【尚友制造】36套阅读解析exer12

Exercise 10Currently, the paramount problem in the field of biomaterials, the science of replacing diseased tissue with human-made implants, is control over the interface, orLine surface, between implanted biomaterials and living5 tissues. The physical properties of most tissues can be matched by careful selection of raw materials: metals, ceramics, or several varieties of polymer materials. Eventhe requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by10 techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and non-living matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of15 cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. Although recent research has allowed us to stabilize the tissue-biomaterial interface by controllingeither the chemical reactions or the microstructure of the biomaterials, our fundamental understanding of how20 implant devices adhere to tissues remains woefully incomplete. (159 words)1. According to the passage, the major problemcurrently facing scientists in the field of bio-materials is(A) assessing and regulating the bondingbetween host tissue and implants(B) controlling the transfer of potentially toxicmaterials across the interface of tissueand implant(C) discovering new materials from which toconstruct implant devices(D) deciding in what situations implants areneeded(E) determining the importance of short-termimplants to long-term stability of tissueimplant interfaces2. The passage suggests which of the followingabout the recent research mentioned in the lastsentence ?(A) It has solved one set of problems but hascreated another.(B) It has concentrated on secondary concernsbut has ignored primary concerns.(C) It has improved practical applications ofbiomaterial technology without providing acomplete theoretical explanation of thatimprovement.(D) It has thoroughly investigated properties ofbiomaterials but has paid little attentionto relevant characteristics of human tissue.(E) It has provided considerable information onshort-term implant technology but littleon long-term implant technology.阅读1：Q1：定位至原文：line 11；But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and non-living matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. 所以选A；Q2：原文说fundamental understanding还是incomplete，尽管要的结果可以实现了。

Exercise 8Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant制冷剂that cycles alternatively from its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop闭合环路. The refrigerant, starting as a lowtemperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor压缩机driven by an electric motor. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser冷凝剂, which transfers heat from the refrigerant to a body of air. Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confrontsa flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop. As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled. It then passes through a second heat exchanger, the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducing thetemperature of this second body of air.(126 words)1. According to the passage, the role of the flowrestriction in a heat pump is to(A) measure accurately the flow rate of therefrigerant mass at that point(B) compress and heat the refrigerant vapor(C) bring about the evaporation and cooling ofrefrigerant【Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts10 a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop. As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled.】(D) exchange heat between the refrigerant and theair at that point(E) reverse the direction of refrigerant flow whenneededTraditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal焦点points—periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It also has had clearand firm notions of scholarlyalways understood it. Psychohistory derives its ―facts‖not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces推断its theoriesnot from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable可以评价的by, allthough itlacks the rigor and verifiability of traditionalhistorical method.【这道题虽然选对了，但是确实看了5个选项后才又重新看的A，是因为in vogue这个词没理解】(B) Traditional historians can benefit from studyingthe techniques and findings of psychohis-torians.(C) Areas of sociological study such as childhoodand work are of little interest to traditionalhistorians.(D) The psychological assessment of an individual‘sbehavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.(E) History is composed of unique and nonrepeating events that must be individually analyzedon the basis of publicly verifiable evidence.3. The author of the passage puts the word ―deepest‖inquotation marks most probably in order to(A) question the usefulness of psychohistorians‘insights into traditional historical scholarship(B) draw attention to a contradiction in thepsychohistorians‘ method(C) emphasize the major difference between thetraditional historians‘ method andthat of psychohistorians(D) disassociate her opinion of the psychohistorians‘claims from her opinion of their method(E) signal her reservations about the accuracyof psychohistorians‘ claims for their work【It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable可以评价的by, all historians. Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the ―deepest‖explanation of any event that other explanations fall short of达不到，缺乏the truth.】【一般in order to 这种题都是看上下文的，上文说它打破了基本的标准：别人可以评价可以接受的evidence, 从而自己推理absolute rightness of their own theories，而且上一个题也表明了作者有所保留的态度】PS【英语里引号一般只有两个意思：1.引用2.反语，在这里就是一个反语】Eight percent of the Earth‘s crust is aluminum, andthere are hundreds of aluminum-bearing含铝的minerals andvast quantities of the rocks that contain them. The bestaluminum ore is bauxite, defined as aggregates of aluminous minerals, more or less impure, in which aluminumis present as hydrated oxides含水氧化物. Bauxite is the richest of allthose aluminous rocks that occur in large quantities, andit yields alumina氧化铝, the intermediate product required forthe production of aluminum. Alumina also occurs naturally as the mineral corundum刚玉, but corundum is not found in large deposits of high purity, and therefore it is an impractical source for making aluminum. Most of the many abundant nonbauxite aluminous minerals are silicates硅酸盐, and, like all silicate minerals, they are refractory, resistant to analysis, and extremely difficult to process. The aluminum silicates are therefore generally unsuitable alternatives to bauxite because considerably more energy is required to extract alumina from them. (153 words)4. The author implies that a mineral must either be orreadily supply which of the following inorder to beclassified as an aluminum ore?【注意提问方式：题目里有imply，表示不是表面上写的那个，所以定位在“The best aluminum ore is bauxite.”就是错的。

