驱动桥设计
随着汽车对安全、节能、环保的不断重视，汽车后桥作为整车的一个关键部件，其产品的质量对整车的安全使用及整车性能的影响是非常大的，因而对汽车后桥进行有效的优化设计计算是非常必要的。
驱动桥处于动力传动系的末端，其基本功能是增大由传动轴或变速器传来的转矩,并将动力合理地分配给左、右驱动轮，另外还承受作用于路面和车架或车身之间的垂直力力和横向力。驱动桥一般由主减速器、差速器、车轮传动装置和驱动桥壳等组成。
驱动桥作为汽车四大总成之一，它的性能的好坏直接影响整车性能，而对于载重汽车显得尤为重要。驱动桥设计应当满足如下基本要求：
1、符合现代汽车设计的一般理论。
2、外形尺寸要小，保证有必要的离地间隙。
3、合适的主减速比，以保证汽车的动力性和燃料经济性。
4、在各种转速和载荷下具有高的传动效率。
5、在保证足够的强度、刚度条件下，力求质量小，结构简单，加工工艺性好，制
造容易，拆装，调整方便。
6、与悬架导向机构运动协调，对于转向驱动桥，还应与转向机构运动协调。
智能电子技术在汽车上得以推广使得汽车在安全行驶和其它功能更上一层楼。通过各种传感器实现自动驾驶。除些之外智能汽车装备有多种传感器能充分感知交通设施及环境的信息并能随时判断车辆及驾驶员是否处于危险之中，具备自主寻路、导航、避撞、不停车收费等功能。有效提高运输过程中的安全，减少驾驶员的操纵疲劳度，提高乘客的舒适度。当然蓄电池是电动汽车的关键，电动汽车用的蓄电池主要有：铅酸蓄电池、镍镉蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、锂电池、锌—空气电池、飞轮电池、燃料电池和太阳能电池等。在诸多种电池中，燃料电池是迄今为止最有希望解决汽车能源短缺问题的动力源。燃料电池具有高效无污染的特性，不同于其他蓄电池，其不需要充电，只要外部不断地供给燃料，就能连续稳定地发电。燃料电池汽车(FCEV)具有可与内燃机汽车媲美的动力性能，在排放、燃油经济性方面明显优于内燃机车辆。
另外，设计必须得考虑所选择材料的可加工性能。一种材料的可机加工性通常以四种因素的方式定义：
1分的表面光洁性和表面完整性。
2刀具的寿命。
3切削力和功率的需求。
4切屑控制。
以这种方式，好的可机加工性指的是好的表面光洁性和完整性，长的刀具寿命，低的切削力和功率需求。关于切屑控制，细长的卷曲切屑，如果没有被切割成小片，以在切屑区变的混乱，缠在一起的方式能够严重的介入剪切工序。
因为剪切工序的复杂属性，所以很难建立定量地释义材料的可机加工性的关系。在制造厂里，刀具寿命和表面粗糙度通常被认为是可机加工性中最重要的因素。尽管已不再大量的被使用，近乎准确的机加工率在以下的例子中能够被看到。
通常，零件的可机加工性能是根据以下因素来定义的：表面粗糙度，刀具的寿命，切削力和功率的需求以及切屑的控制。材料的可机加工性能不仅取决于起内在特性和微观结构，而且也依赖于工艺参数的适当选择与控制。
拖臂悬架
结合起来的一种行为,semi-trailing-arm落后表现出轴。它是用来驱动的汽车前面。如果轴经验,它就像一卷悬垂态的手臂。扭转刚度的摩天大楼,这活象一个stabiliser 酒吧。如果两个轮子的旅行经历相同的悬架(例如在球场的汽车)轴表现得像个拖臂悬架。
梁式轴(Four-Link-Style)
前面的一辆汽车后轴,不必有相同的高度为他们的卷中心。辊轴轴线上,这是经过辊子的中心——和后轴,看到前面的图。
辊轴
如果一个横向力的重心,导致层(fom)上面的重心轴的卷必须补偿片刻所致。由于一些弹簧悬辊。这一刻之间分配方面和后桥有赖于相对弹簧刚度的前面,与后轴,整体侧倾角(这是一样的,和后轴)取决于总和的悬架刚度(前加上后方)。传送到地面的瞬间,没有任何卷的整体车辆通过应用侧向力轴向前滚动的位置(在CG)。(注:如果滚动的轴,剩下的扭矩,CG必须补偿汽悬泉会像一辆摩托车内倾斜。这一幕的分布与后轴会,计算了分别计算各轴的位置,by-using相应的axle-using卷中心的一部分的事实,轮轴
横向力所承受的一部分,与正常负荷、轮轴必须随身携带
不同的例子
一个有限的特点,防滑差速器有点不同,不同的风格，一个自锁装置。
这个Torsen?风格差异;(从扭矩遥感)行为非常快(并可能严厉的)。在较低的输入扭矩的差动齿轮只是轻轻负载和移动，自由敞开的装置。随着力矩和速度起落架网格，大米和两个输出轴锁在一起。扭矩比(high-torque-wheel除以low-torque-wheel)不等,2.5:1 max。7:1,Torsen II的风格，从3:1来1.8:1(根据齿轮,齿轮表面处理的角度,类型的滚子轴承(平原,…)
达纳Trac-Loc?limited-slip差的(见图)包含一些预紧
通过弹簧离合器片、贝尔维尔)提供了一定的静态启动扭矩已经在零输入扭矩。
蜘蛛齿轮,齿轮啮合侧设计那样(楔形齿),增加输入扭矩将增加的负担,提高离合器盘的锁轴。
独立的粘性微分锁的扭矩,但反应速度与输出轴之间的差异。包括离合器片没有机械接触,但是很紧的间隙,使粘滞摩擦提供扭矩的转让。注意,粘稠的差距在很光滑,有一定的时间延迟,作为粘度增加与所产生的热量(指的是特殊的液体是合宜的齿厚)。这使得操作容易使用汽车(虽然可以街是太慢了有些应用)。
Design of driving axle
As the car to safety, energy saving, the constant attention to environmental protection, vehicle after vehicle bridge as a key component, the quality of their products on the safe use of cars and car performance of a very large, so the car after Bridge Effectively optimize the design and calculation is very necessary.
