绝密★启用前
2011年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
☆考生注意事项☆
1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名
Sec t ion I Use of Engl i sh
Direct ions:
Read the fo l lowing tex t . Choose the bes t word(s) for each nu mbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on A N S W E R S H EET 1. (10 poi nts )
The In te rne t af fords anony mi ty to i t s users , a blessing to pr ivacy and freedom of speech . But tha t very anony mity is a lso behind the explos ion of cyber -c r ime tha t has Can pr ivacy be prese rved seems increas ing ly 3 ?
Las t month , Ho ward Sch midt , the na t ion ’s cyber -cza r , of fe red the federa l govern ment a to make the W eb a safer place – a “vo luntary t rus ted ident i ty ” sys tem tha t would be the high-tech of a phys ica l key , a 1 across the Web .
2 br ing ing safe ty and secur i ty to a wor ld tha t 4 5 f ingerpr in t and a photo ID card , a l l ro l led smar t ident i ty card , or a dig i ta l credent ia l 6 one . The sys tem might use a to a speci f ic co mputer , and 7 w ould authen t ica te users at a range of onl ine serv ices .
The idea is to a federa t ion of pr iva te onl ine iden t i ty sys tems . Use rs could which sys tem to jo in , and only regis te red users whose ident i t ies have been authent ica ted could naviga te those sys tems. The approach cont ras t s with one tha t would require an In te rne t dr iver ’s l icense 10 by the govern ment .
Google and Microsof t ar e among co mpanies tha t a l ready have these “s ingle 8 9 s ign-on ” sys tems tha t make i t poss ib le for users to many di f fe ren t serv ices .
11 jus t once but use 12 , the approach would crea te a “wa l led garden ” in cyberspace , wi t h safe “ne ighborhoods ” and br ight “s t ree t l ights ” t o es tabl i sh a sense of a co m muni ty .
13 Mr. Sch midt descr ibed i t as a “vo luntary ecosys t e m ” in which “ind iv idual s and organiza t ions can co mple te onl ine t ransact ions wi th 14 , t rus t ing the ident i t i es of each other and the ident i t ies of the inf ras t ruc ture 15 which the t ransac t ion runs .”
St i l l , the ad minis t ra t ion ’s plan has 16 pr ivacy r igh ts ac t iv is t s . So me applaud the approach; others are concerned . I t see ms clear tha t such a sche me is an in i t ia t ive push toward what would 17 be a co mpulsory Interne t “dr iver ’s l i cense ” menta l i ty .
The plan has a lso been gree ted wi th 18 by so me co mputer secur i ty exper t s , who worry tha t the “vo luntary ecosys tem ” envis ioned by Mr. Sch midt w ould s t i l l leave much of the Interne t 19 . They argue tha t a l l In terne t users should be 20 to regis ter and ident i fy them selves , in the sa me way that drivers must be l icensed to dr ive on publ ic roads .
1．[A]swept 2．[A]for [B]sk ipped
[B]wi th in
[C]walked[D]r idden
[C]whi le[D]though
3．[A]care less 4．[A]reason 5．[A]informat ion 6．[A]by [B]lawless[C]poin t l ess
[C]compromise
[C]en te r ta inment
[C]f rom
[D]he lp less
[D]proposa l
[D]equ iva len t
[D]over [B]reminder
[B]in te r fe rence
[B]in to
7．[A]l inked[B]di rec ted
[B]discover
[B]sugges t
[B]i ssued [C]cha ined
[C]crea te
[D]compared
[D]improve
[D]rea l i ze
8．[A]d ismiss
9．[A]reca l l[C]se lec t
10．[A]re leased 11．[A]car ry on 12．[A]In va in 13．[A]t rus ted 14．[A]cau t ion 15．[A]on
[C]dis t r ibu ted
[C]se t in
[D]de l ive red
[D]log in [B]l inger on
[B]In ef fec t
[B]modern ized
[B]de l igh t
[C]In re tu rn
[C]thr iv ing
[C]conf idence
[C]beyond
[D]In cont ras t
[D]compet ing
[D]pa t ience
[D]across [B]af te r
16．[A]div ided 17．[A]f requen t ly 18．[A]skep t ic i sm 19．[A]manageab le 20．[A]inv i ted
[B]disappoin ted
[B]inc iden ta l ly
[B]to le rance
[B]defendable
[B]appoin ted
[C]pro tec ted
[C]occas iona l ly
[C]ind i f fe rence
[C]vulnerab le
[C]a l lowed
[D]uni ted
[D]even tua l ly
[D]en thus iasm
[D]inv is ib le
[D]forced Sec t ion I I Read ing Co mprehens ion
Part A
Direct ions:
Read the fol lowing four t exts.Answer the ques t ions af te r each tex t by choos ing A, B,C or D.Mark your answers on A N S W E R S H E E T1.(40poin ts)
Text1
Ruth Sim mons jo ined G old man Sachs’s board as an outs ide di rec tor in January2000;a year la ter she beca me pres ident of Brown Univers i ty.For the res t of the decade she apparent ly managed both roles without a t t rac t ing much cr i t ic i sm. But by the end of2009M s.Sim mons was under f i re for having sa t on Goldman’s co mpensa t ion co m mit tee;how could she have le t those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked?By February the next year Ms.Sim mons had lef t the board.The pos i t ion was jus t tak ing up too much t ime,she sa id.
