职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-63

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0523-681、Nurse! I Want My MummyWhen a child is ill in hospital, a parent's first reaction is to be with them.Most hospitals now allow parents to sleep ____ with their child, providing a bed or sofa on the ward.But until the 1970s this practice was not only frowned upon (不赞同) —it was actively discouraged. Staff worried that the children would be upset when their parents left, and so there was a blanket (通用的) ban.A concerned nurse, Pamela Hawthorn, disagreed and her study "Nurse, I want my mummy!" published in 1974, changed the face "paediatric (儿科的) nursing.Martin Johnson, a professor of nursing at the University of Salford, said that the work of nurses like Pamela had changed the face of patient care."Pamela's study was done against the background of a livelydebate in paediatrics and psychology as to the degree women should spend with children in the outside world and the degree to which they should be allowed to visit children in hospital." "The idea was that if mum came to visita small child in hospital the child would be upset and inconsolable (无法安慰的) for hours. ""Yet the nurse noticed that if mum did not come at all the child stayed in a relatively stable state but they might be depressed. " "Of course we know now that they had almost given up hope that mum was ever coming back.""To avoid a little bit of pain they said that no one should visit." "But children were alone and depressed, so Hawthorn said parents should be allowed to visit."Dr. Peter Carter, chief executive and general secretary of the Royal College of Nursing, said her work had been seminal (开创性的)."Her research put an end to the days when parents handed their children over to strangers at the door of the hospital ward.""As a result of her work, parents are now recognized as partners in care and are afforded the opportunity to stay withtheir children while they are in hospital, which has dramatically improved both parents' and children's experience of care."【单选题】A.soundlyB.overtimeC.fortnightD.overnight正确答案:D答案解析:本题有一定难度，考查词义辨析，考察副词overnight的用法，文章此处是说“大多数医院都允许父母陪孩子过夜”，overnight指“一夜地，过夜地”，答案是D。

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-621、When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.The process of vaccination allows the patient's body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can ward it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his body's immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the disease's defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient's immune system in a process that occursnaturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before.There are dangers inherent in the process, however. On occasion, even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system succumbing, and, therefore, the patient's death. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately l in 10,000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3,000 Americans would be left dead.Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970's, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event of a re-introduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is truly a mixed blessing, may indeed hide some hidden curses. Which of the following is true according to the text?【单选题】A.Saving the majority would necessarily justify the death of the minority.B.The immune system can be trained to fight weaker versions of a disease.C.Mandatory vaccinations are indispensable to the survival of the populace.D.The process of vaccination remains a mystery to be further resolved.正确答案:B答案解析:细节考查题。

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-601、HappinessIf your sense of well-being fluctuates with stock market, you might be comforted to know that money can't buy you happiness anyway.In one American study conducted in 1993, level of income was shown to have an inverse relation to happiness: The group whose income had declined was happier overall than the group whose income had increased. A soon-to-be published review of the hundreds of studies on this subject supports the 1993 findings.In developed countries, the correlation between income and happiness is close to zero and sometimes negative.With a correlation between level of income and happiness somewhere between 0.12 and 0.18, the United States is near the bottom of the list; that factors other than income are overwhelmingly more important in explaining happiness. Also, as our material wealth increases, the gap between incomeand satisfaction with life seems to be widening. Predictably, money has its most positive effect on the poor, but once a person has achieved a minimal standard of living level of income has almost nothing to do with happiness.Close relationship, rather than money, is the key to happiness. Indeed, the number of one's personal friends is a much better indicator of overall satisfaction with life than personal wealth. One stands a better chance of achieving a satisfying life by spending time with friends and family than by striving for higher income. Incidentally, in the US, as people become richer, the probabilityof divorce increases.Our need for companionship is partly biological. All primates respond with pleasure to demonstrations of affection and with pain to loss of companionship. Isolated monkeys will sacrifice food just for the glimpses of another monkey. By ignoring our biologically programmed need for each other, we risk physical and mental distress.A recent cross-national study of mental depression in the US found that in advanced countries, there is a rising tide of major depression. Teenage suicides have increased in recent decades in almost all advanced countries. Moreover, in the US since World War Ⅱ, there has been an actual decline in theproportion of people who report themselves to be "very unhappy. "You can easily test the claim that companionship exceeds wealth as a source of happiness. Ask yourself which has a greater influence on your satisfaction with life: your income or the affection of your intimate companions and the well-being of your children? Conversely, which would make you more depressed: a reduction in salary or a divorce and isolation from your friends?Capitalism succeeds in creating material riches, but it is less successful in building companionable societies and protecting family integrity. But developing countries still have much work to do in pursuing material wealth, where a rise in productivity still greatly increases happiness. For poorer countries, the time is not yet ripe for a shift in priorities from wealth accumulation to companionship.Can we afford to believe that the pursuit of material gain will lead to self-fulfillment? We should continue to enjoy our wealth in good company, or else we may find that it is not satisfying. According to the author, which of the following is most likely to share our biological need for companionship besides the monkey?【单选题】A. A swallow.B.A pig.C.An ape.D.A dog.正确答案:C答案解析:根据常识来看，因为猿猴（C与猴子最接近，所以推测C最可能是答案。