Exercise 18Theorists are divided concerning the origin of the Moon. Some hypothesize that the Moon was formed in the sameway as were the planets in the inner solar system (Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Earth)—from planet-forming materials inthe presolar nebula. But, unlike the cores of the inner planets, the Moon‘s core contains little or no iron, while the typical planet-forming materials were quite rich in iron. Other theorists propose that the Moon was ripped out of the Earth‘s rocky mantle by the Earth‘s collision with another large celestial body after much of the Earth‘s iron fell to its core. One problem with the collision hypothesis is the question of how a satellite formed in this way could have settled into the nearly circular orbit that the Moon has today. Fortunately, the collision hypothesis is testable. If it is true, the mantle rocksof the Moon and the Earth should be the same geochemically. (155 words)For the following question, consider each of thechoices separately and select all that apply1. According to the passage, Mars and the Earth aresimilar in which of the following ways?A Their satellites were formed by collisions withother celestial bodies.B Their cores contain iron.C They were formed from the presolar nebula.2. The author implies that a nearly circular orbit isunlikely for a satellite that(A) circles one of the inner planets(B) is deficient in iron(C) is different from its planet geochemically(D) was formed by a collision between two celestialbodies(E) was formed out of the planet-forming materialsin the presolar nebula3. Which of the following, if true, would be most likelyto make it difficult to verify the collision hypothesisin the manner suggested by the author?(A) The Moon‘s core and mantle rock are almostinactive geologically.(B) The mantle rock of the Earth has changed incomposition since the formation of theMoon, while the mantle rock of the Moon hasremained chemically inert.(C) Much of the Earth‘s iron fell to the Earth‘s corelong before the formation of the Moon, afterwhich the Earth‘s mantle rock remainedunchanged.(D) Certain of the Earth‘s elements, such as platinum,gold, and iridium, followed iron to theEarth‘s core.(E) The mantle rock of the Moon contains elementssuch as platinum, gold, and iridium.关于月亮起源的两种观点；Q1：Mars 和earth有什么区别？解析：定位至line 3：in the inner solar system (Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Earth)—from planet-forming materials inthe presolar nebula. 正确答案BC；Q2：a nearly circular orbit 不可能是怎样卫星的轨道？解析：定位至One problem with the collision hypothesis is the question of how a satellite formed in this way could have settled into the nearly circular orbit that the Moon has today，正确答案D；Q3：哪个选项使爆炸论难以证实？解析：文章说moon几乎不含铁，可能是地球的铁都集中到core去了之后，被别的星球炸飞的地球表面的一块。

