【尚友制造】[GMAT语法] Instead of v.s. instead的区别

标题：Mindfree Active Reading阅读法尚友论坛【GMAT专区】【尚友学堂GMAT公开课】【GMAT机经专区】【GMAT资料下载区】【GMAT黄历查询】Mindfree是ChsaeDream一代大牛，CD第一位GMAT 790分（2003年4月），也是ChaseDream走出GMAT 困境区，逻辑区，语法区的曾任版主。

关于Mindfree的Active Reading阅读法，Mindfree并未系统总结，active reading只是见诸于Mindfree的一些回帖当中，为了让大家比较原汁原味地理解active reading，我也并未就此进行任何总结，只是将mindfree 的相关主题与回复集中在一起，供大家参考。

下面是Mindfree关于阅读部分的考后总结：阅读。

自从1998年ETS改机考后，阅读题在题型的比重上有所变化。

原来一篇文章8-9个问题，可能有一道主题题，一道态度题或结构题，其它是细节题。

很多人在阅读时都争取一遍读下来就记住大量的细节，以便应付比重很高的细节题。

机考后，文章的长度变化感觉不大，但每篇文章的题目减少到3-5题。

主题题或态度题几乎还是每篇一道，但是细节题的比重减小。

所以阅读方式也要随之变化。

大家都知道第一段和每一段第一句话的重要性。

在机考中更为重要。

平时练习中，要做到随看随想。

比如说，读了第一段，应该知道作者说了什么，是提出一种现象并解释，还是提出一个观点并举例说明,说明还是提出流行观点然后质疑,并提出新观点。

如果是反驳，反驳的是理论还是支持此理论的事例或实验? 作者对所提出的这些观点抱什么态度。

读懂并记住每段第一句话（或前两句）帮助你明白每一段的中心思想。

在看完第二句和第散句后，就应该知道此段的结构，比如是举例说明作者观点，还是分别驳斥作者反对的理论或是观点。

继续读的过程中，要很快的读细节，能做到读完知道细节是什么，是一个实验，一个人的观点，此人是谁等等。

标题：[GMAT语法]只有你想不到的as，没有你见不到的as尚友论坛【GMAT专区】【尚友学堂GMAT公开课】【GMAT机经专区】【GMAT资料下载区】【GMAT黄历查询】几乎告诉你关于AS的所有as、as、as、as，全都是as！接下来是正文：OG12中含有as的句子：5.Diabetes, together with its serious complications, ranks as the nation’s third leading cause of death, surpassed only by heart disease and cancer.7.As its sales of computer products have surpassed those of measuring instruments, the company has become increasingly willing to compete for the mass market sales it would in the past have conceded to rivals.13.A surge in new home sales and a drop in weekly unemployment claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as some analysts previously thought.14.Sunspots, vortices of gas associated with strong electromagnetic activity, are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on the Sun's poles or equator.ing accounts of various ancient writers, scholars have painted a sketchy picture of the activities of an all-female cult that, perhaps as early as the sixth century B.C., worshipped a goddess known in Latin as Bona Dea, "the good goddess". 28.Building on civilizations that preceded them in coastal Peru, the Mochica developed their own elaborate society, based on the cultivation of such crops as corn and beans, the harvesting of fish and seafood, and the exploitation of other wild and domestic resources.32.Galileo was convinced that natural phenomena, as manifestations of the laws of physics, would appear the same to someone on the deck of a ship moving smoothly and uniformly through the water as to a person standing on land.joined the Continental Army in 1782 at the age of 22, was injured three times, and was discharged in 1783 because she had become too ill to serve.51.A new study suggests that the conversational pace of everyday life may be so brisk that it hampers the ability of some children to distinguish discrete sounds and words and, as a result, to make sense of speech.52.Long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, Josephine Baker made Paris her home, and she remained in France during the Second World War as a performer and an intelligence agent for the Resistance.53.The nineteenth-century chemist Humphry Davy presented the results of his early experiments in his "Essay on Heat and Light," a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of a new chemistry that Davy hoped to found.60.While all states face similar industrial waste problems, the predominating industries and the regulatory environment of each state obviously determine the types and amounts of waste produced, as well as the cost of disposal.61.Rivaling the pyramids of Egypt or even the ancient cities of the Maya as an achievement, the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, China's first emperor, in his afterlife is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete.64.Doctors generally agree that such factors as cigarette smoking, eating rich foods high in fats, and alcohol consumption not only do damage by themselves but also aggravate genetic predispositions toward certain diseases.65.In a plan to stop the erosion of East Coast beaches, the Army Crops of Engineers proposed building parallel to shore a breakwater of rocks that would rise six feet above the waterline and act as a buffer, absorbing the energy of crashing waves and protecting the beaches.66.The 32 species that make up the dolphin family are closely related to whales and in fact include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and is famous for its aggressive hunting pods.72.More and more in recent years, cities are stressing the arts as a means to greater economic development and investing millions of dollars in cultural activities, despite strained municipal budgets and fading federal support.76.Retailers reported moderate gains in their November sales, as much because their sales a year earlier had been so bad as because shoppers were getting a head start on buying their holiday gifts.82.According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land is still a goal of a majority of young adults, as it was of earlier generations.84.Often visible as smog, ozone is formed in the atmosphere when hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, two major pollutants emitted by automobiles, react with sunlight.85.Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan, the site of an ancient civilization that flourished at the same time as the civilizations in the Nile Delta and the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.89.Dirt roads may evoke the bucolic simplicity of another century, but financially strained townships point out that dirt roads cost twice as much to maintain as paved roads do.95.The peaks of a mountain range, acting like rocks in a streambed, produce ripples in the air flowing over them；the resulting flow pattern, with crests and troughs that remain stationary although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, is known as "standing waves".96.One of the primary distinctions between our intelligence and that of other primates may lie not so much in any specific skill as in our ability to extend knowledge gained in one context to new and different ones.99.Ranked as one of the most important of Europe's young playwrights, Franz Xaver Kroetz has written 40 plays；his works-translated into the more than 30 language-are produced more often than those of any other contemporary German dramatist.102.As rainfall began to decrease in the Southwest about the middle of the twelfth century, most of the Monument Valley Anasazi abandoned their homes to join other clans whose access to water was less limited.106.Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for private conversation that could substitute for the telephone；instead, it has become precisely the opposite, a tool for communicating with a large, public audience.high in self-esteem, and responsibly independent.110.Published in Harlem, The Messenger was owned and edited by two young journalists, A. Philip Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader, and Chandler Owen.111.Construction of the Roman Colosseum, which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began in A.D.69, during the reign of Vespasian, and was completed a decade later, during the reign of Titus, who opened the Colosseum with a one-hundred-day cycle of religious pageants, gladiatorial games, and spectacles.114.The original building and loan associations were organized as limited life funds, whose members made monthly payments on their share subscriptions and then took turns drawing on the funds for home mortgages.125.Today, because of improvements in agricultural technology, the same amount of acreage produces twice as many apples as it did in 1910.128.Australian embryologists have found evidence to suggest that the elephant is descended from an aquatic animal and that its trunk originally evolved as a kind of snorkel.135.Spanning more than 50 years, Friedrich Muller's career began in an unpromising apprenticeship as a Sanskrit scholar and culminated in virtually every honor that European governments and learned societies could bestow.138.In no other historical sighting did Halley's Comet cause such a worldwide sensation as in its return of 1910-1911.OG13中含有as的句子（已去重）：1.In a review of 2,000 studies of human behavior that date back to the 1940s, two Swiss psychologists declared that since most of the studies had failed to control for variables such as social class and family size, none could be taken seriously. 15.Many experts regarded the large increase in credit card borrowing in March not as a sigh that households were pressed for cash and forced to borrow, but as a sign that households were confident they could safely handle new debt.38.Bengal-born writer, philosopher, and educator Rabindranath Tagore had the greatest admiration for Mohandas K. Gandhi as a person and as a politician, but Tagore was also skeptical of Gandhi’s form of nationalism and his conservative opinions about India’s cultural traditions.79.Ryunosuke Akutagawa’s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China, and Japa n was instrumental (有帮助的) in his development as a writer, informing both his literary style and the content of his fiction.107.While the cost of running nuclear plants is about the same as for other types of power plants, the fixed costs that stem from building nuclear plants make the electricity they generate more expensive.138.Most efforts to combat such mosquito-borne diseases as malaria and dengue (登革热) have focused on either vaccinating (给…注射疫苗) humans or exterminating (消灭，根除) mosquitoes with pesticides.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------按照as出现的形式将以上句子如下几类：一、as单独出现：32.Galileo was convinced that natural phenomena, as manifestations of the laws of physics, would appear the same to someone on the deck of a ship moving smoothly and uniformly through the water as to a person standing on land.52.Long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, Josephine Baker made Paris her home, and she remained in France during the Second World War as a performer and an intelligence agent for the Resistance.61.Rivaling the pyramids of Egypt or even the ancient cities of the Maya as an achievement, the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, China's first emperor, in his afterlife is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete.72.More and more in recent years, cities are stressing the arts as a means to greater economic development and investing millions of dollars in cultural activities, despite strained municipal budgets and fading federal support.108.Authoritative parents are more likely than permissive parents to have children who as adolescents are self-confident, high in self-esteem, and responsibly independent.110.Published