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-811、Parkinson＇s Disease1. Parkinson＇s disease affects the way you move. It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve cells in the brain. Normally, these nerve cells make an important chemical called dopamine(多巴胺). Dopamine sends signals to the part of your brain that controls movement. It lets your muscles move smoothly and do what you want them to do. When you have Parkinson＇s, these nerve cells break down. Then you no longer have enough dopamine, and you have trouble moving the way you want to.2. No one knows for sure what makes these nerve cells break down. But scientists are doing a lot of research to look for the answer. They are studying many possible causes, including aging and poisons in the environment. Abnormal genes seem to lead to Parkinson＇s disease in some people. But so far, there is not enough proof to show that it is always inherited.3. Tremor (颤抖) may be the first symptom you notice. It is oneof the most common signs of the disease, although not everyone has it. Tremor often starts in just one arm or leg or only on one side of the body. It may be worse when you are awake but not moving the affected arm or leg. It may get better when you move the limb or you are asleep. In time, Parkinson＇s affects muscles all through your body, so it can lead to problems like trouble swallowing or constipation(便秘) . In the later stages of the disease, a person with Parkinson＇s may have a fixed or blank expression, trouble speaking, and other problems. Some people also have a decrease in mental skills. 4. At this time, there is no cure for Parkinson＇s disease. But there are several types of medicines that can control the symptoms and make the disease easier to live with. You may not even need treatment if your symptoms are not obvious. Your doctor may wait to prescribe medicines until your symptoms start to get in the way of your daily life. Your doctor will adjust your medicines as your symptoms get worse. You may need to take several medicines to get the best results. Paragraph 2 ______【单选题】A.Tips for Patients with the Disease。

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-751、The document was compiled by the Department of Health.【单选题】A.writtenB.printedC.attachedD.sent正确答案:A答案解析:此文件由卫生部编制。

compiled指是“编辑”，和written“写下”是近义词，其他三项都是常用词，和答案意义差异较大，干扰性不强。

2、Human Heart Can Make New CellsSolving a longstanding (为时甚久的) mystery, scientists have found that the human heart continues to generate new cardiac(心脏的) cells throughout the life span, although the rate of new cell production slows with age.The finding, published in the April 3 issue of Science, could open a new path for the treatment of heart diseases such as heart failure and heart attack, experts say."We find that the beating cells in the heart, cardiomyocytes (心肌细胞), are renewed," said lead researcher Dr. Jonas Frisen, a professor of stem cell research at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden. "It has previously not been known whether we were limited to the cardiomyocytes we are born with or if they could be renewed," he said.The process of renewing these cells changes over time, Frisen added. In a 20 - year - old, about I percent of cardiomyocytes are exchanged each year, but the turnover (更替) rate decreases with age to only 0.45 percent by age 75."If we can understand how the generation of new。

