Discovery of a 270 Hz X-Ray Burst Oscillation in the X-Ray Dipper 4U 1916-053

Certainly! Here’s an essay exploring the conjectures about extraterrestrial civilizations, delving into the scientific, philosophical, and speculative aspects of the topic. Extraterrestrial Civilizations: The Great Beyond and Our Place in the CosmosThe universe, vast and ancient, stretches its arms across 93 billion light-years of observable space, containing billions of galaxies, each with billions of stars. Within this cosmic tapestry, the question of whether we are alone has captivated human minds for centuries. This essay explores the conjectures surrounding extraterrestrial civilizations, from the scientific theories to the speculative musings that fuel our imaginations.The Drake Equation: A Mathematical Framework for SpeculationAt the heart of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) lies the Drake equation, formulated by astronomer Frank Drake in 1961. This mathematical framework attempts to estimate the number of active, communicative civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy. Variables include the rate of star formation, the fraction of stars with planetary systems, the number of planets capable of supporting life, the fraction of those planets where life actually emerges, the fraction of those life-bearing planets that develop intelligent life, the fraction of those that develop a civilization with technology, and the length of time such civilizations release detectable signals into space. While many of these variables remain unknown, the Drake equation serves as a tool for structured speculation and highlights the immense challenge in estimating the likelihood of extraterrestrial life.The Fermi Paradox: Where Are They?The Fermi paradox, named after physicist Enrico Fermi, poses a compelling question: Given the vastness of the universe and the high probability of habitable worlds, why have we not encountered any evidence of extraterrestrial civilizations? This paradox has led to numerous hypotheses. Perhaps civilizations tend to destroy themselves before achieving interstellar communication. Or, advanced civilizations might exist but choose to avoid contact with less developed species, adhering to a cosmic form of the “prime directive” seen in science fiction. Alternatively, the distances between stars could simply be too great for practical interstellar travel or communication, making detection exceedingly difficult.The Search for TechnosignaturesIn the quest for extraterrestrial intelligence, scientists have focused on detecting technosignatures—signs of technology that might indicate the presence of a civilization elsewhere in the universe. These include radio signals, laser pulses, or the dimming of stars due to megastructures like Dyson spheres. SETI projects, such as the Allen Telescope Array and Breakthrough Listen, scan the skies for anomalous signals that could be attributed to alien technology. While no definitive technosignatures have been found to date, the search continues, driven by advances in technology and a growing understanding of the cosmos.Astrobiology: Life Beyond EarthAstrobiology, the study of the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe, offers insights into the conditions necessary for life. Research in astrobiology has revealed that life can thrive in extreme environments on Earth, suggesting that the conditions for life might be more widespread in the universe than previously thought. The discovery of exoplanets in the habitable zones of their stars, where liquid water can exist, increases the probability of finding environments suitable for life.Continued exploration of our solar system, particularly of Mars and the icy moons of Jupiter and Saturn, holds promise for uncovering signs of past or present microbial life. The Philosophical ImplicationsThe possibility of extraterrestrial civilizations raises profound philosophical questions about humanity’s place in the universe. Encountering another intelligence would force us to reevaluate our understanding of consciousness, culture, and ethics. It could lead to a new era of global unity as humanity comes together to face the challenges and opportunities of interstellar diplomacy. Conversely, it might also highlight our vulnerabilities and prompt introspection on our stewardship of the planet and our responsibilities as members of the cosmic community.Concluding ThoughtsWhile the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations remains a conjecture, the pursuit of answers has expanded our understanding of the universe and our place within it. The search for life beyond Earth is not just a scientific endeavor; it is a philosophical journey that challenges us to consider our origins, our destiny, and our role in the vast cosmic drama unfolding around us. Whether we find ourselves alone or part of a galactic community, the quest for knowledge about the universe and our place in it is one of humanity’s most enduring and inspiring pursuits.This essay explores various aspects of the conjectures surrounding extraterrestrial civilizations, from the scientific frameworks used to estimate their likelihood to the philosophical implications of their existence. If you have specific areas of interest within this broad topic, feel free to ask for further elaboration! If you have any further questions or need additional details on specific topics related to extraterrestrial life or astrobiology, please let me know!。

美国宇航局最新升空的X射线观测设备：“核光谱望远镜阵列”(NuSTAR)日前首次对位于我们银河系核心部位的巨型黑洞进行了观测，并抓拍到这里发生的一次爆发事件，图像中可以看出此次爆发事件发生前，发生时以及发生后的景象。

新浪科技讯北京时间10月27日消息，据美国宇航局网站报道，美国宇航局最新升空的X射线观测设备：“核光谱望远镜阵列”(NuSTAR)日前首次对位于我们银河系核心部位的巨型黑洞进行了观测，并抓拍到这里发生的一次爆发事件。

