【尚友制造】36套阅读解析exer11

Exercise 20Diamonds, an occasional component of rare igneousrocks called lamproites and kimberlites, have never beendated satisfactorily. However, some diamonds contain minuteinclusions of silicate minerals, commonly olivine, pyroxene,and garnet. These minerals can be dated by radioactive decaytechniques because of the very small quantities ofradioactive trace elements they, in turn, contain. Usually, it ispossible to conclude that the inclusions are older than theirdiamond hosts, but with little indication of the time intervalinvolved. Sometimes, however, the crystal form of thesilicate inclusions is observed to resemble more closely theinternal structure of diamond than that of other silicateminerals. When present, the resemblance is regarded ascompelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions aretruly cogenetic. (121 words)1. The author implies that silicate inclusions were mostoften formed(A) with small diamonds inside of them(B) with trace elements derived from their hostminerals(C) by the radioactive decay of rare igneous rocks(D) at an earlier period than were their hostminerals(E) from the crystallization of rare igneous material2. Select the sentence in the passage that indicates a wayto determine the age of silicate minerals included indiamonds.阅读1：Q1：定位至原文，Usually, it is possible to conclude that the inclusions are older than their diamond hosts，选D；Q2：由determine the age定位至dated ，即文中These minerals can be dated by radioactive decay techniques because of the very small quantities of radioactive trace elements they, in turn, contain.plays a major role in heart disease because people with familial hypercholesterolemia, a genetic defect, have six to eight times the normal level of cholesterol in their blood and they invariably develop heart disease. These people lackcell-surface receptors for low-density lipoproteins (LDL‘s), which are the fundamental carriers of blood cholesterol to the body cells that use cholesterol. Without an adequate number of cell-surface receptors t o remove LDL‘s from the blood, the cholesterol-carrying LDL‘s remain in the blood, increasing blood cholesterol levels. Scientists also noticed that people with familial hypercholesterolemia appear to produce more LDL‘s than normal individuals. How, sc ientists wondered, could a genetic mutation that causes a slow-down in the removal of LDL‘s from the blood also result in an increase in the synthesis of this cholesterol-carrying protein? Since scientists could not experiment on human body tissue, their knowledge of familial hyper- cholesterolemia was severely limited. However, a breakthrough came in the laboratories of Yoshio Watanabe of Kobe University in Japan in 1980. Watanabe noticed that a male rabbit in his colony had ten times the normal concentration of cholesterol in its blood. By appropriate breeding, Watanabe obtained a strain of rabbits that had very high cholesterol levels. These rabbits spontaneously developed heart disease. To his surprise, Watanabe further found that the rabbits, like humans with familial hypercholesterolemia, lacked LDL receptors. Thus, scientists could study these Watanabe rabbits to gain a better understanding of familial hyper-cholesterolemia in humans.Prior to the breakthrough at Kobe University, it wasknown that LDL‘s are secreted from the liver in the form of a precursor, called very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL‘s), which carry triglycerides as well as relatively small amountsof cholesterol. The triglycerides are removed from theVLDL‘s by fatty and other tissues. What remains is a remnant particle that must be removed from the blood. What scientists learned by studying the Watanabe rabbits is that the removal of the VLDL remnant requires the LDL receptor. Normally,the majority of the VLDL remnants go to the liver where they bind to LDL receptors and are degraded. In the Watanabe rabbit, due to a lack of LDL receptors on liver cells, theVLDL remnants remain in the blood and are eventually converted to LDL‘s. The LDL receptors thus h ave a dualeffect in controlling LDL levels. They are necessary to prevent oversynthesis of LDL‘s from VLDL remnants andblood. With this knowledge, scientists are now well on the way toward developing drugs that dramatically lower cholesterol levels in people afflicted with certain forms of familial hypercholesterolemia.3. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with(A) presenting a hypothesis and describingcompelling evidence in support of it(B) raising a question and describing an important discovery that led to an answer(C) showing that a certain genetically causeddisease can be treated effectively with drugs(D) explaining what causes the genetic mutationthat leads to heart disease(E) discussing the importance of research onanimals for the study of human diseaseFor the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply4. The passage supplies information to answer whichof the following questions EXCEPT?A Which body cells are the primary users of cholesterol?B How did scientists discover that LDL‘s aresecreted from the liver in the form of a precursor?C Where in the body are VLDL remnantsdegraded?5. The passage implies that if the Watanabe rabbitshad had as many LDL receptors on their livers asdo normal rabbits, the Watanabe rabbits wouldhave been(A) less likely than normal rabbits to develop heart disease(B) less likely than normal rabbits to develop high concentrations of cholesterol in their blood(C) less useful than they actually were to scientistsin the study of familial hypercholesterolemiain humans(D) unable to secrete VLDL‘s from their livers(E) immune to drugs that lower cholesterol levels in people with certain forms of familial hypercholesterolemia6. The passage implies that Watanabe rabbits differfrom normal rabbits in which of the following ways?(A) Watanabe rabbits have more LDL receptorsthan do normal rabbits.(B) The blood of Watanabe rabbits contains moreVLDL remnants than does the blood ofnormal rabbits.(C) Watanabe rabbits have fewer fatty tissues thando normal rabbits.(D) Watanabe rabbits secrete lower levels ofVLDL‘s than do normal rabbits.(E) The blood of Watanabe rabbits contains fewerLDL‘s than does the blood of normalrabbits.迄今为止已有相当一段时间，科学家们相信胆固醇（cholesterol）在诱发心脏病这方面起着甚为重要的作用，因为带有家族性高胆固醇血症（familialhypercholesterolemia）——一种基因缺陷——的人，其体内的胆固醇含量是正常含量的六至八倍，而这些人毫无例外地患有心脏病。

