day, so scientists believed any traces of water, or fingerprints from hydrated minerals, would have evaporated.Also, the chemical-sensing instrument on the orbiting spacecraft cannot home in on details as small as the narrow streaks, which typically are less than 16 feet (5 meters) wide.But Ojha and colleagues created a computer program that could scrutinize individual pixels. That data was then correlated with high-resolution images of the streaks. Scientists concentrated on the widest streaks and came up with a 100 percent match between their locations and detections of hydrated salts.模拟练习-2Robot arms weld a vehicle at the General Motors plant in Lansing, Michigan. Automakers are the biggest users of industrial robots, which have decreased employment and wages in local economies.Who is winning the race for jobs between robots and humans? Last year, two leading economists described a future in which humans come out ahead. But now they’ve declared a different winner: the robots.The industry most affected by automation is manufacturing. For every robot per thousand workers, up to six workers lost their jobs and wages fell by as much as three-fourths of a percent, according to a new paper by the economists, Daron Acemoglu of M.I.T. and Pascual Restrepo of Boston University. It appears to be the first study to quantify large, direct, negative effects of robots.The paper is all the more significant because the researchers, whose work is highlyregarded in their field, had been more sanguine about the effect of technology on jobs. In a paper last year, they said it was likely that increased automation would create new, better jobs, so employment and wages would eventually return to their previous levels.Just as cranes replaced dockworkers but created related jobs for engineers and financiers, the theory goes, new technology has created new jobs for software developers and data analysts.。
英汉翻译基础培训我向来总以为翻译比创作容易因为至少是无须构想。
但到真的一译就会遇到难关譬如一个名词或动词写不出创作时候可以回避翻译却不成也还得想一直弄到头昏眼花好像在脑子里摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙却没有。
——鲁迅一.翻译的定义。
二.翻译的标准。
三.直译PK意译。
四.理解原文过程中的误区。
五.英汉语言差异及相应翻译策略翻译的定义翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来。
——张培基1980翻译是将一种文字之真义全部移至另一种文字而绝不失其风格和神韵。
——吴献书1949翻译是在译入语中再现与原语的信息最切近的自然对等物首先就是意义而言其次是就文体而言。
——奈达1974翻译的标准在我国近现代最有影响但至今仍有争议的是严复的信达雅理论。
“信达雅”对翻译中的主要问题都涉及到了且提法鲜明简洁近百年来补我国译界奉为佳臬。
令人遗憾的是此标准失之笼统可操作性较差以致后人不得不做许多具体的不同解读。
在国外最有代表性的是美国翻译理论家尤金·奈达Eugene Nida 的功能对等理论Dynamic Equivalence。
功能对等理论以意义和风格对等为基础强调译入语读者对译文的反应与原文读者对原文的反应基本一致。
读者客观反应作为衡量译品好坏的标准。
中外翻译界关于翻译标准的讨论从未停止过。
其中最为著名的有林语堂的“忠实通顺美”鲁迅的“宁信而不顺”瞿秋白的“信顺统一”傅雷的“神似”等等。
我们的基本要求是“信达”即“准确通顺自然”准确原文信息文体风格通顺符合汉语语法规则自然符合说话习惯可读性强增彩不增意一是在“善解原意”的基础上对原谅结构进行重新组合使译文的表达符合汉语的规范使读者读起来顺口听起来顺耳看起来顺耳力求避免“欧式汉语”。
二是在不增加原文意思的前提下应尽力进行一些文字润饰使其增添文采原文粗劣者除外。
PK意译直译literary translation就是在转达原谅意思时使原谅的表达形式与和句法结构尽量同原文一致能完全对等的就完全对等不能完全对等的也要大致对等。
【外语课件】笔译(电子教案)一、课程介绍1. 课程目标:培养学生掌握笔译的基本理论和技巧,提高学生的笔译能力。
2. 课程内容:本章将介绍笔译的基本概念、分类、过程和方法。
3. 教学方法:采用讲授法、案例分析法和小组讨论法。
4. 教学时长:2课时。
二、笔译的基本概念1. 笔译的定义:笔译是指将一种语言的文字材料翻译成另一种语言的文字材料。
2. 笔译的分类:文学翻译、商务翻译、科技翻译等。
3. 笔译的过程:理解、表达、校对应付。
4. 笔译的方法:直译、意译、编译等。
三、笔译的技巧1. 词汇翻译技巧:同义词选择、词性转换、词义引申等。
2. 句子翻译技巧:句子结构调整、长句拆分、短句合并等。
3. 语篇翻译技巧:逻辑关系表达、文化背景适应、语篇连贯性等。
4. 译文评价技巧:准确性、可读性、忠实度等。
四、笔译实践1. 练习材料:选取一段英文文章,要求学生将其翻译成中文。
2. 实践指导:引导学生关注文章的语言特点、文化背景和翻译技巧。
3. 学生互评:分组展示译文,进行互评和讨论。
4. 教师点评:总结学生翻译中的优点和不足,进行针对性的指导。
五、笔译作业布置1. 作业内容:要求学生翻译一篇英文短文。
2. 作业要求:准确表达原文意思,注意语言风格和语篇连贯性。
3. 作业提交:下周课堂提交,并进行课堂讨论。
【外语课件】笔译(电子教案)六、笔译的挑战与策略1. 挑战:笔译过程中可能遇到的困难,如语言差异、文化背景、专业术语等。
2. 策略:如何应对这些挑战,提高翻译质量。