菲奥娜·哈里森(Fiona Harrison)来自美国加州理工学院，是该项目的首席科学家。

她说：“我们很幸运，在本次观测中我们捕捉到这一黑洞产生的一次爆发事件。

这些观测数据将帮助我们更好地理解银河系核心黑洞的性质，为何它会发生持续数小时的爆发事件，并于随后再次回归平静。

”“核光谱望远镜阵列”(NuSTAR)于今年6月13日发射升空，是迄今唯一一架能够在最高能级X射线波段进行聚焦成像的望远镜设备。

在7月份的两天内，这台空间望远镜设备和其它望远镜相互配合，对银河系核区的半人马座A*天体(Sgr A*)进行了观测。

所谓的半人马座A*天体是天文学家们给予位于银河系核心区域的一个致密射电源的称谓。

观测证据显示这一位置上是一个超大质量的黑洞。

参与此次联合观测的设备还包括美国宇航局的钱德拉X射线空间望远镜，它的工作波段是在低能X射线波段；以及位于夏威夷莫纳克亚山顶的凯克望远镜，它则工作于红外波段。

相比其它隐匿于星系核区的超大质量黑洞，半人马座A*的表现相对平静。

活跃的黑洞一般会吞噬其周遭的恒星和其它物质。

而据信半人马座A*的表现则非常平静，只有很少或者根本没有物质被其吞噬。

目前天文学家们还不能完全理解为何会是这种情况。

当黑洞吞噬物质时，不管它吞噬的是什么，或许是一颗恒星，一团气体云，甚至是一颗小行星。

正如最近钱德拉X射线望远镜所表明的那样，黑洞都会喷发出额外的能量。

而在此次NuSTAR望远镜的案例中，这台最新望远镜所观测到的正是一阵X射线辐射爆发。

HD IR Vari-Focal Bullet Network Camera Quick Start GuideVersion 1.0.0WelcomeThank you for purchasing our Network camera!This user’s manual is designed to be a reference tool for your system.Please read the following safeguard and warnings carefully before you use this series product!Please keep this user’s manual well for future reference!Important Safeguards and Warnings1．Electrical safetyAll installation and operation here should conform to your local electrical safety codes.Please check if the power supply is correct before operating the device.The power shall conform to the requirement in the SELV (Safety Extra Low Voltage) and the Limited power source is rated 12V DC, DC5V or AC24V in the IEC60950-1. (Power supply requirement is subject to the device label).Please install easy-to-use device for power off before installing wiring, which is for emergent power off when necessary.Please prevent the line cord from being trampled or pressed, especially the plug, power socket and the junction from the device.Note: Do not connect these two power supplying sources to the device at the same time; it may result in device damage!We assume no liability or responsibility for all the fires or electrical shock caused by improper handling or installation.We are not liable for any problems caused by unauthorized modification or attempted repair.2．EnvironmentPlease don’t aim the device at strong light (such as lighting, sunlight and so on) to focus; otherwise it may cause overexposure (It is not the device malfunction), which will affect the longevity of CCD or CMOS.Please transport, use and store the device within the range of allowed humidity and temperature. Please don’t keep the device in a place which is wet, dusty, extremely hot, and extremely cold and with strong electromagnetic radiation or unstable lighting.Please do not allow water and other liquid falling into the camera in case that the internal components are damaged.Please do not allow rain or damp to the indoor device in case fire or lightning may occur.Please keep the sound ventilation in case of heat accumulation.Please pack the device with standard factory packaging or material with same quality when transporting the device.Heavy stress, violent vibration or water splash are not allowed during transportation, storage and installation.3. Operation and Daily MaintenancePlease do not touch the heat dissipation component of the device directly in order to avoid scald.Please do not dismantle the device; there is no component which can be fixed by users themselves in the machine. It may cause water leakage or bad image for the device due to unprofessional dismantling. It is recommended to use the device with thunder proof device in order to improve thunder proof effect. The grounding holes of the product are recommended to be grounded to further enhance the reliability of the camera.Do not touch the CCD (CMOS) optic component directly. You can use the blower to clean the dust or dirt on the lens surface. Please use a dry cloth wetted by alcohol to wipe away the dust gently if it is necessary to clean.Always use the dry soft cloth to clean the device. If there is too much dust, please use the water to dilute the mild detergent first and then use it to clean the device. Finally use the dry cloth to clean the device. Don’t use volatile solvent like alcohol, benzene, thinner and etc or strong detergent with abrasiveness, otherwise it will damage the surface coating or reduce the working performance of the device.Dome cover is an optical device, please don’t touch or wipe cover surface directly during installation and use, please refer to the following methods to deal with once dirt is found:Stained with dirtUse oil-free soft brush or hair dries to remove it gently.Stained with grease or fingerprintUse soft cloth to wipe the water drop or oil gently to make it dry, then use oil-free cotton cloth or paper soaked with alcohol or detergent to wipe from the lens center to outward. It is ok to change the cloth and wipe several times if it is not clean enough.WarningPlease use the standard accessories provided by manufacturer and make sure the device is installed and fixed by professional engineers.Please prevent the device surface from the radiation of laser beam when using laser beam device.Please do not provide two or more power supply modes for the device, otherwise it may cause damage to the device.StatementPlease refer to the actual product for more details; the manual is just for reference.The manual will be regularly upgraded according to the product update; the upgraded content will be added in the manual without prior announcement.Please contact the supplier or customer service if there is any problem occurred when using the device. Please contact the customer service for the latest procedure and supplementary documentation.There may be deviation between the actual value of some data and the value provided in the manual due to the reasons such as the real environment is not stable and so on. Please refer to the company’s final explanation if there is any doubt or dispute.The company is not liable for any loss caused by the operation which is not followed by the manual. Note:Please refer to the disk for more details, check and download corresponding user’s manual and tool. Before installation, please open the package and check all the components are included.Contact your local retailer ASAP if something is broken in your package.Accessory Name AmountNetwork Camera Unit 1Quick Start Guide 1Installation Accessory Bag 1CD 1Table of Contents1Framework (1)1.1Device External Cable (1)1.2Framework and Dimension (2)2Device Installation (3)2.1Install the Device (3)2.2SD Card Installation (5)3Network Configuration (6)3.1Modify IP Address (6)3.2Login WEB Interface (7)1Framework1.1Device External CableYou can refer to the following figure for device external cable information. See Figure 1-1.Figure 1-1Please refer to the following sheet for detailed information.SN Port Port Name Connection Note1 DC 12V Power inputport- Power port. Input DC 12V.2 LAN Network port EthernetportConnect to standard Ethernet cable.1.2Framework and DimensionPlease refer to the following figures for dimension information according to the actual model. The unit is mm. See Figure 1-2 and Figure 1-3.Figure 1-2 Dimension illustration 1Figure 1-3 Dimension illustration 22Device Installation2.1Install the DeviceNote:Please make sure the installation surface can min support the 3X weight of the camera and the bracket.Step 1Open accessories bag, take out installation position map and stick it to designated surface where you will install the device (wall or ceiling).Step 2Dig a hole according to position of hole on installation position map.Step 3Open accessories bag, take out expansion bolts and insert them into the holes you just dug. Step 4Open accessories bag and take out the self-tapping screws. Aim the expansion bolts to the installation holes on the device pedestal and fix the device on the installation surface (wall orceiling) with self-tapping screws.Step 5Plug external wiring of the device properly.Figure 2-1Figure 2-2Step 6Use inner hex screwdriver to loosen adjusting screw shown in Figure 2-2.Step 7Adjust the device in all possible directions, and set its monitoring direction.Step 8Use inner hex screwdriver to tighten the adjusting screws.Note:Some models don’t have lower cover, which don’t support the following steps.Figure 2-3Step 9Screw out the locking screw (shown in Figure 2-3) by screwdriver and take off the lower cover. Step 10Adjust the lens focus lever and set its monitoring direction more accurately by external focus. Step 11Use screwdriver to tighten the locking screws.2.2SD Card InstallationNote:Some models don’t support Micro SD card function, which can’t be applied to the following chapter.Please cut off the device power and turn off the device before installing Micro SD card.Step 1Find the Micro SD card slot in the location shown in Figure 2-3.Step 2Adjust the direction of Micro SD card and insert it into the card slot.Step 3Install the lower cover and complete installation.3 Network ConfigurationThe IP address of all the cameras is the same when leaving factory (default IP192.168.1.108), in order to make the camera get access to the network smoothly, please plan the useable IP segment reasonably according to the actual network environment.3.1 Modify IP AddressIP address can be acquired and modified through quick configuration tool for the cameras which are accessed via wired network, it needs to connect wired network to configure wireless parameters before using wireless network cameras. In this chapter, it will introduce the approach of modifying IP address via “Quick Configuration Tool”; also you can modify the IP address in the network parameters of the WEB interface, please refer to the document in the disk << WEB Operation Manual>> for more details.Note:Currently the quick configuration tool only supports the cameras which apply to the same network segment with computer IP address.Step 1 Double click the “ConfigT ools.exe” and open the quick configuration tool.Step 2 Double click the device to be configured, the system will pop out the “Login” dialog box.Enter the IP address, user name, password and port number of the camera, and click “Confirm”.Note:The default user name and password are admin and admin respectively, the default of port is 37777. See Figure 3-1 for more details.Figure 3-1Step 3 Modify the camera IP address on the “Net” interface, click “Save” to finish modification. See Figure 3-2 for more details.Figure 3-23.2 Login WEB InterfaceNote:Different devices may have different WEB interfaces, the figures below are just for reference, please refer to the document <<WEB Operation Manual>> in the disk and the actual interface for more detailsStep 1 Open IE and input the modified camera IP address in the address bar.Step 2 The login interface is shown below, please input your user name and password (Default user name is admin and password is admin respectively), click “login”.See Figure 3-3 for more details.Figure 3-3Step 3 Install controls according to the system prompt; see Figure 3-4 for the WEB main interface. Please modify the administrator password as soon as possible after you successfully logged in.Figure 3-4Note:●This quick start guide is for reference only. Slight difference may be found in userinterface.●All the designs and software here are subject to change without prior written notice.●If there is any uncertainty or controversy, please refer to the final explanation of us.●Please visit our website or contact your local service engineer for more information.。

