冰岛国家破产案例

你知道什么时候会国家破产?国家破产后,对人民来说意味着什么?你们知道吗？其实国家也是会破产的。

虽然我们经常会听到某某企业破产了，但却很少听到有国家破产。

那是因为国家破产和公司破产之间最大的区别就是，公司破产清理后作为一个实体不再存续。

所有的资产按照一定顺序折价支付给债务人以后，剩下的不管多少再分配给股东，公司本身就消失了。

而国家破产则更类似于美国的破产重组，即破产的实体依然存续，只是对债务进行重组和经营采取外部监管。

因此有很多国家虽然已经破产了，但它在国际上依然存在。

由于全球经济低迷不振，发展中国家的债务问题日趋严重，不能按时偿还债务的国家正在不断增加。

全球著名的信用评级公司标准普尔发表报告指出，全球已有6个国家在今年头三个季度里不能按时偿还到期的债务，处于“破产”状态。

加起来，全球无力偿还债务的国家总数已达到了28个。

新增加的6个国家是阿根廷、加蓬、印尼、马达加斯加、摩尔多瓦和瑙鲁，总共欠债达1330亿美元，几乎要比去年同期的740亿美元翻了一番。

“国家破产”这个概念是2002年国际货币基金组织提出来的。

它是指一个国家对外资产小于对外负债，即资不抵债的状况。

国际上通常的国家破产是指：一个国家的金融财政收入不足以支付其进口商品所必需的外汇，或是其主权债务大于其GDP。

举个例子，冰岛的主权债务为1300余亿美元，而它的年GDP仅为190余亿美元，于是2008年11月冰岛宣布国家破产。

冰岛的国家破产意味着冰岛成为全世界贫穷国家之一，若持续目前的状况，冰岛就必须向富有的大国借贷以减缓本国经济的压力，否则整个国家将面临巨额欠债。

政府不得不向民众求助，请求民众捐款以渡过难关。

冰岛国家破产产生的主要原因是长期的高福利造成的。

冰岛长期借债来支持国人的好生活，因此冰岛有长期的高福利，但国民产值很低，久之就成今天的局面。

而且当时从美国开始的次贷危机，很快蔓延到欧洲，像冰岛这样的小国自我调整能力太差，加上长期的政府负债，完全失去自救能力。

冰岛破产的原因分析及启示摘要: 冰岛是一个人口仅有32万的北欧岛国，但却是世界上最富裕的国家之一。

2006年冰岛GDP为11417亿克朗（181亿美元），GDP年增长2.6%，人均GDP达60370美元。

冰岛长期跻身“世界最幸福国家”之列，多次被联合国评为“最适宜居住的国家”。

联合国发布的2007/2008人类发展指数显示，以人均水平为标准，冰岛是全球第五大富国，免费医疗、免费教育、高额失业救济等高福利政策……世人眼中的冰岛宛若天堂。

然而，在08年那场席卷全球的金融危机中，冰岛却率先兵败如山倒，陷入国家破产的危机，损失极为惨重，冰岛人民不得不面对9倍于GDP的银行负债重担。

其根本原因即是冰岛过度发展金融业，金融杠杆比率太高，虚拟经济完全脱离实体经济极度膨胀。

关键词：冰岛次贷危机国家破产虚拟经济正文：引言：次贷危机虽然已经过去了，但它带给人们的影响却还远远未曾消除，特别是对于某些国家。

凯恩斯说过：“没有什么手段比破坏一个社会的通货能更隐蔽、更可靠地颠覆社会的现有基础了。

”不幸的是，冰岛在次贷危机中的遭遇很好的验证了这个真理。

原本世界上最美丽干净、人民幸福安逸的天堂，一夜之间却成了一个外债超过1383亿美元、本国货币大幅贬值、出现严重国际收支危机濒临破产的地狱。

