下载文档原格式
为何银行卡的密码只有6位①银行卡的密码是6位数字，第三方支付的密码也是这样，但我们注册很多网站的时候，却被要求用复杂的字母、数字和特殊符号来进行组合。
后面一种情况时常让人头疼，因为我们很客易忘记太复杂的密码。
②为什么和钱相关的密码这么简单，网站注册的密码反而如此复杂？难道钱还不如其他东西重要吗？显然不是。
③这是一个经济性的问题，任何创新，都要考虑消费者使用的经济性——要减少他们的精力耗费，或者帮他们节省金钱。
④银行卡用6位数的密码无疑是经济的。
首先，银行卡的用户范围很广。
比如老年人的记忆力可能不好；还有平时到处注册网站和app的年轻人，设置的各种密码非常多，如果密码过于复杂，那么他们很可能把密码搞混。
而6位数密码就好多了，更容易让人记住，也不容易搞混。
⑤支付密码也是如此。
一位互联网大厂的支付工具工程师曾告诉我，他们在设计支付工具的支付密码时，也考虑过复杂方式，但最后还是决定用最简单的6位数字密码。
他们通过很多次模拟实验，并用很多模型试过之后，发现6位数字密码能最好地达到安全性和经济性的平衡。
⑥其实，还有一点不要忘记。
无论银行，还是第三方支付工具，他们都有很强的技术实力，拥有强大的基于数据、影像等技术手段的安全系统，并以高薪维持着行业内最优秀的工程师团队，完全可以抵御普通黑客的攻击，保证用户的密码安全不出问题。
⑦相反，很多网站的注册之所以要更复杂的密码，就是因为它们实力不够，必须通过让用户耗费更多精力，记住更复杂的密码来保证安全。
一个有意思的现象是，越是实力差的公司所开办的网站或app,你需要记住的密码可能就越复杂。
⑧考虑用户使用的经济性，另外一个例子是超音速飞机的没落。
⑨1967年，法国人和英国人联合，造出了在航空史上注定留下浓墨重彩一笔的协和式飞机。
协和式飞机能以2倍音速飞行，乘坐这种飞机，从伦敦和巴黎到纽约的时间，比乘坐普通民航客机缩短了一半。
⑩可是，协和式飞机现在基本退出了民航市场，英法两国总共生产了大约20架。
标题：CR解题思路完全总结尚友论坛【GMAT专区】【尚友学堂GMAT公开课】【GMAT机经专区】【GMAT资料下载区】【GMAT黄历查询】绝对原则：一定要读清楚题干里的前提、结论。
即A、B要找准。
选项中未出现A、B的基本为错（结论无明确指示词时，先假定一个，再看其它是不是其条件）。
2）有些段落只有结论或只有前提，通常会让你找另一半，要注意。
构筑推理链可直接找答案的题型：conclusion, weaken（A-B型）, flaw in the reasoning,如何取非1.对于选项为条件句，将必要条件（前提）取非。
2.直接将谓语肯定变否定，或否定变肯定3.代词取非All-not allSome-noneAlways-not alwaysSometimes-neverEverywhere-not everywhereSomewhere-nowhereOnly one, exactly one-none, more than oneAt least one, some-none4.怎样判断assumption题，可将答案取非，如果原文还能继续推出，则错1.Conclusion（must be true, can not be true）:排除法，新事物出现绝对错。
选项全部来自原文●答案是原文某句话的重写或逆否命题。
●答案是某几句话的结合，特别是原文有充分必要推理的（即一个A-B-C, 得A-C阿司匹林与感冒），构思推理链（三段论就是推理链）。
●Conclusion取非为推不出，若仍能推出，则不正确。
特别注意数量上和可能性(percentage)上的词的差别。
2.Weaken，jeopardize●找缺陷——适用于逻辑推理：类比，条推（三段论），统计(攻击数字，并不一定是指产生其的样本量不具有代表性，也可以指其对结论不具有说明意义，如特例等)，[url=]假定[/url]，因果（一般涉及2个要素，并且是找原因型题目；有因无果，有果无因，给出他因，因果倒置，A不可行，详见后），Hasty generalization (此时其它例子具有说服力)●取非结论——结论不可能存在（一般用在前提和结论关系不密切时）●Ill suited, not effective 暗示weaken方式为A不可行●直接否定A 12.翻脸不认原文，即A不可行（原文说如果全部，题目说不可能全部）●相等as…as…不具有攻击性3.SupportAssumption是support的一种●因果类：1）见后总结2）解释●重申原文假定，结论（即解释）；有逻辑错误的一定不对●有结论无前提型－OG89，找个原因或解释，充分条件●可以引入新概念，但必须指明新老概念的关系4.Assumption （要多看几个选项）无它，结论就不成立，因此可以将模糊选项取非看对原推理构成彻底weaken，OG195假设是结论的必要条件●Support-搭桥(即补出小前提)标志：结论冒出比较突兀的概念●Defender-1）否定其它的反对意见OG172，排除他因，标志：否定词，no, nor, never, at least2）重复－即A有意义●因果条件型（有因有果195，无因无果，因果不倒置etc.）●只有结论型（其实结论中包含了A,B）：逆否命题OG73作为对原命题的支持Not A unless B 即B =>A5.Explain-相似对相似，差异对差异●转折词周围不合理现象要解决－用有关无关排除，最后要使原矛盾为真[url=]6.Evaluate[/url]●肯定否定回答对原文有支持和削弱的作用，将两个因素合理联系起来7.BF●读出结构来，一般有现象－结论－驳斥－论据etc.，类似于RC的新老观点对比；此外还有大前提、小前提型（T-4-32,GWD-29-28天文学，二氧化硫，体验什么样子的是介绍天文常识）。
Exercise 16Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following reading passage.One advantage of breeding African bees with otherbee types (Africanization) may be resistance to the para-sitic mite Varroa jacobsoni, a major threat to modernLine beekeeping. In parts of Europe, this mite is devastating5 honeybees and killing many colonies despite preventive measures by beekeepers. But in Brazil Varroa jacobsonihas been present in Africanized bees since 1972 withoutthe loss of a single colony, even though beekeepers there undertook no preventive measures. The mites lay eggs10 within the brood cells of immature bees, and developing mites feed on the hemolymph (blood) of bee pupae. But fewer mites reproduce in Africanized bees than inEuropean bees. Some researchers point out that this resistance may be related to the Africanized worker bee's15 shorter development period, which prevents some mites from reaching maturity. Recently the mite has become a serious problem in colonies of European bees in North America. Africanization of these bees may be the best safeguard against this parasite.For the following question, consider each of thechoices separately and select all that apply1. The author cites all of the following as evidence that Africanized bees' resistance to Varroa jacobsoni issuperior to that of European bees:□A Varroa jacobsoni is killing many bee colonies inEurope.□B Beekeepers in Brazil have not used preven vemeasures to protect their colonies.□C At least some European bee colonies have beensaved by preventive measures.2. Select the sentence that indicates one possible reasonthe Africanized bees in Brazil have successfullyresisted Varroa jacobsoni .3. The author's argument regarding the resistance of Africanized bees to Varroa jacobsoni would bemost weakened if which of the following were true?○A The bees in Brazil were resistant before being Africanized.○B The number of bee colonies in North American increased dramatically whereas the number inBrazil remained unchanged.○C Mites found in European bees reproduce at afaster rate than mites of identical speciesfound in the bees in Brazil.○D Africanized bees retain many of the characteris-tics of European bees.○E Bee colonies in Europe continue to producegreater quantities of honey than do those inBrazil.Questions 4 and 5 are based on the following reading passage.Innovative as it is, Luis Valdez' acto owes much to the theater traditions or other periods and regions. Like early Spanish American religious dramas, secular folk dramas,Line and the Mexican carpas of a somewhat later period, actos 5 are usually performed outdoors by traveling groups of players or by local theater groups. The improvised comic satire of the actos is often attributed to Valdez' study ofthe Italian commedia dell' arte of the sixteenth century, although some critics see it as a direct reflection of the10 comic and improvisational qualities of the more contemporary and local carpas of Mexican theater. The Italian influence is likely, whatever Valdez‘ immediate source: the Mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century15 Spanish writer inspired by encounters with Italian commedia dell'arte troupes on tour in Spain.4. Which of the following best describes the author's evaluation of the views of the critics?