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-241、TV Games ShowsOne of the most fascinating things about television is the size of the audience. A novel can be on the "best sellers" list with a sale of fewer than 100,000 copies, but a popular TV show might have 70 million TV viewers. TV can make anything or anyone well known overnight.This is the principle behind "quiz" or "game" shows, which put ordinary people on TV to play a game for the prize and money.A quiz show can make anyone a star, and it can give away thousands of dollars just for fun. But all of this money can create problems. For instance, in the 1950s, quiz shows were very popular in the U. S. and almost everyone watched them. Charles Van Doren, an English instructor, became rich and famous after winning money on several shows. He even had a career as a television personality. But one of the losers proved that Charles Van Doren was cheating. It turned out that the show's producers, who were pulling the strings, gave the answers to the most popular contestants beforehand. Why?Because if the audience didn't like the person who won the game, they turned the show off. Based on his story, a movie under the title " Quiz Show" is on 40 years later. Charles Van Doren is no longer involved with TV. But game shows are still here, though they aren't taken as seriously. In fact, some of them try to be as ridiculous as possible. There are shows that send strangers on vacation trips together, or that try to cause newly-married couples to fight on TV, or that punish losers by humiliating them. The entertainment now is to see what people will do just to be on TV. People still win money, but the real prize is to be in front of an audience of millions.One of the TV personalities, Charles Van Doren was proved to be cheating by persuading the Show's producers to give him the answers beforehand.【单选题】A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned正确答案:B答案解析:该问题句说“Charles Van Doren被证明通过劝说节目制作人事先给他答案来进行欺骗”。

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一、词汇选项下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语有下划线，请为每处下划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

1、Have you talked to her lately?stlyB.finallyC.shortlyD.recently2、While we don't agree, we continue to be friends.A.BecauseB.WhereC.AlthoughD.Whatever3、Jack is a diligent student.A.hardworkingB.ambitiouszyD.slow4、Mary said mildly, that she was just curious.A.gentlyB.shylyC.weaklyD.wildly5、The policeman wrote down all the particulars of the accident.A.secretsB.detailsC.benefitsD.words6、I'm content with the way the campaign has gone.A.tiedB.satisfiedC.filledD.concerned7、This table is strong and durable.A.long-lastingB.extensiveC.far reachingD.eternal8、He endured agonies before he finally expired.A.firedB.resignedC.diedD.retreated9、The girl is gazing at herself in the mirror.A.staringughingC.shoutingD.smiling10、For urban areas this approach was wholly inadequate.A.reallyB.basicallyC.fundamentallypletely11、Mary has blended the ingredients.A.mixedB.madeC.cookedD.eaten12、They agreed to modify their policy.A.clarifyB.changeC.defineD.develop13、The economy continued to exhibit signs of decline in September.A.playB.sendC.showD.tell14、It is difficult to comprehend, but everything you have ever seen, smelt, heard .or felt is merely your brain's interpretation of incoming stimuli.A.explanationB.evaluationC.recognitionD.interruption15、The dentist has decided to extract her bad tooth.A.take outB.repairC.push inD.dig参考答案：1-15 DCAAB BACAD ABCAA。

2013‎‎试(卫生类A)‎析第1部分：词汇选项1．【 】A【题 】 生 ‎‎原则。

A．主要 ，基 B．道德 ，精神 C．定期 ，有规 D．硬 ，艰难【 析】 查形容词。

划线词car‎d inal‎为“基 ，主要 ”， funda‎mental‎。

为‎A。

【 点延伸】表示“ ，基 ”词还有bas‎ic(基 ，基础 )，radica‎l( ，激进 )，prime(主要 ，首要 )2．【 】B【题 】 ‎‎。

A．拒绝，排斥B．支持， C．使服从， 交D． 虑，认为【 析】 查动词。

划线词end‎o rse 为‎“签署， ，认可”， appro‎v e为 词‎，‎为B。

【 点延伸】表示“ ” 词还有co‎n sent( ，)，suppor‎t(支持，)，sancti ‎o n(认可，支持；制裁，处罚)，agree( ， )3．【 】D【题 】 ‎ 持‎怀疑态度。

A．未受影响 ，未改变 B．必然 ，无疑 ， 定 C．沉默 ，寂静 D．怀疑 ，不 定【 析】 查形容词。

划线词ske‎p tical‎为“怀疑 ”， doubt‎f ul为 ‎词， 为‎D。

【 点延伸】-ful表示形‎容词，如doubt‎f ul(怀疑 )，succes‎s ful( 功 )，hopefu‎l(有希望 )4．【 】D【题 】 ‎ 绝 ， 为 ‎ 受 ‎。