每名冰岛公民身负37万美元(约合人民币253万元)债务，冰岛总理甚至建议国民自行捕鱼来节省粮食开支。

这其中的过程值得我们探讨，其中的教训值得我们深思。

一、金融危机前冰岛的主要经济结构1、渔业。

渔业是冰岛国民经济的支柱产业，主要鱼种为毛鳞鱼、鳕鱼和青鱼，渔产品出口占商品出口总额的近70%。

冰岛渔船队装备精良，鱼类加工技术在世界上占领先地位。

2、旅游业。

冰岛有丰富的旅游资源，大冰川、火山地貌、地热喷泉和瀑布，再加之世界上堪称第一的清新纯净的空气和水源使得冰岛令旅游者无法抗拒。

议会旧址国家公园、瓦特纳冰川国家公园和冰川峡谷河国家公园远近闻名。

3、金融业。

冰岛为什么会破产作者：袁越来源：《人民文摘》2009年第01期雷克雅未克是冰岛唯一一个可以称得上是城市的地方。

阳光和温度这两个因素加在一起，使得这里适合农作物生长的季节很短，一般农作物很难成活。

以前冰岛人只靠打鱼为生，后来发展起了旅游业，再加上水电和地热发电、铝矿出口、少量新兴的高科技企业，以及近几年才火起来的金融业，就是冰岛人获取财富的全部来源。

于是，冰岛人放弃了种田的打算，纷纷离开农村，搬到雷克雅未克，过上了城里人的生活。

从表面上看，金融危机发生在冰岛是一件不可想象的事。

冰岛人是北欧最勤奋的工人，平均每周工作47小时。

相比之下，其他北欧国家只有38小时。

冰岛的贫富差距非常小，衡量贫富差距的基尼系数几乎是全球最低的。

冰岛人的福利制度世界领先，不但6～16岁的基础教育全部免费，就连生病住院也都基本免费。

并且冰岛的失业率一直维持在1%以下……所有这一切，现如今都在一夜之间化为泡影。

冰岛唯一的一份英文周报《葡萄藤》发表的一篇文章认为，冰岛金融危机的责任必须由三方面来承担。

首先，冰岛中央银行必须为他们愚蠢的经济政策承担责任。

他们错误地估计了形势，为了遏制通货膨胀，不惜采用高利率政策，诱使冰岛银行向外国银行大量借钱，最终造成了资不抵债，不得不宣布破产。

其次，冰岛政府也有责任。

冰岛政府于2000年宣布取消金融管制，放弃了对银行系统的监管，间接纵容了冰岛银行不负责任的投机行为。

最后，文章认为这次金融危机的深层原因在于冰岛民众放弃了节俭的传统，开始追求奢华的生活方式。

冰岛人在银行的鼓动下，不断贷款买房买车，而且房子越买越大，车子越开越好，大大超出了他们的支付能力。

英国《泰晤士报》刊登的一篇文章，则把矛头对准了一个冰岛人。

他就是冰岛前总理戴维 ·奥德森，他曾经担任过13年冰岛总理，下台后成为冰岛中央银行的行长。

在奥德森的领导下，冰岛银行不惜一切代价对外扩张，最高时冰岛三大银行总资产达到了14.4 万亿冰岛克朗，达到了国内生产总值的10倍。

金融风险管理案例集卢亚娟南京审计学院金融学院2009年9月2日金融风险管理案例集目录案例一：法国兴业银行巨亏案例二：雷曼兄弟破产案例三：英国诺森罗克银行挤兑事件案例四：“中航油”事件案例五：中信泰富炒汇巨亏事件案例六：美国通用汽车公司破产案例七：越南金融危机案例八：深发展15亿元贷款无法收回案例九：AIG 危机案例十：中国金属旗下钢铁公司破产案例十一：俄罗斯金融危机案例十二：冰岛的“国家破产”案例一：法国兴业银行巨亏一、案情2008年1月18日,法国兴业银行收到了一封来自另一家大银行的电子邮件,要求确认此前约定的一笔交易,但法国兴业银行和这家银行根本没有交易往来。