Drive Bridge at the end of powertrain, its basic function is to increase came from the drive shaft or transmission of torque and power reasonably allocated to the left and right driving wheel and also bear in the role of the road and trailers or Body of power between the vertical and horizontal force. Drive from the main bridge general reducer, differential and the wheels, transmission and drive axle components, such as Shell.
Bridge drive a vehicle with one of the four trains, its performance will have a direct impact on vehicle performance, and it is particularly important for the truck. Drive bridge should be designed to meet the following basic requirements:
a) a suitable main slowdown than to ensure that the car from the best power and fuel economy.
b) small form factor to ensure that the necessary ground clearance.
c) transmission gears and other parts of a smooth, noise.
d) in various load and speed of transmission with high efficiency.
e) to ensure adequate strength, stiffness conditions, should strive for the quality of small, in particular the quality of the spring as possible, to improve the car ride.
f) suspension and body-oriented movement coordination, the drive to the bridge, should also be coordinated with the campaign steering mechanism.
g) simple structure, processing technology and good, easy to manufacture, enables easy adjustment..
Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities and to judge whether the vehicles and drivers in danger, has the independent
pathfinding, navigation, avoid bump, no parking fees etc. Function. Effectively improve the safe transport of manipulation, reduce the pilot fatigue, improve passenger comfort. Of course battery electric vehicle is the key, the electric car battery mainly has: the use of lead-acid batteries, nickel cadmium battery, the battery, sodium sulfide sodium sulfide lithium battery, the battery, the battery, the flywheel zinc - air fuel cell and solar battery, the battery. In many kind of cells, the fuel cell is by far the most want to solve the problem of energy shortage car. Fuel cells have high pollution characteristics, different from other battery, the battery, need not only external constantly supply of fuel and electricity can continuously steadily. Fuel cell vehicles (FCEV) can be matched with the car engine performance and fuel economy and emission in the aspects of superior internal-combustion vehicles.