(A) Their views, if correct, do not preclude theexistence of an Italian influence on the acto.(B) Their views are unlikely to be correct, giventhe differences existing between Mexican andMexican American theater.(C) Their views concerning the Mexican carpa are essentially correct, but they lack familiaritywith the acto.(D) Their views are probably more correct than theviews of those who have attributed thecomic and improvisational elements of theacto to earlier sources.(E) Their views betray a lack of familiarity withthe commedia dell'arte.5. Which of the following, if true, most strengthensthe author's argument concerning the debt of theacto to the theater traditions of other periods andregions?(A) Many popular forms of theater rely heavilyon improvisation.(B) Plays resembling the acto in structure werewritten in the 1970's by West Africanplaywrights who are interested in dramatizingthe richness of their own cultures.(C) The use of masks has, at one time or another,been characteristic of the theater traditionsof almost all cultures, even those most isolatedfrom outside influences.(D) During a strike, it is common for union membersto present musical skits dramatizing thevalues of solidarity and resistance.(E) Before 1965 Luis Valdez had attended manyperformances of traditional Mexican theatergroups touring the western United States.阅读1：Q1. 细节定位：哪个证据A蜜蜂比E蜜蜂抵抗寄生虫能力更强？A. 定位L4：“In parts of Europe, this mite is devastating honeybees and killingmany colonies despite preventive measures by beekeepers”B. 定位在上句的下一句：“But in Brazil Varroa jacobsoni has been present in Africanized bees since 1972 without the loss of a single colony, even though beekeepers there undertook no preventive measures”C. 表达的意思和题干相反；正确答案AB；Q2. 仔细读题干问的是reason：定位在L13：“Some researchers point out that this resistance may be related tothe Africanized worker bee's shorter development period” 正确答案Q3. 削弱题：一定要仔细看题目中要求削弱的对象是“resistance of Africanized bees to Varroa jacobsoni”，注意不要随意添加新信息并且进行多步推理。
Exercise 13Biologists have long maintained that two groups of pinnipeds, sea lions and walruses, are descended froma terrestrial bearlike animal, whereas the remaininggroup, seals, shares an ancestor with weasels. But the5 recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups underminesthe attempt to explain away superficial resemblance asdue to convergent evolution—the independent develop- ment of similarities between unrelated groups in10 response to similar environmental pressures. Flippersmay indeed be a necessary response to aquatic life,turtles, whales, and dugongs also have them. But the common detailed design found among the pinnipeds probably indicates a common ancestor. Moreover,15 walruses and seals drive themselves through the water with thrusts of their hind flippers, but sea lions usetheir front flippers. If anatomical similarity in theflippers resulted from similar environmental pressures,as posited by the convergent-evolution theory, one20 would expect walruses and seals, but not seals and sea lions, to have similar flippers. (162 words)1. The author implies that which of the following was partof the long-standing view concerning pinnipeds?□A Pinnipeds are all descended from a terrestrialbearlike animal.□B Pinnipeds share a common ancestor with turtles, whales, and dugongs□C Similari es among pinnipeds are due to their allhaving had to adapt to aquatic life.2. The author implies which of the following about thefact that turtles, whales, and dugongs all have flippers?○A It can be explained by the hypothesis that turtles, whales, and dugongs are very closely related.○B It can be explained by the idea of convergentevolution.○C It suggests that turtles, whales, and dugongsevolved in separate parts of the world○D It undermines the view that turtles, whales, anddugongs are all descended from terrestrial ancestors.○E It is the primary difference between turtles, whales,and dugongs, on the one hand, and pinnipeds, onthe other.3. Select the sentence in the passage in which the authorshows that the implication of the common view iscontradicted by a new finding.阅读2：上文第三句以趋同进化(convergent evolution)解释一种现象：鳍足确实有可能是为了适应水中生活而作出的一个必要的反应;龟、鲸鱼以及儒艮(dugongs)同样都长有鳍足。
新GRE阅读理解36套翻译（2012）版本：0.1日期：2012年07月28日整理：朱晨[This page intentionally left blank. ]目录EXERCISE 1 (1)EXERCISE 2 (3)EXERCISE 3 (6)EXERCISE 4 (8)EXERCISE 5 (10)EXERCISE 6 (12)EXERCISE 7 (14)EXERCISE 8 (16)EXERCISE 9 (18)EXERCISE 10 (20)EXERCISE 11 (22)EXERCISE 12 (24)EXERCISE 13 (26)EXERCISE 14 (28)EXERCISE 15 (30)EXERCISE 16 (32)EXERCISE 17 (35)EXERCISE 18 (37)EXERCISE 19 (40)EXERCISE 20 (42)EXERCISE 21 (45)EXERCISE 22 (48)EXERCISE 23 (50)EXERCISE 24 (53)EXERCISE 25 (55)EXERCISE 26 (58)EXERCISE 27 (60)EXERCISE 28 (62)EXERCISE 29 (65)EXERCISE 30 (67)EXERCISE 31 (69)EXERCISE 32 (71)EXERCISE 33 (73)EXERCISE 34 (75)EXERCISE 35 (77)EXERCISE 36 (79)Exercise 11.1与博弈理论相关的是某些寄生黄蜂的性别比率，他们拥有大量的雌蜂。
在这些蜂类中，受精卵孵化为雌蜂，未受精卵孵化为雄蜂。
雌蜂储存精子，她产的每个卵子是否受精都由雌蜂决定。
根据F的基因理论，生物倾向于这样的性别比例，即能够拥有最多数量的后代，因此能最大程度复制并传递基因，为此，产生等量的雌性和雄性后代对他们是有利的。