因此,兴业银行进行了一次内部查清,结果发现,这是一笔虚假交易。

伪造邮件的是兴业银行交易员凯维埃尔。

更深入地调查显示,法国兴业银行因凯维埃尔的行为损失了49亿欧元,约合71亿美元。

凯维埃尔从事的是什么业务,导致如此巨额损失?欧洲股指期货交易,一种衍生金融工具产品。

早在2005年6月,他利用自己高超的电脑技术,绕过兴业银行的五道安全限制,开始了违规的欧洲股指期货交易,“我在安联保险上建仓,赌股市会下跌。

不久伦敦地铁发生爆炸,股市真的大跌。

我就像中了头彩……盈利50万欧元。

”2007年,凯维埃尔再赌市场下跌,因此大量做空,他又赌赢了,到2007年12月31日,他的账面盈余达到了14亿欧元,而当年兴行银行的总盈利不过是55亿欧元。

从2008年开始,凯维埃尔认为欧洲股指上涨,于是开始买涨。

然后,欧洲乃至全球股市都在暴跌,凯维埃尔的巨额盈利转眼变成了巨大损失。

二、原因1.风险巨大,破坏性强。

由于衍生金融工具牵涉的金额巨大,一旦出现亏损就将引起较大的震动。

巴林银行因衍生工具投机导致9.27亿英镑的亏损,最终导致拥有233年历史、总投资59亿英镑的老牌银行破产。

法国兴业银行事件中,损失达到71亿美元,成为历史上最大规模的金融案件,震惊了世界。

2.暴发突然,难以预料。

跨境破产的典型案例跨境破产是指在国际贸易中，涉及到多个国家的企业或个人因破产而产生的法律问题。

由于不同国家的法律制度和法律程序不同，跨境破产案件的处理非常复杂。

下面列举了一些典型的跨境破产案例。

1. 雷曼兄弟破产案2008年，美国第四大投资银行雷曼兄弟破产，引发了全球金融危机。

由于雷曼兄弟在全球范围内有大量的子公司和分支机构，其破产案件涉及到了多个国家的法律问题。

这个案件成为了跨境破产案例中的经典案例，也促进了国际破产法的发展。

2. 航空公司破产案航空公司破产案件也是跨境破产案例中的常见类型。

例如，2002年，荷兰皇家航空公司（KLM）和法国航空公司（Air France）合并后，其子公司荷兰航空公司（KLM）在美国破产。

这个案件涉及到了美国、荷兰和法国三个国家的法律问题。

3. 中国太平洋保险公司破产案2013年，中国太平洋保险公司在美国破产。

这个案件涉及到了中国和美国两个国家的法律问题。

由于中国和美国的法律制度和法律程序不同，这个案件的处理非常复杂。

4. 美国庞氏骗局破产案2008年，美国金融家伯纳德·马多夫因庞氏骗局被捕。

这个案件涉及到了多个国家的法律问题，包括美国、瑞士、英国和加拿大等。

由于涉及到的金额巨大，这个案件的处理非常复杂。

5. 欧洲航空公司破产案2017年，欧洲航空公司（Air Berlin）破产。

这个案件涉及到了德国、奥地利和瑞士等多个国家的法律问题。

由于欧洲航空公司在全球范围内有大量的子公司和分支机构，这个案件的处理非常复杂。

6. 美国汽车制造商破产案2008年，美国三大汽车制造商通用汽车、福特汽车和克莱斯勒汽车因经营不善而陷入困境。

这个案件涉及到了美国和加拿大等多个国家的法律问题。

由于涉及到的金额巨大，这个案件的处理非常复杂。

7. 美国房地产开发商破产案2008年，美国房地产开发商利曼兄弟破产。

这个案件涉及到了美国和英国等多个国家的法律问题。

由于涉及到的金额巨大，这个案件的处理非常复杂。

冰岛破产（Iceland bankruptcy）The United States, South Korea, Pakistan and dubai also face insolvency crises, from the most livable to the most indebtedWith a population of just 320, 000, per capita GDP is the fourth in the world, and Iceland, a Nordic island, was voted "the most livable country" by the UN in 2007. But overnight, the country in this paradise has fallen into hell, and now the Icelandic people have to face the burden of nine times GDP.The "misfortune" of a happy countryLiving in Iceland is considered to be happy. The high welfare system ensures that children can complete the university free of charge, and that the health care costs of the citizens are almost entirely in government, and they can receive unreduced welfare benefits after losing their jobs. But such high welfare is now based on a national debt.At retail stores in Iceland, residents are snapping up supplies. Because of the collapse of the entire banking system, the foreign exchange market was closed, imported goods were not available in time, and a large number of daily necessities were in danger of being broken up. Moreover, the krona's decline has made local prices even cheaper than before. The krona is now close to 15 to 1, nearly double the value of two years ago. Iceland's economy is undergoing a huge test, with major Banks falling, a sharp devaluation of the currency and a pause in the stock market, and Iceland's prime minister even advised the nation to fish itself to save food.Internet users have put Iceland on eBay for less than $2. The auction of Iceland attracted 26 anonymous people who collectively bid up to 84 times, rising to 10 million pounds in one day.Icelandic Banks have gobbled up capital from home and abroad in recent years, and have bought a large number of overseas assets, which eventually led to ballooning debt. Iceland's GDP is only $2007 in 19.37 billion, but the foreign debt of more than $138.3 billion, about 320000 population in Iceland, which is roughly equivalent to Iceland on each citizen with a $370000 (RMB 2.53 million)."My fellow citizens, this is a real danger. In the worst case, Iceland's national economy will go into the whirlpool with the Banks, and the result will be the bankruptcy of the state." On October 6th, Iceland's prime minister, "the world's mildest prime minister", was alerted to the whole nation, while Iceland's President, grimsson, was admitted to hospital with a heart attack. Iceland became the first sovereign state to be toppled in the financial turmoil that led to the U.S. subprime mortgage crisis.Iceland's near-bankruptcy is similar to that of the us, but it is far less risk-resistant than the us. Since the early 1990s, Iceland's financial industry has been developing for more than a decade, and its share of the national economy is far greater than that of other industries. Icelanders understand on their own strength and rich natural resources