Keyword: drive axle differential bridge reducer Bridge shell
This is an ANSYS optimum design for driving axle housing of a off-road vehicle.
Firstly, the author established a three-dimensional model of the driving axle. States of stress in different working conditions were analyzed. Furthermore, the maximum pressure of driving axle was achieved.
And then, the three-dimensional model was imported into ANSYS, with some other manipulations, such as meshing, adding degree of freedom, applying surface loads, etc. States of stress of driving axle were calculated with the results exported.
Finally, this paper carried out the optimum design according to the target of minimizing the qualitative properties and homogenizing the distribution of stresses. The
Confirmatory analysis showed that this design measured up to the engineering requirement. MACHINABILITY
The machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors:
1、S urface finish and integrity of the machined part;
2、T ool life obtained;
3、F orce and power requirements;
4、C hip control.
Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not
broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone.
Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important
factors in
machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below.
SUMMARY
Machinability is usually defined in terms of surface finish, tool life, force and power requirements, and chip control. Machinability of materials depends not only on their intrinsic properties and microstructure, but also on proper selection and control of process variables.
A combination of trailing- and semi-trailing-arm behaviour shows the following axis. It is used for front driven cars only. If the axle experiences roll, it behaves like a semi-trailing arm. The torsional stiffness counteracts the roll, by this acting like a stabiliser bar. If both wheels experience the same suspension travel (e.g. during pitch of the car) the axle behaves like a trailing arm suspension.
Beam Type Axle (Four-Link-Style)
Front- and rear-axle of a car needn't have the same hight for their roll center. The roll
axis is that axis, that goes through the roll center of front- and rear-axle, see following drawing:
Roll Axis
If a lateral force is applied at the center of gravity, the moment resulting fom the hight of the center of gravity above the roll axis has to be compensated by a moment caused by
the
suspension springs due to some roll. The distribution of this moment between front-
and rear axle depends on the relative spring stiffness of front- and rear-axle, the overall
roll angle (which is the same for front- and rear-axle) depends on the sum of the suspension stiffness (front plus rear).
The moment transmitted to the ground without any roll for the overall vehicle is given by the applied lateral force times the roll axis hight (at the position of CG). (Remark: If the
roll axis is above the CG, the remaining torque that has to be compensated by the
suspension springs would make the car lean inside like a motorcycle!).
The distribution of this moment between front- and rear-axle can be calculated by calculating each axle seperately, by-using the position of the roll center of the corresponding axle-using the fact that the part of lateral force, that the axle has to carry, corresponds to the
part of the normal load, the axle has
to carry
Differential Examples
The characteristics of a limited slip
differential are a little bit different
for different styles
of a self-locking device.
The Torsen? style differentials
(from TORque SENsing) act very
fast (and possibly
harsh). Under low input torque the
differential gears are only lightly
loaded and move
freely like an open device. With increasing torque (and speed) the gear meshes are
loaded up and the two output shafts are locked together. The torque ratio (high-torque-wheel divided by
low-torque-wheel) varies from max. 7:1 to 2.5:1, for the Torsen II style
from 3:1 to 1.8:1 (depending on gear angles, gear surface treatment, type of
bearing(plain, roller...)
The Dana Trac-Loc? limited-slip differential (see picture below) contains some preloaded (by Belleville springs) clutch plates, which provide a certain static breakout torque
already at zero input torque. The spider gear and side gear mesh are designed in that way (with wedge-shaped gear teeth), that increasing input torque will increase the load
on the clutch plates, by this increasing the locking of the axle.
Dana Trac-Loc? limited-slip differential
The viscous differential locks independent of of torques, but reacts to the speed differences between the output shafts. The contained clutch plates have no mechanical contact, but very tight clearances, so that the viscous friction provides the torque transfer. Note that viscous differentials set in very smooth, and with a certain time delay, as the
viscosity increases with the generated
heat (means the special fluid is
becoming
'thicker'). This makes the handling
easier for street use cars (while may be
too slow for
some racing applications).