Exercise 10Currently, the paramount problem in the field of biomaterials, the science of replacing diseased tissue with human-made implants, is control over the interface, orLine surface, between implanted biomaterials and living5 tissues. The physical properties of most tissues can be matched by careful selection of raw materials: metals, ceramics, or several varieties of polymer materials. Eventhe requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by10 techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and non-living matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of15 cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. Although recent research has allowed us to stabilize the tissue-biomaterial interface by controllingeither the chemical reactions or the microstructure of the biomaterials, our fundamental understanding of how20 implant devices adhere to tissues remains woefully incomplete. (159 words)1. According to the passage, the major problemcurrently facing scientists in the field of bio-materials is(A) assessing and regulating the bondingbetween host tissue and implants(B) controlling the transfer of potentially toxicmaterials across the interface of tissueand implant(C) discovering new materials from which toconstruct implant devices(D) deciding in what situations implants areneeded(E) determining the importance of short-termimplants to long-term stability of tissueimplant interfaces2. The passage suggests which of the followingabout the recent research mentioned in the lastsentence ?(A) It has solved one set of problems but hascreated another.(B) It has concentrated on secondary concernsbut has ignored primary concerns.(C) It has improved practical applications ofbiomaterial technology without providing acomplete theoretical explanation of thatimprovement.(D) It has thoroughly investigated properties ofbiomaterials but has paid little attentionto relevant characteristics of human tissue.(E) It has provided considerable information onshort-term implant technology but littleon long-term implant technology.阅读1：Q1：定位至原文：line 11；But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and non-living matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. 所以选A；Q2：原文说fundamental understanding还是incomplete，尽管要的结果可以实现了。