Exercise 23The common belief of some linguists that each languageis a perfect vehicle for the thoughts of the nation speakingit is in some ways the exact counterpart of the conviction ofthe Manchester school of economics that supply anddemand will regulate everything for the best. Just as economists were blind to the numerous cases in which thelaw of supply and demand left actual wants unsatisfied, soalso many linguists are deaf to those instances in which the very nature of a language calls forth misunderstandings in everyday conversation, and in which, consequently, a wordhas to be modified or defined in order to present the idea intended by the speaker: "He took his stick-no, not John's,but his own." No language is perfect, and if we admit this truth, we must also admit that it is not unreasonable to investigate the relative merits of different languages or of different details in languages. ( 155 words)1.The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) analyze an interesting feature of the Englishlanguage(B) refute a belief held by some linguists(C) show that economic theory is relevant tolinguistic study(D) illustrate the confusion that can result from theimproper use of language(E) suggest a way in which languages can be mademore nearly perfectFor the following question, consider each of thechoices separately and select all that apply2. The misunderstanding presented by the author inthe passage is similar to which of the following?A X uses the word "you" to refer to a group, but Ythinks that X is referring to one person only.B X mistakenly uses the word "anomaly"to refer to a typical example, but Y knows that "anomaly" means "exception."C X uses the word "bachelor" to mean "unmarriedman," but Y mistakenly thinks that bachelor means "unmarried woman."3.In presenting the argument, the author does all ofthe following EXCEPT(A) give an example(C) make a generalization(D) make a comparison(E) present a paradox阅读2：讲解：此文乃非常典型的新老观点对比型的文章。
Exercise 9Jean Wagner‘s most enduring contribution to thestudy of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in a religious, as well as secular, frame ofLine reference. The appropriateness of such an approach may 5 seem self-evident for a tradition commencing with spirituals and owing its early forms, rhythms, vocabulary, and evangelical fervor to Wesleyan hymnals. But before Wagner a secular outlook that analyzed Black poetrysolely within the context of political and social protest10 was dominant in the field.It is Wagner who first demonstrated the essentialfusion of racial and religious feeling in Afro-American poetry. The two, he argued, form a symbiotic union in which religious feelings are often applied to racial issues15 and racial problems are often projected onto a metaphysical plane. Wagner found this most eloquently illustrated in the Black spiritual, where the desire for freedom in this world and the hope for salvation in thenext are inextricably intertwined.(159 words)1. The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) contrast the theories of Jean Wagner withthose of other contemporary critics(B) document the influence of Jean Wagner on the development of Afro-American poetry(C) explain the relevance of Jean Wagner‘s work tothe study of Afro-American religion(D) indicate the importance of Jean Wagner‘sanalysis of Afro-American poetry(E) present the contributions of Jean Wagner tothe study of Black spirituals2. All of the following aspects of Afro-Americanpoetry are referred to in the passage as having been influenced by Wesleyan hymnals EXCEPT(A) subject matter(B) word choice(C) rhythm(D) structure(E) tone3. It can be inferred from the passage that, beforeWagner, most students of Afro-American poetry didwhich of the following?(A) Contributed appreciably to the transfer ofpolitical protest from Afro-American poetry todirect political action.(B) Ignored at least some of the historical roots ofAfro-American poetry.(C) Analyzed fully the aspects of social protestto be found in such traditional forms of Afro-American poetry as the Black spiritual.(D) Regarded as unimportant the developmentof fervent emotionalism in a portion of Afro-American poetry.(E) Concentrated on the complex relationsbetween the technical elements in Afro-American poetry and its political content.阅读1：詹"瓦格纳（Jean Wagner）对美国黑人诗歌研究作出的最经久不衰的贡献是他的如下主张，即美国黑人诗歌应该被置于一个宗教的而不仅仅是世俗的参照框架中予以分析。
Exercise 18Theorists are divided concerning the origin of the Moon. Some hypothesize that the Moon was formed in the sameway as were the planets in the inner solar system (Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Earth)—from planet-forming materials inthe presolar nebula. But, unlike the cores of the inner planets, the Moon‘s core contains little or no iron, while the typical planet-forming materials were quite rich in iron. Other theorists propose that the Moon was ripped out of the Earth‘s rocky mantle by the Earth‘s collision with another large celestial body after much of the Earth‘s iron fell to its core. One problem with the collision hypothesis is the question of how a satellite formed in this way could have settled into the nearly circular orbit that the Moon has today. Fortunately, the collision hypothesis is testable. If it is true, the mantle rocksof the Moon and the Earth should be the same geochemically. (155 words)For the following question, consider each of thechoices separately and select all that apply1. According to the passage, Mars and the Earth aresimilar in which of the following ways?A Their satellites were formed by collisions withother celestial bodies.B Their cores contain iron.C They were formed from the presolar nebula.2. The author implies that a nearly circular orbit isunlikely for a satellite that(A) circles one of the inner planets(B) is deficient in iron(C) is different from its planet geochemically(D) was formed by a collision between two celestialbodies(E) was formed out of the planet-forming materialsin the presolar nebula3. Which of the following, if true, would be most likelyto make it difficult to verify the collision hypothesisin the manner suggested by the author?