O uts ide di rec tors are supposed to serve as helpful,ye t less biased,advisers on a f i rm’s board.Having made the i r weal th and the i r reputa t ions elsewhere,they presu mably have enough independence to disagree wi th the chief execut ive’s proposals.I f the sky,and the share pr ice is fa l l i ng,outs ide di rec tors should be able to give advice based on having weathered thei r own cr i ses.
The researchers from O hio Univers i ty used a database that covered more than10,000f i rms and m ore than64,000dif fer ent di rec tors between1989and 2004.Then they s imply checked which di rec tors st ayed from one proxy s tat ement to the next.The most l ike ly reason for depar t ing a board was age,so the researchers concent ra ted on those“surpr i se”d isappearances by di rec tors under the age of70.They found tha t af te r a surpr i se depar ture,the probabi l i ty t hat the co mpany wi l l subsequently have to res ta te earnings increases by near ly20%.The l ike l ihood of being na med in a federa l c lass-ac t ion lawsui t a lso increases,and the s tock is l ike ly to per form worse.The ef fec t tended to be larger for la rger f i rms. Although a corre la t ion be tween them leaving and subsequent bad per formance a t the f i rm is sugges t ive,i t does not mean tha t such di rec tors are a lways jumping of f a s inking ship.Of ten they“t r ade up,”leav ing r is kier,smal le r f i rms for larger and m ore s tab le f i rms.
But the researchers bel i eve tha t outs ide di rec tors have an eas ie r t ime of avoid ing a blow to the i r reputa t ions i f they leave a f i rm before bad news breaks, even i f a review of his tory shows they were on the board at the t ime any wrongdoing occurred.Fi rms who want to keep the i r outs ide di rec tors th rough tough t imes may have to crea te incent ives.Otherwi se outs ide di rec tors wi l l fo l low the exa mple of Ms.Simm ons,once again very popular on ca mpus.
21.Accord ing to Paragraph1,Ms.Sim mons was cr i t i c ized for_____.
[A]ga in ing excess ive profi t s
[B]fa i l ing to fu l f i l l her duty
[C]re fus ing to make co m promises
[D]leav ing the board in tough t imes
22.We learn f rom Paragraph2tha t outs ide di rec to rs are supposed to be_____.
[A]generous inves to rs
[B]unbiased execu t ives
[C]share pr ice forecas te r s
[D]independent adv ise r s
23.Accord ing to the researchers f rom Ohio Univers i ty,a f te r an outs ide d i rec to r’s
surpr i se depar tu re,t he f i r m is l ike ly to_____.
[A]beco me more s tab le
[B]repor t i ncreased earn i ngs
[C]do less wel l i n the s tock marke t
[D]per fo rm worse in lawsui t s
24.I t can be infe r red f rom the las t paragraph tha t ou t s ide di rec to rs_____.
[A]may s tay for the a t t ract ive of fe r s f rom the f i rm
[B]have of ten had records of wrongdoings in the f i r m
[C]are accus tomed to s t ress-f ree work in the f i rm
[D]wi l l dec l ine incen t ives f rom the f i rm
25.The au thor’s a t t i tude t oward the ro le of ou ts ide di rec to rs i s_____.
[A]permiss ive
[B]pos i t ive
[C]scornfu l
[D]cr i t i ca l
Text2
W hatever happened to the dea th of newspapers?A year ago the end seem ed near.The recess ion threatened to remove the adver t i s ing and readers tha t had not a l ready f led to the in te r net.Ne wspapers l ike the San Francisco Chronic l e were chronic l ing the i r own doo m.A mer ica’s Federa l Trade Co m miss ion launched a round of ta lks about how to save newspapers.Should they beco me char i tab le corpora t ions?Should the s ta te subs id ize them?I t wil l hold another meet ing soon. But the discuss ions now seem out of date.
