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汽车外文翻译

汽车外文翻译
汽车外文翻译

外文翻译

第一部分:Suspension (1)

The automatic gearbox (5)

第二部分:

汽车悬架 (7)

自动变速器…………………………………………………………………………………………Suspension

The modern of in the car has two kinds of suspension, a kind of suspension is from move , another a kind of suspension is active of .

From move an a function for, is from spring coil, reducing flapping machine( reduce to the flap ), leading to organization etc. constituting, it is vibration that impact to dies down roadecause this kind of can produce the function dint by oneself, therefore call active of .

The active of is more than ten years to develop of, from a kind of new of that computer control, have three terms:

(1) have to can produce the motive source of the function dint;

(2) carry out a piece can deliver this kind of function dint combines it can continue the work;

(3) have the variety spreads to feel the machine combines to concentrates the relevant data to micro-computer to proceed to carry to calculate to combine the decision controls the way.Therefore, active a technique for gathering together mechanics with electronics knowledge, is a kind of high technique that compare t pass the carriage dint, the reduces from the impact dint but causable loading system.Among them the spring coil rises primarily the function that deceleration pound at dint, reduce the main function that flap the machine is a to reduce the vibration.Because this kind of be driven by outside dint but rise function of, so call from move .

But active a device for of in the control link installing can producing take out moving, adopt a kind of repress in suppressing the dint by dint the road face the impact dint of the carriage and the inclination dint of the carriage.B o sophisticate to equip.

For example equip active an axis for of France snow iron dragon mulberry , the car's a system is speed, carriage that a micro-computer, have on the of the 5 kinds of spreading feels machine, distinguish to deliver to micro-computer the car soon, the ex- round system moves the pressure and step to move the accelerator pedal perpendicular flap and frequencies, change direction the dish angle and change direction flat-out etc. data directionally.The computer receives these datases continuously and with in advance the critical value that set up proceeds the comparison, choosing the homologous an appearance.At the same time, on micro-computer independence control each a car wheel of carry out a dollar a for, passing the control reduce to flap the machine inside hydraulic-pneumatic variety creation take out moving, from but can on any time, any car wheel creation meeting request a sport.Therefore, the mulberry bridge car has various driver's modes chooses, driving as long as pull to move to locate the vice- the " normal" on the instrument panel or" sport" button, car will establishes automatically in the best an appearance, in order to best and comfortable function.

Moreover, active a function for having carriage sport of control.When the car system moves or turns a corner of inertial cause When the spring coil transform, active a dint for would producing first and opposite anti- in the dint of , reduce the variety of the carriage position.For example Germany speeds 2000 CLs type sport car, be, the vehicle turns a corner an inclination for spreading feeling machine would immediately examining carriage with horizontal acceleration, computer according to information that spreading and feeling machine, with in advance the critical value that set up proceeds the comparison computes, immediately certain at where full general how big of loading and adding to .

The active in car a — liquid presses with the air type:

From the angle demarcation of the control dint, the of can is divided into passive of , active of in half with active of .

Current, the automotive a system has the spring coil with reduce to flap the machine mostly, the

incapable source inside a system insupplies the device, its flexibility can't change with the exterior work with the , therefore calling that this kind of is passive of .

Active an action for thering is direct dint in conduct and actions taking place machine, can according to input and output the superior feedback of proceeding control, making a the of has to reduce to shake the characteristic bestly, toing increase the automotive and going smoothly with manipulate the stability.It constitutes with a dint occurrence machine Fe from the flexibility a C.

Half active a spring coil for can seeing making from variable characteristic with machine that reducing and flapping the a system constitutes, although it can't proceed the superior control with regulate with the outsider importation, it can press saving under every kind of term of the calculator superior spring coil with reduce to flap the machine excellent to turn the parameter instruction to regulate the spring coil just a the appearance of for with reducing flapping machine.It from flexibility a C with a per coefficient can the machine of regulated within the scope of big constitute.

The electronics technique control car a system is main from( the car is high and change direction the Cape, acceleration, road the estimate) spread to feel the machine, electronics control ECU, of control of carry out machine etc. constitute.The control function of the system usually has below three:

1 the car is high to adjust to be the car at rise and fall When the uneven road drive, can make carriage jacked up, in order to in pass;When the good road mades good time, can lower the carriage, to reduce the air help, increase to manipulate the stability.

2 dint controls is used to increase to manipulate the stability automotively, in the flashback curved, nasty accelerates to move with the urgent system circumstance next, can rr is to the side , horizontal put the flutter with the control of the carriage can more quick, precision, the car mades good time with the stability exaltation of the turn, carriage side reduce.The ex- in carriage is small when system move, starting with nasty accelerate can after reducing 仰.Even in the bad road, the flutter of the carriage too less, the tire increases to the adhesive strength of the ground.