(A) The Moon‘s core and mantle rock are almostinactive geologically.(B) The mantle rock of the Earth has changed incomposition since the formation of theMoon, while the mantle rock of the Moon hasremained chemically inert.(C) Much of the Earth‘s iron fell to the Earth‘s corelong before the formation of the Moon, afterwhich the Earth‘s mantle rock remainedunchanged.(D) Certain of the Earth‘s elements, such as platinum,gold, and iridium, followed iron to theEarth‘s core.(E) The mantle rock of the Moon contains elementssuch as platinum, gold, and iridium.关于月亮起源的两种观点；Q1：Mars 和earth有什么区别？解析：定位至line 3：in the inner solar system (Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Earth)—from planet-forming materials inthe presolar nebula. 正确答案BC；Q2：a nearly circular orbit 不可能是怎样卫星的轨道？解析：定位至One problem with the collision hypothesis is the question of how a satellite formed in this way could have settled into the nearly circular orbit that the Moon has today，正确答案D；Q3：哪个选项使爆炸论难以证实？解析：文章说moon几乎不含铁，可能是地球的铁都集中到core去了之后，被别的星球炸飞的地球表面的一块。
GRE阅读小笔记Exercise 6 Some modern anthropologists hold that biologicalevolution has shaped not only human morphology butalso human behavior. The role those anthropologistsascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of5 human behavior but one of imposing constraints—ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that ―come natu-rallyǁ in archetypal situations in any culture. Our―frailtiesǁ –emotions and motives such as rage, fear,greed, gluttony, joy, lust, love—may be a very mixed10 assortment, but they share at least one immediatequality: we are, as we say, ―in the gripǁ of them. Andthus they give us our sense of constraints.Unhappily, some of those frailties—our need forever-increasing security among them—are presently15 maladaptive. Yet beneath the overlay of culturaldetail, they, too, are said to be biological in direction,and therefore as natural to us as are our appendixes.We would need to comprehend thoroughly theiradaptive origins in order to understand how badly they20 guide us now. And we might then begin to resist theirpressure.=====================================1. Which of the following most probably providesan appropriate analogy from human morphol-ogy for the ―detailsǁ versus ―constraintsǁdistinction made in the passage in relation tohuman behavior?(A) The ability of most people to see all thecolors of the visible spectrum as againstmost people‘s inability to name any butthe primary colors(B) The ability of even the least fortunatepeople to show compassion as againstpeople‘s inability to mask their feelingscompletely(C) The ability of some people to dive to greatdepths as against most people‘s inabilityto swim long distances(D) The psychological profile of those peoplewho are able to delay gratification asagainst people‘s inability to control theirlives completely(E) The greater lung capacity of mountainpeoples that helps them live in oxygen-poorair as against people‘s inability to flywithout special apparatus2. It can be inferred that in his discussion ofmaladaptive frailties the author assumes that(A) evolution does not favor the emergence ofadaptive characteristics over the emergenceof maladaptive ones(B) any structure or behavior not positivelyadaptive is regarded as transitory inevolutionary theory(C) maladaptive characteristics, once fixed,make the emergence of other maladaptivecharacteristics more likely(D) the designation of a characteristic as beingmaladaptive must always remain highlytentative(E) changes in the total human environment canoutpace evolutionary change阅读2：该文是GRE阅读中最难的（没有之一。
Exercise 21Nevelson says, ―I have always wanted to show theworld that art is everywhere, except that it has to passthrough a creative mind.‖ Using mostly discarded wooden objects like packing crates, broken pieces of furniture, and abandoned architectural ornaments, all of which she has hoarded for years, she assembles architectural constructionsof great beauty and power. Creating very freely with no sketches, she glues and nails objects together, paints them black, or more rarely white or gold, and places them in boxes. These assemblages, walls, even entire environments create a mysterious, almost awe-inspiring atmosphere. Although she has denied any symbolic or religious intent inher works, their three-dimensional grandeur and even their titles, such as Sky Cathedral and Night Cathedral, suggestsuch connotations. (124 words)1. Which of the following is one way in which Nevel-son‘s art illustrates her theory as it is expressed inthe first sentence?(A) She sculpts in wood rather than in metal orstone.(B) She paints her sculptures and frames them inboxes.