Geographic Information System(GIS) is a computer based information system used to digitally represent and analyze the geographic features present on the earth surface and the events(non-spatial attributes linked to the geography under study) that taking place on it.
地理信息系统是基于计算机的信息系统，以数字方式表示并分析地球表面的地理要素与事件（与所研究的地理现象相关的非空间信息）
GIS technology integrates common database operations such as query and statistical analysis with the unique visualization and geographic analysis benefits offered by maps. These abilities distinguish GIS from other information systems and make it valuable to a wide range of public and private enterprises for explaining events, predicting outcomes, and planning strategies.(ESRI) GIS技术将常用数据库操作如查询、统计分析及地图所呈现的可视化和地理分析特点有机结合起来。这些功能使得GIS有别于其他的信息系统，并对公共及私有企业分析事件、预测结果、规划战略很有价值。（ESRI）
Factors Aiding the rise of GIS 促进GIS产生的因素
. Revolution in Information Technology技术革命
. Computer Technology 计算机技术
. Remote Sensing 遥感
. Global Position System 全球定位系统
. Communication Technology 通讯技术
. Rapidly declining cost of Computer Hardware, and at the same time, exponential growth of operation speed of computers.计算机硬件成本锐减、计算机操作速度指数级增长
. Enhanced functionality of software and their user-friendliness.软件功能增强、界面友好
. Visualizing impact if GIS corroborating the Chinese proverb “a picture is worth a thousand words” GIS分析结果的可视化
Visual Analysis 可视化分析
Digital Terrain Modeling (DTM) is an important utility of GIS. Using DTM/3D modeling, landscape can be better visualized, leading to a better understanding of certain relations in the landscape. Many relevant calculations, such as (potential) lakes and water volumes, soil erosion volume (Example: landslides).quantities of earth to be moved (channels, dams, roads, embankments, land leveling) and hydrological modeling becomes easier.
Not only in the previously mentioned fields but also in the social sciences GIS can prove extremely useful. Besides the process of formulating scenarios for an Environmental impact Assessment, GIS can be a valuable tool for sociologists to analyze administrative data such as population distribution, market localization and other related features.
数字地形模型是GIS的一个重要应用。使用DTM/3D模型，可以更好地可视化景观，可以更好地理解景观的某些特征，相关的计算将会比较容易，如（潜在的）湖泊水量、土壤侵蚀量、土石方以及水文模型等。
除了在上述所涉及的领域以外，在社会科学领域内，GIS应用也非常广泛。除了环境影响评价中规划情景外，社会学家也应用GIS分析行政数据，如人口分布、市场定位以及其它的相关问题。
Geographical Data Types 地理数据类型
Data can be described as different observations, which are collected and stored.数据被描述为不同的实体，并可以搜集与存储。
Information is that data, which is useful in answering queries or solving a problem.信息是能够用来回答疑问与解决问题的数据。
Vectors & Raster Data Models-Merits &Demerits 矢量与栅格数据模型的优缺点：
Raster Model:
Advantages:
1> Simple data structure数据结构简单
2> Easy and efficient overlaying 叠加容易、高效
3> Compatible with RS imagery 易于同遥感影像结合
4> High spatial variability is efficiently represented
5> Simple for own programming
6> Same grid cells for several attributes
Disadvantages:
1> Inefficient use of computer storage 计算机存储困难
2> Errors in perimeter and shape
3> Difficult network analysis网络分析困难
4> Inefficient projection transformations 投影转换比较复杂
Vector Model:
Advantages:
1> Compact data structure 数据结构冗余度低
2> Efficient for network analysis便于网络分析
3> Efficient projection transformation投影转换比较方便
4> Accurate map output地图输出精度高
Disadvantages:
1> Complex data structure 数据结构复杂
2> Difficult overlay operations 叠加分析困难
3> High spatial variability is inefficiently represented
4> Not compatible with RS imagery不易于同遥感影像结合