1Features•Two independent clock channels•Frequency and Phase Sync over Packet Networks •Frequency accuracy performance for WCDMA-FDD, GSM, LTE-FDD and femtocell applications •Frequency performance for ITU-T G.823 and G.824 synchronization interface, as well as G.8261 PNT PEC and CES interfaces•Phase Synchronization performance forWCDMA-TDD, Mobile WiMAX, TD-SCDMA and CDMA2000 applications•Client holdover and reference switching between multiple Servers•Server, client and boundary clock operation•Any input clock rate from 1kHz to 750MHz •Automatic hitless reference switching and digital holdover on reference fail•Digital PLLs filter jitter at 5.2 Hz, 14 Hz, 28 Hz, 56 Hz, 112 Hz, 224 Hz, 448 Hz or 896 Hz•Operates from a single crystal resonator or clock oscillator•Electrical phase alignment to input 1 Hz frame pulse with associated reference clock (ref/sync pairing)•Programmable synthesizers •Any output clock rate from 1Hz to 750MHz •Low output jitter for 10G PHYs•Six LVPECL outputs and six LVCMOS outputs•Field programmable via SPI/I 2C interfaceApplications•OTN muxponders and transponders •10Gigabit line cards•Synchronous Ethernet, SONET/SDH, Fibre Channel, XAUIMarch 2014Figure 1 - Functional Block DiagramZL30367Dual Channel IEEE 1588 & SynchronousEthernet Clock Line Card TranslatorShort Form Data SheetOrdering Information:ZL30367GDG2144 Pin LBGATraysPb Free Tin/Silver/Copper-40o C to +85o CPackage size: 13 x 13 mmDetailed FeaturesGeneral•Two independent clock channels•Operates from a single crystal resonator or clock oscillator•Configurable via SPI or I2C interfaceTime Synchronization Algorithm•External algorithm controls software digital PLL to adjust frequency & phase alignment•Frequency, Phase and Time Synchronization over IP, MPLS and Ethernet Packet Networks•Frequency accuracy performance for WCDMA-FDD, GSM, LTE-FDD and femtocell applications, with target performance less than ± 15 ppb.•Frequency performance for ITU-T G.823 and G.824 synchronization interface, as well as G.8261 PNT EEC, PNT PEC and CES interface specifications.•Phase Synchronization performance for WCDMA-TDD, Mobile WiMAX, TD-SCDMA and CDMA2000 applications with target performance less than ± 1 s phase alignment.•Time Synchronization for UTC-traceability and GPS replacement.•Client reference switching between multiple Servers•Client holdover when Server packet connectivity is lostElectrical Clock Inputs•Nine input references configurable as single ended or differential and two singled ended input references •Synchronize to any clock rate from 1kHz to 750MHz on differential inputs•Synchronize to any clock rate from 1kHz to 177.75MHz on singled-ended inputs•Synchronize to sync pulse and clock pair•Flexible input reference monitoring automatically disqualifies references based on frequency and phase irregularities•LOS•Single cycle monitor•Precise frequency monitor•Coarse frequency monitor•Guard soak timer•Per input clock delay compensationElectrical Clock Engine•Flexible two-stage architecture translates between arbitrary data rates, line coding rates and FEC rates •Internal state machine automatically controls mode of operation (free-run, locked, holdover)•Automatic hitless reference switching and digital holdover on reference fail•Physical-to-physical reference switching•Physical-to-packet reference switching•Packet-to-physical reference switching•Packet-to-packet reference switching•Selectable phase slope limiting•Supports ITU-T G.823, G.824 and G.8261 for 2048kbit/s and 1544kbit/s interfacesElectrical Clock Generation•Three programmable synthesizers•Six LVPECL outputs•Two LVPECL outputs per synthesizer•Generate any clock rate from 1Hz to 750MHz•Low output jitter for 10G PHYs•Meets OC-192, STM-64, 1 GbE & 10 GbE interface jitter requirements•Six LVCMOS outputs•Two LVCMOS outputs per synthesizer•Generate any clock rate from 1 Hz to 177.75MHz•Programmable output advancement/delay to accommodate trace delays or compensate for system routing paths•Outputs may be disabled to save powerAPI Software•Interfaces to 1588-capable PHY and switches with integrated timestamping•Abstraction layer for independence from OS and CPU, from embedded SoC to home-grown•Fits into centralized, highly integrated pizza box architectures as well as distributed architectures with multiple line cards and timing cardsInformation relating to products and services furnished herein by Microsemi Corporation or its subsidiaries (collectively “Microsemi”) is believed to be reliable. However, Microsemi assumes no liability for errors that may appear in this publication, or for liability otherwise arising from the application or use of any suchinformation, product or service or for any infringement of patents or other intellectual property rights owned by third parties which may result from such application or use. Neither the supply of such information or purchase of product or service conveys any license, either express or implied, under patents or other intellectual property rights owned by Microsemi or licensed from third parties by Microsemi, whatsoever. Purchasers of products are also hereby notified that the use of product in certain ways or in combination with Microsemi, or non-Microsemi furnished goods or services may infringe patents or other intellectual property rights owned by Microsemi.This publication is issued to provide information only and (unless agreed by Microsemi in writing) may not be used, applied or reproduced for any purpose nor form part of any order or contract nor to be regarded as a representation relating to the products or services concerned. The products, their specifications, services and other information appearing in this publication are subject to change by Microsemi without notice. No warranty or guarantee express or implied is made regarding the capability, performance or suitability of any product or service. Information concerning possible methods of use is provided as a guide only and does not constitute any guarantee that such methods of use will be satisfactory in a specific piece of equipment. It is the user’s responsibility to fully determine the performance and suitability of any equipment using such information and to ensure that any publication or data used is up to date and has not been superseded.Manufacturing does not necessarily include testing of all functions or parameters. These products are not suitable for use in any medical and other products whose failure to perform may result in significant injury or death to the user. All products and materials are sold and services provided subject to Microsemi’s conditions of sale which are available on request.Purchase of Microsemi’s I 2C components conveys a license under the Philips I 2C Patent rights to use these components in an I 2C System, provided that the system conforms to the I 2C Standard Specification as defined by Philips.Microsemi, ZL, and combinations thereof, VoiceEdge, VoicePort, SLAC, ISLIC, ISLAC and VoicePath are trademarks of Microsemi Corporation.TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION - NOT FOR RESALEFor more information about all Microsemi productsvisit our Web Site at/timing-and-synchronization。