(C) She makes no preliminary sketches but ratherallows the sculpture to develop as she works.(D) She puts together pieces of ordinary objectsonce used for different purposes to make hersculptures.(E) She does not deliberately attempt to conveysymbolic or religious meanings through hersculpture.―Popular art‖ has a number of meanings, impossible todefine with any precision, which range from folklore tojunk. The poles are clear enough, but the middle tends to blur. The Hollywood Western of the 1930‘s, for example,has elements of folklore, but is closer to junk than to highart or folk art. There can be great trash, just as there is badhigh art. The musicals of George Gershwin are greatpopular art, never aspiring to high art. Schubert and Brahms, however, used elements of popular music—folk themes—indifferent one: he took a popular genre—bourgeoismelodrama set to music (an accurate definition ofnineteenth-century opera)—and, without altering itsfundamental nature, transmuted it into high art. (133 words)6. The author refers to Schubert and Brahms in orderto suggest(A) that their achievements are no less substantialthan those of Verdi(B) that their works are examples of great trash(C) the extent to which Schubert and Brahmsinfluenced the later compositions of Verdi(D) a contrast between the conventions ofnineteenth-century opera and those ofother musical forms(E) that popular music could be employed incompositions intended as high art阅读1：文章来自老G的阅读题目，仍然先看老G的翻译，当做背景知识吧~路易丝"奈纳尔森（Louise Nevelson）被许多评论家相信为是二十世纪最伟大的雕塑家，这一点愈发令人瞩目，因为直到最近，对女艺术家最强烈的抵制一直存在于雕塑这一领域。
GRE阅读小笔记Exercise 4 It is a popular misconception that nuclear fusionpower is free of radioactivity; in fact, the deuterium-tritium reaction that nuclear scientists are currentlyexploring with such zeal produces both alpha particles5 and neutrons. (The neutrons are used to produce tritiumfrom a lithium blanket surrounding the reactor.)Another common misconception is that nuclear fusionpower is a virtually unlimited source of energy becauseof the enormous quantity of deuterium in the sea.10 Actually, its limits are set by the amount of availablelithium, which is about as plentiful as uranium in theEarth‘s crust. Research should certainly continue oncontrolled nuclear fusion, but no energy programshould be premised on its existence until it has proven15 practical.========================================1. It can be inferred from the passage that theauthor believes which of the following about thecurrent state of public awareness concerningnuclear fusion power?(A) The public has been deliberately misinformedabout the advantages and disadvantages ofnuclear fusion power.(B) The public is unaware of the principaladvantage of nuclear fusion over nuclearfission as an energy source.(C) The public‘s awareness of the scientificfacts concerning nuclear fusion power issomewhat distorted and incomplete.(D) The public is not interested in increasing itsawareness of the advantages anddisadvantages of nuclear fusion power.(E) The public is aware of the disadvantages ofnuclear fusion power but not of itsadvantages.For the following question, consider each of thechoices separately and select all that apply2. The passage provides information that wouldanswer which of the following questions EXCEPT?□A How much incidental radiation is producedin the deuterium tritium fusion reaction?□B What is likely to be the principal source ofdeuterium for nuclear fusion power?□C Why are scientists exploring the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction with such zeal?阅读2：文章说到了public对核聚变反应的两种普遍误解。
Exercise 22Historically, a cornerstone of classical empiricism hasbeen the notion that every true generalization must be confirmable by specific observations. In classical empiricism, the truth of ―All balls are red,‖ for example, is assessed by inspecting balls; any observation of a non redball refutes unequivocally the proposed generalization.For W.V.O. Quine, however, this constitutes an overly―narrow‖ conception of empiricism. ―All balls are red,‖ he maintains, forms one strand within an entire web of statements (our knowledge); individual observations can be referred only to this web as a whole. As new observationsare collected, he explains, they must be integrated into the web. Problems occur only if a contradiction developsbetween a new observation, say, ―That ball is blue,‖ and the preexisting statements. In that case, he argues, anystatement or combination of statements (not merely the―offending‖ generalization, as in classical empiricism) canbe altered to achieve the fundamental requirement, a system free of contradictions, even if, in some cases, the alteration consists of labeling the new observation a ―hallucination.‖ (172 words)1. According to Quine‘s conception of empiricism, if anew observation were to contradict some statementalready within our system of knowledge, which ofthe following would be true?(A) The new observation would be rejected asuntrue.(B) Both the observation and the statement in oursystem that it contradicted would bediscarded.(C) New observations would be added to our webof statements in order to expand our systemof knowledge.(D) The observation or some part of our web ofstatements would need to be adjusted toresolve the contradiction.