Exercise 16Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following reading passage.One advantage of breeding African bees with otherbee types (Africanization) may be resistance to the para-sitic mite Varroa jacobsoni, a major threat to modernLine beekeeping. In parts of Europe, this mite is devastating5 honeybees and killing many colonies despite preventive measures by beekeepers. But in Brazil Varroa jacobsonihas been present in Africanized bees since 1972 withoutthe loss of a single colony, even though beekeepers there undertook no preventive measures. The mites lay eggs10 within the brood cells of immature bees, and developing mites feed on the hemolymph (blood) of bee pupae. But fewer mites reproduce in Africanized bees than inEuropean bees. Some researchers point out that this resistance may be related to the Africanized worker bee's15 shorter development period, which prevents some mites from reaching maturity. Recently the mite has become a serious problem in colonies of European bees in North America. Africanization of these bees may be the best safeguard against this parasite.For the following question, consider each of thechoices separately and select all that apply1. The author cites all of the following as evidence that Africanized bees' resistance to Varroa jacobsoni issuperior to that of European bees:□A Varroa jacobsoni is killing many bee colonies inEurope.□B Beekeepers in Brazil have not used preven vemeasures to protect their colonies.□C At least some European bee colonies have beensaved by preventive measures.2. Select the sentence that indicates one possible reasonthe Africanized bees in Brazil have successfullyresisted Varroa jacobsoni .3. The author's argument regarding the resistance of Africanized bees to Varroa jacobsoni would bemost weakened if which of the following were true?○A The bees in Brazil were resistant before being Africanized.○B The number of bee colonies in North American increased dramatically whereas the number inBrazil remained unchanged.○C Mites found in European bees reproduce at afaster rate than mites of identical speciesfound in the bees in Brazil.○D Africanized bees retain many of the characteris-tics of European bees.○E Bee colonies in Europe continue to producegreater quantities of honey than do those inBrazil.Questions 4 and 5 are based on the following reading passage.Innovative as it is, Luis Valdez' acto owes much to the theater traditions or other periods and regions. Like early Spanish American religious dramas, secular folk dramas,Line and the Mexican carpas of a somewhat later period, actos 5 are usually performed outdoors by traveling groups of players or by local theater groups. The improvised comic satire of the actos is often attributed to Valdez' study ofthe Italian commedia dell' arte of the sixteenth century, although some critics see it as a direct reflection of the10 comic and improvisational qualities of the more contemporary and local carpas of Mexican theater. The Italian influence is likely, whatever Valdez‘ immediate source: the Mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century15 Spanish writer inspired by encounters with Italian commedia dell'arte troupes on tour in Spain.4. Which of the following best describes the author's evaluation of the views of the critics?(A) Their views, if correct, do not preclude theexistence of an Italian influence on the acto.(B) Their views are unlikely to be correct, giventhe differences existing between Mexican andMexican American theater.(C) Their views concerning the Mexican carpa are essentially correct, but they lack familiaritywith the acto.(D) Their views are probably more correct than theviews of those who have attributed thecomic and improvisational elements of theacto to earlier sources.(E) Their views betray a lack of familiarity withthe commedia dell'arte.5. Which of the following, if true, most strengthensthe author's argument concerning the debt of theacto to the theater traditions of other periods andregions?(A) Many popular forms of theater rely heavilyon improvisation.(B) Plays resembling the acto in structure werewritten in the 1970's by West Africanplaywrights who are interested in dramatizingthe richness of their own cultures.(C) The use of masks has, at one time or another,been characteristic of the theater traditionsof almost all cultures, even those most isolatedfrom outside influences.(D) During a strike, it is common for union membersto present musical skits dramatizing thevalues of solidarity and resistance.(E) Before 1965 Luis Valdez had attended manyperformances of traditional Mexican theatergroups touring the western United States.阅读1：Q1. 细节定位：哪个证据A蜜蜂比E蜜蜂抵抗寄生虫能力更强？A. 定位L4：“In parts of Europe, this mite is devastating honeybees and killingmany colonies despite preventive measures by beekeepers”B. 定位在上句的下一句：“But in Brazil Varroa jacobsoni has been present in Africanized bees since 1972 without the loss of a single colony, even though beekeepers there undertook no preventive measures”C. 表达的意思和题干相反；正确答案AB；Q2. 仔细读题干问的是reason：定位在L13：“Some researchers point out that this resistance may be related tothe Africanized worker bee's shorter development period” 正确答案Q3. 削弱题：一定要仔细看题目中要求削弱的对象是“resistance of Africanized bees to Varroa jacobsoni”，注意不要随意添加新信息并且进行多步推理。

Exercise 23The common belief of some linguists that each languageis a perfect vehicle for the thoughts of the nation speakingit is in some ways the exact counterpart of the conviction ofthe Manchester school of economics that supply anddemand will regulate everything for the best. Just as economists were blind to the numerous cases in which thelaw of supply and demand left actual wants unsatisfied, soalso many linguists are deaf to those instances in which the very nature of a language calls forth misunderstandings in everyday conversation, and in which, consequently, a wordhas to be modified or defined in order to present the idea intended by the speaker: "He took his stick-no, not John's,but his own." No language is perfect, and if we admit this truth, we must also admit that it is not unreasonable to investigate the relative merits of different languages or of different details in languages. ( 155 words)1.The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) analyze an interesting feature of the Englishlanguage(B) refute a belief held by some linguists(C) show that economic theory is relevant tolinguistic study(D) illustrate the confusion that can result from theimproper use of language(E) suggest a way in which languages can be mademore nearly perfectFor the following question, consider each of thechoices separately and select all that apply2. The misunderstanding presented by the author inthe passage is similar to which of the following?A X uses the word "you" to refer to a group, but Ythinks that X is referring to one person only.B X mistakenly uses the word "anomaly"to refer to a typical example, but Y knows that "anomaly" means "exception."C X uses the word "bachelor" to mean "unmarriedman," but Y mistakenly thinks that bachelor means "unmarried woman."3.In presenting the argument, the author does all ofthe following EXCEPT(A) give an example(C) make a generalization(D) make a comparison(E) present a paradox阅读2：讲解：此文乃非常典型的新老观点对比型的文章。