GRE阅读小笔记Exercise 6 Some modern anthropologists hold that biologicalevolution has shaped not only human morphology butalso human behavior. The role those anthropologistsascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of5 human behavior but one of imposing constraints—ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that ―come natu-rallyǁ in archetypal situations in any culture. Our―frailtiesǁ –emotions and motives such as rage, fear,greed, gluttony, joy, lust, love—may be a very mixed10 assortment, but they share at least one immediatequality: we are, as we say, ―in the gripǁ of them. Andthus they give us our sense of constraints.Unhappily, some of those frailties—our need forever-increasing security among them—are presently15 maladaptive. Yet beneath the overlay of culturaldetail, they, too, are said to be biological in direction,and therefore as natural to us as are our appendixes.We would need to comprehend thoroughly theiradaptive origins in order to understand how badly they20 guide us now. And we might then begin to resist theirpressure.=====================================1. Which of the following most probably providesan appropriate analogy from human morphol-ogy for the ―detailsǁ versus ―constraintsǁdistinction made in the passage in relation tohuman behavior?(A) The ability of most people to see all thecolors of the visible spectrum as againstmost people‘s inability to name any butthe primary colors(B) The ability of even the least fortunatepeople to show compassion as againstpeople‘s inability to mask their feelingscompletely(C) The ability of some people to dive to greatdepths as against most people‘s inabilityto swim long distances(D) The psychological profile of those peoplewho are able to delay gratification asagainst people‘s inability to control theirlives completely(E) The greater lung capacity of mountainpeoples that helps them live in oxygen-poorair as against people‘s inability to flywithout special apparatus2. It can be inferred that in his discussion ofmaladaptive frailties the author assumes that(A) evolution does not favor the emergence ofadaptive characteristics over the emergenceof maladaptive ones(B) any structure or behavior not positivelyadaptive is regarded as transitory inevolutionary theory(C) maladaptive characteristics, once fixed,make the emergence of other maladaptivecharacteristics more likely(D) the designation of a characteristic as beingmaladaptive must always remain highlytentative(E) changes in the total human environment canoutpace evolutionary change阅读2：该文是GRE阅读中最难的（没有之一。

Exercise 21Nevelson says, ―I have always wanted to show theworld that art is everywhere, except that it has to passthrough a creative mind.‖ Using mostly discarded wooden objects like packing crates, broken pieces of furniture, and abandoned architectural ornaments, all of which she has hoarded for years, she assembles architectural constructionsof great beauty and power. Creating very freely with no sketches, she glues and nails objects together, paints them black, or more rarely white or gold, and places them in boxes. These assemblages, walls, even entire environments create a mysterious, almost awe-inspiring atmosphere. Although she has denied any symbolic or religious intent inher works, their three-dimensional grandeur and even their titles, such as Sky Cathedral and Night Cathedral, suggestsuch connotations. (124 words)1. Which of the following is one way in which Nevel-son‘s art illustrates her theory as it is expressed inthe first sentence?(A) She sculpts in wood rather than in metal orstone.(B) She paints her sculptures and frames them inboxes.(C) She makes no preliminary sketches but ratherallows the sculpture to develop as she works.(D) She puts together pieces of ordinary objectsonce used for different purposes to make hersculptures.(E) She does not deliberately attempt to conveysymbolic or religious meanings through hersculpture.―Popular art‖ has a number of meanings, impossible todefine with any precision, which range from folklore tojunk. The poles are clear enough, but the middle tends to blur. The Hollywood Western of the 1930‘s, for example,has elements of folklore, but is closer to junk than to highart or folk art. There can be great trash, just as there is badhigh art. The musicals of George Gershwin are greatpopular art, never aspiring to high art. Schubert and Brahms, however, used elements of popular music—folk themes—indifferent one: he took a popular genre—bourgeoismelodrama set to music (an accurate definition ofnineteenth-century opera)—and, without altering itsfundamental nature, transmuted it into high art. (133 words)6. The author refers to Schubert and Brahms in orderto suggest(A) that their achievements are no less substantialthan those of Verdi(B) that their works are examples of great trash(C) the extent to which Schubert and Brahmsinfluenced the later compositions of Verdi(D) a contrast between the conventions ofnineteenth-century opera and those ofother musical forms(E) that popular music could be employed incompositions intended as high art阅读1：文章来自老G的阅读题目，仍然先看老G的翻译，当做背景知识吧~路易丝"奈纳尔森（Louise Nevelson）被许多评论家相信为是二十世纪最伟大的雕塑家，这一点愈发令人瞩目，因为直到最近，对女艺术家最强烈的抵制一直存在于雕塑这一领域。