太赫兹电磁波测试流程英文回答：Hertzian electromagnetic wave testing, also known as terahertz (THz) wave testing, is a non-destructive testing method that uses electromagnetic waves with frequencies between microwave and infrared to analyze and evaluate materials and structures. It has been widely used in various fields such as security screening, quality control, and medical imaging.The testing process of terahertz electromagnetic waves typically involves the following steps:1. Generation of terahertz waves: Terahertz waves can be generated using different techniques, such as photoconductive switches, quantum cascade lasers, or femtosecond lasers. These methods rely on the interaction between electrons and photons to produce terahertz waves.2. Terahertz wave transmission: Once generated, terahertz waves need to be transmitted to the target material or structure for testing. Terahertz waves can penetrate many non-metallic materials, such as plastics, ceramics, and fabrics, but are strongly absorbed by metals and water.3. Interaction with the sample: When terahertz waves interact with the sample, they undergo various phenomena, including reflection, transmission, absorption, and scattering. These interactions provide valuable information about the sample's properties, such as its thickness, composition, and structural defects.4. Detection and analysis: After interacting with the sample, the terahertz waves are detected and analyzed. Different detection techniques can be used, such as time-domain spectroscopy or frequency-domain spectroscopy. These techniques measure the amplitude and phase of the terahertz waves to extract information about the sample.5. Data processing and interpretation: The detectedterahertz wave signals are processed and analyzed to obtain meaningful information about the sample being tested. This may involve comparing the measured signals with reference data or using mathematical algorithms to extract specific features or parameters.6. Evaluation and decision-making: Based on the analyzed data, the sample can be evaluated and decisions can be made regarding its quality, integrity, orsuitability for a particular application. This may involve comparing the measured parameters with predefined thresholds or standards.Terahertz electromagnetic wave testing offers several advantages, such as non-destructive nature, high penetration capability, and sensitivity to material properties. However, it also has limitations, such as limited penetration through metals and water, and the need for specialized equipment and expertise.中文回答：太赫兹电磁波测试，也被称为太赫兹波（THz）测试，是一种利用介于微波和红外之间频率的电磁波来分析和评估材料和结构的非破坏性测试方法。