GRE阅读小笔记 Exercise 3The dark regions in the starry night sky are not pockets in the universe that are devoid of stars as had long been thought. Rather, they are dark because Line of interstellar dust that hides the stars behind it. 5 Although its visual effect is so pronounced, dust is only a minor constituent of the material, extremely low in density, that lies between the stars. The average density of interstellar material in the vicinity of our Sun is 1,000 to 10,000 times less than the best terrestrial 10 laboratory vacuum. It is only because of the enormous interstellar distances that so little material per unit of volume becomes so significant. Optical astronomy is most directly affected, for although interstellar gas is perfectly transparent, the dust is not. (125 words) =================================1. According to the passage, which of the following is adirect perceptual consequence of interstellar dust EXCEPT?□A Some stars are rendered invisible to observers on Earth.□B Many visible stars are made to seem brighter than they really are.□C The dust is conspicuously visible against a background of bright stars.2. It can be inferred from the passage that it is becausespace is so vast that(A) little of the interstellar material in it seems substantial(B) normal units of volume seem futile for measurements of density(C) stars can be far enough from Earth to be obscured even by very sparsely distributed matter(D) interstellar gases can, for all practical purposes, be regarded as transparent(E) optical astronomy would be of little use even if no interstellar dust existed=================================== In Hardy‘s novels, various impulses were sacrificed toeach other inevitably and often. Inevitably, because Hardy did not care in the way that novelists such as Line Flaubert or James cared, and therefore took paths of least 5 resistance. Thus, one impulse often surrendered to a fresher one and, unfortunately, instead of exacting a compromise, simply disappeared. A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give way abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a 10 novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower. In this instance, the new impulse was at least an energetic one, and thus its indulgence did not result in a relaxed style. But on other occasions Hardy abandoned a perilous, risky, and highly 15 energizing impulse in favor of what was for him the fatally relaxing impulse to classify and schematize abstractly. When a relaxing impulse was indulged, the style—that sure index of an author‘s literary worth—was certain to become verbose. (167 words)===================================3. Which of the following words could best besubstituted for ―relaxedǁ (line 13) withoutsubstantially changing the author‘s meaning?(A) informal(B) confined(C) risky(D) wordy(E) metaphoric4. The passage supplies information to suggest that its authorwould be most likely to agree with which of the followingstatements about the novelists Flaubert and James?(A) They indulged more impulses in their novels than did Hardy in his novels.(B) They have elicited a greater degree of favorable response from most literary critics than has Hardy.(C) In the writing of their novels, they often took pains to effect a compromise among their various novelistic impulses.(D) Regarding novelistic construction, they cared more about the opinions of other novelists than about the opinions of ordinary readers.(E) They wrote novels in which the impulse toward realism and the impulse away from realism were evident in equal measure.5. Which of the following statements best describes theorganization of the passage (―Thus…abstractlyǁ)?(A) The author makes a disapproving observation and then presents two cases, one of which leads to a qualification of his disapproval and the other of which does not.(B) The author draws a conclusion from a previous statement, explains his conclusion in detail, and then gives a series of examples that have the effect of resolving an inconsistency.(C) The author concedes a point and then makes a counterargument, using an extended comparison and contrast that qualifies his original concession.(D) The author makes a judgment, points out an exception to his judgment, and then contradicts his original assertion.(E) The author summarizes and explains an argument and then advances a brief history of opposing arguments.阅读1.主要阐述了一个观点，就是说“黑暗的夜空中没有明星这一观点是被反对的”，接下来进行了解释。

Exercise 9Jean Wagner‘s most enduring contribution to thestudy of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in a religious, as well as secular, frame ofLine reference. The appropriateness of such an approach may 5 seem self-evident for a tradition commencing with spirituals and owing its early forms, rhythms, vocabulary, and evangelical fervor to Wesleyan hymnals. But before Wagner a secular outlook that analyzed Black poetrysolely within the context of political and social protest10 was dominant in the field.It is Wagner who first demonstrated the essentialfusion of racial and religious feeling in Afro-American poetry. The two, he argued, form a symbiotic union in which religious feelings are often applied to racial issues15 and racial problems are often projected onto a metaphysical plane. Wagner found this most eloquently illustrated in the Black spiritual, where the desire for freedom in this world and the hope for salvation in thenext are inextricably intertwined.(159 words)1. The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) contrast the theories of Jean Wagner withthose of other contemporary critics(B) document the influence of Jean Wagner on the development of Afro-American poetry(C) explain the relevance of Jean Wagner‘s work tothe study of Afro-American religion(D) indicate the importance of Jean Wagner‘sanalysis of Afro-American poetry(E) present the contributions of Jean Wagner tothe study of Black spirituals2. All of the following aspects of Afro-Americanpoetry are referred to in the passage as having been influenced by Wesleyan hymnals EXCEPT(A) subject matter(B) word choice(C) rhythm(D) structure(E) tone3. It can be inferred from the passage that, beforeWagner, most students of Afro-American poetry didwhich of the following?(A) Contributed appreciably to the transfer ofpolitical protest from Afro-American poetry todirect political action.(B) Ignored at least some of the historical roots ofAfro-American poetry.(C) Analyzed fully the aspects of social protestto be found in such traditional forms of Afro-American poetry as the Black spiritual.(D) Regarded as unimportant the developmentof fervent emotionalism in a portion of Afro-American poetry.(E) Concentrated on the complex relationsbetween the technical elements in Afro-American poetry and its political content.阅读1：詹"瓦格纳（Jean Wagner）对美国黑人诗歌研究作出的最经久不衰的贡献是他的如下主张，即美国黑人诗歌应该被置于一个宗教的而不仅仅是世俗的参照框架中予以分析。