Database Query数据库查询Overlay 叠置Proximity analysis近似度分析Network analysis 网络分析Digital Terrain Model数字地形模型
Statistical and Tabular Analysis 统计与表格分析
Global Positioning System全球定位系统
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a burgeoning technology, which provides unequalled accuracy and flexibility of positioning for navigation, surveying and GIS data capture. The GPS NA VSTAR (Navigation Satellite timing and Ranging Global Positioning System) is a satellite-based navigation, timing and positioning system. The GPS provides continuous three-dimensional 24 hours a day throughout the world. The technology seems to be beneficiary to the GPS user community in terms of obtaining accurate data up to about 100 meters for navigation, meter-level for mapping, and down to millimeter level for geodetic positioning. The GPS technology has tremendous amount of applications in GPS data collection, surveying and mapping. (GPS)是一个迅速发展的技术，为导航、测量和GIS数据获取进行极其精确灵活的定位。它是基于卫星的导航、定时定位系统。GPS可以在全球范围内，进行每天24小时的三维定位，数据精度从100米级的导航、米级制图，到厘米级的测量定位，按照获取的数据精度，GPS 技术有益于GPS用户群体。GPS技术广泛应用于GIS数据收集、测量和制图。
Active Sensors主动遥感Passive Sensors被动遥感
Spectral resolution 光谱分辨率Radiometric resolution辐射分辨率
Spatial Resolution空间分辨率Temporal Resolution时间分辨率
Principal Component Analysis: 主成分分析（K-L变换）
Spectrally adjacent bands in a multispectral remotely sensed image are often highly correlated. Multiband visible/near-infrared images of vegetated areas will show negative correlations between the near-infrared and visible red bands and positive correlations among the visible bands because the spectral characteristics of vegetation are such that as the vigor or greenness of the vegetation increases the red reflectance diminishes and the near-infrared reflectance increases. Thus presence of correlations among the bands of a multispectral image implies that there is redundancy in the data and Principal Component Analysis aims at removing this redundancy.
在多光谱遥感影像中，相邻光谱波段常常高度相关。植被覆盖区的多波段可见/近红外影像将显示近红外和可见红外波段是负相关，可见光波段之间是正相关，因为植被光谱特征，如植被的活力或绿度会增加红光反射减少，近红外反射增加。因此，多光谱影像各个波段之间的相互关系，意味着数据冗余，主成分分析目的是减少这种冗余
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is related to another statistical technique called factor analysis and can be used to transform. a set of image bands such that the new bands (called principal components) are uncorrelated with one another and are ordered in terms of the amount of image variation they explain. The components are thus a statistical abstraction of the variability inherent in the original band set.
主成分分析和另一种统计技术（因子分析）相关，可以用来转换影像波段，其新波段之间不存在相关关系，并且按照影像变化的数量排列。这些成分是初始波段所固有的变化统计抽取。
1) GIS and RS.
GIS和RS
2) GIS and RS
GIS和RS技术
1.
The application and effect of RS on surveying urban green land and GIS on late work in planning of green land were described,the orientation,pattern,procedure and flow of application of GIS and RS on planning of green land were explored.
3) dynamic analysize（supported by GIS and RS）
动态分析（基于GIS和RS）
4) GIS
GI
1.
First, based on analyzing functions of the basic transit planning and characteri stics of transit demand, this paper proposes the framework of transit planning f rom the viewpoint of the development of the GIS-based software.
从公交规划的基本功能和需求特征着手,从基于GIS的软件开发角度,探讨了公交规划软
件的构架。
2.
A and used to develop the digital map software with the advanced language Delphi which is made by the Borland corporation,so as to develop medium GIS software which meets
different use needs.