In much of the wor ld t here is l i t t l e s ign of cr i s i s.German and Braz i l i an papers have shrugged off the recess ion.Even A merican newspapers,which inhabi t the most t roubled corner of the global indus t ry,have not only survived but of ten re turned to prof i t.Not the20%prof i t margins tha t were rout ine a few years ago,but prof i t a l l the sam e.
I t has not been much fun.Many papers s tayed af loa t by push ing journa l i s t s overboard.The A mer ican Soc ie ty of News Edi to r s reckons tha t13,500newsroo m jobs have gone s ince2007.Readers are pay ing m ore for s l im mer product s.So me papers even had the nerve to refuse del ivery to dis tant suburbs.Yet these despera te measures have proved the r ight ones and,sadly for many journal i s t s, they can be pushed fur ther.
Ne wspapers are beco ming more ba lanced bus inesses,wi th a hea l th ie r mix of revenues f rom readers and adver t i se r s.A mer ican papers have long been high ly unusual in the i r re l iance on ads.Ful ly87%of the i r revenues cam e from adver t i s ing in2008,accord ing to the Organiza t i on for Econo mic Cooperat ion& Develop ment(OE C D).I n Japan the propor t ion is35%.Not surpr i s ing ly,Japanese newspapers are much more s tab le.
The whir lwind tha t swept through newsroo ms harm ed everybody,but much of the da mage has been concent ra ted in areas where newspapers are leas t dis t inc t ive.Car and f i l m reviewers have gone.So have sc ience and genera l bus iness repor te rs.Fore i gn bureaus have been savagely cut of f.Ne wspapers are l ess co mple te as a resu l t.But co mple teness is no longer a vi r tue in the newspaper bus iness.
26.By saying“Newspapers l ike...the i r own doo m”(Lines3-4,Para.1),the
author indica tes tha t newspapers_____.
[A]neg lec ted the s ign of cr i s i s
[B]fa i l ed to ge t s ta te subsid ies
[C]were not char i t ab le corpora t ions
[D]were in a despera te s i t ua t ion
27.So me newspapers re fused de l ive ry to dis tan t suburbs probab ly because_____.
[A]readers threa tened to pay less
[B]newspapers wanted to reduce cos t s
[C]journa l i s t s repor ted l i t t l e about these areas
[D]subscr ibe rs compla ined about s l im mer produc t s
28.Co mpared wi th the i r A mer ican counterpar t s,Japanese newspapers are much
m ore s tab le because they_____.
[A]have more sources of revenue
[B]have more ba lanced newsrooms
[C]are less dependen t on adver t i s ing
[D]are less af fec ted by readersh ip
29.What can be infe r red f rom the las t paragraph about the cur ren t newspaper
bus iness?
[A]Dis t inc t iveness is an essen t ia l fea tu re of newspapers.
[B]Co mple teness i s to b lame for the fa i lu re of newspaper.
[C]Fore ign bureaus play a cruc ia l ro le i n the newspaper bus iness.
[D]Readers have los t t he i r in te res t i n car and f i lm reviews.
30.The mos t appropr ia te t i t l e for th i s t ex t would be_____.
[A]A mer ican Ne wspapers:S t rugg l ing for Surv iva l
[B]A mer ican Ne wspapers:Gone wi th the Wind
[C]A mer ican Ne wspapers:A Thr iv ing Bus iness
[D]A mer ican Ne wspapers:A Hopeless Story
Text3
W e tend to th ink of the decades im media te ly fol lowing Wor ld War I I as a t ime of prosper i ty and gro wth,wi th sold iers re turning ho me by the mi l l ions,going of f to col lege on the G.I.Bi l l and l in ing up at the m arr iage bureaus.
But when i t came to the i r houses,i t was a t ime of co m mon sense and a be l i e f tha t less could t ru ly be m ore.Dur ing the Depress ion and the war,A mer i cans had l ea rned to l ive wi th less,and tha t res t ra in t,in co mbina t ion wi th the pos twar conf idence in the fu ture,made smal l,e f f i c ien t housing pos i t ive ly s ty l i sh.
Econo mic condi t ion was only a s t imulus for the t r end toward ef f i c ien t l iv ing. The phrase“l ess is m ore”was actua l ly f i rs t popular ized by a Germ an,the archi tec t Lud wig Mies van der Rohe,who l ike other people assoc ia ted wi th the Bauhaus,a school of design,emigra ted to the Uni t ed Sta tes before Wor ld W ar I I and took up pos ts a t A mer ican archi tec ture schools.These des igners came to exer t enormous inf luence on the course of A merican archi tec ture,but none m ore so than Mies.