GRE阅读小笔记Exercise 6 Some modern anthropologists hold that biologicalevolution has shaped not only human morphology butalso human behavior. The role those anthropologistsascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of5 human behavior but one of imposing constraints—ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that ―come natu-rallyǁ in archetypal situations in any culture. Our―frailtiesǁ –emotions and motives such as rage, fear,greed, gluttony, joy, lust, love—may be a very mixed10 assortment, but they share at least one immediatequality: we are, as we say, ―in the gripǁ of them. Andthus they give us our sense of constraints.Unhappily, some of those frailties—our need forever-increasing security among them—are presently15 maladaptive. Yet beneath the overlay of culturaldetail, they, too, are said to be biological in direction,and therefore as natural to us as are our appendixes.We would need to comprehend thoroughly theiradaptive origins in order to understand how badly they20 guide us now. And we might then begin to resist theirpressure.=====================================1. Which of the following most probably providesan appropriate analogy from human morphol-ogy for the ―detailsǁ versus ―constraintsǁdistinction made in the passage in relation tohuman behavior?(A) The ability of most people to see all thecolors of the visible spectrum as againstmost people‘s inability to name any butthe primary colors(B) The ability of even the least fortunatepeople to show compassion as againstpeople‘s inability to mask their feelingscompletely(C) The ability of some people to dive to greatdepths as against most people‘s inabilityto swim long distances(D) The psychological profile of those peoplewho are able to delay gratification asagainst people‘s inability to control theirlives completely(E) The greater lung capacity of mountainpeoples that helps them live in oxygen-poorair as against people‘s inability to flywithout special apparatus2. It can be inferred that in his discussion ofmaladaptive frailties the author assumes that(A) evolution does not favor the emergence ofadaptive characteristics over the emergenceof maladaptive ones(B) any structure or behavior not positivelyadaptive is regarded as transitory inevolutionary theory(C) maladaptive characteristics, once fixed,make the emergence of other maladaptivecharacteristics more likely(D) the designation of a characteristic as beingmaladaptive must always remain highlytentative(E) changes in the total human environment canoutpace evolutionary change阅读2：该文是GRE阅读中最难的（没有之一。

Exercise 21Nevelson says, ―I have always wanted to show theworld that art is everywhere, except that it has to passthrough a creative mind.‖ Using mostly discarded wooden objects like packing crates, broken pieces of furniture, and abandoned architectural ornaments, all of which she has hoarded for years, she assembles architectural constructionsof great beauty and power. Creating very freely with no sketches, she glues and nails objects together, paints them black, or more rarely white or gold, and places them in boxes. These assemblages, walls, even entire environments create a mysterious, almost awe-inspiring atmosphere. Although she has denied any symbolic or religious intent inher works, their three-dimensional grandeur and even their titles, such as Sky Cathedral and Night Cathedral, suggestsuch connotations. (124 words)1. Which of the following is one way in which Nevel-son‘s art illustrates her theory as it is expressed inthe first sentence?(A) She sculpts in wood rather than in metal orstone.(B) She paints her sculptures and frames them inboxes.(C) She makes no preliminary sketches but ratherallows the sculpture to develop as she works.(D) She puts together pieces of ordinary objectsonce used for different purposes to make hersculptures.(E) She does not deliberately attempt to conveysymbolic or religious meanings through hersculpture.―Popular art‖ has a number of meanings, impossible todefine with any precision, which range from folklore tojunk. The poles are clear enough, but the middle tends to blur. The Hollywood Western of the 1930‘s, for example,has elements of folklore, but is closer to junk than to highart or folk art. There can be great trash, just as there is badhigh art. The musicals of George Gershwin are greatpopular art, never aspiring to high art. Schubert and Brahms, however, used elements of popular music—folk themes—indifferent one: he took a popular genre—bourgeoismelodrama set to music (an accurate definition ofnineteenth-century opera)—and, without altering itsfundamental nature, transmuted it into high art. (133 words)6. The author refers to Schubert and Brahms in orderto suggest(A) that their achievements are no less substantialthan those of Verdi(B) that their works are examples of great trash(C) the extent to which Schubert and Brahmsinfluenced the later compositions of Verdi(D) a contrast between the conventions ofnineteenth-century opera and those ofother musical forms(E) that popular music could be employed incompositions intended as high art阅读1：文章来自老G的阅读题目，仍然先看老G的翻译，当做背景知识吧~路易丝"奈纳尔森（Louise Nevelson）被许多评论家相信为是二十世纪最伟大的雕塑家，这一点愈发令人瞩目，因为直到最近，对女艺术家最强烈的抵制一直存在于雕塑这一领域。