One.The active type liquid presses of

The active type liquid that electronics control presses a quantity for can according to of with acceleration etc., making use of the liquid press the parts actively automotive vibration in control.The active type liquid presses a the of arrange to is sepress the variety of the carriage.

3 spring coil just a control changes spring coil just degree, make a contented sport or comfortable request.

Adopt an empress, cahown as diagram on the car, having in the nearby gearing in center of gravity in car lengthways, horizontal acceleration with horizontal put the top preads to feel machine, use to collect the carriage the vibration, the car wheel jumps about, carriage high degree with tilt to one side appearance etc. signal, these signalses is inputed control unit ECU, ECU according to input signal with in advance the procedure that set up issues to control the instruction, controling the servo electrical engineering combines to manipulate in front and back four carry out a work.

Two.Active type air

In electronics control of active type air a system, tiny machine according to spread to feel the machine changeses to an instruction for issuing the instruction, the of can give according to the tiny machine after delivering of the signal with the control mode that pilot give has been carries to calculate the analysis of just degree with the coefficient of , is a carriage within the scope of drives to keeps in the process good and stable function, and respond to the vibration of the carriage to control at allow of.Say generally, the control contents of the active type air includes the carriage high degree and reduce to flap the machine reduces the dint, spring coil flexibility coefficient waits three item;

1、high control in car;Cent standard, go up with only after going up a three kinds of works appearance;

2、reduce the that shake the machine reduce the dint control the cent low, inside, high three file;

3、the cent of flexibility coefficient of air spring coilses are soft and hard two file.

The air an electronics controls the work principle of the system;Use the air compressor formation compressed air, combine to give the compressed air to spring coil with the air room that reducing and shaking the machine inside, changes with this the high degree of the vehicle.Fore a neighborhood for with empress round establishes the car the high spreading feels machine, press car the high spreading the exportation signal that feels the machine, the tiny machine judges the vehicle the high degree, then control compressor with line up the spirit valve, make spring coil compression or elongation, from but

control vehicle high degree.

Establish the electric motor in reduce shook machine, the electric motor suffers the signal control of the tiny machine.Making use of the electric motor can change the size of the air hole .

Say in a specific way, switch in last free spirit in instrument panel in car a system, make use of the switch can become 6 kinds of different works method.

The automatic gearbox

The automatic gearbox chooses to block the pole the equal to moving the stick shift of the gearbox, having generally below several blocks:P( parking), R( pour to block), N( get empty to block), D( go forward), S( or2, namely for 2 block soon), L.( or1, namely for 1 block soon)This several an usage for blocking a right usages coming driver the automatic gearbox is automotive of person to say particularly important, underneath let us very much familiar with once automatic gearbox eachly blockings main theme.

●The usage of the P ( the parking blocks)

The launches the luck turns as long as choose to block the pole in driving the position, automatic gearbox car run about very easily.But park, choose to block the pole must pull into of P, from but pass the internal parking system in gearbox moves the device will output the stalk lock lives, combining to tense the hand system move, preventing the car ambulation.

The usage of the

●The usage of the R( pour to block)

R a control for is pouring blocking, using inside wanting slicing recording, automatic gearbox car unlike moving gearbox car so can using half moving, so while reversing the car wanting special attention accelerating pedal.

The usage of the

●The usage of the N( get empty to block)

The N is equal to get empty to block, can while starting or hour of trailer usage.At wait for the signal or block up the car will often often choose to block the pole keeps in the of D, trampling at the same time the next system move.If time is very short, do like this is an admission of, but if stop the time long time had better change into of N, combine to tense the hand system moves.Because choose to block the pole in driving the position, the automatic gearbox car has generally and all to drive the trend faintly, long hours trample the system move same as a deterrent this kind of trend, make gearbox oil gone up, the oil liquid changes in character easily.Particularly in the air condition machine work, launch the soon higher circumstance in machine bottom more disadvantageous.Some pilots for the sake of stanza oil, at made good time or go down slope will choose to block the pole pull the of N skids, this burn the bad gearbox very easily, launching the machine to revolves soon in the however because the gearbox outputs at this time the stalk turns soon very high,, the oil pump provides the oil shortage, lubricating the condition worsen, burn the bad gearbox easily.

The usage of the

●The usage of the D( go forward to block)

Will choose to block when is normal to drive the pole put in the of D, car can at 1 ~4 block( or 3 block) its change to block automatically.The of D drives the position most in common usely.What demand control is:Because the automatic gearbox is soon high and low with car to come to make sure to block according to the accelerator size a, so accelerate the pedal operation method is different, changing to block the hour of the car is soon too not same alike.If start hour quick accelerate the pedal tramples the bottom, rising to block the night, accelerating the ability is strong, arriving certain car soon behind, then will accelerate the pedal loosen to open very quickly, car can rise to block immediately, launch like this the machine voice is small, comfortable good.