Mies’s s ignature phrase m eans that less decora t i on,proper ly organized,has m ore impact than a lot.Elegance,he bel ieved,did not derive fro m abundance. Like other modern arch i t ec t s,he employed metal,g lass and lamina ted wood–m ater ia ls that we take for granted today but that in the1940s sy mbolized the future.Mies’s sophis t i cated presentat ion masked the fact that the spaces he designed were s mall and eff ic ient,rather than big and often e mpty.
The apar tments in the elegant towers Mies bui l t on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive,for exa mple,were smal le r–two-bedroo m uni t s under1,000square fee t–than those in the i r older neighbors a long the c i t y’s Gold Coas t.But they were popular because of the i r a i ry glass wal l s,the views they af forded and the elegance of the bui ld ings’de ta i l s and propor t ions,the archi tec tura l equiva lent of the abs t rac t ar t so popular a t the t ime.
The t rend toward“l ess”was not ent i re ly fore ign.In the1930s Frank Lloyd W right s ta r t ed bui ld ing m ore modes t and ef f i c ient houses–usua l ly around1,200 square fee t–t han the spreading two-s tory ones he had des igned in the1890s and the ear ly20th cen tu ry.
The“Case Study Houses”com miss ioned f rom ta l en ted modern arch i tec t s by Cal i fo rn ia Ar t s&Archi tec ture magaz ine be tween1945and1962were ye t another ho megrown inf luence on the“l e ss i s more”t rend.Aes the t ic ef fec t came from the l andscape,new mater ia l s and for th r igh t de ta i l ing.In his Case Study House,Ralph Rapson may have mispred ic ted jus t how the mechanica l revo lu t ion would impac t everyday l i fe–few A merican fami l ies acquired hel icopters,though most eventua l ly got c lo thes dryers–but his bel ie f tha t se l f-suf f ic iency was both des i rab le and inev i tab le was wide ly shared.
31.The pos twar A mer ican hous ing s ty le la rge ly re f lec ted the A mer icans’_____.
[A]prosper i ty and growth
[B]ef f ic iency and prac t ical i ty
[C]res t ra in t and conf idence
[D]pr ide and fa i th fu lness
32.Which of the fo l lowing can be infe r red f rom Paragraph3about the Bauhaus?
[A]I t was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
[B]I t s des ign ing concep t was af fec ted by Wor ld War I I.
[C]Most A mer ican arch i t ec t s used to be assoc ia ted with i t.
[D]I t had a grea t i n f luence upon A mer ican arch i tec t ure.
33.Mies he ld tha t e legance of arch i tec tu ra l des ign_____.
[A]was re la ted to la rge space
[B]was iden t i f i ed wi th em pt iness
[C]was not re l i an t on abundant decora t ion
[D]was not assoc ia ted wi t h ef f ic iency
34.What i s t rue about the apar tments Mies bui l t on Chicago’s Lake Shore Dr i ve?
[A]They ignored de ta i l s and propor t ions.
[B]They were bui l t wi th mater ia l s popula r a t tha t t i me.
[C]They were more spac i ous than ne ighbor ing bui l dings.
[D]They shared some charac te r i s t i c s of abs t rac t ar t.
35.What can we learn about t he des ign of the“Case Study Houses”?
[A]Mechanica l dev ices were wide ly used.
[B]Natura l scenes were taken in to cons idera t ion.
[C]Deta i l s were sacr i f i ced for the overa l l e f fec t.
[D]Eco-f r i end ly mate r ia l s were employed.
Text4
Wil l the European Union make i t?The ques t ion w ould have sounded s t range not long ago.No w even the pro jec t’s grea tes t cheer leaders ta lk of a cont inent fac ing a“Bermuda t r iangle”of debt,popula t ion dec l ine and lower growth.
As wel l as those chronic problems,the E U faces an acute cr is i s in i t s econo mic core,the16count r ies tha t use the s ingle cur rency.Marke ts have los t fa i th tha t the euro zone’s econo mies,weaker or s t ronger,wi l l one day converge thanks to the disc ip l ine of shar ing a s ingle cur rency,which denies uncom pet i t ive m e mbers the quick f ix of devalua t ion.
Yet the debate about ho w to save Europe’s s ingle cur rency f r o m dis in tegra t ion is s tuck.I t i s s tuck because the euro zone’s do minant po wers, France and Germany,agree on the need for grea ter harmonisa t ion wi th in t he euro zone,but disagree about w hat to harmonise.