GRE阅读小笔记Exercise 4 It is a popular misconception that nuclear fusionpower is free of radioactivity; in fact, the deuterium-tritium reaction that nuclear scientists are currentlyexploring with such zeal produces both alpha particles5 and neutrons. (The neutrons are used to produce tritiumfrom a lithium blanket surrounding the reactor.)Another common misconception is that nuclear fusionpower is a virtually unlimited source of energy becauseof the enormous quantity of deuterium in the sea.10 Actually, its limits are set by the amount of availablelithium, which is about as plentiful as uranium in theEarth‘s crust. Research should certainly continue oncontrolled nuclear fusion, but no energy programshould be premised on its existence until it has proven15 practical.========================================1. It can be inferred from the passage that theauthor believes which of the following about thecurrent state of public awareness concerningnuclear fusion power?(A) The public has been deliberately misinformedabout the advantages and disadvantages ofnuclear fusion power.(B) The public is unaware of the principaladvantage of nuclear fusion over nuclearfission as an energy source.(C) The public‘s awareness of the scientificfacts concerning nuclear fusion power issomewhat distorted and incomplete.(D) The public is not interested in increasing itsawareness of the advantages anddisadvantages of nuclear fusion power.(E) The public is aware of the disadvantages ofnuclear fusion power but not of itsadvantages.For the following question, consider each of thechoices separately and select all that apply2. The passage provides information that wouldanswer which of the following questions EXCEPT?□A How much incidental radiation is producedin the deuterium tritium fusion reaction?□B What is likely to be the principal source ofdeuterium for nuclear fusion power?□C Why are scientists exploring the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction with such zeal?阅读2：文章说到了public对核聚变反应的两种普遍误解。

Exercise 22Historically, a cornerstone of classical empiricism hasbeen the notion that every true generalization must be confirmable by specific observations. In classical empiricism, the truth of ―All balls are red,‖ for example, is assessed by inspecting balls; any observation of a non redball refutes unequivocally the proposed generalization.For W.V.O. Quine, however, this constitutes an overly―narrow‖ conception of empiricism. ―All balls are red,‖ he maintains, forms one strand within an entire web of statements (our knowledge); individual observations can be referred only to this web as a whole. As new observationsare collected, he explains, they must be integrated into the web. Problems occur only if a contradiction developsbetween a new observation, say, ―That ball is blue,‖ and the preexisting statements. In that case, he argues, anystatement or combination of statements (not merely the―offending‖ generalization, as in classical empiricism) canbe altered to achieve the fundamental requirement, a system free of contradictions, even if, in some cases, the alteration consists of labeling the new observation a ―hallucination.‖ (172 words)1. According to Quine‘s conception of empiricism, if anew observation were to contradict some statementalready within our system of knowledge, which ofthe following would be true?(A) The new observation would be rejected asuntrue.(B) Both the observation and the statement in oursystem that it contradicted would bediscarded.(C) New observations would be added to our webof statements in order to expand our systemof knowledge.(D) The observation or some part of our web ofstatements would need to be adjusted toresolve the contradiction.(E) An entirely new field of knowledge would becreated.For the following question, consider each of thechoices separately and select all that apply2. It can be inferred from the passage that Quine‗narrow‘ ‖for whic h of the following reasons?A Classical empiricism requires that our systemof generalizations be free of contradictions.B Classical empiricism demands that in the caseof a contradiction between an individualobservation and a generalization, thegeneralization must be abandoned.C Classical empiricism asserts that every observationwill either confirm an existing generalizationor initiate a new generalization.Shergottites, the name given to three anomalous achondrites (igneous meteorites lacking chondrules) so far discovered on Earth, present scientists with a genuine enigma. Shergottites crystallized from molten rock less than 1.1 billion years ago (some 3.5 billion years later than typical achondrites) and were presumably ejected into space when an object impacted on a body similar in chemical composition to Earth. While some scientists speculate that shergottites derive from Io (a volcanically active moon of Jupiter), recent measurements suggest that since Io‘s surface is rich in sulfur and sodium, the chemical composition of its volcanic products would probably be unlike that of the shergottites. Moreover, any fragments dislodged from Io by interbody impact would be unlikelyto escape the gravitational pull of Jupiter.The only other logical source of shergottites is Mars. Space-probe photographs indicate the existence of giant volcanoes on the Martian surface. From the small number of impact craters that appear on Martian lava flows, one can estimate that the planet was volcanically active as recently as a half-billion years ago—and may be active today.(178 words)3. The passage provides information to answer whichof the following questions?(A) What is the precise age of the solar system?(B) How did shergottites get their name?(C) What are the chemical properties shared by shergottites and Martian soils?(D) How volcanically active is the planet Jupiter?(E) What is a major feature of the Martian surface?For the following question, consider each of the4. It can be inferred from the passage that each of thefollowing is a consideration in determining whethera particular planet is a possible source of shergottitesthat have been discovered on EarthA stre ngth of the planet‘s field of gravityB proximity of the planet to its moonsC chemical composition of the planet‘s surface阅读1：翻译如下：从历史的角度看，古典经验主义的奠基石是这样一种观念，即每一个正确的推论都必须能被具体的观察所验证。