A．死 ，变 死 B．经过，逝去C．运走，带走D． 绝，绝【 析】 查短 。

划线词die‎out 为“ 绝，消失”，becom‎e extinc‎t为 词， 为D。

【 点延伸】die off(相继死去)，die of／from(死于)，die away(减弱，消失)【题 】 期 ‎交 ‎很简单。

A．可靠 ，可信 B．有效 ，起作 C．简单 D．选择性 ，交替【 析】 查形容词。

划线词pri‎m itive‎为“原始 ，简单 ，粗糙 ”， simpl‎e为 词， ‎为C。

【 点延伸】-able表示‎形容词，如relia‎b le(可信 ，可靠 )，depend‎a ble(可依靠 )；-tive表示‎形容词，如effec‎t i ve(有效 )，active‎(积极 )6．【 】D【题 】 ‎选 ‎冠军。

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-631、There was a profound silence after his remark.【单选题】A.proudB.shortC.suddenD.deep正确答案:D答案解析:他讲完后现场一片沉寂。

本题考察的是引申意义。

profound指“深刻的”，引申意义是“深度的，完全的”和deep“深的”是近义词，其他三项都是常用词，和答案意义差异大，干扰性不强。

2、I enjoyed the play-it had a clever plot and very funny dialogues.【单选题】A.longB.boringC.originalD.humorous正确答案:D答案解析:我喜欢这部剧一一它情节巧，对白幽默。

本题难度不大，是送分题。

funny指“滑稽的，有趣的”，和humorous “富有幽默感的”是近义词，A项“长的”，B项“单调的，乏味的”，C项“起初的，原来的”和答案意义差异很大，干扰性不强。

3、The IcemanOn a September day in 1991, two Germans were climbing the mountains between Austria and Italy. High up on a mountain pass, they found the body of a man lying on the ice. At that height (10,499 feet, or 3 ,200 meters) , the ice is usually permanent, but 1991 had been an especially warm year. The mountain ice had melted more than usual and so the body had come to the surface.It was lying face downward. The skeleton (骨架) was in perfect condition, except for a wound in the head, There was still skin on the bones and the remains of some clothes. The hands were still holding the wooden handle of an ax and on the feet there were very simple leather and cloth hoots. Nearby was a pair of gloves made of tree bark (树皮) and a holder for arrows.。

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-641、Cooking Oil Fumes Cause TumorThe leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking, said medical experts after a fiveyear research study.Doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancer, They said patients are younger, especially women.According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute, more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else. Following breast cancer, it has the second-highest incidence rate."An unhealthy lifestyle is a very important reason for lung cancer," said Dr He Yumin from Shanghai Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center.He followed 2,276 lung cancer patients for five years. Among them, 1,433 were male.Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only 18 percent of female patients developed cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke, according to the report. However, more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term, close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about irritated eyes and throat.About 32 percent of women fried foods in boiling oil in unventilated kitchens and about 25 percent of women's bedrooms were adjacent to the kitchen.However, local women were surprised to learn cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer. Some claimed they may change food preparation methods."Unless my family and I don't eat at home every day, I must stay in the kitchen to cook," said Xu Li, a 45-year-old local woman. "I know the fumes are bad for the skin, but it is the first time I heard that it can result in lung cancer. I have already started frying less. "Doctors said women's lung cancer had few links to personal health and physical condition, but was closely related to family cancer history, unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems.Other experts agreed with him."Smoking is by far the biggest cause of lung cancer for men," said Dr. Tan Binyong, honorary president of the Respiratory Disease Institute at Fudan University's Medical College. "It's true that second-hand smoke and cooking fumes are the main causes among women. "His research also warned people not to stand near of stalls selling fried foods due to the poor quality of oils used.The chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if exposed to the fume for a long time, experts said.What symptoms may be complained of by most women with lung cancer after long term close contact with cooking oil fumes?【单选题】A.Irritated eyes and throat.B.Severe pain in both lungs.C.Continuous cough and headache.D.Difficulty in breathing.正确答案:A答案解析:细节考查题。