can't be the country for a short time, so they will follow the countries such as Britain and America to develop the financial sector, the highinterest rates and low control open financial policy, attract foreign capital. And Iceland's Banks also according to the Wall Street investment bank, the international capital market a large number of borrowing in yen and so on cheap, short-term debt to investment profits and risky assets, in order to gain large spreads, subordinated debt assets is one of them. The global economy has been booming for more than a decade, despite the bursting of the tech bubble in the early 2000s.But the financial sector is not in recession. The United States after the "9 · 11" the implementation of radical economic stimulus policies amplify the bubbles of the world economy, which further led to Iceland's Banks excessive lending, financial leverage at an alarming rate, and total debt scale is 12 times the gross domestic product (GDP).Destroy Iceland's time bombEarly in 2007 the outbreak of the subprime crisis, imperceptible evolved into a worldwide financial tsunami spread from home to the United States much, burst of energy to make the financial bubble burst gradually throughout the world, and those in the foam cover "swimming naked" country eventually had to expose under the eyes. Iceland bears the brunt.Since this year, Iceland's financial industry as the deterioration of the international situation continues to hit, the stagnation of money market financing, Iceland's banking was "tsunami", national rating was cut in a row. Foreign Banks have suspended operations with the country's Banks and Iceland's foreign exchange reserves have dried up. Iceland's debt owedby a big four Banks for more than 100 billion euros, and Iceland's central bank can use the flow of foreign capital only 4 billion euros, the financial sector to be ready to destroy the time bomb of Iceland.On October 7th Landsbanki, Iceland's second-biggest bank, was taken over by the government, which suspended all withdrawals for Icesave, a british-run Internet bank. On October 8th Glitnir bank, the third-largest bank, was recapitalise by the Icelandic government in a bid to shrink its plunging banking sector. In addition, because of lack of enough to prop up the market, the central bank also decided to give up the day in the day of 131:1 the crown of a fixed exchange rate against the euro, President of the Icelandic krona float, then crowns the huge value. On October 9th the government of Iceland announced that it would take over Kaupthing, the country's biggest commercial bank, and all three Icelandic Banks have been taken over by the government. Prime minister haarde has called on depositors to remain calm and not to rush to withdraw money from the bank, and he promised that all of Iceland's savings will be guaranteed by the government. Iceland became Europe's successor to Ireland, Germany, Austria, Greece and Denmark. On Monday October 13th, the Icelandic stock market was closed and trading resumed on Monday."Bank nationalization, currency restrictions and the suspension of stock market trading are not positive measures that can cure pain," said 4Cast, an independent research group. "It is clear that Iceland needs a lot of foreign aid to avoid further damage to the economy."Financing plight of Iceland originally are not going to the international monetary fund (IMF) for help, because of the international monetary fund after the Asian financial crisis in 1997's reputation is not good, its almost harsh conditions to Iceland. But on October 13th an international monetary fund official said that Iceland had officially turned to the group for help. Without the help of the rest of Western Europe, Iceland has turned to Russia in the hope of getting a 4 billion euro loan to tide it over. Iceland's central bank governor, aldersen, said the main reason for lending to Russia was that Iceland could not get support from "very good friends" in the western hemisphere. Facing the cold flow from the financial industry,Some icelanders are refocusing their attention on the country's ancient industries, fishing. In the 1930s, a quarter of Iceland's population engaged in fishing, and the number of fishermen now accounts for only 3% of Iceland's population. That corresponds to the booming financial sector. Bank