On the vehicle sideslip angle estimation through neural networks: Numerical and experimental results. S. Melzi,E. Sabbioni Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 25 (2011)：14~28 电脑估计车辆侧滑角的数值和实验结果 S.梅尔兹,E.赛博毕宁 机械系统和信号处理2011年第25期：14~28
摘要 将稳定控制系统应用于差动制动内/外轮胎是现在对客车车辆的标准（电子稳定系统ESP、直接偏航力矩控制DYC）。这些系统假设将两个偏航率(通常是衡量板)和侧滑角作为控制变量。不幸的是后者的具体数值只有通过非常昂贵却不适合用于普通车辆的设备才可以实现直接被测量,因此只能估计其数值。几个州的观察家最终将适应参数的参考车辆模型作为开发的目的。然而侧滑角的估计还是一个悬而未决的问题。为了避免有关参考模型参数识别/适应的问题,本文提出了分层神经网络方法估算侧滑角。横向加速度、偏航角速率、速度和引导角,都可以作为普通传感器的输入值。人脑中的神经网络的设计和定义的策略构成训练集通过数值模拟与七分布式光纤传感器的车辆模型都已经获得了。在各种路面上神经网络性能和稳定已经通过处理实验数据获得和相应的车辆和提到几个处理演习(一步引导、电源、双车道变化等)得以证实。结果通常显示估计和测量的侧滑角之间有良好的一致性。 1 介绍 稳定控制系统可以防止车辆的旋转和漂移。实际上，在轮胎和道路之间的物理极限的附着力下驾驶汽车是一个极其困难的任务。通常大部分司机不能处理这种情况和失去控制的车辆。最近,为了提高车辆安全，稳定控制系统(ESP[1,2]; DYC[3,4])介绍了通过将差动制动/驱动扭矩应用到内/外轮胎来试图控制偏航力矩的方法。 横摆力矩控制系统（DYC）是基于偏航角速率反馈进行控制的。在这种情况下,控制系统使车辆处于由司机转向输入和车辆速度控制的期望的偏航率[3,4]。然而为了确保稳定，防止特别是在低摩擦路面上的车辆侧滑角变得太大是必要的[1,2]。事实上由于非线性回旋力和轮胎滑移角之间的关系，转向角的变化几乎不改变偏航力矩。因此两个偏航率和侧滑角的实现需要一个有效的稳定控制系统[1,2]。不幸的是,能直接测量的侧滑角只能用特殊设备(光学传感器或GPS惯性传感器的组合)，现在这种设备非常昂贵,不适合在普通汽车上实现。因此, 必须在实时测量的基础上进行侧滑角估计，具体是测量横向/纵向加速度、角速度、引导角度和车轮角速度来估计车辆速度。 在主要是基于状态观测器/卡尔曼滤波器(5、6)的文学资料里, 提出了几个侧滑角估计策略。因为国家观察员都基于一个参考车辆模型,他们只有准确已知模型参数的情况下，才可以提供一个令人满意的估计。根据这种观点,轮胎特性尤其关键取决于附着条件、温度、磨损等特点。 轮胎转弯刚度的提出就是为了克服这些困难,适应观察员能够提供一个同步估计的侧滑角和附着条件[7,8]。这种方法的弊端是一个更复杂的布局的估计量导致需要很高的计算工作量。 另一种方法可由代表神经网络由于其承受能力模型非线性系统，这样不需要一个参
The development of automobile As the world energy crisis and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy in one day someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not inresources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications the application of the electronic device cars and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance but also improve the automobile fuel economy performance reliability and emission spurification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system electronic control ignition system electronic control automatic transmission electronic control ABS/ASR control system electronic control suspension system electronic control power steering system vehicle dynamic control system the airbag systems active belt system electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response the use function of quick car high reliability guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example automatic transmission in road can not on the clutch can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter gear transmission pump hydraulic control system electronic control system and oil cooling system etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car car motions of state and optimum control performance and increased automobile adhesion controlling and stability. Besides these appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passengers safety and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer to protect the safety of life. Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities
附录 Modern car’s design always stresses people-oriented, so safety, comfort, Environmental protection and energy saving have been the design theme And target in car design. Ergonomics layout design is not only relate to the effective use of internal space and improve car’s comfort and safety Performance, but it will also impact internal and external modeling results, and further affects the vehicle's overall performance and marketability.Soergonomics’application and research during car design and development process occupy an important position.After more than 50 years of construction and development, China’s Automobile industry has become the leading power of automobile production and consumption in the world. In particular, with the rise and rapid de velopment of independent brand’s vehicles, we pay more attention To the development processes and the technical requirements of hard Points’ layout. Through the three typical processes such as modern vehicle developing Process, body development process and using ergonomic to progress Inner auto-body layout, describe ergonomic layoationship between design, Aunt design in which stage of the process of vehicle development, the red The importance of working steps. The automobile body total arrangement is the automobile design most initial is also the most essential step, is other design stage premise and the foundation, to a great extent is deciding the body design success or failure. Picks generally in the actual design process With by forward and reverse two design method (1) to design (from inside to outside law) to design method namely "humanist", is coming based on the human body arrangement tool to define the pilot and the crew member gradually rides the space and the vehicle comes to pay tribute each article the arrangement, take satisfies the human body to ride with the driving comfortableness as the premise, said simply is determined first satisfies the human body to ride under the comfortable premise, carries on the indoor arrangement first, then carries on the complete bikes external styling design again. The concrete method and the step are as follows: ①Determine 5% and 95% manikin H position and the chair by the SAE recommendation's enjoyable line or the region law adjustment traveling schedule, seat
到CAE方法它将节省大量的测试成本，及时指导车身的设计结构，提出优化方法; 有限元法已经成为在车身特性设计和分析过程中不可或缺的[3]。 在结构优化过程中，首先，敏感性分析应该是对的以设计变量的灵敏度来确定目标[4]然后根据灵敏度修改设计变量以获得最佳设计目标与约束条件。设计变量的灵敏度与A轻量级优化方法相关其目标函数是由客观因素的变化来衡量的单位设计变量的变化，灵敏度分析是opti的基础可以根据敏感度进行结构分析，优化结构分析，这将节省大量的计算时间并改进优化因此，在工业中期望提供一种改进的轻型汽车车身结构，特别是车身框架，其保持所需的强度，刚度和稳定性特性，以满足乘客安全和车辆性能标准。此外，身体结构应当可使用现有技术和材料制造，以实现减轻重量而不增加成本。此外，主体结构应该能够减少总成分，以进一步降低成本和制造时间。 2灵敏度分析的基本理论 从结构分析可以分为动态分析和静态分析两个方面，结构敏感性分析也可以分为动力敏感性分析和静态敏感性分析。动态灵敏度分析包括特征值灵敏度分析，传递函数灵敏度分析和动态响应敏感性分析。静态敏感性分析可以是压力，位移等。对于车辆，灵敏度分析是指车身刚度强度，自由模式和敏感性分析的应变能，部分结构参数包括材料厚度和横截面转动惯量[5 |。有两种计算灵敏度的方法，推导方法和伴随结构的方法。直接推导法，是亲由胡力构成R.Kapoor M.P，然后由许多人开发和推广人们在广泛的领域。直接推导法具有明显的物理意义概念，简单的数学理论方便计算可扩展从一阶敏感度到高阶灵敏度，因此是广泛的在工业领域[6]。 3 BIW扭转刚度分析 汽车BIW的有限元模型由769 862组成元素包括三角形元素和四边形元素重量为371.2公斤。为了比较车辆扭转刚度试验过程中的有限元分析模型需要使用直径为50 mm的梁单元进行模拟测试设备如图有限元边界条件分析模型如图1所示。 3，左右后方的震动塔都很硬点被限制在X，翻译DOF左右前方震动吸收塔受限于X方向DOF。负载被施加到两个前冲击塔的中心在垂直方向这是平等的，但与相反的方向。负载通过公式F = M / L获得，其中M是测试扭矩值，L是左右前冲击中心之间的距离塔。刚度结果与施加的扭矩无关，但对于目的是与试验结果进行比较，施加的扭矩为4000 Nm，进行试验过程如图1所示。 4。导出左右负载点的Z方向位移使用公式计算扭转刚度值，扭转刚度K如下： M施加扭矩; ts Z大号和AZ尺是负载点的Z方向位移;L是负载点之间的距离。轻量级指标[7]，是评估的关键因素之一车身结构的性能，通过车身扭转刚度和质量计算该越少越好轻
汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
汽车保险 汽车保险是在事故后保证自己的财产安全合同。尽管联邦法律没有强制要求，但是在大多数州（新罕布什和威斯康星州除外）都要求必须购买汽车保险；在各个州都有最低的保险要求。在鼻腔只购买汽车保险的两个州，如果没有足够的证据表明车主财力满足财务责任法的要求，那么他就必须买一份汽车保险。就算没有法律规定，买一份合适的汽车保险对司机避免惹上官和承担过多维修费用来说都是非常实用的。 依据美国保险咨询中心的资料显示，一份基本的保险单应由6个险种组成。这其中有些是有州法律规定，有些是可以选择的，具体如下： 1.身体伤害责任险 2.财产损失责任险 3.医疗险或个人伤害保护险 4.车辆碰撞险 5.综合损失险 6.无保险驾驶人或保额不足驾驶人险 责任保险 责任险的投保险额一般用三个数字表示。不如，你的保险经纪人说你的保险单责任限额是20/40/10，这就代表每个人的人身伤害责任险赔偿限额是2万美元，每起事故的热身上海责任险赔偿限额是4万美元，每起事故的财产损失责任险的赔偿限额是1万美元。 人身伤害和财产损失责任险是大多数汽车保险单的基础。要求汽车保险的每个州都强令必须投保财产损失责任险，佛罗里达是唯一要求汽车保险但不要求投保人身伤害责任险的州。如果由于你的过错造成了事故，你的责任险会承担人身伤害、财产损失和法律规定的其他费用。人身伤害责任险将赔偿医疗费和误工工资；财产损失责任险将支付车辆的维修及零件更换费用。财产损失责任险通常承担对其他车辆的维修费用，但是也可以对你的车撞坏的灯杆、护栏、建筑物等其他物品的损坏进行赔偿。另一方当事人也可以决定起诉你赔偿精神损失。
附录1 汽车的碰撞安全性越来越得到人们的重视,不论是对轿车、小客车或其它类型的车辆。由于进行碰撞试验往往需要许多时间与金钱,计算机仿真就是一条较好的方法。而且,汽车被动安全性研究的有限元方法的发展,非线性动力显式有限元方法的进步,使得利用计算机仿真来进行汽车安全性评价与改进成为可能。目前,各大汽车公司与研究机构已着手研究从仿真分析的结果中推演出进一步的修改方案,达到在汽车重量与碰撞特性等方面最优的研究。本文以提高汽车耐撞性为目标,以某型七座小客车的初步设计方案为基础,建立了用于正面碰撞仿真的前部碰撞有限元模型,并进行了计算机碰撞模拟,提出了改进方案,提高了汽车的被动安全性设计水平,从而提高了新车型满足碰撞全法规的成功率。 在对汽车进行碰撞性能有限元分析时,汽车整车的建模工作量巨大。本文中的整车有限元模型中的各个零件均由各零件的U G或CATIA 格式的几何模型转入HYPERME2SH 有限元建模软件并进行网格划分,再进行装配而成。碰撞分析的有限元模型的节点数和单元数都超过了14 万,规模较大。有限元分析软件采用LS2DYNA ,它是当前在汽车碰撞有限元仿真中应用较多的一个非线性动力显式有限元软件,它的主要算法采用Lagrangian 描述增量法,利用显示中心差分法离散时间域,积分时间步长大小受Courant 稳定性准则制约。 整车结构由100 多个元件装配而成。建模时,连接的刚度和强度根据实际情况确定。模型中的板壳单元以Be2lytschko - Tsay 四边形壳单元为主。而节点也分为常规节点和模拟部分焊点情况的带失效的固连。发动机和变速器在整车碰撞中的变形不予以考虑,其材料定义为刚性材料。车门和车体的连接是通过铰链和门锁固定的,在数值仿真中,通过约束对应节点的位移自由度建立球铰模型来模拟。 考虑到研究中仿真的碰撞方式是最为典型的正面碰撞,在正面碰撞过程中,A 柱前部的车身结构是变形吸能的主要器件,其变形的模式极为复杂,而中柱之后在碰撞过程中几乎不发生变形。为节省计算时间,将车身的前部单元划分较密,中柱之后则较稀。计算中采用弹性刚度沙漏控制。 按照CMVDR294 碰撞法规的要求,小客车以50km/ h的速度正面撞击刚性墙。设置的初始边界条件与实车实验的初始条件相同,模拟该车以50km/ h 的初速度正面撞击刚体墙。在有限元计算后进行后处理,并对模拟计算的结果进
汽车变速器设计 ----------外文翻译 我们知道，汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态，此时发出的功率比较大，燃油经济性也比较好。因此，我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。但是，汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度，这样就产生了矛盾。这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。 汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括，就叫做变速变扭，即增速减扭或减速增扭。为什么减速可以增扭，而增速又要减扭呢？设发动机输出的功率不变，功率可以表示为 N = w T，其中w是转动的角速度，T是扭距。当N固定的时候，w与T是成反比的。所以增速必减扭，减速必增扭。汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理，分成各个档位对应不同的传动比，以适应不同的运行状况。 一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴，又称三轴式，另外还有倒档轴。三轴式是变速器的主体结构，输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速，输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。不同的齿轮啮合就有不同的传动比，也就有了不同的转速。例如郑州日产ZN6481W2G型SUV车手动变速器，它的传动比分别是：1档3.704:１；2档2.202:1；3档1.414:1；4档1:1；5档（超速档）0.802:1。 当汽车启动司机选择1档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器向后接合1档齿轮并将它锁定输出轴上，动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的1档齿轮，1档齿轮带动输出轴，输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上（红色箭头）。典型1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1,也就是说输入轴转3圈，输出轴转1圈。 当汽车增速司机选择2档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器与1档分离后接合2档齿轮并锁定输出轴上，动力传递路线相似，所不同的是输出轴上的1档齿轮换成2档齿轮带动输出轴。典型2档变速齿轮传动比是2.2:1，输入轴转2.2圈，输出轴转1圈，比1档转速增加，扭矩降低。