The another characteristics of the D is a compulsory low blocking, easy to high speed the hour overtakes a car, will accelerate quickly in of D drove the pedal trample after all, connect the compulsory low fend off the pass and then can reduce to block automatically, the car accelerates very quickly, after overtaking a car loosen to open the pedal of acceleration to can rise to block automatically again.

●The usage of the S, of L low the usage that block

The automatic gearbox in in is placed in the low blocking the scope on of S or of Ls, can usage under an etc. circumstance.It change to can make use of to launch well into of S or of Ls the mechanism move, avoiding the car wheel system move the machine over hot, cause the system move the effect descent while going down slope.But change into from the of D of S or of L, car soon can't higher than rise to block the car homologously soon, otherwise strong vibration in opportunity to launch, make gearbox oil hoicked, even will damage the gearbox.

The is another at rain fog weather hour, if the road adheres to the term bad, can change into a position for or of L, fixing at somely first lowly blocking driving, doing not use can automatically changing blocking, in order to prevent the car beats slippery.Must keep firmly in mind at the same time, beat the slippery hour can will choose to block the pole pushes into a motive for, cutting off launching machine, toing guarantee a car the safety.

汽车悬架

现代汽车中的悬架有两种,一种是从动悬架,另一种是主动悬架。

从动悬架即传统式的悬架,是由弹簧、减振器(减振筒)、导向机构等组成,它的功能是减弱路面传给车身的冲击力,衰减由冲击力而引起的承载系统的振动。其中弹簧主要起减缓冲击力的作用,减振器的主要作用是衰减振动。由于这种悬架是由外力驱动而起作用的,所以称为从动悬架。

而主动悬架的控制环节中安装了能够产生抽动的装置,采用一种以力抑力的方式来抑制路面对车身的冲击力及车身的倾斜力。由于这种悬架能够自行产生作用力,因此称为主动悬架。

主动悬架是近十几年发展起来的,由电脑控制的一种新型悬架,具备三个条件:

(1)具有能够产生作用力的动力源;

(2)执行元件能够传递这种作用力并能连续工作;

(3)具有多种传感器并将有关数据集中到微电脑进行运算并决定控制方式。因此,主动悬架汇集了力学和电子学的技术知识,是一种比较复杂的高技术装置。

例如装置了主动悬架的法国雪铁龙桑蒂雅,该车悬架系统的中枢是一个微电脑,悬架上有5种传感器,分别向微电脑传送车速、前轮制动压力、踏动油门踏板的速度、车身垂直方向的振幅及频率、转向盘角度及转向速度等数据。电脑不断接收这些数据并与预先设定的临界值进行比较,选择相应的悬架状态。同时,微电脑独立控制每一只车轮上的执行元件,通过控制减振器内油压的变化产生抽动,从而能在任何时候、任何车轮上产生符合要求的悬架运动。因此,桑蒂雅桥车备有多种驾驶模式选择,驾车者只要扳动位于副仪表板上的“正常”或“运动”按钮,轿车就会自动设置在最佳的悬架状态,以求最好的舒适性能。

另外,主动悬架具有控制车身运动的功能。当汽车制动或拐弯时的惯性引起弹簧变形时,主动悬架会产生一个与惯力相对抗的力,减少车身位置的变化。例如德国奔驰2000款CL型跑车,当车辆拐弯时悬架传感器会立即检测出车身的倾斜和横向加速度,电脑根据传感器的信息,与预先设定的临界值进行比较计算,立即确定在什么位置上将多大的负载加到悬架上,使车身的倾斜减到最小。

汽车主动悬架—液压和空气式

从控制力的角度划分,悬架可分为被动悬架,半主动悬架和主动悬架。

目前,大多数汽车的悬架系统装有弹簧和减振器,悬架系统内无能源供给装置,其弹性和阻尼不能随外部工况变化,因此称这种悬架是被动悬架。

主动悬架有作为直接力发生器的动作器,可以根据输入与输出进行最优的反馈控制,使悬架有最好的减震特性,以提高汽车的平顺性和操纵稳定性。它由弹性元件C和一个力发生器Fe组成。

半主动悬架可看作由可变特性的弹簧和减振器组成的悬架系统,虽然它不能随外界的输入进行最优的控制和调节,但它可按存储在计算机的各种条件下最优弹簧和减振器的优化参数指令来调节弹簧的刚度和减振器的阻尼状态。它由弹性元件C和一个一个阻尼系数能在较大范围内调