【经典资料，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可编辑修改】【经典考试资料，答案附后，看后必过，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可修改】职称英语考试卫生类练习题(补全短文) Body language is the quiet，secret and most powerful language of all! It is said that our body movements communicate about 50 per cent of what we really mean while words themselves only express 7 per cent.So，while your mouth is closed，just what is your body saying…Alms. _1_ If you keep your arms to the sides of your body or behind your back，this suggests you are not afraid of taking on whatever comes your way. _2_ If someone upsets you，just cross your arms to show you’re unhappy!Head.When you want to appear confident，keep your head level.If you are monitor in class，you cart also take on this position when you want your words to be taken seriously. _3_ Legs.Your legs tend to move around a lot more than normal when you are nervous or telling lies.If you are at interviews，try to keep them still!Posture.A good posture makes you feel better about yourself. _4_ This makes breathing more difficult，which in turn can make you feel nervous or uncomfortable.Mouth.When you are thinking，you often purse your lips.You might also use this position to hoId back all angry comment you don’t wish to show. _5_A If you are feeling down，you normally don’t sit straight，with your shoulders inwards.B If you are pleased，you usually open your eyes wide and people Can notice this.。

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-701、GypsiesWhen school was out, I hurried to find my sister and get out of the schoolyard before seeing anybody in my class. But Barbara and her friends had beaten us to the playground entrance and they seemed to be waiting for us. Barbara said, "So now you're in the A class. " She sounded impressed. "What's the A class?" I asked. Everybody made superior yet faintly envious giggling sounds. "Well, why did you think the teacher moved you to the front of the room, dopey? Didn't you know you were in the C class before, way in the back of the room?" Of course I hadn't known. The Wenatchee fifth grade was bigger than my whole school which had been in North Dakota, and the idea of subdivisions within a grade had never occurred to me. The subdividing for the first marking period had been done before I came to the school, and 1 had never, in the six weeks I'd been there, talked to anyone long enough to find out about the A, B, and C classes.I still could not understand why that had made such a difference to Barbara and her friends. I didn't yet know that it was shameful and dirty to be a transient laborer and ridiculous to be from North Dakota. I thought living in a tent was more fun than living in a house.I didn't know that we were gypsies, really (how that thought would have excited me then!), and that we were regarded with the suspicion felt by those who plant toward those who do not plant. It didn't occur to me that we were all looked upon as one more of the untrustworthy natural phenomena, drifting here and there like mists or winds. I didn't know that I was the only child who had camped on the Baumann's land ever to get out of the C class. I didn't know that school administrators and civic leaders held conferences to talk about the problem of transient laborers.I only knew that for two happy days I walked to school with Barbara and her friends, played hopscotch and jumped rope with them at class intervals, and was even invited into the house for some ginger ale ---- a strange drink I had never tasted before.The tone of this passage as a whole is ____.【单选题】A.reflectiveB.enthusiasticC.impersonalD.defensive正确答案:A答案解析:reflective在此意为：回顾的。

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-671、What are my chances of promotion if I stay here?【单选题】A.retirementB.advertisementC.advancementD.replacement正确答案:C答案解析:如果我还待在这干，我有升职的机会吗？promotion指“提升，晋级”，和advancement的引申意义“晋升”是同义词，A项指“退休”，B项指“广告”，D项指“代替”，三项的干扰性不强。