in Harlem, The Messenger was owned and edited by two young journalists, A. Philip Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader, and Chandler Owen.135.Spanning more than 50 years, Friedrich Muller's career began in an unpromising apprenticeship as a Sanskrit scholar and culminated in virtually every honor that European governments and learned societies could bestow.38.Bengal-born writer, philosopher, and educator Rabindranath Tagore had the greatest admiration for Mohandas K. Gandhi as a person and as a politician, but Tagore was also skeptical of Gandhi’s form of nationalism and his conservative opinions about India’s cultural traditions.79.Ryunosuke Akutagawa’s knowledge of the literatures of Euro pe, China, and Japan was instrumental (有帮助的) in his development as a writer, informing both his literary style and the content of his fiction. （his development as a writer中的development与a writer看起来似乎不对等，但是可以理解）总结：as单独出现时，词性是介词；意思是“作为；是”；其后面是名词性成分，做as介词的宾语；as加上其后的名词成分就是介宾结构，具有介宾结构的一般功能：i）名词修饰语，做名词的后置定语，as前名词与as后名词在一定程度上能够对等：32、38、61、72、79；ii）句子状语成分，说明主语在谓语动作发生时的状态（可以说as之后的名词要和主语对等），意思可以翻译成“作为”：52、108、110、135；一、连词as：7.As its sales of computer products have surpassed those of measuring instruments, the company has become increasingly willing to compete for the mass market sales it would in the past have conceded to rivals.82.According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land is still a goal of a majority of young adults, as it was of earlier generations.102.As rainfall began to decrease in the Southwest about the middle of the twelfth century, most of the Monument Valley Anasazi abandoned their homes to join other clans whose access to water was less limited.总结：此时，as的意思可以翻译为：“由于，因为”-7；“正如，如同”-82；“同时，当…的时候，随着”-102；此外，as的意思还可以是“尽管”：Great as the author was, he proved a bad model. / Ridiculous as it seems, the tale is true.；注意此处与like用法的区分，like后面坚决不能跟SVO，其意思只有像，且不能用于举例；二、the same (…) as:85.Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan, the site of an ancient civilization that flourished atthe same time as the civilizations in the Nile Delta and the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.107.While the cost of running nuclear plants is about the same as for other types of power plants, the fixed costs that stem from building nuclear plants make the electricity they generate more expensive.总结：the same as…相当于形容词性质的成分，可以作表语，也可以做名词修饰语；意思是“和…一样”；表示一样的两个名词在逻辑上从一定程度上讲可以对等；the same … as…相当于一个名词词组，当然可以做介词宾语；意思是“和…一样的…”；同样，表示一样的两个名词在逻辑上从一定程度上讲可以对等；三、so much as…:96.One of the primary distinctions between our intelligence and that of other primates may lie not so much in any specific skill as in our ability to extend knowledge gained in one context to new and different ones.总结：这里的as是一个副词，so much…as…的意思是“和…一样程度深”；much后与as后成分要求平行；四、such (…) as…:28.Building on civilizations that preceded them in coastal Peru, the Mochica developed their own elaborate society, based on the cultivation of such crops as corn and beans, the harvesting of fish and seafood, and the exploitation of other wild and domestic resources.64.Doctors generally agree that such factors as cigarette smoking, eating rich foods high in fats, and alcohol consumption not only do damage by themselves but also aggravate genetic predispositions toward certain diseases.138.In no other historical sighting did Halley's Comet cause such a worldwide sensation as in its return of 1910-1911.1.In a review of 2,000 studies of human behavior that date back to the 1940s, two Swiss psychologists declared that since most of the studies had failed to control for variables such as social class and family size, none could be taken seriously. 138.Most efforts to combat such mosquito-borne diseases as malaria and dengue (登革热) have focused on either vaccinating (给…注射疫苗) humans or exterminating (消灭，根除) mosquitoes with pesticides.总结：such as表示举例，举例时坚决不能用like；被举例的名词可以在such as前，也可以在such与as中间；举例的内容要能够说明被举例的名词包含的个体；五、as a result:51.A new study suggests that the conversational pace of everyday life may be so brisk that it hampers the ability of some children to distinguish discrete sounds and words and, as a result, to make sense of speech.总结：as a result是一个介宾结构，意思是“结果是，结果”；在句子中做状语成分；as a result of…也是一个介宾结构，意思不是为了说明结果，恰恰相反是表明原因；六、act as…:65.In a plan to stop the erosion of East Coast beaches, the Army Crops of Engineers proposed building parallel to shore a breakwater of rocks that would rise six feet above the waterline and act as a buffer, absorbing the energy of crashing waves and protecting the beaches.总结：act as的意思是“充当；担任…的角色”；从语法上讲，as是介词，as与其后的名词一起构成介宾结构，做谓语的修饰成分，相当于副词；七、rank as…:5.Diabetes, together with its serious complications, ranks as the nation’s third leading cause of death, surpassed only by heart disease and cancer.总结：rank as的意思是“列为”；从语法上讲，as是介词，as与其后的名词一起构成介宾结构，做谓语的修饰成分，相当于副词；八、evolve as…:128.Australian embryologists have found evidence to suggest that the elephant is descended from an aquatic animal and that its trunk originally evolved as a kind of snorkel.总结：evolve as…的意思是“进化成…”；从语法上讲，as是介词，as与其后的名词一起构成介宾结构，做谓语的修饰成分，相当于副词；九、conceiv e of…as…:106.Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for private conversation that could substitute for the telephone；instead, it has become precisely the opposite, a tool for communicating with a large, public audience.