3. 教学方法:讲授法、案例分析法、小组讨论法。
4. 教学时长:2课时。
七、计算机辅助翻译工具1. 介绍常见的计算机辅助翻译工具,如SDL Trados、memoQ等。
2. 演示如何使用这些工具进行笔译。
3. 教学方法:演示法、实践操作法。
4. 教学时长:2课时。
八、笔译案例分析1. 分析具体笔译案例,讨论其中的翻译技巧和策略。
2. 学生分组进行案例分析,汇报分析结果。
201705CATTI笔译实务冲刺班第一课:真题讲解Norman Joseph Woodland was born in Atlantic City on Sept. 6, 1921. As a Boy Scout he learned Morse code, the spark that would ignite his invention.After spending World War II on the Manhattan Project , Mr. Woodland resumed his studies at the Drexel Institute of Technology in Philadelphia (it is now Drexel University), earning a bachelor’s degree in 1947.As an undergraduate, Mr. Woodland perfected a system for delivering elevator music efficiently. He planned to pursue the project commercially, but his father, who had come of age in “Boardwalk Empire”-era Atlantic City, forbade it: elevator music, he said, was controlled by the mob, and no son of his was going to come within spitting distance.The younger Mr. Woodland returned to Drexel for a master’s degree. In 1948, a local supermarket executive visited the campus, where he implored a dean to develop an efficient means of encoding product data. The dean demurred, but Mr. Silver, a fellow graduate student who overheard their conversation, was intrigued. He conscripted Mr. Woodland.An early idea of theirs, which involved printing product information in fluorescent ink and reading it with ultraviolet light, proved unworkable.But Mr. Woodland, convinced that a solution was close at hand, quit graduate school to devote himself to the problem. He holed up at his grandparents’ home in Miami Beach, where he spent the winter of 1948-49 in a chair in the sand, thinking.To represent information visually, he realized, he would need a code. The only code he knew was the one he had learned in the Boy Scouts.What would happen, Mr. Woodland wondered one day, if Morse code, with its elegant simplicity and limitless combinatorial potential, were adapted graphically? He began trailing his fingers idly through the sand.“What I’m going to tell you sounds like a fairy tale,” Mr. Woodland told Smithsonian magazine in 1999. “I poked my four fingers into the sand and for whatever reason —I didn’t know — I pulled my hand toward me and drew four lines. Now I have four lines, and they could be wide lines and narrow lines instead of dots and dashes.’ ”Today, bar codes appears on the surface of almost every product of contemporary life. All because a bright young man, his mind ablaze with dots and dashes, one day raked his fingers through the sand.模拟练习-1Roger Wilkins, who championed civil rights for black Americans for five decades as an official in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, a foundation executive, a journalist, an author and a university professor, died on Sunday in Kensington, Maryland. He was 85.A black lawyer in the corridors of power, Mr. Wilkins was an assistant United States attorney general, ran domestic programs for the Ford Foundation, wrote editorials for The Washington Post and The New York Times, taught history at George Mason University for nearly 20 years and was close to leading lights of literature, music, politics, journalism and civil rights.Beyond attending a segregated elementary school as a boy and being arrested once in a protest against apartheid, Mr. Wilkins had little personal experience with discrimination. He waged war against racism from above the barricades with political influence, jawboning, court injunctions, philanthropic grants, legislative proposals,and commentaries on radio and television and in newspapers, magazines and books.A lean, intense, soft-spoken intellectual, he grew up in a genteel middle-class family. The customs, attit udes and social currencies of everyday black life “evolved away from me,” he said in a memoir.