将美国ESRI公司推出用于数字地图应用软件开发的嵌入式OCX控件MapObjects与Bor land公司的高级语言Delphi相结合,来开发满足各种不同用户需要的中小型GIS软件
5) Gi protein
Alogrithm:算法； Accuracy:准确度； Application:应用； Artificial Intelligence(AI):人工智能；Aspect:方位Attribute:属性； Binary:二进制； Boolean operation:布尔*作（逻辑*作） Buffer:缓冲区； Cartography:制图学； Cell:单元； Chain:链Continuous data:连续数据 Coordinate system:坐标系统 Database:数据库； Database approach:数据库方法 Database management system(DBMS):数据库管理系统Data entry:数据输入； Data set:数据集 Data standards:数据标准； Data structure:数据结构 Data visualization:数据可视化； Derived data:派生数据 Original data:原始数据； Digitize:数字化； Digitizer:数字化仪 Discrete data:离散数据； Distributed system:分布式系统 Fractal:分形； Geocoding:地理编码（地址编码）Georeferenced:地理参考； Land information system(LIS):土地信息系统 Map algebra:地图代数；Map projection:地图投影Map scale:地图比例尺； Metadata:元数据 Overlay:叠置； Parcel:地块Peripherals:外设； Pixel:像元 Plotter:绘图仪； Polygon:多边形 Precision:精度； Proximity analysis:邻近分析 Query:查询； Recode:重编码
GIS专业英语词汇 Alogrithm:算法； Accuracy:准确度； Application:应用； Artificial Intelligence(AI):人工智能；Aspect:方位 Attribute:属性； Binary:二进制； Boolean operation:布尔*作（逻辑*作）Buffer:缓冲区； Cartography:制图学； Cell:单元； Chain:链 Continuous data:连续数据Coordinate system:坐标系统Database:数据库； Database approach:数据库方法Database management system(DBMS):数据库管理系统 Data entry:数据输入； Data set:数据集 Data standards:数据标准； Data structure:数据结构 Data visualization:数据可视化；Derived data:派生数据 Original data:原始数据； Digitize:数字化； Digitizer:数字化仪 Discrete data:离散数据； Distributed system:分布式系统Fractal:分形； Geocoding:地理编码（地址编码）Georeferenced:地理参考； Land information system(LIS):土地信息系统 Map algebra:地图代数； Map projection:地图投影 Map scale:地图比例尺； Metadata:元数据 Overlay:叠置； Parcel:地块 Peripherals:外设；Pixel:像元 Plotter:绘图仪； Polygon:多边形 Precision:精度； Proximity analysis:邻近分析 Query:查询； Recode:重编码 Relational database:关系数据库； Site suitability analysis:位置适宜度分析 Spatial accuracy:空间准确度；Spatial analysis:空间分析 Spatial precision:空间精度； Spatial relationship:空间关系Subset:子集； Terrain analysis:地形分析 Thematic map:专题地图；Topology:拓扑 Tracking GIS:动态GIS； UTM(Universal Transverse Mercator)：通用横轴麦卡托投影 Node:结点； Vertex:节点 Viewshed:可视域 vector 矢量 merge 合并 slope溢出 terrain地形 infrastructure 基础设施 dynamic 动态的 sequence 顺序 cumulative积累 outline大纲 horizon视野 substantial真实的 paradigm范例 perceptions理解 integrated完整的 analog类似物 coherence 连贯的 impairing 削弱
G I S专业英语
第一课 Comprehensive:全面的，综合的，Intellectual:智力的，才智的Jargon:专业术语 Terminology:专业术语Geomatique:地理信息技术Geoscience:地球科学Derivative:派生物，衍生物Cartography:地图绘制学，地图绘制Architect：建筑师 Preliminary：初步的，起始的Enumerate：列举，枚举Resemble：像，与……相似Transformation：转换 第二课 Automated：自动化的Equivalent:a等价的Cartographer：绘制图表者，制图师Mylar：胶片 Electronic：电子的 Encode：编码Orthophotoquad:正射影像图Aerial：空中的，航空的Aggregation：集合，聚合，集合体Reproduction：再现，复制，繁殖Dissemination：传播，宣传，传染Counterpart：相似之物Compactness：致密性 Complexity：复杂，复杂性Hamper：阻碍，束缚 Retrieval：取回，恢复，修补Analog：模拟的 Planimeter:测面器，求积仪 Phenomena：现象Quantitative：数量的，定量的Histogram：直方图，柱状图Supplementally:追加，补充Modification：修改，变型Cartogram:统计地图，统计图Hand-drawn：手绘 Emergency：紧急事件Employe：雇佣，雇工