本题考查的是advancement的引申意义。

2、Breast Cancer Deaths Record LowThe number of women dying from breast cancer has fallen to a record low by dropping under 12,000 a year for the first time since records began.The Cancer' Research UK data showed that 11.990 women died in the UK in 2007.The previous lowest figure had been recorded in 1971-the year records began-after which it rose steadily year by year until the late 1980s.Professor Peter Johnson, Cancer Research UK's chief clinician. said: "It's incredibly encouraging to see fewer women dying from breast cancer now than at any time in the last 40 years, despite breast cancer being diagnosed more often." "Research has played a crucial role in this progress leading to improved treatments and better management for women with the disease.""The introduction of the NHS (国民保健制度) breast screening 3 program has also contributed as women are more likely tosurvive the earlier cancer is diagnosed."Breast cancer is now the most common cancer in the UK with 45,500 women every year diagnosed with the disease - a 50% rise in 25 years.The number of deaths peaked in 1989, when 15,625 women died. It then fell by between 200 and 400 deaths each year until 2004.There was a slight rise in 2005 and then two years of falls.Dr. Sarah Cant, policy manager at Breakthrough Breast Cancer said: "It is great news that fewer women are dying from breast cancer and highlights the impact of improved treatments, breast screening and awareness of the disease. " "However, this is still too many women and incidence of the disease is increasing year by year. "The rising rate of breast cancer diagnosis has been put down to a variety of factors including obesity(肥胖) and alcohol consumption.The rate of breast cancer diagnosis in the UK has been dropping.【单选题】A.Right。

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-681、Egypt Felled by FamineEven ancient Egypt's mighty pyramid builders were powerless in the face of the famine that helped bring down their civilization around 2180 BC. Now evidence gleaned from mud deposited by the River Nile suggests that a shift in climate thousands of kilometers to the south was ultimately to blame and the same or worse could happen today.The ancient Egyptians depended on the Nile's annual floods to irrigate their crops. But any change in climate that pushed the African monsoons southwards out of Ethiopia would have diminished these floods.Dwindling rains in the Ethiopian highlands would have meant fewer plants to stablize the soil. When rain did fall it would have washed large amounts of soil into the Blue Nile and into Egypt, along with sediment from the White Nile.The Blue Nile mud has a different isotope signature from that of the White Nile. So by analyzing isotope differences in muddeposited in the Nile Delta, Michael Krom of Leeds University worked out what proportion of sediment came from each branch of the river.Krom reasons that during periods of drought, the amount of the Blue Nile mud in the river would be relatively high. He found that one of these periods, from 4,500 to 4,200 years ago, immediately predates the fall of the Egypt's Old Kingdom.The weakened waters would have been catastrophic for the Egyptians. " Changes that affect food supply don't have to be very large to have a ripple effect in societies," says Bill Ryan of the Lamont Doberty Earth Observatory in New York. "Similar events today could be even more devastating," says team member Daniel Stanley, a geoarchaeologist from the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D C. " Anything humans do to shift the climate belts would have an even worse effect along the Nile system today because the populations have increased dramatically. "Which of the following statements is true?【单选题】A.The White Nile is the trunk of the River Nile.B.The White Nile is the trunk of the Blue Nile.C.The White Nile is a branch of the Blue Nile.D.The White Nile and the Blue Nile are branches of the River Nile.正确答案:D答案解析: D说的是：青尼罗河和白尼罗河是尼罗河的支流。