真题讲解-2Scientists analyzing data from a NASA spacecraft have found the first evidence that briny water flowed on the surface of Mars as recently as last summer, a paper published on Monday showed, raising the possibility that the planet could support life.Although the source and the chemistry of the water is unknown, the discovery will change scientists' thinking about whether the planet that is most like Earth in the solar system could support present day microbial life."It suggests that it would be possible for life to be on Mars today," John Grunsfeld, NASA's associate administration for science, told reporters."Mars is not the dry, arid planet that we thought of in the past. Under certain circumstances, liquid water has been found on Mars," said Jim Green, the agency's director of planetary science.The discovery was made when scientists developed a new technique to analyze chemical maps of the surface of Mars obtained by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft.They found telltale fingerprints of salts that form only in the presence of water in narrow channels cut into cliff walls throughout the planet's equatorial region.The slopes, first reported in 2011, appear during the warm summer months on Mars, then vanish when the temperatures drop. Scientists suspected the streaks, known as recurring slope lineae, or RSL, were cut by flowing water, but previously had been unable to make the measurements."I thought there was no hope," Lujendra Ojha, a graduate student at Georgia Institute of Technology and lead author of a paper in this week's issue of the journal Nature Geoscience, told Reuters.Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter makes its measurements during the hottest part of the Martian day, so scientists believed any traces of water, or fingerprints from hydrated minerals, would have evaporated.Also, the chemical-sensing instrument on the orbiting spacecraft cannot home in on details as small as the narrow streaks, which typically are less than 16 feet (5 meters) wide.But Ojha and colleagues created a computer program that could scrutinize individual pixels. That data was then correlated with high-resolution images of the streaks. Scientists concentrated on the widest streaks and came up with a 100 percent match between their locations and detections of hydrated salts.模拟练习-2Robot arms weld a vehicle at the General Motors plant in Lansing, Michigan. Automakers are the biggest users of industrial robots, which have decreased employment and wages in local economies.Who is winning the race for jobs between robots and humans? Last year, two leading economists described a future in which humans come out ahead. But now they’ve declared a different winner: the robots.The industry most affected by automation is manufacturing. For every robot per thousand workers, up to six workers lost their jobs and wages fell by as much as three-fourths of a percent, according to a new paper by the economists, Daron Acemoglu of M.I.T. and Pascual Restrepo of Boston University. It appears to be the first study to quantify large, direct, negative effects of robots.The paper is all the more significant because the researchers, whose work is highlyregarded in their field, had been more sanguine about the effect of technology on jobs. In a paper last year, they said it was likely that increased automation would create new, better jobs, so employment and wages would eventually return to their previous levels.Just as cranes replaced dockworkers but created related jobs for engineers and financiers, the theory goes, new technology has created new jobs for software developers and data analysts.。
