学术类雅思写作教案
Description 描写 Description is a mental process, a way of perceiving objects in space and time. As it pertains to composition, description is a way of picturing images verbally in speech or writing and of arranging those images in logical or associational pattern. Generally, description is concerned with people, places, and things. But in academic writing, especially in IELTS, you have to write a simple description of an object, a process or some data. According to this requirement, two writing techniques are mainly concerned in IELTS when writing a description. They are: static description and process description. Static Description (静物描述) Very often we have to describe the appearance or layout of something. We shall refer to this as static description. In IELTS, you may be required to write a description about an aerosol container, a camera or a microwave oven. When describing such things a number of features may be contained: shape, size, color, location of parts and condition. Usually in writing static description the following principles should be observed: (1)Your description should be well organized, eg general to particular, more important to less important, front to back, top to bottom, etc. (2)You should offer the reader a clear picture in his mind of what you are describing (3)The details must be correct (4)You ought to stick to the important parts. A Relay A relay is a switching device for opening and closing one or more electrical circuits on receipt of an electric signal. A simple kind of relay consists of two parts: a switch in high voltage circuit which is operated by a spring loaded armature and a low voltage electro-magnetic circuit The electro-magnet comprises a soft iron core shaped like a horseshoe. Each arm of the core has a coil would around it. The coils are connected to each other and to a battery through an on\off switch. In writing static description, the following words are quite useful: above below over underneath at the front of at the back to the left to the right in the middle near close to apart on top of at the foot of at the base of at the bottom of on the side on the other side within inside circle vertical line hyperbolic curve Process Description (过程描述) A process is a series of actions ,changes ,functions, steps, stages, procedures, or operations that bring about a particular end or result. Like narration, process suggests ongoing movement and continuous action. The rhetorical structure of a process may be conveyed by a simple pattern: Introduction (thesis) Step 1 Step 2 Conclusion ( summary and so forth) Describing How to Do Something In describing how to do something the main thing is to arrange the information so that
Distance learning and online computer courses would replace traditional classroom learning. Descriptions of the changes wrought by the information revolution have scientifically proven how advanced and civilized our society is becoming. Recently, New York Times published a lengthy article on the University of Phoenix --- a virtual university that offers accredited degrees for coursework performed entirely on the Internet. However, some people doubt if this trend will bring us benefits. Admittedly, from an enlightened and pragmatic perspective, I, personally, would assert that it's the time for alternative teaching methodologies to take the leading position from traditional classroom learning. Not only the supporters of alternative learning, but also, I suppose, all of us could not deny the time-effectiveness and individualization that it brings to us. Unlike the traditional classroom learning which requires students to physically participate in class , distance learning and online computer courses allow students who for various reasons could not come to the classroom to customize their class schedules. For instance, a single working mother, who has to work full-time in order to pay checks, cannot fit the curriculum schedule in a real classroom, but might have a larger possibility to enroll some courses through distance learning and online computer courses. That is, alternative learning styles turn the "mission impossible" in old days into a real and practical action right now. Besides, it is alternative learning styles that enhance the quality and efficiency of individual learning. In most cases, alternative learning styles outweigh traditional classroom learning for one noticeable success that problem-solving process where most students have learning difficulties and problems is highly highlighted. In traditional classrooms, class time is given so limited for teachers to identify students'