全国职称英语等级考试试题（卫生类）全国职称英语等级考试试题（卫生类）第一部分阅读理解 (75分)Passage 1Until the twentieth century cigarettes were not an important threat (威胁) to public health. Men used tobacco mainly in the form of cigars (雪茄烟), chewing tobacco, pipe tobacco(烟草), and snuff (鼻烟). Most women did not use tobacco at all.The cigarette industry began in the 1870s with the development of the cigarette manufacturing machines. This made it possible to produce great numbers of cigarettes very quickly, and it reduced the price. Today cigarettes smoking is a widespread habit. About forty-three percent of the adult men and thirty-one percent of the adult women in the United States smoke cigarettes regularly. It is encouraging to note, however, that millions of people have given up the smoking habit. Seventy-five percent of the male population and forty-six percent of the these men and eleven percent of the women have stopped smoking. The number of persons who have given up smoking is increasing.Men as a group smoke more than women. Among both men and women the age group with the highest proportion (比例) of smokers is the age group 24-44.Income, education, and occupation all play a part in determining a person's smoking habits. City people smoke more than people living on farms. Well-educated men with high incomes are less likely to smoke cigarettes than men with fewer years of schooling and lower incomes. On the other hand if a well-educated man with a high income smokes as all, he is likelyto smoke more packs of cigarettes per day.The situation is somewhat different for women. There are slightly more smokers among women with higher family incomes and higher education than among the lower income and lower educational groups. These more highly educated women tend to smoke more heavily. Among teenagers (少年) the pictures is similar. There are fewer teenager smokers from upper-income, well-educated families and fewer from families living in farm areas. High school students who are preparing for college are less likely to smoke than those who do not plan to continue their education after high school.Children are most likely to start smoking, if one or both of their parents smoke.1. Men use tobacco mainly in ________ forms in th e past. ○A. one○B. two○C. three○D. four2. The cigarette industry began ________.○A. one hundred years ago○B. at the turn of the century○C. in the eighteen seventies○D. in the eighteen century3. In the United States _______ smoke cigarettes.○A. about forty-three percent of people○B. about thirty-one percent of people○C. only old people○D. about forty-three percent of the grown - up men and thirty-one percent of the grown -up women4. A man's smoking habit is partly determined by________.○A. his income○B. his education○C. his occupation○D. all of the above5. Children _________ to start smoking, if their parents smoke.○A. are most likely○B. are less likely○C. hate○D. do not wantPassage 2Many of us believe that a person's mind becomes less active as he grows older. But this is not true, according to Dr. Jarvik, professor of psychiatry (精神病学) at the University of California. She has studied the mental functioning of aging persons for several years. For example, one of her studies concerns 136 pairs of identical twins (孪生儿), who were first examined when they were already 60 years old. As Dr.Jarvik continued the study of the twins into their 70s and 80s, their minds did not generally decline as was expected.However, there was some decline in their psycho-motor speed. This means that it took them longer to accomplish mental tasks than it used to. But when speed was not a factor, they lost very little intellectual ability over the years. In general, Dr. Jarvik's studies have shown that there is no decline in knowledge or reasoning ability. This is true not only with those in their 30s and 40s, but with those in their 60s and 70s as well. It is true older people themselves often complain that their memory is not as good as it once was. However, much of what we call "loss of memory" is not that at all. There was usually incomplete learningin the first place. For example, the older person perhaps had trouble hearing, or poor vision, or inattention, or was trying to learn the new thing at too fast a pace. In the cases where the older person's mind really seems to become less active, it is not necessarily a sign of becoming less active due to old age. Often it is simply a sign of a depressed emotional (压抑的感情) state.6. According to Dr. Jarvik's studies, middle-aged and older persons would expect to __________.○A. remember less○B. reason better○C. learn fewer new things○D. lose no intellectual ability7. Mental decay due to aging is _________.○A. common○B. much more common than most people believe○C. much less common than most people believe○D. true of those over sixty8. A long-term study of 136 pairs of twins showed that _________.○A. they lost a little ability to reason over the years ○B. they only factor which decline over the years was their speed with which to perform mental tasks○C. their memory was not as good as it had once been ○D. their minds became a bit more active as they grew older9. According to the passage, all the following are instances of "incomplete learning" except _________. ○A. poor hearing ○B. bad eyesight○C. lack of attention○D. the attempt to learn too many new things10. What we call mental decay is usually a sign of _________.○A. a low-spirited state○B. a worsening state of health○C. old age○D. nervous t ensionPassage 3For hundreds of years, diseases caused by lack in nutrition (营养) were known to men. Some common nutritional diseases are beriberi (脚气), and scurvy (坏血病). In the 18th century, James Lind, a Scottish doctor, discovered a cure beriberi - whole rice.A British scientist in 1906 showed that certain foods contain substances important to the growth and development of the body. In time these substances werecalled vitamins, meaning essential to life. Today there are 13 known vitamins. The human body produces only three of them.Vitamins regulate (调节) the way the body changes food into energy and living tissues (组织). Each vitamins has a definite use and the lack of one vitamin can interfere with the function of another. The continued lack of one vitamin can cause a vitamin lack disease. The best way for a healthy person to get vitamins is to eat a balanced diet. Eggs, milk, meat, vegetables, fruits, and whole - grain are the most common sources of the necessary variety of foods.Vitamins help to speed up certain chemical reactions in the body. These reactions are essential for health. Without vitamins, these reactions would occur very slowly or not at all.Truly vitamins have been correctly named - essential to good health and life.11. Men have know about nutritional diseases __________.○A. a long time○B. in 18th century○C. recently○D. in 190612. Beriberi is a type of _________.○A. food○B. vitamin○C. fruit○D. disease13. It takes scientists _______ to know how many vitamins there are.○A. a long time○B. a few years○C. a short time○D. a number of experiments14. Human body produces __________ kinds of vitamins. ○A. all kinds of○B. five○C. thirteen○D. three15. Eating _______ is the best way to get vitamins. ○A. few things○B. vegetables○C. fruits○D. many kinds of food第二部分完成句子 (25分)根据短文内容完成句子，每个空格只能填一个单词。