总结：conceive of…as…的意思是“认为…是…”；从语法上讲，as和后面的名词一起构成介宾结构，可以说是修饰conceive of 的宾语，看做宾语的补语；十、regard…as…:15.Many experts regarded the large increase in credit card borrowing in March not as a sigh that households were pressed for cash and forced to borrow, but as a sign that households were confident they could safely handle new debt.总结：regard…as…的意思是“认为…是…”；从语法上讲，as和后面的名词一起构成介宾结构，可以说是修饰regard的宾语，看做宾语的补语；十一、be…as…:14.Sunspots, vortices of gas associated with strong electromagnetic activity, are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on the Sun's poles or equator.114.The original building and loan associations were organized as limited life funds, whose members made monthly payments on their share subscriptions and then took turns drawing on the funds for home mortgages.95.The peaks of a mountain range, acting like rocks in a streambed, produce ripples in the air flowing over them；the resulting flow pattern, with crests and troughs that remain stationary although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, is known as "standing waves".111.Construction of the Roman Colosseum, which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began in A.D.69, during the reign of Vespasian, and was completed a decade later, during the reign of Titus, who opened the Colosseum with a one-hundred-day cycle of religious pageants, gladiatorial games, and spectacles.总结：表语成分可以是形容词或动词过去分词；要求as后面的名词和主语对等；as和其后名词一起构成介宾结构，做表语的补语成分；十二、过去分词+as/形容词+as：36.Dressed as a man and using the name Robert Shurtleff, Deborah Sampson, the first woman to draw a soldier's pension, joined the Continental Army in 1782 at the age of 22, was injured three times, and was discharged in 1783 because she had become too ill to serve.84.Often visible as smog, ozone is formed in the atmosphere when hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, two major pollutants emitted by automobiles, react with sunlight.99.Ranked as one of the most important of Europe's young playwrights, Franz Xaver Kroetz has written 40 plays；hisdramatist.66.The 32 species that make up the dolphin family are closely related to whales and in fact include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and is famous for its aggressive hunting pods.总结：两种形式都是名词修饰成分，出现在句首时，修饰其后的句子主语，注意这时需要逻辑判断，看看句子主语和之前的修饰成分是否搭配；出现在句中时，做名词的后置定语；十三、as well as…:53.The nineteenth-century chemist Humphry Davy presented the results of his early experiments in his "Essay on Heat and Light," a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of a new chemistry that Davy hoped to found. 60.While all states face similar industrial waste problems, the predominating industries and the regulatory environment of each state obviously determine the types and amounts of waste produced, as well as the cost of disposal.总结：as well as…出现时有两种情况：当其前没有逗号，直接跟在名词后时，其用法无异于and，就是一个并列连词，并列连接两个名词成分，其前、后成分在逻辑层次上相同，具有同等地位；当其前有逗号隔开时，前面通常出现and引导的一系列并列，与之前那种情况的区别在于，强调的重点在于其前成分，其后成分在逻辑上低一个层次，是对之前一系列并列的补充；-----------还有最关键的as...as比较结构还没有彻底搞清楚，待补充吧~~~一、as…as…/as much…as…:13.A surge in new home sales and a drop in weekly unemployment claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as some analysts previously thought (it would be).ing accounts of various ancient writers, scholars have painted a sketchy picture of the activities of an all-female cult that, perhaps as early as the sixth century B.C., worshipped a goddess known in Latin as Bona Dea, "the good goddess". 125.Today, because of improvements in agricultural technology, the same amount of acreage produces twice as many apples as it did in 1910.89.Dirt roads may evoke the bucolic simplicity of another century, but financially strained townships point out that dirt roads cost twice as much to maintain as paved roads do. 注意：这个句子中没有as much…as…的结构76.Retailers reported moderate gains in their November sales, as much because their sales a year earlier had been so bad as because shoppers were getting a head start on buying their holiday gifts.总结：注意两个as的词性，前一个as是副词，表示“一样地”；后一个as是连接词conjunction（连接词指的是“用来连接词、词组、从句或句子的词”），第二个as后跟随的成分可以是名词或从句；as A as B的意思是“像B一样地A”，as much A as B的意思是“A同B一样程度深”；从语法上讲，分两种情况讨论：1）B的主要成分不是句子：或者说A不充当宾语、表语成分等，此时，要求A/B行对等，且A为两个句子的公共部分（感觉很像“定语从句中，先行词在从句中充当成分”）题目中时常伴有省略现象（B中的谓语动词与A中的相同，可以省略，但要补出助动词）；as much…as…就是上述1）的一种情况；以上情况的划分依据的本质是“根据所要表达的意思来选择合适的结构”：比如07PREP中的一句话：Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, their descendants, popularly known as killer bees, had migrated asfar northassouthern Texas.这个结构的意思是“像德州南部一样地向北”，结构中A就是far north，B就是southern Texas，B的主要成分不是句子，A/B对等平行，完全正确；如果句子变成“…had migrated as far north as the other kind of bee had migrated.”，此时，这个结构的意思就是“像另外一种蜜蜂迁徙地一样向北”，结构中A依然是far north，B则是the other kind of bee had migrated，B的主要成分是句子，B与A之前的句子平行对等，且A在前后两个句子中都充当状语成分；在实战中，可以通过这样的步骤来处理as A as B：i）判断A在之前句子中充当的成分，主要看是不是宾语或者表语，从而确定是上述1）或2）中的哪种情况；ii）根据判断出的情况所应满足的要求来判断选项是否正确：如果是1），直接要求A/B平行对等（逻辑上的要求）；如果是2），检查A之前句子和B中句子是否结构平行一致，且A是否在其之前句子和B中句子中都充当成分；iii）如有省略，检查助动词补出是否正确；二、so (…) as to…: 这个结构OG中没出现过，在prep中出现过174. Often major economic shifts are so gradual as to be indistinguishable at first from ordinary fluctuations in the financial markets.总结：so…as to…的意思可以翻译成“太…以至于…”；其中as是连接词，表示结果；GMAT备考专区：/forum-34-1.htmlGMAT机经专区：/forum-22-1.htmlGMAT资料下载区：/forum-197-1.htmlGMAT备考微信号：GMAT800微信二维码扫一扫GMAT备考宝典：/html/topic/gmat/bzbd.htmlGMAT活动讲座精华汇总：/forum.php?mod=forumdisplay&fid=34&filter=typeid&typeid=658。