最高级和比较级 主语谓语最高级和比较级(宾语) than 英国在某方面花费的最多 Britain spent the most heavily on… 英国的花费高于其他国家 Britain spent more than other countries. 德国花的只比法国多 Germany only spent more than France. 主系表结构 意大利的花销只比法国多一点 Italy’s spending is only marginally greater than that of France. 英国的花费高于其他国家 British spending is considerably higher than that of other countries. 西班牙是最受欢迎的度假胜地。 Spain is the most popular holiday destination. 被动语态 女性失业率高于男性的。 More women are unemployed than men. 红色车的销量较高。 Far more red cars are sold. 英国在玩具上的花费高于其他国家 More money was spent on toys in Britain than in other countries. 女性的失业率最高 The highest percentage of women are unemployed. The unemployment rate for females is the highest. 位居中间maintain middle position 表示比较的连接词 By comparison = in contrast = by contrast: 对比来说, Compared with A = in contrast to A :和A对比来说, On the contrary = conversely: 相反 数字连接词修饰词 at \with\ reaching the figure of some\approximately\more or less\ just over\just under\ number or so The number of visitors to France and Germany reached 3million and 5million respectively 相等be equal to 主谓宾结构中常用动词 Spend Consume Consider mention cite prefer\favor\appeal to enjoy\have \own Suffer hoose 最the most 最不the least
On the Delay of Geographical Caching Methods in Two-Tiered Heterogeneous Networks
Abstract We consider a hierarchical network that consists of mobile users, a two-tiered cellular network (namely small cellsand macro cells) and central routers, each of which follows a Poisson point process (PPP). In this scenario, small cells with limited-capacity backhaul are able to cache content under a given set of randomized caching policies and storage constraints. Moreover, we consider three different content popularity models, namely fixed content popularity, distance-dependent and load-dependent,in order to model the spatio-temporal behavior of users’ content request patterns. We derive expressions for the average delay of users assuming perfect knowledge of content popularity distributions and randomized caching policies. Although the trend of the average delay for all three content popularity models is essentially identical, our results show that the overall performance of cached-enabled heterogeneous networks can be substantially improved, especially under the load dependentcontent popularity model. Besides, Because of the limitation of research conditions, the total network delay, network cost and optimization of network parameters are not analyzed. Keywords: edge caching, Poisson point process, stochastic geometry, mobile wireless networks, 5G Introduction It is known that content caching in 5G heterogeneous wireless networks improves the system performance, and is of high importance in limited-backhaul scenarios. Most existing literature focuses on the characterization of key performance metrics neglecting the backhaul limitations and the spatio-temporal content popularity profiles. In this work, we analyze the gains of caching in heterogeneous network deployment, and consider the average delay as a performance metric. Firstly we use passion point process (PPP) method to build the model. This heterogeneous network consists of mobile terminals (users), cache-enabled s mall base stations (SBSs), macro base stations (MBSs)
雅思写作-地图 第一段：改写题目 主要句式：图表名称+动词+描述主题+时间 图表名称：The diagram/map/picture 动词：show/illustrate/give information about/indicate 描述主题：1. The development/change of 某地方。2. How +某个地方+changed/developed. 3. The development/the change that has taken place +某个地方。 举例子： 1.The maps show the development of Stokeford village over an 80 years period from 1930 to 2010. 2.The diagrams illustrate some changes to a small island which has been developed for tourism. 3.The two pictures compare the layout of a school as it was in the year 2004 with a proposed/planned/projected/expected site design for the year 202 4. 4. The diagrams show West Park Secondary School at three different stages in its development: 1950, 1980 and 2010. 第二段：总结主要特征。 一般来说选取一两个最重大的变化特征。或者从全局来看，描述最显著的变化。同时还可以从地图功能的变化阐述其主要变化，比如说可以容纳更多学生，转变成居民区了，或者是旅游／娱乐设施完善了。 主要句式： 1. It is clear that +某地方+has changed considerably with the construction of some new facilities. It is clear that the island has changed considerably with the introduction of tourism. 2.数量+new features can be seen in the second diagram. Six new features can be seen in the second diagram. 3. The main developments are that + 句子（描述一个或两个重大变化） The main developments are that the island is accessible and visitors have somewhere to stay. 4. It is clear that the main change for+ 时间
雅思写作基础段教学大纲 课程名称：雅思写作基础段 课程周期：16小时 课程安排：2小时 / 次；共8次 教学目标： 教学安排： 第一次：雅思写作task 1整体介绍；task 1常用词汇及运用 第二次：雅思写作task 1常见图表介绍及相应的表达 第三次：雅思写作task 2整体介绍和常用词汇及运用 第四次：雅思写作task 2分类介绍与背景构建 第五次：雅思写作task 2常用表达运用及强化进阶 第六次：雅思写作task 1 和task 2 混合基础分场景共建 第七次：雅思写作task 1和task 2混合表达及词汇共建 第八次：雅思写作基础段总结及强化段铺垫与衔接 雅思写作强化段教学大纲 课程名称：雅思写作强化段 课程周期：12小时 课程安排：2小时 / 次；共6次 教学目标： 在进行了起步段和基础段之后，通过强化段的课程来帮助学生更深入地理解雅思写作考试。帮助学生解决备考中的关键性问题——思维发散。通过强化段的课程来提高学生在雅思写 作方面的应试能力。 教学安排： 第一次：雅思写作task 1图表分类强化 第二次：雅思写作task 1图表分类强化 第三次：雅思写作task 1图表分类强化 第四次：雅思写作task 2分类强化 第五次：雅思写作task 2分类强化 第六次：雅思写作task 2分类强化篇二：定制雅思教学计划 雅思阅读【总学时】 24学时 教材选用 《剑桥雅思考试全真试题4-9》外语教研社 第一阶段：第一个月（4次*2h） 教学重点：基础词汇积累&定位信息，关键词的基本能力 授课内容： 1，扩充雅思基础阅读词汇。 2，学会寻找关键词，在原文中快速定位，教授雅思阅读中常见的3种题型：1heading sentence(找标题)summary(摘要填空) ture/false/not given(是非题) 再陈述与推理及true, false, not given 题的技巧。 培养学生雅思判断题需要的逻辑思维 4，教会学生读文章的步骤，利用文章中的图片图表信息做题。 模考安排：每4次课一次单科模考和分析反馈 第二阶段：第二个月（4次*2h） 教学重点：猜词与复杂句，基本题型的操练 授课内容：1，词根，词缀，词性，利用上下文猜词的能力；十大句子关系。 学会如何判断词性，句子成分，如何判断区分有用与无用的生词。 3，快速找到复杂句的重点，根据复杂句完成简单的问题；