Ger many th inks the euro must be saved by s t r ic te r ru les on borrowing, spending and co mpet i t iveness,backed by quas i-au tomat ic sanc t ions for govern ments tha t do not obey.These might inc lude threa ts to f reeze E U funds for poorer reg ions and E U m ega-pro jec ts,and even the suspens ion of a count ry’s vot ing r ights in E U minis te r ia l counci l s.I t ins i s t s tha t econo mic co-ordina t ion should involve al l27m e mbers of the E U club,a mong who m there is a smal l m ajor i ty for f ree-marke t l ibera l i sm and econo mic r igour;in the inner core alone, Ger many fears,a smal l m ajor i ty favour French inter ference.
A“sou thern”camp headed by France wants some th ing di f fe ren t:“European econo mic govern ment”with in an inner core of euro-zone me mbers.Trans la ted, tha t means pol i t ic ians in tervening in monetary pol icy and a syst em of redis t r ibu t ion f rom r icher to poorer me mbers,v ia cheaper borrowing for govern ments through com m on Eurobonds or com ple te f i sca l t ransfers.Fina l ly, f igures c lose to the Franch govern ment have m ur mured,euro-zone m e mbers should agree to so me f isca l and soc ia l harmonisat ion:e.g.,curb ing co mpet i t ion in corpora te-tax ra tes or labour cos ts.
I t i s too soon to wri te of f the E U.I t remains the wor ld’s la rges t t rad ing block. At i t s bes t,the European pro jec t is remarkably l ibera l:bui l t around a s ingle m arket of27r ich and poor count r ies,i t s in te rnal borders are far more open to goods,capi ta l and labour than any co mparable t rad ing area.I t i s an a m bi t ious a t tempt to blunt the sharpes t edges of global i sa t ion,and make capi ta l i sm benign.
36.The E U is faced wi th so many problems tha t_____.
[A]i t has more or less los t fa i th in marke t s
[B]even i t s suppor te r s begin to fee l concerned
[C]some of i t s me mber count r ies p lan to abandon euro
[D]i t i n tends to deny the poss ib i l i ty of deva lua t ion
37.The debate over the E U’s s ingle cur rency is s tuck because the do minant
po wers_____.
[A]are co mpet ing for the l ead ing pos i t ion
[B]are busy handl ing the i r own cr i ses
[C]fa i l t o reach an agreement on harmonisa t ion
[D]disagree on the s teps t owards d is in tegra t ion
38.To so lve the euro probl em,Germany proposed tha t_____.
[A]E U funds for poor regions be increased
[B]s t r i c te r regu la t ions be imposed
[C]only core me mbers be involved in econo mic co-ord ina t ion
[D]vot ing r igh t s of the EU me mbers be guaran teed
39.The French proposa l of handl ing the cr i s i s impl i es tha t_____.
[A]poor count r ies are more l ike ly to ge t funds
[B]s t r i c t moneta ry pol icy wil l be appl ied to poor count r ies
[C]loans wi l l be read i ly ava i lab le to r ich count r ies
[D]r ich count r ies wi l l basi ca l ly con t ro l Eurobonds
40.Regard ing the fu ture of the E U,the au thor seems to fee l_____.
[A]pess imis t i c
[B]despera te
[C]conce i t ed
[D]hopefu l
Part B
Direct ions:
Read the fo l lowing tex t and answer the ques t ions by f ind ing informat ion from the r igh t column tha t corresponds to each of the m arked deta i l s given in the lef t column.There are two ext ra choices in the r igh t column.Mark your answers on A N S W E R S H E ET1.(10poin t s)
Leading doc tors today we igh in on the deba te over the government’s ro le in pro mot ing publ ic hea l th by de manding tha t min i s te rs impose“f a t taxes”on unheal thy food and int roduce cigare t te-s ty le warnings to chi ldren about the dangers of a poor die t.
The de mands fo l low com ments made las t week by the hea l th secre tary, A ndrew Lans ley,who ins is ted the govern ment could not force people t o make heal thy choices and pro m i sed to f ree bus inesses f r o m publ ic hea l th regula t i ons.
But senior medica l f igures want to s top fas t-food out le t s opening near schools,res t r ic t adver t i s ing of products high in fa t,sa l t or sugar,and l imi t sponsorsh ip of spor ts events by fas t-food producers such as Mc Donald’s.
They argue tha t governmen t ac t ion is necessa ry to curb Br i t a in’s add ic t ion to unhea l thy food and he lp ha l t sp i ra l ing ra tes of obes i ty,d iabe tes and hear t disease. Professor Terence Stephenson,pres iden t of the Roya l Col lege of Paed ia t r i c s and Chi ld Heal th,sa id tha t t he consu mpt ion of unheal thy food should be seen to be jus t as da maging as so mking or excess ive dr inking.