标题：[GMAT写作]中国人易错句子尚友论坛【GMAT专区】【尚友学堂GMAT公开课】【GMAT机经专区】【GMAT资料下载区】【GMAT黄历查询】1. I very like itI like it very much.2. 这个价格对我挺合适的。

The price is very suitable for me.The price is right.Ｎｏｔｅ：suitable(合适的、相配的)最常见的用法是以否定的形式出现在告示或通知上，如：下列节目儿童不宜。

The followingprogramme is not suitable for children在这组句子中用后面的说法会更合适。

3. 你是做什么工作的呢？What’s your job?Are you working at the moment?Ｎｏｔｅ：what’s yourjob这种说法难道也有毛病吗？是的。

因为如果您的谈话对象刚刚失业，如此直接的问法会让对方有失面子，所以您要问：目前您是在上班吗？Are you workingat the moment?接下来您才问：目前您在哪儿工作呢？Where are you working these days?或者您从事哪个行业呢？Whatline of work are you in?顺带说一下，回答这类问题时不妨说得具体一点，不要只是说经理或者秘书4. 用英语怎么说？How to say?How do you say this in English?Ｎｏｔｅ：How to say是在中国最为泛滥成灾的中国式英语之一，这决不是地道的英语说法。

同样的句子有：请问这个词如何拼写？How do youspell that please?请问这个单词怎么读？How do you pronounce this word?5. 明天我有事情要做。

I have something to do tomorrow?Sorry but I am tied up all day tomorrow.用I have something todo来表示您很忙，这也完全是中国式的说法。

标题：关于enough to 与so as to、so that 的区别的讨论尚友论坛【GMAT专区】【尚友学堂GMAT公开课】【GMAT机经专区】【GMAT资料下载区】【GMAT黄历查询】做笔考真题55的时候，发现了一个题的正确选项居然是enough to，甚为奇怪，以前从未注意，在大全中一搜，发现oG88就出现了这个考点。

但说的不清楚。

我把大全中所有enough to和so as to、so that 区分的题目搜出来，自己感觉区别是这样的enough to do放在动词，或形容此后面表示有足够的程度来达到什么目的而so as to、so that 引导状语从句来表so怎么样所带来的结果请教牛牛们是否正确！！下面是我搜出来的题目Enough to 与so as to 区别1．V＋Enough to do 做adv修饰动词，放在动词后面，表其程度足够来如何如何，而so as to、so that 表程度足够引起的结果划线考点笔考真题55－2Consumer confidence levels, which many economists consider an early indication of the economy’s direction, sagged as the stock market tumbled, but not dramatically enough for giving a clear picture of new spending patterns.(A) tumbled, but not dramatically enough for giving(B) tumbled, but not dramatically enough to give(C) tumbled, and not so dramatically as to have given(D) has tumbled, and not dramatically enough to give(E) has tumbled, but not so dramatically as to givebOg47. Displays of the aurora borealis, or "northern lights," can heat the atmosphere over the arcticenough to affect the trajectories of ballistic missiles, induce electric currents that can cause blackouts in some areas and corrosion in north-south pipelines.(A)to affect the trajectories of ballistic missiles, induce(B)that the trajectories of ballistic missiles are affected, induce(C) that it affects the trajectories of ballistic missiles, induces(D) that the trajectories of ballistic missiles are affected and induces(E) to affect the trajectories of ballistic missiles and induce给北极上大气层足够的加热来影响。