节的阻尼器组成。

电子技术控制汽车悬架系统主要由(车高、转向角、加速度、路况预测)传感器、电子控制ECU、悬架控制的执行器等组成。系统的控制功能通常有以下三个:

1 车高调整当汽车在起伏不平的路面行驶时,可以使车身抬高,以便于通过;在良好路面高速行驶时,可以降低车身,以减少空气助力,提高操纵稳定性。

2 阻尼力控制用来提高汽车的操纵稳定性,在急转弯、急加速和紧急制动情况下,可以抑制车身姿态的变化。

3 弹簧刚度控制改变弹簧刚度,使悬架满足运动或舒适的要求。

采用主动式悬架后,汽车对侧倾、俯仰、横摆跳动和车身的控制都能更加迅速、精确,汽车高速行驶和转弯的稳定性提高,车身侧倾减少。制动时车身前俯小,启动和急加速可减少后仰。即使在坏路面,车身的跳动也较少,轮胎对地面的附着力提高。

一.主动式液压悬架

电子控制的主动式液压悬架能根据悬架的质量和加速度等,利用液压部件主动地控制汽车的振动。主动式液压悬架在轿车上的布置如图所示,在汽车重心附近安装有纵向、横向加速度和横摆陀螺仪传感器,用来采集车身振动、车轮跳动、车身高度和倾斜状态等信号,这些信号被输入到控制单元ECU,ECU根据输入信号和预先设定的程序发出控制指令,控制伺服电机并操纵前后四个执行油缸工作。

二.主动式空气悬架

在电子控制的主动式空气悬架系统中,微机根据传感器送来的信号和驾驶员给予的控制模式经过运算分析后向悬架发出指令,悬架可以根据微机给出的指令改变悬架的刚度和阻尼系数,是车身在行驶过程中保持良好的稳定性能,并且将车身的振动响应控制在允许的范围内。一般说来,主动式空气悬架的控制内容包括车身高度、减振器衰减力、弹簧弹性系数等三项;

1车高的控制;分标准、升高和只升高后轮三种工作状态;

2减震器的衰减力控制分低、中、高三档;

3空气弹簧的弹性系数分软、硬两档。

空气悬架电子控制系统的工作原理;用空气压缩机形成压缩空气,并将压缩空气送给弹簧和减震器的空气室中,以此来改变车辆的高度。在前轮和后轮的附近设有车高传感器,按车高传感器的输出信号,微机判断出车辆高度,再控制压缩机和排气阀,使弹簧压缩或伸长,从而控制车辆高度。

在减震器内设有电动机,电动机受微机的信号控制。利用电动机可以改变通气孔的大小,从而改变了衰减力的大小。

具体说来,在汽车仪表板上有空气悬架系统的开关,利用开关可以形成6种不同的工作方式。

自动变速器

自动变速器的选挡杆相当于手动变速器的变速杆,一般有以下几个挡位:P(停车)、R(倒挡)、N(空挡)、D(前进)、S(or2,即为2速挡)、L(or1,即为1速挡)。这几个挡位的正确使用对于驾驶自动变速器汽车的人来说尤其重要,下面就让我们一起来熟悉一下自动变速器各挡位的使用要领。

●P(停车挡)的使用

发动机运转时只要选挡杆在行驶位置上,自动变速器汽车就很容易地行走。而停放时,选挡杆必须扳入P位,从而通过变速器内部的停车制动装置将输出轴锁住,并拉紧手制动,防止汽车移动。

●R(倒挡)的使用

R位为倒挡,使用中要切记,自动变速器汽车不像手动变速器汽车那样能够使用半联动,故在倒车时要特别注意加速踏板的控制。

●N(空挡)的使用

N位相当于空挡,可在起动时或拖车时使用。在等待信号或堵车时常常将选挡杆保持在D

位,同时踩下制动。若时间很短,这样做是允许的,但若停止时间长时最好换入N位,并拉紧手制动。因为选挡杆在行驶位置上,自动变速器汽车一般都有微弱的行驶趋势,长时间踩住制动等于强行制止这种趋势,使得变速器油温升高,油液容易变质。尤其在空调器工作、发动机怠速较高的情况下更为不利。有些驾驶员为了节油,在高速行驶或下坡时将选挡杆扳到N位滑行,这很容易烧坏变速器,因为这时变速器输出轴转速很高,而发动机却在怠速运转,油泵供油不足,润滑状况恶化,易烧坏变速器。

●D(前进挡)的使用

正常行驶时将选挡杆放在D位,汽车可在1~4挡(或3挡)之间自动换挡。D位是最常用的行驶位置。需要掌握的是:由于自动变速器是根据油门大小与车速高低来确定挡位的,所以加速踏板操作方法不同,换挡时的车速也不相同。如果起步时迅速将加速踏板踩下,升挡晚,加速能力强,到一定车速后,再将加速踏板很快松开,汽车就能立即升挡,这样发动机噪声小,舒适性好。