Glider Flying Handbook2013U.S. Department of TransportationFEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATIONFlight Standards Servicei iPrefaceThe Glider Flying Handbook is designed as a technical manual for applicants who are preparing for glider category rating and for currently certificated glider pilots who wish to improve their knowledge. Certificated flight instructors will find this handbook a valuable training aid, since detailed coverage of aeronautical decision-making, components and systems, aerodynamics, flight instruments, performance limitations, ground operations, flight maneuvers, traffic patterns, emergencies, soaring weather, soaring techniques, and cross-country flight is included. Topics such as radio navigation and communication, use of flight information publications, and regulations are available in other Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) publications.The discussion and explanations reflect the most commonly used practices and principles. Occasionally, the word “must” or similar language is used where the desired action is deemed critical. The use of such language is not intended to add to, interpret, or relieve a duty imposed by Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR). Persons working towards a glider rating are advised to review the references from the applicable practical test standards (FAA-G-8082-4, Sport Pilot and Flight Instructor with a Sport Pilot Rating Knowledge Test Guide, FAA-G-8082-5, Commercial Pilot Knowledge Test Guide, and FAA-G-8082-17, Recreational Pilot and Private Pilot Knowledge Test Guide). Resources for study include FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, FAA-H-8083-2, Risk Management Handbook, and Advisory Circular (AC) 00-6, Aviation Weather For Pilots and Flight Operations Personnel, AC 00-45, Aviation Weather Services, as these documents contain basic material not duplicated herein. All beginning applicants should refer to FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, for study and basic library reference.It is essential for persons using this handbook to become familiar with and apply the pertinent parts of 14 CFR and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). The AIM is available online at . The current Flight Standards Service airman training and testing material and learning statements for all airman certificates and ratings can be obtained from .This handbook supersedes FAA-H-8083-13, Glider Flying Handbook, dated 2003. Always select the latest edition of any publication and check the website for errata pages and listing of changes to FAA educational publications developed by the FAA’s Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630.This handbook is available for download, in PDF format, from .This handbook is published by the United States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125.Comments regarding this publication should be sent, in email form, to the following address:********************************************John M. AllenDirector, Flight Standards Serviceiiii vAcknowledgmentsThe Glider Flying Handbook was produced by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) with the assistance of Safety Research Corporation of America (SRCA). The FAA wishes to acknowledge the following contributors: Sue Telford of Telford Fishing & Hunting Services for images used in Chapter 1JerryZieba () for images used in Chapter 2Tim Mara () for images used in Chapters 2 and 12Uli Kremer of Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co for images used in Chapter 2Richard Lancaster () for images and content used in Chapter 3Dave Nadler of Nadler & Associates for images used in Chapter 6Dave McConeghey for images used in Chapter 6John Brandon (www.raa.asn.au) for images and content used in Chapter 7Patrick Panzera () for images used in Chapter 8Jeff Haby (www.theweatherprediction) for images used in Chapter 8National Soaring Museum () for content used in Chapter 9Bill Elliot () for images used in Chapter 12.Tiffany Fidler for images used in Chapter 12.Additional appreciation is extended to the Soaring Society of America, Inc. (), the Soaring Safety Foundation, and Mr. Brad Temeyer and Mr. Bill Martin from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for their technical support and input.vv iPreface (iii)Acknowledgments (v)Table of Contents (vii)Chapter 1Gliders and Sailplanes ........................................1-1 Introduction....................................................................1-1 Gliders—The Early Years ..............................................1-2 Glider or Sailplane? .......................................................1-3 Glider Pilot Schools ......................................................1-4 14 CFR Part 141 Pilot Schools ...................................1-5 14 CFR Part 61 Instruction ........................................1-5 Glider Certificate Eligibility Requirements ...................1-5 Common Glider Concepts ..............................................1-6 Terminology...............................................................1-6 Converting Metric Distance to Feet ...........................1-6 Chapter 2Components and Systems .................................2-1 Introduction....................................................................2-1 Glider Design .................................................................2-2 The Fuselage ..................................................................2-4 Wings and Components .............................................2-4 Lift/Drag Devices ...........................................................2-5 Empennage .....................................................................2-6 Towhook Devices .......................................................2-7 Powerplant .....................................................................2-7 Self-Launching Gliders .............................................2-7 Sustainer Engines .......................................................2-8 Landing Gear .................................................................2-8 Wheel Brakes .............................................................2-8 Chapter 3Aerodynamics of Flight .......................................3-1 Introduction....................................................................3-1 Forces of Flight..............................................................3-2 Newton’s Third Law of Motion .................................3-2 Lift ..............................................................................3-2The Effects of Drag on a Glider .....................................3-3 Parasite Drag ..............................................................3-3 Form Drag ...............................................................3-3 Skin Friction Drag ..................................................3-3 Interference Drag ....................................................3-5 Total Drag...................................................................3-6 Wing Planform ...........................................................3-6 Elliptical Wing ........................................................3-6 Rectangular Wing ...................................................3-7 Tapered Wing .........................................................3-7 Swept-Forward Wing ..............................................3-7 Washout ..................................................................3-7 Glide Ratio .................................................................3-8 Aspect Ratio ............................................................3-9 Weight ........................................................................3-9 Thrust .........................................................................3-9 Three Axes of Rotation ..................................................3-9 Stability ........................................................................3-10 Flutter .......................................................................3-11 Lateral Stability ........................................................3-12 Turning Flight ..............................................................3-13 Load Factors .................................................................3-13 Radius of Turn ..........................................................3-14 Turn Coordination ....................................................3-15 Slips ..........................................................................3-15 Forward Slip .........................................................3-16 Sideslip .................................................................3-17 Spins .........................................................................3-17 Ground Effect ...............................................................3-19 Chapter 4Flight Instruments ...............................................4-1 Introduction....................................................................4-1 Pitot-Static Instruments ..................................................4-2 Impact and Static Pressure Lines................................4-2 Airspeed Indicator ......................................................4-2 The Effects of Altitude on the AirspeedIndicator..................................................................4-3 Types of Airspeed ...................................................4-3Table of ContentsviiAirspeed Indicator Markings ......................................4-5 Other Airspeed Limitations ........................................4-6 Altimeter .....................................................................4-6 Principles of Operation ...........................................4-6 Effect of Nonstandard Pressure andTemperature............................................................4-7 Setting the Altimeter (Kollsman Window) .............4-9 Types of Altitude ......................................................4-10 Variometer................................................................4-11 Total Energy System .............................................4-14 Netto .....................................................................4-14 Electronic Flight Computers ....................................4-15 Magnetic Compass .......................................................4-16 Yaw String ................................................................4-16 Inclinometer..............................................................4-16 Gyroscopic Instruments ...............................................4-17 G-Meter ........................................................................4-17 FLARM Collision Avoidance System .........................4-18 Chapter 5Glider Performance .............................................5-1 Introduction....................................................................5-1 Factors Affecting Performance ......................................5-2 High and Low Density Altitude Conditions ...........5-2 Atmospheric Pressure .............................................5-2 Altitude ...................................................................5-3 Temperature............................................................5-3 Wind ...........................................................................5-3 Weight ........................................................................5-5 Rate of Climb .................................................................5-7 Flight Manuals and Placards ..........................................5-8 Placards ......................................................................5-8 Performance Information ...........................................5-8 Glider Polars ...............................................................5-8 Weight and Balance Information .............................5-10 Limitations ...............................................................5-10 Weight and Balance .....................................................5-12 Center of Gravity ......................................................5-12 Problems Associated With CG Forward ofForward Limit .......................................................5-12 Problems Associated With CG Aft of Aft Limit ..5-13 Sample Weight and Balance Problems ....................5-13 Ballast ..........................................................................5-14 Chapter 6Preflight and Ground Operations .......................6-1 Introduction....................................................................6-1 Assembly and Storage Techniques ................................6-2 Trailering....................................................................6-3 Tiedown and Securing ................................................6-4Water Ballast ..............................................................6-4 Ground Handling........................................................6-4 Launch Equipment Inspection ....................................6-5 Glider Preflight Inspection .........................................6-6 Prelaunch Checklist ....................................................6-7 Glider Care .....................................................................6-7 Preventive Maintenance .............................................6-8 Chapter 7Launch and Recovery Procedures and Flight Maneuvers ............................................................7-1 Introduction....................................................................7-1 Aerotow Takeoff Procedures .........................................7-2 Signals ........................................................................7-2 Prelaunch Signals ....................................................7-2 Inflight Signals ........................................................7-3 Takeoff Procedures and Techniques ..........................7-3 Normal Assisted Takeoff............................................7-4 Unassisted Takeoff.....................................................7-5 Crosswind Takeoff .....................................................7-5 Assisted ...................................................................7-5 Unassisted...............................................................7-6 Aerotow Climb-Out ....................................................7-6 Aerotow Release.........................................................7-8 Slack Line ...................................................................7-9 Boxing the Wake ......................................................7-10 Ground Launch Takeoff Procedures ............................7-11 CG Hooks .................................................................7-11 Signals ......................................................................7-11 Prelaunch Signals (Winch/Automobile) ...............7-11 Inflight Signals ......................................................7-12 Tow Speeds ..............................................................7-12 Automobile Launch ..................................................7-14 Crosswind Takeoff and Climb .................................7-14 Normal Into-the-Wind Launch .................................7-15 Climb-Out and Release Procedures ..........................7-16 Self-Launch Takeoff Procedures ..............................7-17 Preparation and Engine Start ....................................7-17 Taxiing .....................................................................7-18 Pretakeoff Check ......................................................7-18 Normal Takeoff ........................................................7-19 Crosswind Takeoff ...................................................7-19 Climb-Out and Shutdown Procedures ......................7-19 Landing .....................................................................7-21 Gliderport/Airport Traffic Patterns and Operations .....7-22 Normal Approach and Landing ................................7-22 Crosswind Landing ..................................................7-25 Slips ..........................................................................7-25 Downwind Landing ..................................................7-27 After Landing and Securing .....................................7-27viiiPerformance Maneuvers ..............................................7-27 Straight Glides ..........................................................7-27 Turns.........................................................................7-28 Roll-In ...................................................................7-29 Roll-Out ................................................................7-30 Steep Turns ...........................................................7-31 Maneuvering at Minimum Controllable Airspeed ...7-31 Stall Recognition and Recovery ...............................7-32 Secondary Stalls ....................................................7-34 Accelerated Stalls .................................................7-34 Crossed-Control Stalls ..........................................7-35 Operating Airspeeds .....................................................7-36 Minimum Sink Airspeed ..........................................7-36 Best Glide Airspeed..................................................7-37 Speed to Fly ..............................................................7-37 Chapter 8Abnormal and Emergency Procedures .............8-1 Introduction....................................................................8-1 Porpoising ......................................................................8-2 Pilot-Induced Oscillations (PIOs) ..............................8-2 PIOs During Launch ...................................................8-2 Factors Influencing PIOs ........................................8-2 Improper Elevator Trim Setting ..............................8-3 Improper Wing Flaps Setting ..................................8-3 Pilot-Induced Roll Oscillations During Launch .........8-3 Pilot-Induced Yaw Oscillations During Launch ........8-4 Gust-Induced Oscillations ..............................................8-5 Vertical Gusts During High-Speed Cruise .................8-5 Pilot-Induced Pitch Oscillations During Landing ......8-6 Glider-Induced Oscillations ...........................................8-6 Pitch Influence of the Glider Towhook Position ........8-6 Self-Launching Glider Oscillations During Powered Flight ...........................................................8-7 Nosewheel Glider Oscillations During Launchesand Landings ..............................................................8-7 Tailwheel/Tailskid Equipped Glider Oscillations During Launches and Landings ..................................8-8 Aerotow Abnormal and Emergency Procedures ............8-8 Abnormal Procedures .................................................8-8 Towing Failures........................................................8-10 Tow Failure With Runway To Land and Stop ......8-11 Tow Failure Without Runway To Land BelowReturning Altitude ................................................8-11 Tow Failure Above Return to Runway Altitude ...8-11 Tow Failure Above 800' AGL ..............................8-12 Tow Failure Above Traffic Pattern Altitude .........8-13 Slack Line .................................................................8-13 Ground Launch Abnormal and Emergency Procedures ....................................................................8-14 Abnormal Procedures ...............................................8-14 Emergency Procedures .............................................8-14 Self-Launch Takeoff Emergency Procedures ..............8-15 Emergency Procedures .............................................8-15 Spiral Dives ..................................................................8-15 Spins .............................................................................8-15 Entry Phase ...............................................................8-17 Incipient Phase .........................................................8-17 Developed Phase ......................................................8-17 Recovery Phase ........................................................8-17 Off-Field Landing Procedures .....................................8-18 Afterlanding Off Field .............................................8-20 Off-Field Landing Without Injury ........................8-20 Off-Field Landing With Injury .............................8-20 System and Equipment Malfunctions ..........................8-20 Flight Instrument Malfunctions ................................8-20 Airspeed Indicator Malfunctions ..........................8-21 Altimeter Malfunctions .........................................8-21 Variometer Malfunctions ......................................8-21 Compass Malfunctions .........................................8-21 Glider Canopy Malfunctions ....................................8-21 Broken Glider Canopy ..........................................8-22 Frosted Glider Canopy ..........................................8-22 Water Ballast Malfunctions ......................................8-22 Retractable Landing Gear Malfunctions ..................8-22 Primary Flight Control Systems ...............................8-22 Elevator Malfunctions ..........................................8-22 Aileron Malfunctions ............................................8-23 Rudder Malfunctions ............................................8-24 Secondary Flight Controls Systems .........................8-24 Elevator Trim Malfunctions .................................8-24 Spoiler/Dive Brake Malfunctions .........................8-24 Miscellaneous Flight System Malfunctions .................8-25 Towhook Malfunctions ............................................8-25 Oxygen System Malfunctions ..................................8-25 Drogue Chute Malfunctions .....................................8-25 Self-Launching Gliders ................................................8-26 Self-Launching/Sustainer Glider Engine Failure During Takeoff or Climb ..........................................8-26 Inability to Restart a Self-Launching/SustainerGlider Engine While Airborne .................................8-27 Self-Launching Glider Propeller Malfunctions ........8-27 Self-Launching Glider Electrical System Malfunctions .............................................................8-27 In-flight Fire .............................................................8-28 Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear ...................8-28 Survival Gear Checklists ..........................................8-28 Food and Water ........................................................8-28ixClothing ....................................................................8-28 Communication ........................................................8-29 Navigation Equipment ..............................................8-29 Medical Equipment ..................................................8-29 Stowage ....................................................................8-30 Parachute ..................................................................8-30 Oxygen System Malfunctions ..................................8-30 Accident Prevention .....................................................8-30 Chapter 9Soaring Weather ..................................................9-1 Introduction....................................................................9-1 The Atmosphere .............................................................9-2 Composition ...............................................................9-2 Properties ....................................................................9-2 Temperature............................................................9-2 Density ....................................................................9-2 Pressure ...................................................................9-2 Standard Atmosphere .................................................9-3 Layers of the Atmosphere ..........................................9-4 Scale of Weather Events ................................................9-4 Thermal Soaring Weather ..............................................9-6 Thermal Shape and Structure .....................................9-6 Atmospheric Stability .................................................9-7 Air Masses Conducive to Thermal Soaring ...................9-9 Cloud Streets ..............................................................9-9 Thermal Waves...........................................................9-9 Thunderstorms..........................................................9-10 Lifted Index ..........................................................9-12 K-Index .................................................................9-12 Weather for Slope Soaring .......................................9-14 Mechanism for Wave Formation ..............................9-16 Lift Due to Convergence ..........................................9-19 Obtaining Weather Information ...................................9-21 Preflight Weather Briefing........................................9-21 Weather-ReIated Information ..................................9-21 Interpreting Weather Charts, Reports, andForecasts ......................................................................9-23 Graphic Weather Charts ...........................................9-23 Winds and Temperatures Aloft Forecast ..............9-23 Composite Moisture Stability Chart .....................9-24 Chapter 10Soaring Techniques ..........................................10-1 Introduction..................................................................10-1 Thermal Soaring ...........................................................10-2 Locating Thermals ....................................................10-2 Cumulus Clouds ...................................................10-2 Other Indicators of Thermals ................................10-3 Wind .....................................................................10-4 The Big Picture .....................................................10-5Entering a Thermal ..............................................10-5 Inside a Thermal.......................................................10-6 Bank Angle ...........................................................10-6 Speed .....................................................................10-6 Centering ...............................................................10-7 Collision Avoidance ................................................10-9 Exiting a Thermal .....................................................10-9 Atypical Thermals ..................................................10-10 Ridge/Slope Soaring ..................................................10-10 Traps ......................................................................10-10 Procedures for Safe Flying .....................................10-12 Bowls and Spurs .....................................................10-13 Slope Lift ................................................................10-13 Obstructions ...........................................................10-14 Tips and Techniques ...............................................10-15 Wave Soaring .............................................................10-16 Preflight Preparation ...............................................10-17 Getting Into the Wave ............................................10-18 Flying in the Wave .................................................10-20 Soaring Convergence Zones ...................................10-23 Combined Sources of Updrafts ..............................10-24 Chapter 11Cross-Country Soaring .....................................11-1 Introduction..................................................................11-1 Flight Preparation and Planning ...................................11-2 Personal and Special Equipment ..................................11-3 Navigation ....................................................................11-5 Using the Plotter .......................................................11-5 A Sample Cross-Country Flight ...............................11-5 Navigation Using GPS .............................................11-8 Cross-Country Techniques ...........................................11-9 Soaring Faster and Farther .........................................11-11 Height Bands ..........................................................11-11 Tips and Techniques ...............................................11-12 Special Situations .......................................................11-14 Course Deviations ..................................................11-14 Lost Procedures ......................................................11-14 Cross-Country Flight in a Self-Launching Glider .....11-15 High-Performance Glider Operations and Considerations ............................................................11-16 Glider Complexity ..................................................11-16 Water Ballast ..........................................................11-17 Cross-Country Flight Using Other Lift Sources ........11-17 Chapter 12Towing ................................................................12-1 Introduction..................................................................12-1 Equipment Inspections and Operational Checks .........12-2 Tow Hook ................................................................12-2 Schweizer Tow Hook ...........................................12-2x。