Clarify：澄清，阐明Taxonomy：分类学，分类法Bifurcation：分歧，分叉 Parcel:地块 Conservation：保存，保持Procurement：获得，取得，采购Wildlife：野生动植物Earthquake：地震 Landslide：泥石流，山崩Cadastral：地籍的，有关土地清册的Geodetic：大地测量学，最短线的Sophisticated：精致的，复杂的 第三课 Pervade:弥漫，遍及 Aspect：坡向，方向，面貌Inevitable：必然的，不可避免的Proprietary：所有的，专利的Mineral：矿物的，矿质的Military：军队，军人 Electricity：电力，电流Telecommunication：通讯，电信学Interconnect：使相互连接，相互联系Administrative：管制的，行政的Environmental：环境的，周围的Attribute：属性，特质Procedure：步骤，程序，手续Manipulation：操作，操纵，处理Historically：历史上地，Subsume：把…..归入，把…..包括在Eclipse：形成蚀，使黯然失色Visualization：可视化，Immense：巨大的，广大的Analogue：类似，相似物Conventional：常见的，惯例的Enquire：询问，打听Coniferous：松柏科的 Highlight：强调，突出， Stress：强调，加压力与 Derive：得到，源于 Discipline：纪律，学科，惩罚Algorithm：算法， Interpret：说明，口译，解释Artificial：人造的，仿造的，虚伪的 Geomatique:地理信息技术Cartography:地图绘制学，地图绘制Preliminary：初步的，起始的Cartographer：绘制图表者，制图师Encode：编码 Aggregation：集合，聚合，集合体Retrieval：取回，恢复，修补Analog：模拟的 Quantitative：数量的，定量的Histogram：直方图，柱状图Cartogram:统计地图，统计图Parcel:地块 Geodetic：大地测量学，最短线的Cadastral：地籍的，有关土地清册 的 Attribute：属性，特质 Procedure：步骤，程序，手续 Prime meridian：本初子午线 Algorithm：算法， Discipline：纪律，学科，惩罚Visualization：可视化， Globe；球体 Map projection地图投影 Planar projection；平面投影Azimuthal projection；方位投影Characteristic，特征，特性Reference globe；参考椭球体 Scale factor；比例因子 Principle scale；主比例尺Equivalent projection；等积投影Equidistant；等距投影 Mercator transverse；横轴莫卡托投影Gnomonic protection；中心切面投影Lambert‘s equal area projection 兰伯特等级方位投影
地理信息系统（GIS）词汇表accreditation 委派accuracy 准确度acquisition 获取activity patterns 活动模式 added value 附加值adjacency邻接Aeolian 伊奥利亚人的, 风的, 风蚀的 Age of Discovery 发现的年代aggregation聚合algorithm, definition算法,定义 ambiguity 不明确analytical cartography 分析制图 application programming interfaces(APIs) 应用编程接口 ARCGis 美国ESRI公司开发的世界先进的地理信息系统软件 ArcIMS 它是个强大的，基于标准的工具，让你快速设计和管理Internet地图服务 ArcInfo 在ArcGIS软件家族中，ArcInfo是GIS软件中功能最全面的。它包含ArcV iew和ArcEditor所有功能，并加上高级空间处理和数据转换 ArcNews 美国ESRI向用户终生免费赠送的ArcNews报刊 ArcSDE ArcSDE在ESRI GIS软件和DBMS之间提供通道，是一个空间数据引擎 ArcUser Magazine 为ESRI用户创建的报刊 ArcView 桌面GIS和制图软件，提供数据可视化，查询，分析和集成功能，以及创建和编辑地理数据的能力ARPANET ARPA计算机网（美国国防部高级研究计划局建立的计算机网） aspatial data 非空间数据Association of Geographic Information (AGI) 地理信息协会attribute data 属性数据attributes, types 属性，类型attributive geographic data 属性地理数据autocorrelation 自相关Autodesk MapGuide 美国Autodesk公司生产的Web GIS软件Automated mapping/facility management(AM/FM) systems 自动绘图/设备管理系统facilities 设备avatars 化身A VIRIS 机载可见光/红外成像光谱仪 azimuthal projections 方位投影batch vectorization 批量矢量化 beer consumption 啤酒消费benchmarking 基准Berry, Brian best fit line 最优线 binary counting system 二进制计算系统binomial distribution 二项式分布 bivariate Gaussian distribution 二元高斯分布block encoding 块编码 Bosnia, repartitioning 波斯尼亚，再分离成两个国家buffering 缓冲区分析 Borrough, Peter Business and service planning(retailing) application in petroleum and convenience shopping 石油和便利购物的业务和服务规划（零售）应用business drivers 业务驱动 business, GIS as 业务，地理信息系统作为Buttenfield, Barbara cadasters 土地清册Callingham, Martin cannibalizing 调拨 Cartesian coordinate system笛卡尔坐标系Cartograms 统计地图 cartographic generalization 制图综合cartographic modeling 地图建模 cartometric transformations 量图变换catalog view of database 数据库目录视图 census data人口普查数据Census of Population 人口普查 central Place Theory 中心区位论central point rule 中点规则 central tendency 中心倾向centroid 质心choropleth mapping分区制图 choosing a GIS 选择一个地理信息系统class 类别classification generalization 分类综合client 客户端client-server C/S结构客户端-服务器cluster analysis 聚类分析 clutter 混乱coastline weave 海岸线codified knowledge 编码知识 COGO data 坐标几何数据COGO editing tools 坐标几何编辑工具Collaboration 协作 Local level 地方级National level 国家级Collection-level metadata 获取级元数据Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) systems 成熟的商业化系统chemas-microsoft-comfficeffice" />>>