GRE阅读小笔记BY 夜莺落知前身 NO 5-1-1By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processes to mental experience appeared rather discouraging. Herring suggested that different modes of sensation, such as pain, taste, and color, might be 5 correlated with the discharge of specific kinds of nervous energy. However, subsequently developed methods of recording and analyzing nerve potentials failed to reveal any such qualitative diversity. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly 10 disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the 15 sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence for this view. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of 20 the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from the auditory cortex, and so on. However, cortical locus, in itself, turned out to 25 have little explanatory value.现象解释型结构：1 TS2 kw13 aw-4 aw~5 kw26 x7 aw-生词：processes 过程; 程序discouraging 使气馁, 阻碍discharge放出; 卸货; 流注sensation感觉 , 知觉qualitative性质上的 ,定性的variance不一致 , 变异essentially实质上; 本来stimulus刺激cerebral脑的; 大脑的cortex皮层; 树皮appropriate适当的,恰当的modality形式;特征cortical外皮的;皮层的explanatory解释的; 辩明的recurrent 一再发生的;周期性的presence存在, 出席, 出现account描述;说明spatiotemporal时空的unaffected自然的;不矫揉造作的activated使活动起来;使产生放射性;使活化perceptions知觉, 领悟力, 感觉1. The author mentions “common currency” in line 13 primarilyin order to emphasize the(A) lack of differentiation among nerve impulses in human beings(B) similarity of the sensations that all human beings experience(C) similarities in the views of scientists who have studied the human nervous system(D) continuous passage of nerve impulses through the nervous system(E) recurrent questioning by scientists of an accepted explanation about the nervous systemAlthough qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency”throughout the nervous system. common currency做句子成分（宾语），说明逻辑上一层（句子）。

Exercise 15Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following reading passage.Typically the queen honeybee is mother to all the beesin a hive; after mating with several male drones fromother colonies, she lays fertilized eggs that develop intoall-female worker bees and lays unfertilized eggs that5 become all-male drones. According to natural selection theory, a worker would enhance her fitness --or ability to propagate her genes-by hatching her own eggs in additionto or in place of the queen's. But a typical worker's fitness would be diminished if other workers' sons, who have10 less genetic material in common with the worker, supplanted the queen's sons (the worker's brothers). Researchers, testing the hypothesis that workers usually somehow block each other's attempts to reproduce, put unfertilized eggs laid by workers and by the queen into a15 hive. Other workers quickly devoured the workers' eggs while leaving the queen's eggs alone.1. Select the sentence that is used as evidence thatworkers worker bees are capable of thwarting eachother's attempts to reproduce.2. The inner workings in a honeybee hive that regulate reproduction, as they are described in the passage,are most similar to which of the followingtypes of human societies?(A) A totalitarian society in which citizens'"policing" of each other's actions helps tomaintain the status quo.(B) A pacifist state in which the individuals arestrongly opposed to the use of violence oraggression to settle disputes.(C) A democratic society in which the voice of themajority rules.(D) A parliamentary society in which a few members, organized as a cabinet wield executive power.(E) An anarchic state in which order and stablesocial structures are lacking3. The passage best supports which of the following inferences about the fitness of honeybees?(A) Reproduction diminishes any individualhoney-bee's fitness.(B) An individual worker's fitness can be maintainedwithout the individual herself reproducing.(C) A hierarchy of stronger and weakerindividuals among the worker beesdetermines which individuals will reproducewhen a queen dies.(D) While a queen reigns, the fitness of theworker bees is increased and that of thedrones is diminished.(E) Fitness encourages worker bees to hatchhoneybee eggs without regard for therelatedness of the young to the "parent".Q1. 问题问的是use evidence：所以答案是“Other workers quickly devoured the workers' eggs while leaving the queen'seggs alone。