staff in Iceland said they would not rule out taking off their suits for fishing uniforms.The birthplace is also "bankrupt"Iceland is just the tip of the iceberg. America, the home of the financial crisis, is also insolvent. In July 2007, the first wave of the financial tsunami was triggered by the downgrade of more than 1,000 U.S. mortgage debt by the world's leading ratings firms. Bear stearns became the first big investment Banks in the subprime crisis, because the U.S. government have intention to not intentional of neglect, everyone think thatthings will soon be calm, however, with the investment Banks such as citigroup, merrill reported a loss of financial reporting, and real estate remains sluggish, the biggest consumer spending in the United States gradually affected. In January 2008 to February, a series of data shows the U.S. economy has slowed, recession probability rise, financial stocks continue to slump, the effect of the fed's $200 billion bailout failed lasted only a day. Stock markets around the world have also suffered a series of setbacks due to the role of global weathervane in the U.S. stock market.The financial crisis has engulfed America's financial institutions. As of June 30, 2008, 117 Banks were listed under the U.S. federal deposit insurance corp., with total assets totaling $78 billion. In the first nine months, the federal deposit insurance corporation (fdic) has taken over 13 Banks and the total savings account will eventually reach $1.1 trillion. Due to loss of subprime mortgage bonds and run, with 32 billion assets and 19 billion deposits of indymac, as well as 307 billion in assets and 307 billion Washington mutual bank failure, as the failure of the third and the biggest two savings Banks. Because both of these losses were too large, the federal deposit insurance corporation could only let it go bankrupt, so as not to endanger its own security.However, the worst is yet to come. On September 7, the federal housing finance agency identified with characteristics of semi state-owned mortgage finance giants fannie mae and Freddie MAC are unable to continue to operate safety, health, unable to meet its public functions, the U.S. government then announced the takeover of fannie mae and Freddie MAC; On June 14, bank ofAmerica announced $44 billion for merrill lynch, the third largest U.S. securities firm. Lehman brothers, thefourth-largest U.S. investment bank with assets worth $639 billion, filed for bankruptcy protection on Friday because of a $613 billion liability. On September 17 solstice on October 9, the federal reserve has injected $85 billion and $37.8 billion to save American international group (AIG), the first large insurance company, AIG assets amounted to $1 trillion, if its bankruptcy, its up to $440 billion in financial derivatives will fall through in us financial sector. So far, an unprecedented financial tsunami has taken shape on Wall Street, smashing Wall Street and roaring toward other countries and regions.The United States, at the center of the tsunami, was determined to rescue the financial markets in order to bail out the financial markets in order to prevent the real economy from being swallowed up by the tsunami. On September 20,The U.S. government's $700 billion bailout bill, ready to buy subprime mortgage-backed securities, and the legal limit on Treasury debt up to $11.3 trillion, becoming the economy since the great depression of the United States the largest bailout package. US President George w. bush says taxpayers need to take out huge sums of money to pay for the bailout, but it is better than mass unemployment and pension losses.Experience turns 700 billion bailout bill, on October 5, in the real economy suffered under the threat of a recession and rising unemployment, the house of representatives passed a revised plan, finally the money is actually involved more than 800billion dollars. President bush immediately signed the bill so it could be implemented as soon as possible.In 2007, America's gross domestic product (GDP) was the highest in the world, more than 2.6 times as high as Japan's second, to $13.98 trillion. As of September 2008, however, America's gross debt has reached a record $53 trillion, 3.79 times that of GDP, this means that the average American citizen with $128800 of debt (the United