Automobile Brake System汽车制动系统 The braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes. Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake. The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set. The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by the slave cylinders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the c ar. The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure). Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake, the control device forces brake shoes, or pads, against the rotating brake drum or disks at wheel. Friction between the shoes or pads and the drums or disks then slows or stops the wheel so that the car is braked.
驱动桥设计 随着汽车对安全、节能、环保的不断重视，汽车后桥作为整车的一个关键部件，其产品的质量对整车的安全使用及整车性能的影响是非常大的，因而对汽车后桥进行有效的优化设计计算是非常必要的。 驱动桥处于动力传动系的末端，其基本功能是增大由传动轴或变速器传来的转矩,并将动力合理地分配给左、右驱动轮，另外还承受作用于路面和车架或车身之间的垂直力力和横向力。驱动桥一般由主减速器、差速器、车轮传动装置和驱动桥壳等组成。 驱动桥作为汽车四大总成之一，它的性能的好坏直接影响整车性能，而对于载重汽车显得尤为重要。驱动桥设计应当满足如下基本要求： 1、符合现代汽车设计的一般理论。 2、外形尺寸要小，保证有必要的离地间隙。 3、合适的主减速比，以保证汽车的动力性和燃料经济性。 4、在各种转速和载荷下具有高的传动效率。 5、在保证足够的强度、刚度条件下，力求质量小，结构简单，加工工艺性好，制 造容易，拆装，调整方便。 6、与悬架导向机构运动协调，对于转向驱动桥，还应与转向机构运动协调。 智能电子技术在汽车上得以推广使得汽车在安全行驶和其它功能更上一层楼。通过各种传感器实现自动驾驶。除些之外智能汽车装备有多种传感器能充分感知交通设施及环境的信息并能随时判断车辆及驾驶员是否处于危险之中，具备自主寻路、导航、避撞、不停车收费等功能。有效提高运输过程中的安全，减少驾驶员的操纵疲劳度，提高乘客的舒适度。当然蓄电池是电动汽车的关键，电动汽车用的蓄电池主要有：铅酸蓄电池、镍镉蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、锂电池、锌—空气电池、飞轮电池、燃料电池和太阳能电池等。在诸多种电池中，燃料电池是迄今为止最有希望解决汽车能源短缺问题的动力源。燃料电池具有高效无污染的特性，不同于其他蓄电池，其不需要充电，只要外部不断地供给燃料，就能连续稳定地发电。燃料电池汽车(FCEV)具有可与内燃机汽车媲美的动力性能，在排放、燃油经济性方面明显优于内燃机车辆。 另外，设计必须得考虑所选择材料的可加工性能。一种材料的可机加工性通常以四种因素的方式定义： 1分的表面光洁性和表面完整性。
As the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not in resources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions purification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic control ignition system, electronic control automatic transmission, electronic control (ABS/ASR) control system, electronic control suspension system, electronic control power steering system, vehicle dynamic control system, the airbag systems, active belt system, electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response, the use function of quick car, high reliability, guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example, automatic transmission in road, can not on the clutch, can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout, not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter, gear transmission, pump, hydraulic control system, electronic control system and oil cooling system, etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and