as many=a number that is equal to another number 表示同样的数字As early as 不是比较，而是规定时间范围的固定用法able/unable to be done的结构错误Ability to do (for doing 和of doing错）Act as-----表功能Act like---跟人Aid in doingAffect优于have an effect onAim at doing/ with the aim of doingAllow sb to do(不能用虚拟语气should)Appear to be/appear as +n./appear +adj./appear thatAs being一定错As...so/ just as .....soas be the case (with)…，是as the case be 的倒装形式，其常见的错误用法包括：as it be；than be the case；as in/with the case of；Based on不能放句首，改为because ofBeing可能正确的情况例1.Being infected does not make you sick.例2 the judges saw the horses being led to the stables.but后面本应该加句子的，但是在助于相同的情况下可以省略主语。

如：This class is heard to be useful ,but then proved useless.Between A and B(不用with）Among(several items) --后不接with, andbecause of与on account of：because of意为"由于，因为"，强调因果关系，在句中仅作状语。

标题：美国GMAT 考试机经尚友论坛【GMAT专区】【尚友学堂GMAT公开课】【GMAT机经专区】【GMAT资料下载区】【GMAT黄历查询】刚考完，分数很低。

数学是51，verbal很低。

所以也没有什么好share的。

把自己能记住的发帖出来积累人品。

呵呵。

得重考。

AA：（大概意思是这个，记不完全了）Last year, A survey at company X asks the employees to rank the importance of improving in the company. It found out that the employees rank the communications between the employees and management important. A regular communications sessions are conducted by high-level management, and all the employees can attend volunteerily. Therefore, the improvement of communications between the employees and management have been made.IR：1. 4 performers have been judged by 100 judgers. 然后是排名1，2，3，4. 给4个人不同的分数，是一个表格，3个问题是关于yes 和no的。

2. 大概意思是：temperature B is constant and equal to 另一个温度A吧，humidity is 100%. The humidity is linear related with temeperature. If the humidity decrease at 5%, the temperature will decrease 1 摄氏度。

[GMAT语法]一份值得推荐的语法备考心得尚友论坛【GMAT专区】【尚友学堂GMAT公开课】【GMAT机经专区】【GMAT资料下载区】【GMAT黄历查询】师傅领进门，修行靠自己。

==============================原创自:gemi语法神仙前几天，SBBI，我的语法导师，指示一定要写一篇语法心得，并且不得推辞，否则是全人类文明的损失（SBBI 老人家总是这么抬举、鼓励和扶持后人啊！）既然SBBI老人家这么高抬我，而且承蒙考试期间SBBI导师和各位XDJM的大力帮助，涌泉之恩，我却只有滴水相报。

那我就斗胆写几句吧。

不对之处大家多指正！一、语法入门资料和真题首先，语法复习的入门材料当然是OG和LZM。

最重要、最经典的当然是OG，这是每个参加考试的人必须要看的。

因为这是ETS给出的官方权威解释。

根据每个人的具体情况，需要看的遍数我想也不一样。

但一般来说，最少应该有个2、3遍吧？（请导师SBBI指正）因为OG的有些解释是很艰深的，一遍肯定吃不透。

看个7遍8遍的也不算多。

而我对LZM有很矛盾的心理(ambivalence)，一方面这本书里的确有很多非常精彩的解释。

窃以为，LZM对GMAT语法的研究确实下了功夫，的确有一种参透生死的觉悟；HOWEVER，这本书可能是受一些不良的影响，确实又有太多的胡说八道的东西，对我们树立正确的改错观念非常不利。

例如他书中的那些什么公理，there being, of being必错（我们不说阅读，就是语法题干里就出现过of being啊），确实不敢恭维呀！还有这哥们竟然说where once是because的意思！如何对待这本书由自己定夺啦。

但是记住不可尽信！（说的有道理或证据确凿时才信，没有根据的公理少信。

但这对于初学者实在难啊）关于真题，不谦虚地说，我总结的“GMAT SC大全”（dispbbs.asp?boardID=23&ID=21000）不可少啦。

GMAT770，我只想说天道酬勤尚友论坛【GMAT专区】【尚友学堂GMAT公开课】【GMAT机经专区】【GMAT资料下载区】【GMAT黄历查询】我认为阅读能力是很关键的。