Is What You See, What You Get? Geospatial Visualizations Address Scale and Usability AashishChaudhary and Jeff Baumes Unlimited geospatial information now is at everyone’s fingertips with the proliferation of GPS-embedded mobile devices and large online geospatial databases. To fully understand these data and make wise decisions, more people are turning to informatics and geospatial visualization, which are used to solve many real-world problems. To effec tively gather information from data, it’s critical to address scalability and intuitive user interactions and visualizations. New geospatial analysis and visualization techniques are being used in fields such as video analysis for national defense, urban planning and hydrology. Why Having Data Isn’t Good Enough Anymore People are realizing that data are only useful if they can find the relevant pieces of data to make better decisions. This has broad applicability, from finding a movie to watch to elected officials deciding how much funding to allocate for an aging bridge. Information can easily be obtained, but how can it be sorted, organized, made sense of and acted on? The field of informatics solves this challenge by taking large amounts of data and processing them into meaningful, truthful insights. In informatics, two main challenges arise when computers try to condense information down to meaningful concepts: disorganization and size. Some information is available in neat, organized tables, ready for users to pull out the needed pieces, but most is scattered across and hidden in news articles, blog posts and poorly organized lists. Researchers are feverishly working on new ways to retrieve key ideas and facts from these types of messy data sources. For example, services such as Google News use computers that constantly "read" news articles and posts worldwide, and then automatically rank them by popularity, group them by topic, or organize them based on what the computer thinks is important to viewers. Researchers at places such as the University of California, Irvine, and Sandia National Laboratories are investigating the next approaches to sort through large amounts of documents using powerful supercomputers. The other obstacle is the sheer vo lume of data. It’s difficult to use informatics techniques that only work on data of limited size. Facebook, Google and Twitter have data centers that constantly process huge quantities of information to deliver timely and relevant information and advertisements to each person currently logged on.. Figure 1. A collection of videos are displayed without overlap (top). The outline color represents how close each video matches a query. An alternate view (bottom) places the
专业术语英译汉affine仿射 band波段 cartography制图学 clip剪切 digitizer数字化仪 DLG数字线划图 dpi每英寸点数edgematching边缘匹配equator赤道 equiarea等积 geoid大地水准面geospatial地理空间 GPS全球定位系统Habitat栖息地 Interface接口 Item项目 Latitude纬度 legend 图例 longitude经度 median 中值 meridian子午线metadata元数据 neatline图廓线 Object-Based基于对象的parcel宗地photogrammetry摄影测量precipitation降水量 range 范围 raster栅格 resample重采样resolution分辨率 RMS 均方根 scanner扫描仪 siting 选址 TIGER拓扑统一地理编码topology拓扑 tuple数组 UTM通用横轴墨卡托投影vector矢量
专业术语汉译英 保护区protected area 比例尺Scale bar 标准差Standard deviation 标准图幅Standard picture frame 单精度Single precision 地理空间数据Geospatial data 点缓冲区Point buffer 动态分段Dynamic segmentation 度量标准Metrics 多项式变换Polynomial transformation 高程基准Elevation base 跟踪算法Tracking algorithm 规则格网Rules grid 过渡带Transition zone 基于位置服务Based on location service 畸形线Malformation line 几何变换Geometric transformation 检验图Inspection chart 解析几何Analytic geometry 空间要素Space element 平面坐标系统Planar coordinate system 曲流河Meandering river 人口普查地段Census Lot 上四分位数The upper quartile 矢量数据模型Vector data model 数据可视化data visualization 数据探查Data exploration 双精度Double precision 水文要素Hydrological elements 泰森多边型Tyson Polygons 统一建模语言Unified Modeling Language 投影坐标系统Projection coordinate system 线缓冲区Line buffer 遥感数据Remote sensing data 用材林Timber forest 晕渲法Halo rendering method 指北针Compass 属性表Property sheet 最短路径分析Shortest path analysis 最小二乘法Least squares method