汽车专业外文翻译-精品 2020-12-12 【关键字】情况、方法、环节、条件、动力、质量、模式、传统、系统、机制、主动、充分、现代、良好、执行、保持、发展、掌握、特点、位置、安全、稳定、需要、能力、方式、作用、标准、速度、设置、联动、分析、汇集、倾斜、调节、形成、满足、保证、优化、调整、方向、提高、控制力 第一部分：Suspension (1) The automatic gearbox (5) 第二部分： 汽车悬架 (7) 自动变速器…………………………………………………………………………………………Suspension The modern of in the car has two kinds of suspension, a kind of suspension is from move , another a kind of suspension is active of . From move an a function for, is from spring coil, reducing flapping machine( reduce to the flap ), leading to organization etc. constituting, it is vibration that impact to dies down roadecause this kind of can produce the function dint by oneself, therefore call active of . The active of is more than ten years to develop of, from a kind of new of that computer control, have three terms: (1) have to can produce the motive source of the function dint; (2) carry out a piece can deliver this kind of function dint combines it can continue the work; (3) have the variety spreads to feel the machine combines to concentrates the relevant data to micro-computer to proceed to carry to calculate to combine the decision controls the way.Therefore, active a technique for gathering together mechanics with electronics knowledge, is a kind of high technique that compare t pass the carriage dint, the reduces from the impact dint but causable loading system.Among them the spring coil rises primarily the function that deceleration pound at dint, reduce the main function that flap the machine is a to reduce the vibration.Because this kind of be driven by outside dint but rise function of, so call from move . But active a device for of in the control link installing can producing take out moving, adopt a kind of repress in suppressing the dint by dint the road face the impact dint of the carriage and the inclination dint of the carriage.B o sophisticate to equip. For example equip active an axis for of France snow iron dragon mulberry , the car's a system is speed, carriage that a micro-computer, have on the of the 5 kinds of spreading feels machine, distinguish to deliver to micro-computer the car soon, the ex- round system moves the pressure and step to move the accelerator pedal perpendicular flap and frequencies, change direction the dish angle and change direction flat-out etc. data directionally.The computer receives these datases continuously and with in advance the critical value that set up proceeds the comparison, choosing the homologous an appearance.At the same time, on micro-computer independence control each a car wheel of carry out a dollar a for, passing the control reduce to flap the machine inside hydraulic-pneumatic variety creation take out moving, from but can on any time, any car wheel creation meeting request a sport.Therefore, the mulberry bridge car has various driver's modes chooses, driving as long as pull to move to locate the vice- the " normal" on the instrument panel or" sport" button, car will establishes automatically in the best an appearance, in order to best and comfortable function. Moreover, active a function for having carriage sport of control.When the car system moves or turns a corner of inertial cause When the spring coil transform, active a dint for would producing