The findings of medical research are disseminated too slowly医学科研成果传播速度过慢ON JANUARY 1st the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation did something that may help to change the practice of science. It brought into force a policy, foreshadowed two years earlier, that research it supports (it is the world’s biggest source of charitable money for scientific endeavors, to the tune of some $4bn a year) must, when published, be freely available to all. On March 23rd it followed this up by announcing that it will pay the cost of putting such research in one particular repository of freely available papers.1月1日,比尔和梅琳达·盖茨基金会启动实施了一项两年前就开始酝酿的政策,这或许有助于改变科学界的一个惯例。
按照该政策,该基金会赞助的科研项目(比尔和梅琳达·盖茨基金会是全球科研赞助规模最大的慈善基金会,每年资助额度高达40亿美元左右)必须将公布的科研成果提供给各方无偿使用。
3月23日,比尔和梅琳达·盖茨基金会又发表声明称,将出资把此类科研成果纳入一个专门的免费科研论文库。
To a layman, this may sound neither controversial nor ground-breaking. But the crucial word is “freely”. It means papers reporting Gates-sponsored research cannot be charged for. No pay walls. No journal subscriptions. That is not a new idea, but the foundation’s announcement gives it teeth. It means recipients of Gates’largesse can no longer offer their wares to journals such as Nature, the New England Journal of Medicine or the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, since reading the contents of these publications costs money.对圈外人来说,这种做法似乎既无争议也无创新。
2017年下半年CATTI英语二级笔译实务真题及部分答案下面是二级笔译考题回忆,一起来看看。
英译汉第一篇You’ve temporarily misplaced your cell phone and anxiously retrace your steps to try to find it. Or perhaps you never let go of your phone—it's always in your hand, your pocket, or your bag, ready to be answered or consulted at a moment’s notice. When your battery life runs down at the end of the day, you feel that yours is running low as well. New research shows that there’s a psychological reason for such extreme phone dependence: According to the attachment theory, for some of us, our phone serves the same function as the teddy bear we clung to in childhood.Attachment theory proposes that our early life experiences with parents responsible for our well-being, are at the root of our connections to the adults with whom we form close relationships. Importantly, attachment in early life can extend to inanimate objects. Teddy bears, for example, serve as “transitional objects.”The teddy bear, unlike the parent, is always there. We extend our dependence onparents to these animals, and use them to help us move to an independent sense of self.A cell phone has the potential to be a “compensatory attachment”object. Although phones are often castigated for their addictive potential, scientists cite evidence that supports the idea that “healthy, normal adults also report significant emotional attachment to special objects”Indeed, cell phones have become a pervasive feature of our lives: The number of cell phone users exceeds the total population of the planet. The average amount of mobile or smartphone use in the . is hours per day. People also like to