(E) An entirely new field of knowledge would becreated.For the following question, consider each of thechoices separately and select all that apply2. It can be inferred from the passage that Quine‗narrow‘ ‖for whic h of the following reasons?A Classical empiricism requires that our systemof generalizations be free of contradictions.B Classical empiricism demands that in the caseof a contradiction between an individualobservation and a generalization, thegeneralization must be abandoned.C Classical empiricism asserts that every observationwill either confirm an existing generalizationor initiate a new generalization.Shergottites, the name given to three anomalous achondrites (igneous meteorites lacking chondrules) so far discovered on Earth, present scientists with a genuine enigma. Shergottites crystallized from molten rock less than 1.1 billion years ago (some 3.5 billion years later than typical achondrites) and were presumably ejected into space when an object impacted on a body similar in chemical composition to Earth. While some scientists speculate that shergottites derive from Io (a volcanically active moon of Jupiter), recent measurements suggest that since Io‘s surface is rich in sulfur and sodium, the chemical composition of its volcanic products would probably be unlike that of the shergottites. Moreover, any fragments dislodged from Io by interbody impact would be unlikelyto escape the gravitational pull of Jupiter.The only other logical source of shergottites is Mars. Space-probe photographs indicate the existence of giant volcanoes on the Martian surface. From the small number of impact craters that appear on Martian lava flows, one can estimate that the planet was volcanically active as recently as a half-billion years ago—and may be active today.(178 words)3. The passage provides information to answer whichof the following questions?(A) What is the precise age of the solar system?(B) How did shergottites get their name?(C) What are the chemical properties shared by shergottites and Martian soils?(D) How volcanically active is the planet Jupiter?(E) What is a major feature of the Martian surface?For the following question, consider each of the4. It can be inferred from the passage that each of thefollowing is a consideration in determining whethera particular planet is a possible source of shergottitesthat have been discovered on EarthA stre ngth of the planet‘s field of gravityB proximity of the planet to its moonsC chemical composition of the planet‘s surface阅读1：翻译如下：从历史的角度看，古典经验主义的奠基石是这样一种观念，即每一个正确的推论都必须能被具体的观察所验证。
Exercise 15Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following reading passage.Typically the queen honeybee is mother to all the beesin a hive; after mating with several male drones fromother colonies, she lays fertilized eggs that develop intoall-female worker bees and lays unfertilized eggs that5 become all-male drones. According to natural selection theory, a worker would enhance her fitness --or ability to propagate her genes-by hatching her own eggs in additionto or in place of the queen's. But a typical worker's fitness would be diminished if other workers' sons, who have10 less genetic material in common with the worker, supplanted the queen's sons (the worker's brothers). Researchers, testing the hypothesis that workers usually somehow block each other's attempts to reproduce, put unfertilized eggs laid by workers and by the queen into a15 hive. Other workers quickly devoured the workers' eggs while leaving the queen's eggs alone.1. Select the sentence that is used as evidence thatworkers worker bees are capable of thwarting eachother's attempts to reproduce.2. The inner workings in a honeybee hive that regulate reproduction, as they are described in the passage,are most similar to which of the followingtypes of human societies?(A) A totalitarian society in which citizens'"policing" of each other's actions helps tomaintain the status quo.(B) A pacifist state in which the individuals arestrongly opposed to the use of violence oraggression to settle disputes.(C) A democratic society in which the voice of themajority rules.(D) A parliamentary society in which a few members, organized as a cabinet wield executive power.(E) An anarchic state in which order and stablesocial structures are lacking3. The passage best supports which of the following inferences about the fitness of honeybees?(A) Reproduction diminishes any individualhoney-bee's fitness.(B) An individual worker's fitness can be maintainedwithout the individual herself reproducing.(C) A hierarchy of stronger and weakerindividuals among the worker beesdetermines which individuals will reproducewhen a queen dies.(D) While a queen reigns, the fitness of theworker bees is increased and that of thedrones is diminished.(E) Fitness encourages worker bees to hatchhoneybee eggs without regard for therelatedness of the young to the "parent".Q1. 问题问的是use evidence：所以答案是“Other workers quickly devoured the workers' eggs while leaving the queen'seggs alone。
论述类文本阅读专题必刷试卷1（二）阅读下文，完成下面小题。
（共12分）品味瑕疵①我国有“金无足赤，人无完人”的谚语，英谚也有“世上没有不长杂草的花园”之说。
由此看来，任何事物都有缺点，都有瑕疵。
如何对待这些瑕疵，却因人而异：有些人斤斤计较，换得的是不满和不快乐，而有些人却学会品味瑕疵，从而收获了很多。
②瑕疵铸就了别样的美。
最美女神维纳斯，成就其美的，不是无瑕绝伦的美貌，不是艺术家高超的技艺，而是一双无法修复的手臂。
两只残缺的手臂，却激发了人们无穷的想象力，从而成就了一种撼人心魄的艺术美。
③瑕疵也能超过完美，创造奇迹。
在美国有个叫拉里恩的玩具商人开办了一家玩具娃娃公司，设计了一个可爱的娃娃名为Bratz，却总是无法超越完美的经典——诞生于1959年的芭比。
当他为此苦恼时，他那只有7岁的孩子不小心把几滴墨水溅到娃娃脸上，令他感到意外的是，对这个脸上有瑕疵的娃娃，孩子反而更喜欢了。
“你不觉得他跟我很像吗?看他那一脸的雀斑，很可爱!”他的孩子指着娃娃脸上的污渍说。
拉里恩得到启发，大胆地设计了有五位成员的娃娃组合，最主要的是她们脸上都有一些雀斑，这就是如今的Bratz。