GRE阅读小笔记Exercise 4 It is a popular misconception that nuclear fusionpower is free of radioactivity; in fact, the deuterium-tritium reaction that nuclear scientists are currentlyexploring with such zeal produces both alpha particles5 and neutrons. (The neutrons are used to produce tritiumfrom a lithium blanket surrounding the reactor.)Another common misconception is that nuclear fusionpower is a virtually unlimited source of energy becauseof the enormous quantity of deuterium in the sea.10 Actually, its limits are set by the amount of availablelithium, which is about as plentiful as uranium in theEarth‘s crust. Research should certainly continue oncontrolled nuclear fusion, but no energy programshould be premised on its existence until it has proven15 practical.========================================1. It can be inferred from the passage that theauthor believes which of the following about thecurrent state of public awareness concerningnuclear fusion power?(A) The public has been deliberately misinformedabout the advantages and disadvantages ofnuclear fusion power.(B) The public is unaware of the principaladvantage of nuclear fusion over nuclearfission as an energy source.(C) The public‘s awareness of the scientificfacts concerning nuclear fusion power issomewhat distorted and incomplete.(D) The public is not interested in increasing itsawareness of the advantages anddisadvantages of nuclear fusion power.(E) The public is aware of the disadvantages ofnuclear fusion power but not of itsadvantages.For the following question, consider each of thechoices separately and select all that apply2. The passage provides information that wouldanswer which of the following questions EXCEPT?□A How much incidental radiation is producedin the deuterium tritium fusion reaction?□B What is likely to be the principal source ofdeuterium for nuclear fusion power?□C Why are scientists exploring the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction with such zeal?阅读2：文章说到了public对核聚变反应的两种普遍误解。

物业移交协议书（通用18篇）物业移交篇1市政设施移交协议书甲方(接管单位)：乙方(移交单位)：根据市委、市政府相关文件精神，由市领导临时交办市统建集团承建的新政务中心两个公交站点已顺利完工，经双方协商，现就设施移交达成如下协议：一、移交项目(一)移交数量：移交公交站两座(详见附表);(二)移交范围：公交站点及其附属设施;(三)交接条件：按设施现状进行移交、接管;二、甲方责任(一)自设施移交协议签订之日起，甲方拥有该项目的产权，包括使用权、管理权、改造权;(二)依照相关规定，对移交设施实施占有、使用;(三)负责对移交设施的更新改造和日常维护，保证移交设施完好、清洁;三、乙方责任(一)同意将移交设施的产权无条件地交给甲方(包括使用权、管理权、改造权);(二)负责对移交设施的在移交前存在的问题进行整改，以确保移交设施正常发挥其功能。

四、其他事项(一)协议未尽事宜，由甲乙双方进行协商，并予以补充完善;(二)、本合同一式四份，甲乙双方各执二份。

甲方：法定代表人：乙方：法定代表人：签订时间：二○一二 (物业移交协议书篇2甲方(接管单位)：乙方(移交单位)：根据市委、市政府相关文件精神，由市领导临时交办市统建集团承建的新政务中心两个公交站点已顺利完工，经双方协商，现就设施移交达成如下协议：一、移交项目(一)移交数量：移交公交站两座(详见附表);(二)移交范围：公交站点及其附属设施;(三)交接条件：按设施现状进行移交、接管;二、甲方责任(一)自设施移交协议签订之日起，甲方拥有该项目的产权，包括使用权、管理权、改造权;(二)依照相关规定，对移交设施实施占有、使用;(三)负责对移交设施的更新改造和日常维护，保证移交设施完好、清洁;三、乙方责任(一)同意将移交设施的产权无条件地交给甲方(包括使用权、管理权、改造权);(二)负责对移交设施的在移交前存在的问题进行整改，以确保移交设施正常发挥其功能。