D位的另一个特点是强制低挡,便于高速时超车,在D位行驶中迅速将加速踏板踩到底,接通强制低挡开关就能自动减挡,汽车很快加速,超车之后松开加速踏板又可自动升挡。

●S、L位低挡的使用

自动变速器在S位或L位上处于低挡范围,可以在坡道等情况下使用。下坡时换入S位或L位能充分利用发动机制动,避免车轮制动器过热,导致制动效能下降。但是从D位换入S位或L位时,车速不能高于相应的升挡车速,否则发动机会强烈振动,使变速器油温急剧上升,甚至会损坏变速器。

另外在雨雾天气时,若路面附着条件差,可以换入S位或L位,固定在某一低挡行驶,不要使用能自动换挡的位置,以免汽车打滑。同时必须牢记,打滑时可将选挡杆推入N位,切断发动机的动力,以保证行车安全。

汽车专业毕业设计外文翻译

On the vehicle sideslip angle estimation through neural networks: Numerical and experimental results. S. Melzi,E. Sabbioni Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 25 (2011):14~28 电脑估计车辆侧滑角的数值和实验结果 S.梅尔兹,E.赛博毕宁 机械系统和信号处理2011年第25期:14~28

摘要 将稳定控制系统应用于差动制动内/外轮胎是现在对客车车辆的标准(电子稳定系统ESP、直接偏航力矩控制DYC)。这些系统假设将两个偏航率(通常是衡量板)和侧滑角作为控制变量。不幸的是后者的具体数值只有通过非常昂贵却不适合用于普通车辆的设备才可以实现直接被测量,因此只能估计其数值。几个州的观察家最终将适应参数的参考车辆模型作为开发的目的。然而侧滑角的估计还是一个悬而未决的问题。为了避免有关参考模型参数识别/适应的问题,本文提出了分层神经网络方法估算侧滑角。横向加速度、偏航角速率、速度和引导角,都可以作为普通传感器的输入值。人脑中的神经网络的设计和定义的策略构成训练集通过数值模拟与七分布式光纤传感器的车辆模型都已经获得了。在各种路面上神经网络性能和稳定已经通过处理实验数据获得和相应的车辆和提到几个处理演习(一步引导、电源、双车道变化等)得以证实。结果通常显示估计和测量的侧滑角之间有良好的一致性。 1 介绍 稳定控制系统可以防止车辆的旋转和漂移。实际上,在轮胎和道路之间的物理极限的附着力下驾驶汽车是一个极其困难的任务。通常大部分司机不能处理这种情况和失去控制的车辆。最近,为了提高车辆安全,稳定控制系统(ESP[1,2]; DYC[3,4])介绍了通过将差动制动/驱动扭矩应用到内/外轮胎来试图控制偏航力矩的方法。 横摆力矩控制系统(DYC)是基于偏航角速率反馈进行控制的。在这种情况下,控制系统使车辆处于由司机转向输入和车辆速度控制的期望的偏航率[3,4]。然而为了确保稳定,防止特别是在低摩擦路面上的车辆侧滑角变得太大是必要的[1,2]。事实上由于非线性回旋力和轮胎滑移角之间的关系,转向角的变化几乎不改变偏航力矩。因此两个偏航率和侧滑角的实现需要一个有效的稳定控制系统[1,2]。不幸的是,能直接测量的侧滑角只能用特殊设备(光学传感器或GPS惯性传感器的组合),现在这种设备非常昂贵,不适合在普通汽车上实现。因此, 必须在实时测量的基础上进行侧滑角估计,具体是测量横向/纵向加速度、角速度、引导角度和车轮角速度来估计车辆速度。 在主要是基于状态观测器/卡尔曼滤波器(5、6)的文学资料里, 提出了几个侧滑角估计策略。因为国家观察员都基于一个参考车辆模型,他们只有准确已知模型参数的情况下,才可以提供一个令人满意的估计。根据这种观点,轮胎特性尤其关键取决于附着条件、温度、磨损等特点。 轮胎转弯刚度的提出就是为了克服这些困难,适应观察员能够提供一个同步估计的侧滑角和附着条件[7,8]。这种方法的弊端是一个更复杂的布局的估计量导致需要很高的计算工作量。 另一种方法可由代表神经网络由于其承受能力模型非线性系统,这样不需要一个参