EDIUS® X EDIT ANYTHING. FAST Software version 10.32.8750Release NotesMay 2022Copy and Trademark NoticeGrass Valley®, GV® and the Grass Valley logo and / or any of the Grass Valley products listed in this document are trademarks or registered trademarks of GVBB Holdings SARL, Grass Valley USA, LLC, or one of its affiliates or subsidiaries. All third party intellectual property rights (including logos or icons) remain the property of their respective ownersCopyright ©2021 GVBB Holdings SARL and Grass Valley USA, LLC. All rights reserved.Specifications are subject to change without notice.Other product names or related brand names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies.Terms and ConditionsPlease read the following terms and conditions carefully. By using EDIUS documentation, you agree to the following terms and conditions.Grass Valley hereby grants permission and license to owners of to use their product manuals for their own internal business use. Manuals for Grass Valley products may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, for any purpose unless specifically authorized in writing by Grass Valley.A Grass Valley manual may have been revised to reflect changes made to the product during its manufacturing life.Thus, different versions of a manual may exist for any given product. Care should be taken to ensure that one obtains the proper manual version for a specific product serial number.Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of Grass Valley.Warranty i nformation is available from the Legal Terms and Conditions section of Grass Valley’s website ().Important NotificationSupported OSWindows 7 OS is no longer supported. You are only able to use EDIUS X on Windows 10 or 11 OS.If Windows Defender SmartScreen prevents the installer from startingIf Windows Defender SmartScreen prevents the installer from starting, please follow the following steps.1) Right-click the installer file then select “Properties”2) Open “Digital Signatures” tab then make sure the file has the digital signature of “GRASS VALLEY K.K.”3) Open “General” tab then check [Unlock] checkbox4) Click [Apply] button, then click [OK] button5) Run the installer againUsing with Floating LicenseIf Floating License Server is being used, its version has to be the same (or upper) as EDIUS X.Precautions when using subscription licensesSubscription licenses have the following restrictions:∙Bonus Contents for EDIUS X including the OFX Bridge are not available*OpenFX plugins cannot be used because the OFX Bridge is not available∙Disc Burner is not available∙H.264/AVC Blu-ray and Blu-ray 3D exporters are not available∙Internet connection is required for regular online validation of the licenses and the eID even for Workgroup∙The same license is not allowed to be installed on two computers at the same time*Some types of perpetual licenses are permitted to be installed on up to two computers per license only for use by asingle user under certain conditionsIf the above restrictions are an issue, please consider purchasing perpetual licenses.About offline usageFrom 10.30, the maximum offline usage period for licenses that require Internet access regularly, such as EDIUS X Pro, is shortened from 60 days to 30 days.Upgrading from an earlier buildIf you update EDIUS X from build 10.20 or earlier, eID log in dialog appears at the first startup.∙You can skip the eID validation only in Workgroup license∙If the eID validation skipped to start Workgroup editor, eID log in dialog doesn’t appear on subsequent running of EDIUS∙Internet connection is required for eID validationIf you upgrade EDIUS X from build 10.21 or earlier, the following settings of GV Job Monitor will be reset to the default settings:- Windows colors- Display settings of jobsUsing with virtual machinesWhen a virtual machine is created by duplicating another virtual machine on which EDIUS has been installed, please follow the following steps to use EDIUS with the created machine:1) Run SelfCertificationInstaller.exe on "C:\Program Files\Grass Valley\EDIUS Hub"2) Restart the OS*Only EDIUS Cloud supports use with virtual machines in cloud environments such as AWSSystem RequirementsThe following are the system requirements of this build*System requirements are subject to change without noticeNew Features & fixed issuesNew Features*No additional / improved featureFixed or improved issuesThe following issues are fixed or improved in this version:EDIUS∙When a partial render job is divided into multiple jobs, the order of these jobs is incorrect∙Export with the option "Export Between In and Out" fails if the timeline has a sequence on which "Remove cut points" is possible∙EDIUS crashes when performing "Consolidate Project" if audio waveform is displayed in the timeline∙External Render Engine crashes if EDIUS Hub Server is not found (EDIUS Hub Server environment only) Mync*No fix providedKnown issuesThis build has below known issues:EDIUS∙Frame number of source timecode is always shown as even number in 50p/60p clips∙There is a security software that detect EDIUS.exe as a malware∙Encoding in Dolby Digital Professional/Plus changes the volume of audio∙Standalone GV Job Monitor requests “EdiusHubPackage.msi” when it is launchedWorkaround: Use EDIUS integrated GV Job Monitor∙Two “EDIUS X” items appear in “App & Features” in Windows settings∙MPEG2 Elementary Stream exporter is unavailable∙Some of third party plug-ins and Bonus Contents cannot be uninstalled or updated properly if GV Render Engine is running in the backgroundWorkaround: Follow the following steps when uninstalling or updating plug-ins:1. Close EDIUS if it is running2. Click GV Render Engine on the Taskbar, then select "Pause"*If GV Render Engine is not found on the Taskbar, sign out all accounts from the OS, then sign in with the accountused to uninstall or update plug-ins3. Uninstall or update plug-ins4. Click GV Render Engine on the Taskbar, then select "Start"∙Updating Floating License Server fails if the installed version is 10.30 or earlierWorkaround: Uninstall the old version first∙If the OS has not been restarted after changing the display scaling, sizes of texts created by QuickTitler will be unexpectedly changed at the exportWorkaround: Restart GV Render Engine before file export (See FAQ for the steps)∙AVCHD 3D writer exporter fails to export files∙When a clip exported by the P2 3D exporter is registered in the bin, it will be handled as a sequence clip instead of a 3D clip∙When "Separate Left and Right" is selected to export a stereoscopic clip, only the L side file is export∙"Add and Transfer to Bin" from Amazon S3 source browser fails if the path contains multibyte characters (EDIUS Cloud only)∙Vorbis exporter fails if the number of audio channels is 7 or 8, even though the exporter's specifications allow up to 8 channels of audio∙When exporting MP3 audio, noise is exported if "Bit Depth" of audio format is set to 20bit∙The color space of the project settings is not reflected to still image files created by "Create a Still Image"function∙File export from a checked out project failsMync∙Updating Floating License Server fails if the installed version is 10.30 or earlierWorkaround: Uninstall the old version firstDesign LimitationsRestrictions by no support of QuickTime for WindowsIn both EDIUS X and Mync, QuickTime modules are no longer used even though installing QuickTime Essentials. As the result, the following file formats are no longer supported:∙Still Image File Formats: Flash Pix; Mac Pict; QuickTime Image∙Video File Formats (Import / Export): M4V or some MOV file formats*MOV files whose video formats are general ones such as MPEG-2, H.264/AVC, ProRes, etc. are able to be imported / exported∙Video File Formats (Export): 3GP (MOV); 3G2 (MOV)∙Audio File Formats: MOV (other than Linear PCM and AAC); QuickTime AudioIMPORTANT NOTEIf loaded project contains type of above clips, they will be off-line in EDIUS X。