雅思小作文必备词汇 图表chart = graph = diagram 直线line 曲线curve 柱bar /column 饼pie 表table = figures = statistics the thin（细线） / thick（粗线） / broken（虚线） / dotted（点线） line 表明，表示，阐明show , give information about，reveal，indicate，demonstrate 直线图类词汇 (上升类动词)Increase------------ decrease (下降类动词) go up-------------- go down rise up-------------- fall down climb-----------------slide ascend --------------decline keep an upward tendency ----keep a downward tendency 波动动词类：fluctuate fluctuate upward / downward（波动向上/向下） 保持平稳类动词： keep / remain / maintain / stay unchanged / constant / stable（形容词，不变的） 修饰动词的副词： slightly 轻微地，slowly 缓慢地，gradually 逐渐地，steadily 稳定地，rapidly 迅速地，significantly 明显地，sharply 明显地，dramatically急剧地， 修饰名词的形容词： slight, slow, gradual, steady, rapid, moderate, significant, sharp, dramatic 大约，大概，左右类词汇：almost / approximately / around / roughly / more or less / nearly 时间from … to …/during the period/ between … and … / starting from ….
问题回答： 怎样选择雅思考试的考点？ 准备雅思写作考试需要背范文吗？、 写作考试应该先写task 1还是task 2? 作文字数如何掌控？ 作文里句子越长越难就越容易得高分吗？ 写作考试是否需要打草稿？ 作文考试时应该用什么样的格式和字迹 雅思作文中是否可以使用1，we和you 同样的意思是否用字数更多的英语表达才更拿分 开头段中是否必须表明自己的观点 在句首使用But或者So是否犯规 It can be argued that_ One argument put forward is that_ It is advised that… It is commonly accepted that… It is reported that_（注意可以用现在时） It is estimated that. . . It is generally recognized .that… ( recognize: BrE) 学术类写作的特殊要求 练习1 Wealthy parents shouldn’t spoil their children. Otherwise, their children will become too dependent on them. 分析：文体错误，雅思写作中不可以用缩写 练习2 Today , newspapers report lots of crimes in horrible detail. 分析：使用了非正式口语词汇lots of，写作里面如果修饰可数名词可以用numerous, a host of 或者a vast number of; 修饰不可数可以用a great deal of 练习3 The impact of tourism on these traditional neighborhoods must be analysed. 分析：英美拼写混淆。雅思考试明确规定：英式和美式拼写都可以接受，但是不接受把英美拼写在同一篇文章里面混用。 练习4 Serious crimes harm people’s lives. 分析：用词没有特色，每个词都是初中词汇，完全可以按下列方式替换： serious --- severe ( or grave) crime---offense ( or criminal act) harm ---damage ( or destroy/ undermine/ jeopardize) people --- individuals
雅思写作最失败的文章开头 废话连篇不知所云（喷血指数：☆☆☆） 典型失败案例：Topic 1-Should college students be allowed to get married? This topic is very interesting. I'm very interested in talking about this topic. Because I'm also a college student and I'm not married…… 修改方案：开门见山直奔主题 In my opinion, it would not be a wise decision to allow college students to get married. Topic 2-Will modern technology, such as the Internet, ever replace the book or the writing word as the sole source of information? （雅思真题） Ok, this topic is a very good topic. First, let me tell you a story: I have a friend, he likes go on the internet very much. Every day, he uses internet to read news or play internet games. So we can see the internet is more and more important in our daily life. Topic 3-The importance of environmental protection Oh, this topic is surely very important. Isn't it? Of
Lesson 2: Introductions ---- Four types of questions 1. Discussion Some people think that it is more effective for students to study in groups, while others believe that it is better for them to study alone. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Topic- study in groups or alone Answer- sometimes better alone, usually better in a group People have different views about the effectiveness of group study as opposed to working alone. While there are some benefits to studying independently, I believe that group work is usually more productive. 2. Opinion Some people believe that unpaid community service should be a compulsory part of high school programmers. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Topic- community service for all teenagers Answer- 3 choice (agree, disagree, balanced opinion) It is sometimes argued that high school students should be made to do some work in their local communities. (agree) I completely agree that this kind of scheme would be a good idea. (disagree) It is sometimes argued that high school students should be made to do some work in their local communities. In my opinion, it would be wrong to force teenagers to do any kind of unsalaried work. (want mention both side) It is sometimes argued that high school students should be made to do some work in their local communities. While I disagree with the idea of making such programmers compulsory, I do believe that voluntary community service could benefit young people. 3. Problem and solution Some people reoffend after they have been punished. Why do some people continue to commit crimes after they have been punished, and what measures can be taken to tackle this problem? Topic- criminals reoffend Answer- several reasons, a variety of measures (government, communities) It is true that punishments do not always deter criminals from committing more crimes. There are various reasons why offenders repeatedly break the law, but governments could certainly take steps to address this issue. 4. Two-part question As most people spend a major part of their adult life at work, job satisfaction is an important element of individual well-being. What factors contribute to job satisfaction? How realistic is the expectation of job satisfaction for all workers? Topic- job satisfaction Answer- several factors, unrealistic / impossible Work plays a central role in our lives, and we would all like to feel fulfilled professionally. While a variety of factors may lead to job satisfaction, it would be unrealistic to expect everyone to be happy at work.