机械设计设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

机械设计 摘要:机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。它是一种用来转换或传递能量的装置,例如:发动机、涡轮机、车辆、起重机、印刷机、洗衣机、照相机和摄影机等。许多原则和设计方法不但适用于机器的设计,也适用于非机器的设计。术语中的“机械装置设计”的含义要比“机械设计”的含义更为广泛一些,机械装置设计包括机械设计。在分析运动及设计结构时,要把产品外型以及以后的保养也要考虑在机械设计中。在机械工程领域中,以及其它工程领域中,所有这些都需要机械设备,比如:开关、凸轮、阀门、船舶以及搅拌机等。 关键词:设计流程设计规则机械设计 设计流程 设计开始之前就要想到机器的实际性,现存的机器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度,或者成本上得到改善。新的机器必需具有以前机器所能执行的功能。 在设计的初始阶段,应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性,不要受到任何约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法,也会在设计的早期,即在绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样,才不致于阻断创新的思路。通常,还要提出几套设计方案,然后加以比较。很有可能在这个计划最后决定中,使用了某些不在计划之内的一些设想。 一般的当外型特点和组件部分的尺寸特点分析得透彻时,就可以全面的设计和分析。接着还要客观的分析机器性能的优越性,以及它的安全、重量、耐用性,并且竞争力的成本也要考虑在分析结果之内。每一个至关重要的部分要优化它的比例和尺寸,同时也要保持与其它组成部分相协调。 也要选择原材料和处理原材料的方法。通过力学原理来分析和实现这些重要的特性,如那些静态反应的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用,像动力惯性、加速动力和能量;包括弹性材料的强度、应力和刚度等材料的物理特性,以及流体润滑和驱动器的流体力学。设计的过程是重复和合作的过程,无论是正式或非正式的进行,对设计者来说每个阶段都很重要。 最后,以图样为设计的标准,并建立将来的模型。如果它的测试是符合事先要

毕业设计外文翻译附原文

外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华

外文资料名称: Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处:Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文

应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金,洪城铱昌,宰瑾李, 刘链柱译 摘要:旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率,压降,并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50%的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积,体直径,减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法,用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词:吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子,工作场所,或其他建筑,因此,室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物,毒物,食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤,预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中,吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间,以及纸过滤器也应定期更换,由于压力下降,气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形,在粗颗粒(>2.0微米)模式为主要的外部来源,如风吹尘,海盐喷雾,火山,从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放,以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式,典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克,可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。

外文文献翻译:汽车的发展

The development of automobile As the world energy crisis and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy in one day someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not inresources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications the application of the electronic device cars and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance but also improve the automobile fuel economy performance reliability and emission spurification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system electronic control ignition system electronic control automatic transmission electronic control ABS/ASR control system electronic control suspension system electronic control power steering system vehicle dynamic control system the airbag systems active belt system electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response the use function of quick car high reliability guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example automatic transmission in road can not on the clutch can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter gear transmission pump hydraulic control system electronic control system and oil cooling system etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car car motions of state and optimum control performance and increased automobile adhesion controlling and stability. Besides these appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passengers safety and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer to protect the safety of life. Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities

外文翻译中文

运作整合 供应链协作的首要问题是提高运作整合的程度。供应链协作课达到的好处,直接关系到捕捉效率之间的职能的企业,以及全国的企业,构成了国内或国际供应链。本章重点阐述的挑战,一体化管理,由研究为什么一体化创造价值,并通过详列的挑战,双方的企业集成和供应链整合。必不可少的供应链流程是确定的。注意的是,然后向信息技术提供,以方便集成化供应链规划。本章最后审查了定价。在最后的分析,定价的做法和政府是至关重要的供应链的连续性。 为什么整合创造价值 基本的优点与挑战的综合管理介绍了在第1章。进一步解释整合管理的重要性,有用的指出客户都至少有三个角度的价值。 传统的角度来看,价值是经济价值。第二个价值的角度来看,是市场价值。 实现双方经济和市场价值是很重要的客户。然而,越来越多的企业认识到商业上的成功也取决于第三个角度来看,价值,被称为关联性。 物流一体化目标 为实现物流一体化的供应链背景下,6个业务目标必须同时取得:( 1 )响应,( 2 )差额减少,( 3 )库存减少,( 4 )托运巩固,( 5 )质量,( 6 )生命周期支持。的相对重要性,每个直接关系到公司的物流战略。 响应 一公司的工作能力,以满足客户的要求,及时被称为反应。作为一再指出,信息技术是促进反应为基础的战略,允许业务的承诺被推迟到最后可能时间,其次是加速投放。实施对应策略服务,以减少库存承诺或部署在预期客户的需求。响应服务转向业务重点从预测未来的需求,以容纳顾客对快速订单到出货的基础上。理想的情况是,在一个负责任的系统中,库存是没有部署,直到客户承诺。支持这样的承诺,公司必须有物流的属性,库存的可用性和及时交付,一旦客户订单收到。 差异减少 所有经营领域的物流系统很容易受到差额。方差结果从未能履行任何预期的层面后勤业务不如预期。举例来说,毫不拖延地在客户订单处理,意想不到的干扰,以便选择,抵港货物损坏,在客户的位置,和/或未能提供在适当的位置上的时间,所有创造无计划的差异,在订单到交货周期。一个共同的解决办法,以保障对不利的差异是使用库存安全库存,以缓冲行动。这亦是共同使用的首选运输,以克服意想不到的差异延误交货计划。这种做法,鉴于其相关的成本高,可以尽量减少使用资讯科技,以维持积极的物流控制。向程度的差异是最小化,物流的生产力将提高。因此,差异减少,消除系统中断,是一个基本的目标,综合物流管理。 库存减少 要达到的目标,库存减少,一个综合物流系统必须控制资产的承诺,并把速度。资产的承诺,是财政的价值部署清单。把速度,反映了利率,这是充实库存随着时间的推移。高转率,再加上预期的库存供货,平均资产用于库存正在迅速而有效利用,这就是整体资产承诺支持一个综合运作减至最低。 库存能够而且确实方便可取的好处这是很重要的要请记住。库存是至关重要的实现规模经济,在制造业和采购。目的是要减少和管理存货,以尽可能最低的水平,同时实现整体供应链绩效的目标。