地理信息系统专业英语课程教学大纲西南科技大学本科课程教学大纲 《地理信息系统专业英语》课程教学大纲 【课程代码】:13315621 【英文译名】:Professional English for Geographic Information System 【适用专业】:地理信息系统 【学分数】:3 【总学时数】:48 一、本课程教学目的和课程性质 《专业英语》是地理信息系统专业的一门必修课。 本课程的目的是使学生在进行了两年的公共英语学习后，在巩固已有知识的基础上，掌握科技英语的特点，具备教好的英语资料查阅及专业英语交流的能力。也就是说，开设本课程，主要是让学生具备“以英语为工具通过阅读获取专业所需信息的能力”。 通过本课程的学习，学生应在科技词汇、专业英语文献阅读速度、准确理解和翻译专业文献、摘要写作上有较大的提高。 二、本课程的基本要求 要求学生在学习完本课程后，能熟悉常用专业词汇，较流利地阅读并准确理解一般难度的英语原文专业文献和参考资料，能正确地撰写论文的英语摘要。 具体而言，本课程结束时，学生应掌握常见的科技英语词缀，识记词汇表中常见的300个左右专业词汇;阅读速度70词/分钟、理解力正确率70%;翻译(笔译、英?汉)350词(英)/小时;毕业设计(论文)的英语摘要语法、句法、词汇准确率达70%。
三、本课程与其他课程的关系 先修《综合外语L》。 修完本课程并考试合格后，对后续专业课程的学习过程中查阅英文资料等很有帮助。四、课程内容 课程的学习以阅读为主，精读部分要求准确理解文章内容，理解文章细节文法结构，泛读部分则通过大量快速的阅读理解，形成较为强烈的语言环境氛围，用以强化专业英语意识。并在学习中以分类词汇学习和汉英，英汉翻译和摘要写作练习为辅。 重点:巩固和提高学生在基础英语阶段中获得的能力，扩大词汇量。提高阅读能力和理解能力。培养科技英语写作能力。本课程的内容安排如下所示: 1 环境与资源学院 Unit One Surveying and Mapping Lesson One Surveying Lesson Two Surveying Instruments Lesson Three Topographic Surveying Lesson Four Traversing Lesson Five Map Projection and Maps Lesson Six Maps of Crime: Thematic Maps Unit Two Measurement, Errors and Adjustment Lesson One Errors in Measurements Lesson Two Sources of Error in Leveling Lesson Three Adjustments of Level Circuits Lesson Four Survey Adjustment
第一课 Comprehensive:全面的，综合的，Intellectual:智力的，才智的Jargon:专业术语 Terminology:专业术语Geomatique:地理信息技术Geoscience:地球科学Derivative:派生物，衍生物Cartography:地图绘制学，地图绘制Architect：建筑师 Preliminary：初步的，起始的Enumerate：列举，枚举Resemble：像，与……相似Transformation：转换 第二课 Automated：自动化的Equivalent:a等价的Cartographer：绘制图表者，制图师Mylar：胶片 Electronic：电子的 Encode：编码Orthophotoquad:正射影像图Aerial：空中的，航空的Aggregation：集合，聚合，集合体Reproduction：再现，复制，繁殖Dissemination：传播，宣传，传染Counterpart：相似之物Compactness：致密性Complexity：复杂，复杂性Hamper：阻碍，束缚 Retrieval：取回，恢复，修补Analog：模拟的 Planimeter:测面器，求积仪Phenomena：现象Quantitative：数量的，定量的Histogram：直方图，柱状图Supplementally:追加，补充Modification：修改，变型Cartogram:统计地图，统计图Hand-drawn：手绘 Emergency：紧急事件Employe：雇佣，雇工 Clarify：澄清，阐明 Geographic information system Geographical information system Geomatique Georelational information system Natural resources information system Geoscience or geological information system Spatial information system Spatial data analysis system A data input subsystem that collect and preprocess spatial data from varioussources。 This subsystem isalso largely responsible for the transformation of different types of spatial data A data storage and retrieval subsystem that organize the spatial data in a manner that allows retrieval updating and editing A data manipulation and analysis subsystem that performs tasks on the data aggregates and disaggregates, estimates parameters and constraints, and performs modeling functions. A reporting subsystem that displays all or part of the database in tabular, graphic, or map form map Gis Data collection:aerial photos, survey,etc Data collection:aerial photos, surveys, etc. Data processing: aggregation, classing,etc,;linear process Data processing:aggregation, classing, plusanalysis, circular process Map production:final step except for reproduction and dissemination Map production: not always final step; normally one map used to produce still more Map reproduction Map