be near their phones: A 2013 survey cited by the Hungarian team. Nearly as many people report being distressed when they’re separated from their have distinct advantages. They can be kept by your side and they provide a social connection to the people you care about. Even if you’re not talking to your friends, lover, or family, you can keep their photos close by, read their messages, and follow them on social media. You can track them in real time but also look back on memorable moments together. These channels help you “feel less alone”.来源:英译汉第二篇()Many countries have adopted the principle of sustainable development it can combat gaginst environment deterioration in air quality, water quality and ...viable role for every member in the world.. production .health education in developing countries. But some argue that it's a vague idea, some organizations may use it in it's own interests, whether environmental or economic is the nature of interests. Others argue that sustainable development in developing countries overlook the local customs,habitude and people.Whereas interdependence is desirable during times of peace, war necessitates competition and independence. Tariffs and importation limits strengthen a country's economic vitality while potentially weakening the economies of its enemies. Moreover, protectionism in the weapons industry is highly desirable during such circumstances because reliance on another state for armaments can be fatal.For the most part, economists emphasize the negative effects of protectionism. It reduces international trade and raises prices for consumers. In addition, domestic firms that receive protection have less incentive to innovate. Although free trade puts uncompetitive firms out of business, the displaced workers and resources are ultimately allocated to other areas of the economy.Imposing quotas is a method used to protect trade, since foreign companies cannot ship more products regardless of how low they set their prices. Countries that hope to help a new industry thrive locally often impose quotas on imported goods. They believe that such restrictions allow entities in the new industry to develop their own competitive advantages and produce the products efficiently. Developing countries often use this argument to justify their restrictions on foreign goods.Protectionism’s purpose is usually to create jobs for domestic workers. Companies that operate in industries protected by quotas hire workers locally. Another disadvantage of quotas is the reduction in the quality of products in the absence of competition from foreign companies. Without competition, local firms are less likely to invest in innovation and improve their products and services. Domestic sellers don’t have an incentive to enhance efficiency and lower their prices, and under such conditions, consumers eventually pay more for products and services they could receive from foreign competitors. As local companieslose competitiveness, they become pressured to outsource jobs. In the long-run, increasing protectionism commonly leads to layoffs and economic slowdown.汉译英第一篇(中国的中医药》白皮书)人类在漫长发展进程中创造了丰富多彩的世界文明,中华文明是世界文明多样性、多元化的重要组成部分。
Lecture 1: Comparative Studies on Chinese & English1.1. From linguistic perspective汉语属汉藏语系(Sino-Tibetan family)。
该语系包括四百余种语言和方言,是形成最早、流通最广、使用人数极多的语系。
英语属印欧语系(Indo-European family)。
该语系含12个语族和百余种语言。
世界上约一半人以该语系语言为母语。
英语是世界上使用最广的语言。
汉语属表意(ideographic)文字,英语属拼音(alphabetic)文字。
汉语是声调语言(tone language),英语是语调语言(intonation language)。