常用万能句型： 1、Nothing has received more praise and abuse than something 译文：没有什么能像…这样毁誉参半。 2、There is no doubt that 译文：毫无疑问 3、The reason why + 句子~~~ is that + 句子 译文：之所以…主要在于 4 、So + 形容词+ be + 主词+ that + 句子（如此…以至于…） 译文：如此…因此 5、It is conceivable that + 句子 译文：可想而知 6 、Leave much to be desired 译文：…远不能令人满意 7、The most obvious reason for this phenomenon is that 译文：造成该现象的最主要原因在于 8 、A is to B what C is to D 译文：A 对于B 就恰如C对于D 9 、There are probably many reasons contributing to this phenomenon 译文：造成该现象的原因有许多。 10、When it comes to ……， 译文：一谈到… 11、No one can deny the fact that…
译文：没有人能否认 12、To be sure, the topic concerning ……can always attract our eyes 译文：无疑，有关…话题总是能够引起人们的关注 13、Never has …failed to fascinate us in modern society 译文：在当代社会…总是能够引起人们的关注 14、Simply put,… 译文：简而言之， 15、It is no overstatement to say that 译文：可以毫不夸张地说 16、…is a good case in point 译文：…就是一个绝佳的例子 17、People assume different attitudes towards this issue 译文：人们对该问题的观点不一而同。 18、As is widely-accepted,… 译文：众所周知， 19、To conclude,… 译文：总之， 20、Nothing is further from the truth than this opinion 译文：没有任罕菊净种说法比这种观点更加荒唐了。 21、There is an element of truth in both opinions 译文：这两种观点都有其可取之处。 22、Another consideration in this case is that…
雅思写作寒假班作业要求 老师：邹燕萍 第一节课 1 雅思写作概述15分钟 评分标准，相关范文 2 50天备考方法15分钟 3 语言部分之基础介绍1个半小时 五种基本语法成分+常见错误集合 作业：核心词汇（10组）背诵+ 百变语法（40个翻译题） 第二节课 1语言部分高级部分：如何写出更好的句子（1个小时40分钟） 非谓语+插入语+倒装+否定。。。 2 小作文部分基本介绍（20分钟） 评分标准细分+词汇+句式+句间关系 作业：小作文基础知识背诵+百变语法（40个翻译题） 第三节课 1 小作文之曲线图55分钟 2 饼状图20分钟 3 柱状图35分钟 作业：线图，提交三套饼状图模板，柱状图 The graph below shows people’s life expectancy in five different countries from 1970 to 2010. Summarise the information by reporting and selecting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
第四节课 1 表格图25分钟 2 流程地图80分钟 5 大作文基本类型15分钟 作业：表格图1个，流程图1篇
第五节课 1 开头段55分钟 2 分论点提出方法55分钟 经济原则+身心健康+文化+时间效率+环境 3 引用法导入10分钟 作业：5个框架+开头段 开头段作业 1 Some people think that universities should provide graduates with the knowledge of skills needed in the workplace in the future. Others think that the true function of university is to give access to knowledge for its own sake. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 2 Maintaining public libraries is a waste of money since computer technology is now replacing their functions. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 3 Students at schools and universities learn for more from lessons with teachers than from other sources. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 4 International travel sometimes makes people more prejudiced rather than board-minded. What are the main reasons of this phenomenon? 5 Some people think that studying in a college or university is the best way for students to prepare for their future career. But others think that they should leave school as soon as possible to develop their career through work experience. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 第六节课 1 引用法论证25分钟