reproduction Map Gis Requires rulers, planimeters, compasses, and other tools all used by the human analyst. Restricted to the data as they are aggregated and represented on the paper map Uses the power of the computer to measure,compare, and describe contents of the database. Allows ready access to the raw data and allows aggregation and reclassification for further analysis Easy calculation of polygon and the number of effective The grid to quadtree and the conversion of quadtree to the grid is simpler than the other method Polygon nested polygon heterogeneous expressed more convenient Each part in the array resolution is variable, according to the actual situation changes
《地理信息系统专业英语》课程教学大纲 【课程代码】：13315621 【英文译名】：Professional English for Geographic Information System 【适用专业】：地理信息系统 【学分数】：3 【总学时数】：48 一、本课程教学目的和课程性质 《专业英语》是地理信息系统专业的一门必修课。 本课程的目的是使学生在进行了两年的公共英语学习后，在巩固已有知识的基础上，掌握科技英语的特点，具备教好的英语资料查阅及专业英语交流的能力。也就是说，开设本课程，主要是让学生具备“以英语为工具通过阅读获取专业所需信息的能力”。 通过本课程的学习，学生应在科技词汇、专业英语文献阅读速度、准确理解和翻译专业文献、摘要写作上有较大的提高。 二、本课程的基本要求 要求学生在学习完本课程后，能熟悉常用专业词汇，较流利地阅读并准确理解一般难度的英语原文专业文献和参考资料，能正确地撰写论文的英语摘要。 具体而言，本课程结束时，学生应掌握常见的科技英语词缀，识记词汇表中常见的300个左右专业词汇；阅读速度70词/分钟、理解力正确率70%；翻译(笔译、英→汉)350词(英)/小时；毕业设计（论文）的英语摘要语法、句法、词汇准确率达70%。 三、本课程与其他课程的关系 先修《综合外语L》。 修完本课程并考试合格后，对后续专业课程的学习过程中查阅英文资料等很有帮助。四、课程内容 课程的学习以阅读为主，精读部分要求准确理解文章内容，理解文章细节文法结构，泛读部分则通过大量快速的阅读理解，形成较为强烈的语言环境氛围，用以强化专业英语意识。并在学习中以分类词汇学习和汉英，英汉翻译和摘要写作练习为辅。 重点：巩固和提高学生在基础英语阶段中获得的能力，扩大词汇量。提高阅读能力和理解能力。培养科技英语写作能力。本课程的内容安排如下所示：
Geographic Information System(GIS) is a computer based information system used to digitally represent and analyze the geographic features present on the earth surface and the events(non-spatial attributes linked to the geography under study) that taking place on it. 地理信息系统是基于计算机的信息系统，以数字方式表示并分析地球表面的地理要素与事件（与所研究的地理现象相关的非空间信息） GIS technology integrates common database operations such as query and statistical analysis with the unique visualization and geographic analysis benefits offered by maps. These abilities distinguish GIS from other information systems and make it valuable to a wide range of public and private enterprises for explaining events, predicting outcomes, and planning strategies.(ESRI) GIS技术将常用数据库操作如查询、统计分析及地图所呈现的可视化和地理分析特点有机结合起来。这些功能使得GIS有别于其他的信息系统，并对公共及私有企业分析事件、预测结果、规划战略很有价值。（ESRI） Factors Aiding the rise of GIS 促进GIS产生的因素 . Revolution in Information Technology技术革命 . Computer Technology 计算机技术 . Remote Sensing 遥感 . Global Position System 全球定位系统 . Communication Technology 通讯技术 . Rapidly declining cost of Computer Hardware, and at the same time, exponential growth of operation speed of computers.计算机硬件成本锐减、计算机操作速度指数级增长 . Enhanced functionality of software and their user-friendliness.软件功能增强、界面友好 . Visualizing impact if GIS corroborating the Chinese proverb “a picture is worth a thousand words” GIS分析结果的可视化 Visual Analysis 可视化分析 Digital Terrain Modeling (DTM) is an important utility of GIS. Using DTM/3D modeling, landscape can be better visualized, leading to a better understanding of certain relations in the landscape. Many relevant calculations, such as (potential) lakes and water volumes, soil erosion volume (Example: landslides).quantities of earth to be moved (channels, dams, roads, embankments, land leveling) and hydrological modeling becomes easier. Not only in the previously mentioned fields but also in the social sciences GIS can prove extremely useful. Besides the process of formulating scenarios for an Environmental impact Assessment, GIS can be a valuable tool for sociologists to analyze administrative data such as population distribution, market localization and other related features. 