经过十年的发展，拉里恩用持续市场销量说明了Bratz已经成为了世界上最受欢迎的玩具娃娃。
美国《时代》杂志这样评价说：“拉里恩创造了一个不可思议的奇迹——用瑕疵超越了完美的经典!”④品味瑕疵，能战胜挫折，获得更大成功。
司马迁身受大刑之辱，成为了他人生中抹不去的瑕疵，可他并没有因此消沉，却将此作为激励自己的动力，奋笔疾书，夜以继日，终于完成了《史记》而声誉斐然。
卓别林因为相貌丑陋而被很多工作拒绝，但在喜剧方面逐渐显露出了他的优秀之处，从此，一位著名喜剧大师诞生了。
正是他的瑕疵成就了他的事业。
然而也有一些人却不是这样，比如一些运动员在自己事业上升时期，为了有个完美的结局，想方设法回避该有的挑战，早早结束运动生涯，失去了获得更大成功的机会。
因此，有时瑕疵虽然使我们的人生不完美，却激发出更大的能量，绽放出更美丽的花朵。
江苏省苏州市实验中学2021-2022学年高二下学期期中语文试题一、非连续性文本阅读阅读下面的文字，完成下列小题。
材料一:近来，有商家推出盲盒套餐，引发舆论关注。
盲盒套餐，是盲盒营销的产物。
盲盒营销是否得当，尚可探讨。
但，不是万物皆可“盲盒+”。
作为餐饮企业，特别是快餐经营，理应知道食品保质期的重要性，也更懂得限时做、限时卖与限时消费的重要性。
如此制造营销噱头，刺激消费冲动，引致严重浪费，有悖于社会公德，也违背了知名企业应尽的社会责任。
盲盒一旦侵入餐饮领域，很容易人为制造“舌尖上的浪费”，只会是一场错误失败的、哗众取宠的营销。
营销不是炒作，更不能有悖法律。
反食品浪费法明确规定，“餐饮服务经营者不得诱导、误导消费者超量点餐”。
“盲盒+”餐食，属于眼中没有法律的营销策划，是大胆且赤裸的冒险。
曾经，“盲盒+”宠物，无视动物的生命权，盲盒变“亡盒”；“盲盒+”美妆，新颖形式背后不乏临期产品，盲盒变“装盒”。
如今，“盲盒+”餐食跟风带来的浪费，又让盲盒变“食盒”，很多人买盒弃食。
在盲盒模式下，稀缺与沉迷、抢购与囤积、炒作与哄抬等现象紧密绑定，企图牟利的商家往往大量生产，深陷其中的消费者往往大量采购，不管盒子里装的是食品、玩偶、文具还是其他东西，需求有限，而造成大量本不必要的废弃，对于资源皆为浪费，久而久之必定触目惊心。
可以说，盲盒之乱，指向了一个问题：此类营销制造稀缺、恶意引流、遮蔽理性，导致盲目消费，除了满足商家牟利目的，只能带来营销环境的混乱和消费秩序的紊乱。
盲盒属性的产品及现象越是火热，越应该提醒消费者擦亮眼睛、保持理性，也越应该呼吁监管部门加强引导、强化治理。
从这个意义上说，“盲盒风”带来的“浮夸风”“浪费风”“盲目风”，必须要刹一刹了。
（北岸《浪费食品，岂能漠视》，有删改）材料二:打开盲盒，究竟是新鲜感的追求，还是赌徒式的冲动？不可否认，盲盒营销的最大卖点，就是一种“不确定的快感”。
拆开盲盒一瞬间的喜怒哀乐，成了超越商品本身的一种乐趣。
2021年上海市三好中学高三语文模拟试卷及答案解析一、现代文阅读（36分）(一)现代文阅读I(9分)阅读下面的文字，完成下面小题。
中华优秀传统文化是我们的生存之根和立足之本，也是我们深厚的文化软实力，弘扬中华优秀传统文化，有利于增强我们的文化自信。
在互联网时代，网络媒介已成为信息交流和文化传播的重要渠道之一，使整个文化传播生态发生了很大的变化。
如何利用网络媒介有效地传播中华优秀传统文化，使其发扬光大，成为当下社会文化建设面临的重要命题。
笔者认为，中华优秀传统文化可以借助网络向全社会传播，使人们通过更为便捷和新颖的方式领略中华文化的永恒魅力。
利用网络媒介传播中华优秀传统文化，需要注意以下几个方面。
一是要“和”，在网络中进行文化传播，要尽量消除群众接受过程中可能存在的各种障碍，体现传统文化的亲和力，而不是制造距离感。
这就需要线上线下相互配合，传统媒介和网络媒介共同发力，文化界专家与广大民众积极互动，共同营造一种和谐的、良性互动的网络传播氛围。
如果传播者仍旧坚持一种趋于极致的精英化立场，则很容易产生“曲高和寡”的现象，难以达到传播效果。
面对网络文化环境，我们要适应它、融入它，这样才能够让优秀传统文化触网落地，真正地入眼、入耳、入心。
所以，面对网络受众，文化传播过程应有起码的诚意，放下身段却不掉身价，放低姿态而不降低品格，无形中拉近彼此距离，提升传播效果。
二是要“活”，就是在坚持传统文化优秀基因的基础上，站在网络受众的角度，摆脱简单机械的灌输方式，努力培育有营养、有质感、有活力的文化传播形式。
年轻一代是思维极度活跃的网络主要受众群体，与上一代人相比，代际文化差异较大，他们对于传统文化的理解和吸收也不同于以往时代。
在网络中传播传统文化，传播者需要思考年轻人的口味，理解年轻人的思维方式和接受方式，避免利用网络空间进行简单的“文化晾晒”，机械死板地传播中华文化。
三是要“新”，传统文化的网络传播，需要契合互联网不断创新的精神，从各方面综合提升传播效果。
2021届武汉市约瑟中学高三语文下学期期末试题及答案解析一、现代文阅读（36分）(一)现代文阅读I(9分)阅读下面的文字，完成下面小题。
材料一：有人说，博物馆是城市的文明积淀，书店是城市的精神灵魂，从中足见书店之于城市文明的重要性。
但近年来，随着网上购书的兴起，电子阅读的广泛，越来越多的实体书店被迫关门。
为了留住城市里的“书香”，各地纷纷出台政策鼓励实体书店转型发展，一大批“高颜值”的网红书店应运而生。
人气是实体书店生存的基石，网红书店的出现，就是在汇聚人气上下足了工夫。
从经营理念到店内设计、从功能拓展到艺术打造，越来越多诸如新华书店、三联韬奋书店等实体书店不再是传统的、只有图书与书架简单搭配的书店，而是兼具了或旅游景点、或主题公园、或星级酒店等多元文化、多样风格的新书店。
这些新书店因为独特的艺术气息，日益成为一座城市的网红打卡地。
也正是因为汇聚起了人气，实体书店渐渐回暖。
实体书店可以自主选择多元化经营，可以把空间设计得更有吸引力，但无论如何选择和设计，都必须突出“书”和“读书”这个主题，这是书店得以生存的核心。
（摘编自《网红书店要“红”也要“专”》，湖北文明网）材料二：在各个社交平台上，诸多“网红书店”成了游客推荐的“打卡”景点。
这让一部分喜欢读书的人直接把它们与“浮躁”“肤浅”的标签联系起来。
喜欢购书的秦先生直言不会去“网红书店”，“这些书店是给游客拍照的，本末倒置。
环境虽美但也嘈杂，干扰太多，不适宜读书。
”还有读者认为“高颜值”对书店来说是种负面效应，“一旦走高颜值路线，就意味着书店的目标受众变了，从读者群体转向游客群体，这两类人群重合度并不高，后者必然影响前者的阅读体验。
”也有一些读者认为，“打卡”来访并非坏事。
建筑设计师陈先生说：“打卡也有积极意义，可以带动人们对书的关注程度。
”读者林先生说：“看着满墙的书，我会感觉特别开心，随便逛逛都能感受到文化气质。
”而在一些从业者看来，以书为基础的“网红书店”，营造的精神氛围不局限于书本身。
2021年新高考语文全真体验卷02学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、现代文阅读(35分)(一)阅读下面的文字，完成下面小题。
（材料一）早在新石器时代，在中国大地上的不同地域和文化中，就已萌生了文字的雏形。
其中既有与汉字有承续关系的，也有与汉字无关的其他民族的文字雏形，这些文字雏形被称为“文字画”或“图画文字”。
它们还不能逐词地记录语言，因此也不能被视作严格意义上的文字。
成熟的汉字约形成于夏商之际，而甲骨文是我国目前已知最早的、成熟的文字系统，是童年时期的汉字。
虽然甲骨文中还残留着一些早期文字不规范、不严密、不准确的地方，但已经属于可以严格记录语言的真正意义上的文字。
甲骨文的形体结构体现了“六书”的造字理据，字形丰富多彩。
其造字方法甚至有超出“六书”的地方，体现出古人的独出机杼和奇思妙想。
甲骨文总字头数已有4000多个，可以自由记录语言。
甲骨文中常用字的结构已经基本定型，这些字经过几千年演变，虽然笔势笔意屡有变迁，但其基本结构没有变，脉络清晰，层次分明，如其所记载的中华文化一样，承传有序，源远流长。
甲骨文中有很多象形字和会意字，其中有不少还保留着早期形态，这是古人采用“远取诸物，近取诸身”的手段，借助日常生产生活中的经验积累所得，从中可以体会出古人造字时的立意和取象。
古代“书画同源”，因此甲骨文也具有一定的装饰性和美化倾向。
很多甲骨文的形体犹如美术作品中的速写，古人在构字时尽量采用简单的线条，抓住描写对象的典型特征，凝练生动，概括传神。
其形体体现出对布局上的穿插避让和形象上的饱满匀称的追求，更凸显出古人朴素的美的感觉和观念。
（摘编自《甲骨文研究的春天来了》）（材料二）1899年，甲骨文沉睡数千年后被发现。
它记载了殷商王朝的信息，为中华文明史铸就了坚实的一环。
与两河流域的楔形文字、古埃及的圣书字、古印度河流域的印章文字、中美洲的玛雅文字不同，甲骨文一直绵延流传下来，演变成今天通行的汉字。
Exercise 10Currently, the paramount problem in the field of biomaterials, the science of replacing diseased tissue with human-made implants, is control over the interface, orLine surface, between implanted biomaterials and living5 tissues. The physical properties of most tissues can be matched by careful selection of raw materials: metals, ceramics, or several varieties of polymer materials. Eventhe requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by10 techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and non-living matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of15 cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. Although recent research has allowed us to stabilize the tissue-biomaterial interface by controllingeither the chemical reactions or the microstructure of the biomaterials, our fundamental understanding of how20 implant devices adhere to tissues remains woefully incomplete. (159 words)1. According to the passage, the major problemcurrently facing scientists in the field of bio-materials is(A) assessing and regulating the bondingbetween host tissue and implants(B) controlling the transfer of potentially toxicmaterials across the interface of tissueand implant(C) discovering new materials from which toconstruct implant devices(D) deciding in what situations implants areneeded(E) determining the importance of short-termimplants to long-term stability of tissueimplant interfaces2. The passage suggests which of the followingabout the recent research mentioned in the lastsentence ?(A) It has solved one set of problems but hascreated another.(B) It has concentrated on secondary concernsbut has ignored primary concerns.(C) It has improved practical applications ofbiomaterial technology without providing acomplete theoretical explanation of thatimprovement.(D) It has thoroughly investigated properties ofbiomaterials but has paid little attentionto relevant characteristics of human tissue.(E) It has provided considerable information onshort-term implant technology but littleon long-term implant technology.阅读1：Q1：定位至原文：line 11；But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and non-living matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. 所以选A；Q2：原文说fundamental understanding还是incomplete，尽管要的结果可以实现了。