中国考生之所以觉得GMAT的语文部分难，并不是所谓的‘思维方式’不如人，而是看不太懂而只好透过残缺的信息来猜答案。

举例来说，逻辑题如果做错了，事后你仔细读懂每个选项，往往就能想通了。

即使有些选项有迷惑性，只要你读得懂你就能比选项，答案是很容易得出来的，在读懂题的基础上运用老管的那套思维方式才能得心应手。

如果你阅读没什么问题，我想系统会对复习起到很大的帮助。

首先必须找出自己的弱点。

我在线练了几套GWD，发现最薄弱是语法。

语法是可以通过做题提高的，但是关键是一定要总结并理解。

我是做GWD，每做完一套我都要细细分析，听讨论录音，明白答案的道理。

有时候感觉解释不合理，就一定要找出合理的解释。

大家一定要充分利用网站上的资料，特别是模考系统和在线答疑，真的是非常有用的。

无论什么辅导书也比不上过去的真题，而如果找不出答案做题是没有意义的。

今天一点钟在香港考的GMAT, Q50，42 总分770.能够在这么短的时间里取得满意的成绩，真的给了我很大的帮助，所以考完来写写经验感想，希望能对大家的复习有所帮助。

先说说我的GMAT复习过程吧。

我放暑假回家时决定的要考G，报了一个强化班，一口气听完了四天的录音开始练题，但之前对GMAT一无所知。

后来拖拖拉拉，真正复习的时间其实也就15，6天。

同时说说我的背景：大一是在国内读的，在英国读了大二大三，算是一个小海龟。

大家可能觉得我的情况不具有可比性，但是这种背景更能让我体会到GMAT复习最重要的能力点，我想只要大家可以明确努力的方向，复习起来是可以事半功倍的。

复习GMAT，我认为阅读能力是很关键的。

中国考生之所以觉得GMAT的语文部分难，并不是所谓的‘思维方式’不如人，而是看不太懂而只好透过残缺的信息来猜答案。

instead的相关用法归纳
instead的用法在学习英语中比较重要，下面店铺来给大家简单介绍一下，希望能帮助到大家：
一.instead意为“代替”“替代”,作副词用,通常位于句尾.如位于句首时常用逗号与后面阁开.instead 在顺接句子中作“代替”讲,而在转折(或逆转)句子中作“然而”讲.
例如：
1.she didn't answer me,instead,she asked me another question.
她没有回答我,反而问了我另外一个问题.
2.Lily isn't here.Ask Lucy instead.
Lily不在这儿,去问Lucy吧.
二.instead of是介宾短语,其意与instead相同,不同之处在于它后面常接宾语,起宾语多由名词、介词、代词、短语、动词 + ing 形式充当.
例如：
1.I'll go instead of her.
我会替她去.
2.We'll ask Li Mei instead of Mary.
我们将去问李梅而不问玛丽.
三.instead 与instead of的转换.
例如:
1.I'll of instead of her.→She won't go.I'll go instead
2.He didn't answer me,instead,he asked me another
question → He asked me another question instead of answering me.。

instead和insteadof的区别有什么不同instead和instead of的区别是instead是副词，通常位于句尾，意思是代替；顶替；反⽽；却。

instead of是复合介词，后⾯可接名词和代词以外的词，如形容词，副词，动词和介词，意思是代替；作为…的替换。

这两个词在语句中的⽤法不同。

instead词语⽤法1、instead是副词，只能单独使⽤。

基本意思是“代替”，可依据上下⽂灵活翻译，有时甚⾄⼲脆不译。

2、instead可位于句⾸，连接上下句。

通常是上句先否定⼀种情况，再以instead引出下句，提出相反的情况。

3、instead也可位于句末，可⽤于两个独⽴的句⼦，也可⽤于并列句的后⼀句中，还可⽤于带有状语从句的主句中，这时常译为“反之”,“相反”。

instead of⽤法instead of是短语介词，意思是“代替”、“⽽不是”。

通常置于句中，它后⾯⼀般接名词、代词、动名词或介词短语作它的宾语。

例如：He drank some juice instead of beer他没有喝啤酒，⽽是喝了⼀些果汁。

instead和instead of的例句Instead, she set her jaw grimly and waited in silence相反，她⼀脸严肃，⾯部紧绷，⼀声不吭地等着。

Instead, the session has sowed confusion.相反，这次会议却引发了混乱。

Now I can walk to work instead of going by car.现在我可以步⾏去上班，⽽不必开车了。

He put a plus instead of a minus.他填了个加号⽽不是减号。

The islanders use a system of barter instead of money.岛上的居民实⾏的是以物易物，⽽不是⽤货币。

Now I can walk to work instead of going by car.现在我可以步⾏去上班，⽽不必开车了。

instead,insteadof用法详解Instead of 的意思是“代替……”、“而不……”，其主动用法如下：1．作为短语介词，instead of 后面常跟名词、代词和动名词，偶尔也跟复合结构。