四、其他事项(一)协议未尽事宜，由甲乙双方进行协商，并予以补充完善;(二)、本合同一式四份，甲乙双方各执二份。

Exercise 22Historically, a cornerstone of classical empiricism hasbeen the notion that every true generalization must be confirmable by specific observations. In classical empiricism, the truth of ―All balls are red,‖ for example, is assessed by inspecting balls; any observation of a non redball refutes unequivocally the proposed generalization.For W.V.O. Quine, however, this constitutes an overly―narrow‖ conception of empiricism. ―All balls are red,‖ he maintains, forms one strand within an entire web of statements (our knowledge); individual observations can be referred only to this web as a whole. As new observationsare collected, he explains, they must be integrated into the web. Problems occur only if a contradiction developsbetween a new observation, say, ―That ball is blue,‖ and the preexisting statements. In that case, he argues, anystatement or combination of statements (not merely the―offending‖ generalization, as in classical empiricism) canbe altered to achieve the fundamental requirement, a system free of contradictions, even if, in some cases, the alteration consists of labeling the new observation a ―hallucination.‖ (172 words)1. According to Quine‘s conception of empiricism, if anew observation were to contradict some statementalready within our system of knowledge, which ofthe following would be true?(A) The new observation would be rejected asuntrue.(B) Both the observation and the statement in oursystem that it contradicted would bediscarded.(C) New observations would be added to our webof statements in order to expand our systemof knowledge.(D) The observation or some part of our web ofstatements would need to be adjusted toresolve the contradiction.(E) An entirely new field of knowledge would becreated.For the following question, consider each of thechoices separately and select all that apply2. It can be inferred from the passage that Quine‗narrow‘ ‖for whic h of the following reasons?A Classical empiricism requires that our systemof generalizations be free of contradictions.B Classical empiricism demands that in the caseof a contradiction between an individualobservation and a generalization, thegeneralization must be abandoned.C Classical empiricism asserts that every observationwill either confirm an existing generalizationor initiate a new generalization.Shergottites, the name given to three anomalous achondrites (igneous meteorites lacking chondrules) so far discovered on Earth, present scientists with a genuine enigma. Shergottites crystallized from molten rock less than 1.1 billion years ago (some 3.5 billion years later than typical achondrites) and were presumably ejected into space when an object impacted on a body similar in chemical composition to Earth. While some scientists speculate that shergottites derive from Io (a volcanically active moon of Jupiter), recent measurements suggest that since Io‘s surface is rich in sulfur and sodium, the chemical composition of its volcanic products would probably be unlike that of the shergottites. Moreover, any fragments dislodged from Io by interbody impact would be unlikelyto escape the gravitational pull of Jupiter.The only other logical source of shergottites is Mars. Space-probe photographs indicate the existence of giant volcanoes on the Martian surface. From the small number of impact craters that appear on Martian lava flows, one can estimate that the planet was volcanically active as recently as a half-billion years ago—and may be active today.(178 words)3. The passage provides information to answer whichof the following questions?(A) What is the precise age of the solar system?(B) How did shergottites get their name?(C) What are the chemical properties shared by shergottites and Martian soils?(D) How volcanically active is the planet Jupiter?(E) What is a major feature of the Martian surface?For the following question, consider each of the4. It can be inferred from the passage that each of thefollowing is a consideration in determining whethera particular planet is a possible source of shergottitesthat have been discovered on EarthA stre ngth of the planet‘s field of gravityB proximity of the planet to its moonsC chemical composition of the planet‘s surface阅读1：翻译如下：从历史的角度看，古典经验主义的奠基石是这样一种观念，即每一个正确的推论都必须能被具体的观察所验证。