1.1.1 analytic vs. synthetic (agglutinative vs.inflective)汉语是分析型(analytic)语言,其典型特征是没有屈折(inflexions)变化,即汉语的名词不会改变自身的形式变为复数,动词也不用改变自身的形式表示过去时、现在时或将来时。
汉语词语组合成句依靠词序(word order)和虚词(empty word)。
Chinese is an analytic language seldom with inflexions. Therefore, tense, voice,etc. are usually implied in the context or explicitly shown in such words as着,了,过,遭,被,为,由, etc.汉语还被认为是粘着型(agglutinative)语言,词的组合依靠词素的粘着。
如:光明+正大,打击+犯罪+分子。
英语是综合性(synthetic)语言。
其特征体现在词序和助词(auxiliary)的组句功能上。
英语有丰富的屈折变化形式。
English is a synthetic language marked with inflexions such as number, tense, voice, etc.For example:1) 我们对气体、液体和固体的分子状况已作了一定的讨论。
【外语课件】笔译(电子教案)第一章:笔译概述1.1 笔译的定义与特点解释笔译的概念分析笔译与其他翻译形式的区别强调笔译的重要性和应用范围1.2 笔译的历史与发展介绍笔译的起源和发展过程分析重要历史事件对笔译的影响探讨现代科技对笔译的推动作用1.3 笔译的类型与功能区分不同类型的笔译(如文学翻译、商务翻译、科技翻译等)阐述各类型笔译的特点和应用场景探讨笔译在不同文化背景下的功能和作用第二章:笔译基本原则与策略2.1 笔译基本原则介绍忠实原则、达意原则、等效原则等分析这些原则在实际笔译中的应用和重要性2.2 笔译策略与技巧介绍直译、意译、归化、异化等翻译策略探讨这些策略在不同翻译场景中的运用和效果分析常见的笔译技巧(如词义选择、语义转换、修辞处理等)2.3 笔译过程中的注意事项强调语言准确性、文化适应性、保持原文风格等方面的注意事项探讨如何处理翻译中的模糊、双关、幽默等特殊问题分析解决翻译中可能遇到的困难和挑战的方法第三章:笔译实践与案例分析3.1 文学笔译实践选取文学作品的片段进行笔译练习分析文学翻译中的特殊问题和挑战讨论文学翻译中的艺术性和创造性3.2 商务笔译实践提供商务文本的笔译案例分析商务翻译中的专业术语、商业礼仪等方面的注意事项探讨商务翻译在跨文化交际中的作用和影响3.3 科技笔译实践选取科技文章的片段进行笔译练习分析科技翻译中的专业术语、技术描述等方面的特点探讨科技翻译在传播知识和信息中的重要性第四章:笔译质量评估与标准4.1 笔译质量评估的方法与指标介绍主观评估和客观评估等评估方法分析语言准确性、表达流畅性、文化适应性等评估指标4.2 笔译质量的标准与要求探讨笔译质量的高低标准分析不同类型笔译的质量要求和文化差异强调笔译中的常见错误和避免方法4.3 提高笔译质量的途径与建议介绍提高笔译质量的方法和技巧分析翻译实践、翻译批评、继续教育等方面的重要性提供实用的笔译建议和技巧第五章:笔译与跨文化交际5.1 笔译与跨文化交流的关系强调笔译在跨文化交流中的作用和重要性分析笔译在促进不同文化相互理解和交流中的贡献5.2 跨文化因素对笔译的影响探讨文化差异、语言障碍、思维方式等跨文化因素对笔译的影响分析这些因素在笔译过程中的应对策略和方法5.3 笔译中的跨文化适应与调整介绍如何在笔译中适应不同文化的特点和需求探讨笔译中的文化转换、文化注释、文化适应等技巧分析成功的跨文化笔译案例和经验第六章:笔译与语言学习6.1 笔译与外语学习的关系探讨笔译对外语学习的影响和贡献分析通过笔译实践提高外语水平的方法和技巧6.2 笔译在语言教学中的应用介绍笔译在外语教学中的作用和重要性分析如何将笔译练习融入外语教学课程探讨笔译教学对学生语言技能发展的影响6.3 提高笔译能力的语言学习策略强调词汇、语法、语篇等语言知识在笔译中的重要性介绍听力、口语、阅读、写作等语言技能在笔译中的应用分析通过语言学习提高笔译能力的方法和技巧第七章:笔译与职业发展7.1 笔译行业的现状与趋势分析笔译行业的就业前景和发展趋势探讨数字化、全球化等对笔译行业的影响7.2 笔译职业技能与素养介绍笔译人员的职业要求和技能素养分析笔译人员的专业知识、语言能力、翻译技巧等方面的要求7.3 笔译职业发展与规划探讨笔译人员的职业发展路径和机会分析如何进行职业规划以提升笔译人员的职业竞争力第八章:笔译与翻译研究8.1 笔译研究的重要性与意义强调笔译研究对翻译理论与实践的贡献探讨笔译研究对翻译教育和培训的影响8.2 笔译研究的方法与框架介绍翻译研究的方法和框架分析如何运用这些方法和框架进行笔译研究8.3 笔译研究的现状与趋势探讨当前笔译研究的主题和热点分析未来笔译研究的发展趋势和方向第九章:笔译与翻译技术9.1 翻译技术在笔译中的应用介绍计算机辅助翻译(CAT)、机器翻译(MT)、云翻译等翻译技术分析这些技术在笔译过程中的作用和优势9.2 翻译软件与工具的使用介绍常用的翻译软件和工具(如SDL Trados、MemoQ、DeepL等)分析如何有效地使用这些软件和工具提高笔译效率9.3 翻译技术的局限性与挑战探讨翻译技术在笔译中的局限性和挑战分析如何应对这些局限性和挑战,提高笔译质量第十章:笔译案例分析与实践10.1 笔译案例分析提供具有代表性的笔译案例分析这些案例中的翻译策略、技巧和难点10.2 笔译实践与反馈安排学生进行笔译实践提供反馈和建议,帮助学生提高笔译能力10.3 笔译案例库的构建与运用介绍如何构建笔译案例库分析如何运用案例库进行笔译教学与实践第十一章:笔译与版权问题11.1 笔译与版权法律的关系介绍版权法律的基本概念和原则分析版权法律对笔译活动的影响和限制11.2 笔译中的版权问题与案例探讨笔译中常见的版权问题(如授权、侵权、改编等)分析具体的版权案例,解释其法律依据和处理结果11.3 笔译人员与版权保护强调笔译人员在版权保护中的责任和义务介绍如何避免版权侵权行为,保护自己的翻译作品第十二章:笔译与全球化12.1 全球化背景下的笔译活动分析全球化对笔译活动的影响和挑战探讨笔译在全球化进程中扮演的角色12.2 跨文化笔译与全球化强调跨文化笔译在全球化中的重要性探讨如何通过笔译促进跨文化交流与理解12.3 全球化与笔译产业发展分析全球化对笔译产业的影响和推动作用探讨数字化、网络化等趋势对笔译产业的影响和发展机会第十三章:笔译与翻译批评13.1 翻译批评的定义与功能解释翻译批评的概念和目的强调翻译批评对提高笔译质量和翻译研究的重要性13.2 翻译批评的理论与方法介绍翻译批评的主要理论和方法分析如何运用这些理论和方法进行有效的翻译批评13.3 翻译批评的实践与案例分析提供具体的翻译批评案例分析这些案例中的评价标准、观点和结论第十四章:笔译与翻译伦理14.1 翻译伦理的基本原则与内容介绍翻译伦理的基本原则和价值观强调翻译人员在笔译活动中应遵循的道德规范14.2 笔译中的伦理问题与案例探讨笔译中常见的伦理问题(如忠实原意、尊重原作者、保护客户隐私等)分析具体的伦理案例,解释其道德依据和处理结果14.3 翻译伦理在笔译教学与实践中的应用强调翻译伦理在笔译教学和实践中的重要性介绍如何培养和强化翻译人员的伦理意识和责任感第十五章:笔译与未来挑战15.1 未来社会与笔译的挑战分析未来社会发展趋势对笔译活动的挑战和影响探讨数字化、自动化、等因素对笔译的影响和改变15.2 笔译教育的未来方向强调笔译教育在应对未来挑战中的作用和重要性探讨如何调整和改进笔译教育,以适应未来的需求和发展15.3 笔译人员的未来素养与职业发展强调笔译人员在未来所需的素养和技能分析笔译人员的职业发展趋势和机会,提供相应的建议和指导重点和难点解析本文主要介绍了笔译的概念、历史、原则、策略、实践、质量评估、跨文化交际、语言学习、职业发展、翻译研究、翻译技术、版权问题、全球化、翻译批评、翻译伦理和未来挑战等方面的内容。