“Th i r ty years ago,i t would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on s moking in the workpl ace or in pubs,and yet t hat is what we have now.Are we wil l ing to be jus t as courageous in respec t of obes i ty?I would sugges t tha t we should be,”sa id the leader of the U K’s chi ldren’s doctors.
Lans ley has a larmed hea l th ca mpaigners by sugges t ing he wants indust ry ra ther than govern ment t o take the lead.He sa id tha t manufac turers of cr i sps and candies could play a centra l ro le in the Change4Li fe campaign,the cent repiece of government ef for t s to boos t hea l thy ea t ing and f i tness.He has a lso cr i t ic i sed the ce lebr i ty chef Jamie Ol i ver’s h igh-prof i le a t tempt to improve school lunches in England as an exa mple of how“l ec tur ing”people was not the bes t way to change the i r behaviour.
Stephenson sugges ted potent ia l res t r ic t ions could inc lude banning T V adver t i sements for foods high in fa t,sa l t or sugar before9p m and l imi t i ng them on bi l lboards or in c inemas.“I f we were rea l ly bold,we might even begin to th ink of high-ca lor ie fas t food in the same way as c igare t tes–by se t t ing s t r ic t l i mits on adver t i s ing,product place ment and sponsorsh ip of spor t s events,”he sa id.
Such a move could af fec t f i rms such as Mc Donald’s,which sponsors t he youth coaching sche me run by the Footba l l Assoc ia t ion.Fas t-food chains should a lso s top offer ing“induce ments”such as toys,cute animals and mobi l e phone credi t to lure young cus tom ers,Stephenson sa id.
Professor Dinesh Bhugra,pres ident of the Roya l Col lege of Psychia t r i s t s, sa id:“I f chi ldren are taught about the impact that food has on the i r growth,and tha t so me th ings can harm,at leas t informat ion is avai lab le up front.”
He also urged counc i l s t o impose“f a s t-food-f ree zones”a round schools and hosp i ta l s–a reas wi th in which takeaways cannot open.
A Depar tment of Heal th spokesperson sa id:“We need to crea te a new vis i on fo r publ ic hea l th where al l of soc ie ty works toge ther to ge t hea l thy and l ive longer. This inc ludes crea t ing a new‘r espons ib i l i ty deal’wi th bus iness,bui l t on soc ia l respons ib i l i ty,not s ta te regula t https://www.doczj.com/doc/7c19324844.html,ter th is year,we wi l l publ i sh a whi t e paper se t t ing out exac t ly how we wi l l achieve th is.”
The food indus t ry wi l l be a la rmed tha t such sen i or doc to rs back such radi ca l m oves,especia l ly the cal l to use so me of the tough tac t ics tha t have been deployed aga ins t smoking over the las t decade.
[A]“f a t taxes”shou ld be imposed on fas t-food
producers such as Mc Dona ld’s.
41.Andrew Lans ley he ld tha t[B]the government should ban fas t-food out le t s
in the ne ighborhood of schools.
42.Terence Stephenson agreed[C]“l ec tu r ing”was an ef fec t ive way to improve
tha t school lunches in England.
43.Jamie Ol iver seemed to[D]cigarette-style warnings should be
be l ieve tha t introduced to ch i ld ren about the dangers of
a poor d ie t.
44.Dinesh Bhugra sugges ted[E]the producers of cr i sps and candi es cou ld
tha t cont r ibu te s ign i f i can t ly t o the Change4Li fe
campaign.
45.A Depar tment of Heal th[F]paren t s should se t good examples fo r the i r
spokesperson proposed tha t ch i ld ren by keep ing a hea l thy die t a t ho me.
[G]the govern ment should s t rengthen the sense
of respons ib i l i ty among bus inesses.
Sec t ion I I I Trans la t ion
46.Direct ions:
In th i s sec t ion there is a tex t in Engl i sh.Transl a t e i t in to Chinese.Wri t e your t r ans la t ion on A NS W E R S H EET2.(15poin t s)
W ho would have thought tha t,g loba l ly,the IT indus t ry produces about t he same volume of greenhouse gases as the wor ld’s a i r l ines do–roughly2percen t of a l l C O2e miss ions?
M any everyday tasks take a surpr i s ing to l l on the envi ron ment.A Google search can leak between0.2and7.0grams of C O2,depending on how many at tempts are needed to get the“r ight”answer.To del iver resul t s to i t s users quickly,then,Google has to mainta in vas t da ta cent res around the wor ld,packed with powerfu l co mputers.Whi le producing large quant i t ies of C O2,these co mputers emi t a grea t dea l of hea t,so the cent res need to be wel l a i r-condi t ioned, w hich uses even more energy.