外文翻译---汽车车身总布置的方法

附录 Modern car’s design always stresses people-oriented, so safety, comfort, Environmental protection and energy saving have been the design theme And target in car design. Ergonomics layout design is not only relate to the effective use of internal space and improve car’s comfort and safety Performance, but it will also impact internal and external modeling results, and further affects the vehicle's overall performance and marketability.Soergonomics’application and research during car design and development process occupy an important position.After more than 50 years of construction and development, China’s Automobile industry has become the leading power of automobile production and consumption in the world. In particular, with the rise and rapid de velopment of independent brand’s vehicles, we pay more attention To the development processes and the technical requirements of hard Points’ layout. Through the three typical processes such as modern vehicle developing Process, body development process and using ergonomic to progress Inner auto-body layout, describe ergonomic layoationship between design, Aunt design in which stage of the process of vehicle development, the red The importance of working steps. The automobile body total arrangement is the automobile design most initial is also the most essential step, is other design stage premise and the foundation, to a great extent is deciding the body design success or failure. Picks generally in the actual design process With by forward and reverse two design method (1) to design (from inside to outside law) to design method namely "humanist", is coming based on the human body arrangement tool to define the pilot and the crew member gradually rides the space and the vehicle comes to pay tribute each article the arrangement, take satisfies the human body to ride with the driving comfortableness as the premise, said simply is determined first satisfies the human body to ride under the comfortable premise, carries on the indoor arrangement first, then carries on the complete bikes external styling design again. The concrete method and the step are as follows: ①Determine 5% and 95% manikin H position and the chair by the SAE recommendation's enjoyable line or the region law adjustment traveling schedule, seat

毕业设计外文翻译

毕业设计(论文) 外文翻译 题目西安市水源工程中的 水电站设计 专业水利水电工程 班级 学生 指导教师 2016年

研究钢弧形闸门的动态稳定性 牛志国 河海大学水利水电工程学院,中国南京,邮编210098 nzg_197901@https://www.doczj.com/doc/447341714.html,,niuzhiguo@https://www.doczj.com/doc/447341714.html, 李同春 河海大学水利水电工程学院,中国南京,邮编210098 ltchhu@https://www.doczj.com/doc/447341714.html, 摘要 由于钢弧形闸门的结构特征和弹力,调查对参数共振的弧形闸门的臂一直是研究领域的热点话题弧形弧形闸门的动力稳定性。在这个论文中,简化空间框架作为分析模型,根据弹性体薄壁结构的扰动方程和梁单元模型和薄壁结构的梁单元模型,动态不稳定区域的弧形闸门可以通过有限元的方法,应用有限元的方法计算动态不稳定性的主要区域的弧形弧形闸门工作。此外,结合物理和数值模型,对识别新方法的参数共振钢弧形闸门提出了调查,本文不仅是重要的改进弧形闸门的参数振动的计算方法,但也为进一步研究弧形弧形闸门结构的动态稳定性打下了坚实的基础。 简介 低举升力,没有门槽,好流型,和操作方便等优点,使钢弧形闸门已经广泛应用于水工建筑物。弧形闸门的结构特点是液压完全作用于弧形闸门,通过门叶和主大梁,所以弧形闸门臂是主要的组件确保弧形闸门安全操作。如果周期性轴向载荷作用于手臂,手臂的不稳定是在一定条件下可能发生。调查指出:在弧形闸门的20次事故中,除了极特殊的破坏情况下,弧形闸门的破坏的原因是弧形闸门臂的不稳定;此外,明显的动态作用下发生破坏。例如:张山闸,位于中国的江苏省,包括36个弧形闸门。当一个弧形闸门打开放水时,门被破坏了,而其他弧形闸门则关闭,受到静态静水压力仍然是一样的,很明显,一个动态的加载是造成的弧形闸门破坏一个主要因素。因此弧形闸门臂的动态不稳定是造成弧形闸门(特别是低水头的弧形闸门)破坏的主要原是毫无疑问。

汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献

汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

汽车保险 汽车保险是在事故后保证自己的财产安全合同。尽管联邦法律没有强制要求,但是在大多数州(新罕布什和威斯康星州除外)都要求必须购买汽车保险;在各个州都有最低的保险要求。在鼻腔只购买汽车保险的两个州,如果没有足够的证据表明车主财力满足财务责任法的要求,那么他就必须买一份汽车保险。就算没有法律规定,买一份合适的汽车保险对司机避免惹上官和承担过多维修费用来说都是非常实用的。 依据美国保险咨询中心的资料显示,一份基本的保险单应由6个险种组成。这其中有些是有州法律规定,有些是可以选择的,具体如下: 1.身体伤害责任险 2.财产损失责任险 3.医疗险或个人伤害保护险 4.车辆碰撞险 5.综合损失险 6.无保险驾驶人或保额不足驾驶人险 责任保险 责任险的投保险额一般用三个数字表示。不如,你的保险经纪人说你的保险单责任限额是20/40/10,这就代表每个人的人身伤害责任险赔偿限额是2万美元,每起事故的热身上海责任险赔偿限额是4万美元,每起事故的财产损失责任险的赔偿限额是1万美元。 人身伤害和财产损失责任险是大多数汽车保险单的基础。要求汽车保险的每个州都强令必须投保财产损失责任险,佛罗里达是唯一要求汽车保险但不要求投保人身伤害责任险的州。如果由于你的过错造成了事故,你的责任险会承担人身伤害、财产损失和法律规定的其他费用。人身伤害责任险将赔偿医疗费和误工工资;财产损失责任险将支付车辆的维修及零件更换费用。财产损失责任险通常承担对其他车辆的维修费用,但是也可以对你的车撞坏的灯杆、护栏、建筑物等其他物品的损坏进行赔偿。另一方当事人也可以决定起诉你赔偿精神损失。

毕业设计外文翻译格式实例.

理工学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 专业:热能与动力工程 姓名:赵海潮 学号:09L0504133 外文出处:Applied Acoustics, 2010(71):701~707 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。

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汽车变速器设计外文翻译

汽车变速器设计 ----------外文翻译 我们知道,汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态,此时发出的功率比较大,燃油经济性也比较好。因此,我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。但是,汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度,这样就产生了矛盾。这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。 汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括,就叫做变速变扭,即增速减扭或减速增扭。为什么减速可以增扭,而增速又要减扭呢?设发动机输出的功率不变,功率可以表示为 N = w T,其中w是转动的角速度,T是扭距。当N固定的时候,w与T是成反比的。所以增速必减扭,减速必增扭。汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理,分成各个档位对应不同的传动比,以适应不同的运行状况。 一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴,又称三轴式,另外还有倒档轴。三轴式是变速器的主体结构,输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速,输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。不同的齿轮啮合就有不同的传动比,也就有了不同的转速。例如郑州日产ZN6481W2G型SUV车手动变速器,它的传动比分别是:1档3.704:1;2档2.202:1;3档1.414:1;4档1:1;5档(超速档)0.802:1。 当汽车启动司机选择1档时,拨叉将1/2档同步器向后接合1档齿轮并将它锁定输出轴上,动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的1档齿轮,1档齿轮带动输出轴,输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上(红色箭头)。典型1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1,也就是说输入轴转3圈,输出轴转1圈。 当汽车增速司机选择2档时,拨叉将1/2档同步器与1档分离后接合2档齿轮并锁定输出轴上,动力传递路线相似,所不同的是输出轴上的1档齿轮换成2档齿轮带动输出轴。典型2档变速齿轮传动比是2.2:1,输入轴转2.2圈,输出轴转1圈,比1档转速增加,扭矩降低。

外文翻译中文版(完整版)

毕业论文外文文献翻译 毕业设计(论文)题目关于企业内部环境绩效审计的研究翻译题目最高审计机关的环境审计活动 学院会计学院 专业会计学 姓名张军芳 班级09020615 学号09027927 指导教师何瑞雄

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汽车制动系统(机械、车辆工程毕业论文英文文献及翻译)

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模具毕业设计外文翻译

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