单晶X射线衍射仪（RAPID IP）操作规程1．打开水箱电源2．打开衍射仪控制面板开关（POWER ON）3．打开X射线开关（X-RAY ON）4．先把电压调到40kV，再把电流调到100-200mA5．按DOOR按钮，等待听到“嘀嘀”的提示音后，打开衍射仪的防护门，取出侧角头6．到显微镜下挑选单晶样品，并将其粘在侧角头的尖端7．将粘有晶体的侧角头放到侧角头的基座上，旋紧螺丝8．到仪器控制电脑前，打开控制软件，把晶体的中心调整到与摄像头的十字叉丝中心重合，关闭衍射仪的防护门9．进入控制软件，先做指标化（INDEX），选中合理的晶胞参数10．根据LAUE群，设定合理的数据收集策略，保证完全度（completeness）在98%以上，冗余度（redundancy）在2-3之间，开始收集数据11．结束后，对数据作积分，吸收校正和还原，最后得到hkl文件12．全部测试完成后，先关闭控制软件，再关闭仪器13．关闭仪器的顺序是，先把电流降到最小值，然后把电压降到最小值，然后关闭X射线（X-RAY OFF）14．关闭衍射仪控制面板开关（POWER OFF）15．等待至少30分钟，关闭水箱电源16．仪器校准使用标准物cytidine，测试结果应达到如下指标：Table 1. Crystal data and structure refinement for cytidine. Identification code cytidineEmpirical formula C9 H13 N3 O5Formula weight 243.22Temperature 296(2) KWavelength 0.71073 ACrystal system, space group Orthorhombic, P2(1)2(1)2(1)Unit cell dimensions a = 5.1158(7) A alpha = 90 deg.b = 13.987(2) A beta = 90 deg.c = 14.784(2) A gamma = 90 deg. V olume 1057.9(3) A^3Z, Calculated density 4, 1.527 Mg/m^3Absorption coefficient 0.126 mm^-1F(000) 512Theta range for data collection 2.76 to 26.50 deg.Limiting indices -6<=h<=6, -17<=k<=17, -17<=l<=18 Reflections collected / unique 6830 / 1300 [R(int) = 0.0354] Completeness to theta = 26.50 99.0 %Refinement method Full-matrix least-squares on F^2 Data / restraints / parameters 1300 / 0 / 154Goodness-of-fit on F^2 1.108Final R indices [I>2sigma(I)] R1 = 0.0300, wR2 = 0.0825R indices (all data) R1 = 0.0305, wR2 = 0.0829Figure 1. Crystal structure of cytidine (50% thermal ellipsoid plot) .。