Exercise 18Theorists are divided concerning the origin of the Moon. Some hypothesize that the Moon was formed in the sameway as were the planets in the inner solar system (Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Earth)—from planet-forming materials inthe presolar nebula. But, unlike the cores of the inner planets, the Moon‘s core contains little or no iron, while the typical planet-forming materials were quite rich in iron. Other theorists propose that the Moon was ripped out of the Earth‘s rocky mantle by the Earth‘s collision with another large celestial body after much of the Earth‘s iron fell to its core. One problem with the collision hypothesis is the question of how a satellite formed in this way could have settled into the nearly circular orbit that the Moon has today. Fortunately, the collision hypothesis is testable. If it is true, the mantle rocksof the Moon and the Earth should be the same geochemically. (155 words)For the following question, consider each of thechoices separately and select all that apply1. According to the passage, Mars and the Earth aresimilar in which of the following ways?A Their satellites were formed by collisions withother celestial bodies.B Their cores contain iron.C They were formed from the presolar nebula.2. The author implies that a nearly circular orbit isunlikely for a satellite that(A) circles one of the inner planets(B) is deficient in iron(C) is different from its planet geochemically(D) was formed by a collision between two celestialbodies(E) was formed out of the planet-forming materialsin the presolar nebula3. Which of the following, if true, would be most likelyto make it difficult to verify the collision hypothesisin the manner suggested by the author?(A) The Moon‘s core and mantle rock are almostinactive geologically.(B) The mantle rock of the Earth has changed incomposition since the formation of theMoon, while the mantle rock of the Moon hasremained chemically inert.(C) Much of the Earth‘s iron fell to the Earth‘s corelong before the formation of the Moon, afterwhich the Earth‘s mantle rock remainedunchanged.(D) Certain of the Earth‘s elements, such as platinum,gold, and iridium, followed iron to theEarth‘s core.(E) The mantle rock of the Moon contains elementssuch as platinum, gold, and iridium.关于月亮起源的两种观点；Q1：Mars 和earth有什么区别？解析：定位至line 3：in the inner solar system (Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Earth)—from planet-forming materials inthe presolar nebula. 正确答案BC；Q2：a nearly circular orbit 不可能是怎样卫星的轨道？解析：定位至One problem with the collision hypothesis is the question of how a satellite formed in this way could have settled into the nearly circular orbit that the Moon has today，正确答案D；Q3：哪个选项使爆炸论难以证实？解析：文章说moon几乎不含铁，可能是地球的铁都集中到core去了之后，被别的星球炸飞的地球表面的一块。

“圣诞”、“元旦”双节期间学生安全教育工作方案各学院：圣诞节、元旦假期将至，为了确保我校学生度过一个欢乐、平安的假期，提高学生人身财产安全的防范意识，防止意外事故的发生，现将有关工作安排如下：一、提高认识，落实安全责任要从维护学校稳定的高度，提高安全稳定意识，充分认识圣诞节、元旦期间学生安全教育工作的重要性，做到思想上不放松、力度上不减小、标准上不降低。

各学院要认真研究，周密部署，认真落实好学生安全教育工作，针对安全稳定工作的重点领域和薄弱环节，制订严密的防范措施，狠抓落实。

二、突出重点，强化安全防控要严格落实各项安全措施，讲求工作方法，确保收到实效。

圣诞节、元旦期间要排查重点学生，做好重点学生的安全防范工作；元旦放假前要开展学生宿舍综合检查，彻底排查可能存在的不稳定因素和安全隐患。

三、加强教育，营造安全氛围1、学生安全教育和引导工作。

圣诞节和元旦期间要加强学生的防火、防盗和交通安全的意识，引导学生努力学习，将精力放在功课的复习和考试的准备之中，杜绝学生安全事故的发生。

2、禁止学生以任何形式组织集体外出旅游，禁止燃放烟花爆竹、放孔明灯等，教育学生不到人员密度大的场所去，不参与社会上任何形式的平安夜活动。

对圣诞节、元旦期间外出的学生要开展安全教育，强化安全防范意识。

学生外出期间要注意人身安全，不参与存在安全隐患的活动，并在规定时间内返回学校。

同时教育学生探亲、外出时提高交通安全意识，自觉遵守交通法规。

3、对于本周需要跨校区参加研究生入学考试的学生，要加强安全教育及诚信考试教育。

对考试期间考研学生在校外住宿的情况要做到及时掌握，做好人身安全和诚信考试的提醒教育工作。

4、严格学生请销假制度，做好学生去向统计。

按照学校的放假时间，不得提前离校，确有事情，需向学院提出书面申请，征得家长同意，辅导员批复后方可办理请假手续。

学院在元旦放假期间要认真落实学生探亲、外出等情况，包括出行的目的地和时间。

各学院于12月29日（周四）上午11：00前将学生去向统计情况报学生教育管理科。