职称英语卫生试题及答案一、选择题（每题1分，共10分）1. The most common cause of respiratory infections is:A. BacteriaB. VirusesC. FungiD. Parasites答案：B2. Which of the following is not a symptom of influenza?A. FeverB. CoughC. Sore throatD. Diarrhea答案：D3. The primary method of transmission for the common cold is:A. AirborneB. FoodborneC. ContactD. Vector-borne答案：A4. The main route of entry for hepatitis B virus is:A. Through the skinB. Through the respiratory tractC. Through the digestive tractD. Through the bloodstream答案：D5. Which of the following is a preventive measure against hand, foot, and mouth disease?A. VaccinationB. HygieneC. IsolationD. Medication答案：B6. The principle of action of penicillin is to:A. Kill virusesB. Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesisC. Suppress immune functionD. Increase blood circulation答案：B7. The correct procedure for hand hygiene is:A. Rinse with water, then apply soapB. Apply soap, then rinse with waterC. Rinse with water, then dry with a towelD. Apply soap, then dry with a towel答案：B8. The main route of transmission for cholera is:A. AirborneB. FoodborneC. ContactD. Vector-borne答案：B9. The most effective way to prevent influenza is:A. Taking antiviral drugsB. Wearing masksC. Getting vaccinatedD. Drinking herbal tea答案：C10. The main symptom of measles is:A. RashB. FeverC. CoughD. Sore throat答案：A二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. The standard for personal hygiene is to keep the body,_________, and clothing clean.答案：hands and face2. The "three no's and one must" in hospital hygiene include not spitting, not littering, not smoking, and _________.答案：must wash hands3. The main method of transmission for tuberculosis is through _________.答案：airborne droplets4. The "five daily cleanings" in environmental hygiene include sweeping the floor, cleaning the desk, _________, cleaning the blackboard, and cleaning the trash can.答案：cleaning the windows5. The "three controls" in food hygiene are control of_________, control of utensils, and control of personnel.答案：raw materials三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. What are the basic requirements for hospital hygiene?答案：Hospital hygiene requires maintaining cleanliness and tidiness of the environment, regular disinfection of wards, and strict control of the entry and exit of patients and visitors.2. What are the three main measures for preventing infectious diseases?答案：The three main measures for preventing infectious diseases are controlling the source of infection, cutting off the transmission route, and protecting susceptible populations.3. What are the three aspects of food hygiene?答案：The three aspects of food hygiene are the hygiene ofraw materials, the hygiene of the cooking process, and the hygiene of utensils and dining environments.4. What are the three steps of hand hygiene?答案：The three steps of hand hygiene are wetting hands with water, applying soap, and rinsing hands thoroughly.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the importance and methods of environmental hygiene.答案：Environmental hygiene is crucial for preventing diseases and ensuring public health. Methods include regular cleaning and disinfection of the environment, proper waste management, and maintaining good ventilation.2. Discuss the importance and methods of personal hygiene.答案：Personal hygiene is essential for preventing infections and maintaining health. Methods include regular bathing, changing clothes, washing hands frequently, and maintaining oral hygiene.五、案例分析题（每题30分，共30分）案例：A hospital has reported an outbreak of hospital-acquired infections. Analyze the possible causes and propose measures for prevention and control.答案：Possible causes include inadequate disinfection of wards, poor hygiene of medical staff, and improper handling of medical waste. Measures for prevention and control include strengthening the disinfection of wards, enhancing the hygiene awareness of medical staff, and。