选C；Islamic law is a particularly instructive example of―sacred law.‖ Islamic law is a phenomenon so differentfrom all other forms of law—notwithstanding, of course,Line a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences5 with one or the other of them as far as subject matter andpositive enactment are concerned—that its study isindispensable in order to appreciate adequately the fullrange of possible legal phenomena. Even the two otherrepresentatives of sacred law that are historically and10 geographically nearest to it, Jewish law and RomanCatholic canon law, are perceptibly different.Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniformthan Islamic law. Though historically there is adiscernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign15 state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersionof Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit ofthe legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is veryclose to that of the Talmud, one of the primarycodifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. Islam, on the20 other hand, represented a radical breakaway from theArab paganism that preceded it; Islamic law is the resultof an examination, from a religious angle, of legal subjectmatter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and 25 numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories. All this was unifiedby being subjected to the same kind of religious scrutiny, the impact of which varied greatly, being almost nonexistent in some fields, and in others originating novel 30 institutions. This central duality of legal subject matter and religious norm is additional to the variety of legal, ethical, and ritual rules that is typical of sacred law.In its relation to the secular state, Islamic lawdiffered from both Jewish and canon law. Jewish law was 35 buttressed by the cohesion of the community, reinforced by pressure from outside; its rules are the direct expression of this feeling of cohesion, tending toward the accommodation of dissent. Canon and Islamic law, on the contrary, were dominated by the dualism of religion and 40 state, where the state was not, in contrast with Judaism, an alien power but the political expression of the same religion. But the conflict between state and religion took different forms; in Christianity it appeared as the struggle for political power on the part of a tightly organized45 ecclesiastical hierarchy, and canon law was one of its political weapons. Islamic law, on the other hand, was never supported by an organized institution; consequently, there never developed an overt trial of strength. There merely existed discordance between application of the50 sacred law and many of the regulations framed by Islamic states; this antagonism varied according to place and time.For the following question, consider each of thechoices separately and select all that apply3. The passage provides information to answerwhich of the following questions EXCEPT?□A Does Islamic law depend on sources otherthan Arab legal principles?□B What secular prac ces of Islamic statesconflicted with Islamic law?□C Is Jewish law more uniform than canonlaw?4. It can be inferred from the passage that the application of Islamic law in Islamic states has(A) systematically been opposed by groups whobelieve it is contrary to their interests(B) suffered irreparably from the lack of firminstitutional backing(C) frequently been at odds with the legalactivity of government institutions(D) remained unaffected by the political forcesoperating alongside it(E) benefited from the fact that it neverexperienced a direct confrontation withthe state5. Which of the following most accurately describesthe organization of the passage?(A) A universal principle is advanced and thendiscussed in relation to a particularhistorical phenomenon.(B) A methodological innovation is suggestedand then examples of its efficacy areprovided.(C) A traditional interpretation is questionedand then modified to include new data.(D) A general opinion is expressed and thensupportive illustrations are advanced.(E) A controversial viewpoint is presented andthen both supportive evidence andcontradictory evidence are cited.6. The passage suggests that canon law differsfrom Islamic law in that only canon law(A) contains prescriptions that nonsacred legalsystems might regard as properly legal(B) concerns itself with the duties of a person inregard to the community as a whole(C) was affected by the tension of the conflictbetween religion and state(D) developed in a political environment thatdid not challenge its fundamental existence(E) played a role in the direct confrontationbetween institutions vying for power伊斯兰法（Islamic）是有关“宗教法”（sacred law）的一个特别具有启迪意义的实例。