H o wever,Google and other big tech providers moni tor the i r ef f ic iency c lose ly and make improve ments.Moni tor ing is the f i r s t s tep on the road to reduct ion,but there is much more to be done,and not jus t by big co mpanies.
Sec t ion IV Wri t ing
Part A
47.Direc t ions:
Suppose your cous in Li Ming has jus t been ad m i t t ed to a univers i ty.Writ e him/her a le t te r to
1)congra tu la te h im/he r,and
2)g ive h im/her sugges t ions on how to ge t prepared for un ive rs i ty l i fe.
You shou ld wr i t e abou t100words on A NS W E R S H EET2.
Do not s ign your own nam e a t t he end of the le t t e https://www.doczj.com/doc/7c19324844.html,e“Zhang Wei”i ns tead.
Do not wr i t e t he address.(10po in t s)
Part B
48.Direct ions:
W ri te an essay based on the fo l lowing char t.In your wri t ing,you should
1)in te rpre t the char t and
2)g ive your com ments.
You should wr i te a t l eas t150words.
W ri te your essay on A NSW E R S H E ET2.(15poin t s)
2011年研究生入学考试英语二真题 Section I Use of English Directions：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web. Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ? Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cy ber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services. The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government. Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services. 12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a13 community. Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”. Still, the administration’s plan has16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality. The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题 Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web. Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ? Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nat ion’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the We b a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services. The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government. Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services. 12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a13 community. Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”. St ill, the administration’s plan has16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality. The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads. 1. A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden 2. A.for B.within C.while D.though 3. A.careless https://www.doczj.com/doc/7c19324844.html,wless C.pointless D.helpless 4. A.reason B.reminder https://www.doczj.com/doc/7c19324844.html,promise D.proposal 5. https://www.doczj.com/doc/7c19324844.html,rmation B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent 6. A.by B.into C.from D.over
2011考寻兵溢直至 Section 1 Use ofEngish Directions： Re ad the folownng text Choose rhe best word，' $) fa eadi numbered blank tmrk :A]. [B] |C] cr [D] on ANSAXTR SHEET1. ClOpows：- Anaent Greek philos)pher AnsoCe \iewtd iautfter asPbaEy exercise pr^acus to heath But _1 sane clasns ? caitrans laugta^ probatty tas lite influence on physical ￡ue$s Laugher does _2 _____ shcrbiermcha^e $ in the funcxn M tte heart and its blood wssels. ___________ 3_ Iran rate andoxv^cn consunpticn But because hard laugher is difficilt to __4_, a good lavgh widely to have _5 __________________ benefits aie way, say, walicng orjegging (Joes. _6_. inwdef ttrahinc nvseks to build them, itexerate doe& la空fg ipparenCy ac^crrptehes the _ 7_?smdie? daring ba de to rhe lQ3O s ndirate that laughrer_ 8__ nusdes. 湖tdre fa to 45 nimHM after the faugh dewn Sudi txxhls leaaioiinii^ii conceivabh trip _9_ (he effects of psvetofogieal stress. Anyway, the aciofUi^lw^ proVatb (ixspioiuce vdri upesof _______________ 10 __ feedback? ihaiiinpovr an ndiudual* s eniQUoxial star. _ 11 _____ oar classical ilx ocj of emo son , wi fetkigs aic pai nil) iwtcd 12 P A，LQ U K，C B LS II irgued aithc cad of de 19th ccatun ihit Iwuaa: w not ay 13 axe sadtwehey become sadwUndr teaxsVegu IQ flow. Although sadne^ iko ______ 14 __ tern. e\ 诙ire ag^ste tbit emoboas canfow_15_ mut^utar re^otiws In anexp^rirwit puHhhed in 19S8, toral pn^tologisr Fritr Strack rfAe Unwrsity of w^irzburg m Gemiany asked vo：wteers to _16 __________________ a prn either wth their teeti thMeH cr^anng an am final 5fnle 一or Mth their 邱s? which would produce a 2011年硕士研究生入学考试英语(二) 真题及参考答案Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The Internet affords anonymity to its users，a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web. Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ？ Last month，Howard Schmidt，the nation's cyber-czar，offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a "voluntary trusted identity" system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key，a fingerprint and a photo ID card，all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card，or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services. The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join，and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver's license 10 by the government. Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these"single sign-on" systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services. 12 .the approach would create a "walled garden" n cyberspace，with safe "neighborhoods" and bright "streetlights" to establish a sense of a 13 community. Mr. Schmidt described it as a "voluntary ecosystem" in which "individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ，trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs". Still，the administration's plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach；others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet "drive's license" mentality. The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts，who worry that the "voluntary ecosystem" envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves，in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads. 1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden 2011年考研英语(二)真题及参考答案 Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The Internet affords anonymity to its users，a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web. Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ？ Last month，Howard Schmidt，the nation's cyber-czar，offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a "voluntary trusted identity" system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key，a fingerprint and a photo ID card，all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card，or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services. The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join，and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver's license 10 by the government. Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these"single sign-on" systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services. 12 .the approach would create a "walled garden" n cyberspace，with safe "neighborhoods" and bright "streetlights" to establish a sense of a 13 community. Mr. Schmidt described it as a "voluntary ecosystem" in which "individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ，trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs". Still，the administration's plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach；others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet "drive's license" mentality. The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts，who worry that the "voluntary ecosystem" envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves，in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads. 1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden 2． A.for B.within C.while D.though 3． A.careless https://www.doczj.com/doc/7c19324844.html,wless C.pointless D.helpless 4． A.reason B.reminder https://www.doczj.com/doc/7c19324844.html,promise D.proposal 5． https://www.doczj.com/doc/7c19324844.html,rmation B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent 绝密★启用前 2011年全国硕士研究生招生考试 英语（二） （科目代码：204） ☆考生注意事项☆ 1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡 指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。 2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷 条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。 3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须 书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。 4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂 写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。 5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。 （以下信息考生必须认真填写） 考生编号 考生姓名 Sec t ion I Use of Engl i sh Direct ions: Read the fo l lowing tex t . Choose the bes t word(s) for each nu mbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on A N S W E R S H EET 1. (10 poi nts ) The In te rne t af fords anony mi ty to i t s users , a blessing to pr ivacy and freedom of speech . But tha t very anony mity is a lso behind the explos ion of cyber -c r ime tha t has Can pr ivacy be prese rved seems increas ing ly 3 ? Las t month , Ho ward Sch midt , the na t ion ’s cyber -cza r , of fe red the federa l govern ment a to make the W eb a safer place – a “vo luntary t rus ted ident i ty ” sys tem tha t would be the high-tech of a phys ica l key , a 1 across the Web . 2 br ing ing safe ty and secur i ty to a wor ld tha t 4 5 f ingerpr in t and a photo ID card , a l l ro l led smar t ident i ty card , or a dig i ta l credent ia l 6 one . The sys tem might use a to a speci f ic co mputer , and 7 w ould authen t ica te users at a range of onl ine serv ices . The idea is to a federa t ion of pr iva te onl ine iden t i ty sys tems . Use rs could which sys tem to jo in , and only regis te red users whose ident i t ies have been authent ica ted could naviga te those sys tems. The approach cont ras t s with one tha t would require an In te rne t dr iver ’s l icense 10 by the govern ment . Google and Microsof t ar e among co mpanies tha t a l ready have these “s ingle 8 9 s ign-on ” sys tems tha t make i t poss ib le for users to many di f fe ren t serv ices . 11 jus t once but use 12 , the approach would crea te a “wa l led garden ” in cyberspace , wi t h safe “ne ighborhoods ” and br ight “s t ree t l ights ” t o es tabl i sh a sense of a co m muni ty . 13 Mr. Sch midt descr ibed i t as a “vo luntary ecosys t e m ” in which “ind iv idual s and organiza t ions can co mple te onl ine t ransact ions wi th 14 , t rus t ing the ident i t i es of each other and the ident i t ies of the inf ras t ruc ture 15 which the t ransac t ion runs .” St i l l , the ad minis t ra t ion ’s plan has 16 pr ivacy r igh ts ac t iv is t s . So me applaud the approach; others are concerned . I t see ms clear tha t such a sche me is an in i t ia t ive push toward what would 17 be a co mpulsory Interne t “dr iver ’s l i cense ” menta l i ty . The plan has a lso been gree ted wi th 18 by so me co mputer secur i ty exper t s , who worry tha t the “vo luntary ecosys tem ” envis ioned by Mr. Sch midt w ould s t i l l leave much of the Interne t 19 . They argue tha t a l l In terne t users should be 20 to regis ter and ident i fy them selves , in the sa me way that drivers must be l icensed to dr ive on publ ic roads . 2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试(英语二)真题及参考答案 Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web. Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ? Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services. The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government. Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on”systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services. 12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community. Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities 2011年考研英语二真题及参考答案 Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web. Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ? Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services. The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government. Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services. 12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community. Mr. Schmidt describ ed it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”. Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality. The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads. 1.A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden 2.A.forB.withinC.whileD.though2011年考研英语二真题及答案解析
2011年考研英语(二)真题及参考答案(完整版)
2011年考研英语二真题(可复制搜索查词)
2011年考研英语二真题及答案
2011年考研英语二真题及参考答案
相关主题
文本预览