例如：I have come instead of my brother. He is ill.I will go instead of you.If I hadn’t got a cold I’d be working instead of lying here in bed.Instead of doing it himself, he got a man to do it. Instead of lending a hand, he laughed at us.他不仅没有帮我们一把，反而嘲笑我们。

They must make up their own minds instead of our making up their minds for them. 他们必须自己做出决定，而不是有我们来代替他们作决定。

It’s me that should ask you instead of you asking me. 应该是我问你而不是你问我。

2．Instead of 后面还可跟形容词、副词、动词、不定式、介词短语和从句，这时他相当于连词，但也有不少人认为他们是介词。

但是，对中学生来说，重要的不是他的词性，而是他的用法。

请看下面的例句：Taking exercise every day makes him look younger instead of older. 每天锻炼身体使他显得更年轻而不是苍老。

（连接形容词）But the businessman grew worse instead of better. 但这位商人的情况没有好转，反而进一步恶化了。

I go to bed late instead of early.我总是很晚才睡。

关于insteadinsteadof单词的方法总结关于instead instead of单词的方法总结关于instead instead of单词的方法总结【—学习关于instead/instead of单词的方法总结】instead/instead of的不通用法及在什么时候使用，下文为大家带来具体介绍！instead/instead ofinstead是副词,一般放在句首或句末。

而instead of 是介词短语,表示“代替”时, 含有“对比”的意思,其后常跟名词、代词或v-ing形式。

如:Jack didn’t study law. Instead, he decided to become an actor.杰克没有学法律,而是决定作一名演员。

If you can’t go to the meeting, I can go instead.如果你不去开会, 我可以(代替你)去。

Could I have tuna instead of ham?我能否要金枪鱼而不是火腿？Miss Wang is ill. I’ll teach you instead of her.王老师病了,我代替她给你们上课。

We walked down the stairs instead of taking the elevator.我们走着下楼梯而没有乘电梯初中语文。

instead/instead of的不同理解，同学们是否理解了呢？如果又不懂得，同学们可以参考哦！例析英语阅读--逻辑推理型这类题目的答案在原文中是不能直接找到的，必须抓住文中相关信息，顺藤摸瓜，进行有理有据的分析、归纳和推理，才能找出答案。

有时需要透彻理解作者的双关语和弦外之音等。

(a)根据常识推断很多短文所设计的题目往往与其它方面的常识相关联，有时需结合或根据已有的常识做出判断。

比如解答科学小品文的题目可能要用到或方面的，解答跟自然科学有关的题目可能要用到、方面的等。

instead of后面加什么?instead of后跟名词、跟代词、跟形容词、副词、动词、动名词等。

扩展资料其功能与连词十分相似,现归纳如下：1、跟名词I give him advice instead of money.给了他忠告而没有给他钱。

2、跟代词Will you go to the party instead of me?你代我去赴宴，好吗？3、跟形容词Things are now better instead of worse.情况不是更坏，而是更好了。

4、跟副词He walks slowly instead of quickly.他走得慢，而不是快了。

5、跟动词（短语）That increased instead of decreased our courage.那不但没有减弱反而增强了我们的勇气。

一般来说,instead of不能直接接动词的..从语法角度来说,这种用法是错误的.6、跟动名词（短语）We should encourage them instead of throwing cold water on them.我们应该鼓励他们而不是对他们泼冷水。

7、跟动名词复合结构They must make up their own minds instead of our making their minds for them.他们应当自己下决心而不是我们替他们下决心。

8、跟介词短语He laughed with (us) instead of at us. 他跟我们一起笑，并不是嘲笑我们。

9、跟（to do）不定式（短语）I went to borrow a book instead of to buy one.我去借了一本书，而不是买了一本书。

10、跟从句He describes it as he saw instead of as it was.他是按他们看到的样子而不是按其本来的面目来描述的它。

instead ofinstead of 是短语介词，意思是“代替、而不”，后接名词、代词、动名词，有时接动词原形、不定式、形容词等。

如：I’ll take that book instead of this one. 我要那本书不要这一本。

You should give him advice instead of money. 你应给他忠告而不是金钱。

Things are now better instead of worse. 目前情况是好转而不是恶化。

We made the trip by train instead of by car. 我们是乘火车旅行的，不是乘汽车。

A word of encouragement might have made me respect instead of hating him.一句鼓励的话当可时可能使我尊敬他而不是恨他。

Instead of putting it off till the next day, he started working right away.他立即开始工作，不把它拖到明天。

2、instead of/ instead/ in place of/ take the place ofHe went to attend the meeting instead of me .I was ill so he went to attend the meeting instead .注意：instead 可用于句首，表示“相反的”。

如：She never studies .Instead, she plays tennis all day. 她从不学习。

相反地，她整天打网球。

in place of很多时候可与instead of 换用，但更强调“取代”之意。

如：He isn’t fit for the job, so I’ll do it in place of him. 他胜任不了这项工作，我要代他做。