States has a population of 303 million). The United States, already insolvent, has become the first country to go bust. But America is, after all, the world's most powerful nation, and is the world's largest currency issuing country in the world, this makes the United States there is a plenty of monetary tolerance, thus it can be money to stimulate the economy, the huge consumer market of domestic and foreign investment capacity is relatively easy to digest these bills.Multiple countries collectively "skinny-dipping"In Asia, where the current-account deficit is the highest in Asia, its Banks have the highest loan-to-deposit ratio of 136% in Asia. That said, south Korean Banks lend 136 yuan for every 100 yuan they deposit, well above the average of 82 percent in Asia. The won has now plummeted to its lowest level since the 1997 Asian financial crisis. In addition, South Korea's current account deficit is the Asian crown. South Korean Banks have accumulated a large amount of short-term external debt over the past few years, and in 2008 South Korea's foreign debt was almost $180 billion, according to statistics. So, South Korea is called the Asian version of Iceland.Close to bankruptcy and Pakistan, just as the unrest in the country's President asif ali zardari is planning to go to America to borrow money, however, evidenced by the United States for the national economy on the brink of collapse obviously is distant water cannot quench a fire near Pakistan. Pakistan is now downgraded by standard & poor's to CCC +, which is just above bankruptcy. Pakistan's foreign exchange reserves are reported to be only $8.14 billion, just enough to cover the cost of imported groceries for a month. The rupee has fallen 21% and inflation is as high as 25%. Pakistan is already on the brink of bankruptcy.Similarly, countries in the Middle East have been hit by the financial tsunami, with Saudi Arabia's stock market falling sharply on October 6th and 7th, to a total of about 16.1 per cent. Egypt's stock market was even worse, with a 16.4% plunge on July 7th. Seven of the six gulf oil producers lost $150bn in market capitalisation in three days on October 6th. And dubai, the debt-laden emirate, is the leader of the financial tsunami.Since the 1970s, dubai has vigorously developed non-real economy such as real estate, tourism and financial services, so as to avoid the lack of oil resources. By the 1990s, dubai's change was jaw-dropping: premium hotels and trendy shopping centres were everywhere. The unfinished tower of dubai is to be the tallest building in the world. But the world's tallest skyscraper, the busy port and airport, the wonders of artificial island hotel infrastructure such as expensive, the dubai government and its subordinate development companies to issue bonds to raise funds. The Wall Street journal has publiclyreported that dubai relies on a lot of debt to invest in scale, which is about four times that of other gulf states. With international capital markets freezing and costs soaring, dubai will find it difficult to borrow money from capital markets to finance the continuation of existing debt and to pay higher interest costs. Dubai will not be bankrupt for the time being, but it depends on the boom in the property sector and the extent to which the financial sector is affected by the global financial tsunami.On Oct. 13, represented by Germany law of the European governments have issued corresponding bank rescue plan, to boost in the banking system is low, the total amount has reached nearly $2 trillion.From the point of view of insolvency, national bankruptcy is no different from ordinary business, except that national sovereignty is sacrosanct. To borrow but not to threaten a country's sovereignty, the idea of buying a country when a country goes bust is just a joke. Iceland's eventual prosperity, with its excellent institutions and human capital, is inevitable, but the process and cost may be long and hard. The cover of time magazine, published on October 13th, was the third year after the crash of 1929, in which a bunch of americans were waiting in line for free food amid the bleak winds of the day. It is not surprising that the virtual economy has grown out of the real economy and the risk has become a habit. What is important is that the world can learn from such crises.。