数字地形模型是GIS的一个重要应用。使用DTM/3D模型，可以更好地可视化景观，可以更好地理解景观的某些特征，相关的计算将会比较容易，如（潜在的）湖泊水量、土壤侵蚀量、土石方以及水文模型等。 除了在上述所涉及的领域以外，在社会科学领域内，GIS应用也非常广泛。除了环境影响评价中规划情景外，社会学家也应用GIS分析行政数据，如人口分布、市场定位以及其它的相关问题。 Geographical Data Types 地理数据类型 Data can be described as different observations, which are collected and stored.数据被描述为不同的实体，并可以搜集与存储。 Information is that data, which is useful in answering queries or solving a problem.信息是能够用来回答疑问与解决问题的数据。
Lesson 22 data analysis II Integrated Analytical Functions in a GIS Most GIS's provide the capability to build complex models by combining primitive analytical functions. Systems vary as to the complexity provided for spatial modelling, and the specific functions that are available. However, most systems provide a standard set of primitive analytical functions that are accessible to the user in some logical manner. Aronoff identifies four categories of GIS analysis functions. These are : Retrieval, Reclassification, and Generalization; Overlay Techniques; Neighbourhood Operations; and Connectivity Functions. The range of analysis techniques in these categories is very large. Accordingly, this section of the book focuses on providing an overview of the fundamental primitive functions that are most often utilized in spatial analyses. Retrieval, Reclassification and Generalization Perhaps the initial GIS analysis that any user undertakes is the retrieval and/or reclassification of data. Retrieval operations occur on both spatial and attribute data. Often data is selected by an attribute subset and viewed graphically. Retrieval involves the selective search, manipulation, and output of data without the requirement to modify the geographic location of the features involved. Reclassification involves the selection and presentation of a selected layer of data based on the classes or values of a specific attribute, e.g. cover group. It involves looking at an attribute, or a series of attributes, for a single data layer and classifying the data layer based on the range of values of the attribute. Accordingly, features adjacent to one another that have a common value, e.g. cover group, but differ in other characteristics, e.g. tree height, species, will be treated and appear as one class. In raster based GIS software, numerical values are often used to indicate classes. Reclassification is an attribute generalization technique. Typically this function makes use of polygon patterning techniques such as crosshatching and/or color shading for graphic representation. In a vector based GIS, boundaries between polygons of common reclassed values should be dissolved to create a cleaner map of homogeneous continuity. Raster reclassification intrinsically involves boundary dissolving. The dissolving of map boundaries based on a specific attribute value often results in a new data layer being created. This is often done for visual clarity in the creation of derived maps. Almost all GIS software provides the capability to easily dissolve boundaries based on the results of a reclassification. Some systems allow the user to create a new data layer for the reclassification while others simply dissolve the boundaries during data output. One can see how the querying capability of the DBMS is a necessity in the