附录A译文
随着汽车电子技术的迅猛发展,人们对汽车转向操纵性能的要求也日益提高。汽车转向系统已从传统机械转向、液压助力转向(Hydraulic Power Steering ,简称HPS) 、电控液压助力转向( Elect ric Hydraulic PowerSteering ,简称EHPS) , 发展到电动助力转向系统(Elect ric Power Steering ,简称EPS) ,最终还将过渡到线控转向系统(Steer By Wire ,简称SBW)。
机械转向系统是指以驾驶员的体力作为转向能源,其中所有传力件都是机械的,汽车的转向运动是由驾驶员操纵方向盘,通过转向器和一系列的杆件传递到转向车轮而实现的。机械转向系由转向操纵机构、转向器和转向传动机械3大部分组成。
通常根据机械式转向器形式可以分为:齿轮齿条式、循环球式、蜗杆滚轮式、蜗杆指销式。应用最广的两种是齿轮齿条式和循环球式(用于需要较大的转向力时) 。在循环球式转向器中,输入转向圈与输出的转向摇臂摆角是成正比的;在齿轮齿条式转向器中,输入转向圈数与输出的齿条位移是成正比的。循环球式转向器由于是滚动摩擦形式,因而正传动效率很高,操作方便且使用寿命长,而且承载能力强,故广泛应用于载货汽车上。齿轮齿条式转向器与循环球式相比,最大特点是刚性大,结构紧凑重量轻,且成本低。由于这种方式容易由车轮将反作用力传至转向盘,所以具有对路面状态反应灵敏的优点,但同时也容易产生打手和摆振等现象,且其承载效率相对较弱,故主要应用于小汽车及轻型货车上,目前大部分低端轿车采用的就是齿轮齿条式机械转向系统。
随着车辆载重的增加以及人们对车辆操纵性能要求的提高,简单的机械式转向系统已经无法满足需要,动力转向系统应运而生,它能在驾驶员转动方向盘的同时提供助力,动力转向系统分为液压转向系统和电动转向系统2 种。其中液压转向系统是目前使用最为广泛的转向系统。
液压转向系统在机械系统的基础上增加了液压系统,包括液压泵、V 形带轮、油管、供油装置、助力装置和控制阀。它借助于汽车发动机的动力驱动液压泵、空气压缩机和发电机等,以液力、气力或电力增大驾驶员操纵前轮转向的力量,使驾驶员可以轻便灵活地操纵汽车转向,减轻了劳动强度,提高了行驶安全性。
液压助力转向系统从发明到现在已经有了大约半个世纪的历史,可以说是一
种较为完善的系统,由于其工作可靠、技术成熟至今仍被广泛应用。它由液压泵作为动力源,经油管道控制阀向动力液压缸供油,通过活塞杆带动转向机构动作,可通过改变缸径及油压的大小来改变助力的大小,由此达到转向助力的作用。传统液压式动力转向系统一般按液流的形式可以分为:常流式和常压式2 种类型,也可根据控制阀形式分为转阀式和滑阀式。
随着液压动力转向系统在汽车上的日益普及,人们对操作时的轻便性和路感的要求也日益提高,然而液压动力转向系统却存在许多的缺点: ①由于其本身的结构决定了其无法保证车辆在任何工况下转动转向盘时,都有较理想的操纵稳定性,即无法同时保证低速时的转向轻便性和高速时的操纵稳定性; ②汽车的转向特性受驾驶员驾驶技术的影响严重; ③转向传动比固定,使汽车转向响应特性随车速、侧向加速度等变化而变化,驾驶员必须提前针对汽车转向特性幅值和相位的变化进行一定的操作补偿,从而控制汽车按其意愿行驶。这样增加了驾驶员的操纵负担,也使汽车转向行驶中存在不安全隐患;而此后出现了电控液压助力系统,它在传统的液压动力转向系统的基础上增加速度传感器,使汽车能够随着车速的变化自动调节操纵力的大小,在一定程度上缓和了传统的液压转向系统存在的问题。
目前我国生产的商用车和轿车上采用的大多是电控液压助力转向系统,它是比较成熟和应用广泛的转向系统。尽管电控液压助力装置从一定程度上缓解了传统的液压转向中轻便性和路感之间的矛盾,然而它还是没有从根本上解决HPS 系统存在的不足,随着汽车微电子技术的发展,汽车燃油节能的要求以及全球性倡导环保,其在布置、安装、密封性、操纵灵敏度、能量消耗、磨损与噪声等方面的不足已越来越明显,转向系统向着电动助力转向系统发展。
电动助力转向系统是现在汽车转向系统的发展方向,其工作原理是:EPS 系统的ECU 对来自转向盘转矩传感器和车速传感器的信号进行分析处理后,控制电机产生适当的助力转矩,协助驾驶员完成转向操作。近几年来,随着电子技术的发展,大幅度降低EPS的成本已成为可能,日本的大发汽车公司、三菱汽车公司、本田汽车公司、美国的Delphi 汽车系统公司、TRW公司及德国的ZF 公司都相继研制出EPS。Mercedes2Benz 和Siemens Automotive 两大公司共同投资6500万英镑用于开发EPS ,目标是到2002 年装车,年产300 万套,成为全球EPS 制造商。
到目前为止,EPS 系统在轻微型轿车、厢式车上得到广泛的应用,并且每年以300 万台的速度发展。
转向是一个专业术语,适用于采集部件,联系等,其中允许一艘(舰船)或汽车(轿车)按照预期的方向行驶. 一个例外的情况是铁路运输由路轨组合在一起铁路道岔提供转向功能。
许多现代轿车使用齿轮齿条式转向器,在方向盘末端有转动齿轮;该齿轮带动齿条移动,它是一种线性的齿轮紧密配合,从一边到一边。这种运动把转矩通过转向横拉杆和一种叫做转向节臂的短形臂传递给转向轮的主销。
以前的设计往往采用循环球式转向器,而这种转向器仍然应用在卡车和多用途车辆。这是一种老式的螺母和齿扇设计，该转向管柱转动大螺丝("蜗轮"),它与一个齿扇齿轮啮合,当蜗轮转动时，齿扇也随之转动，一个安装在齿扇轴上且与转向联动有关的摇臂带动转向节臂,从而使车轮转动. 循环球式转向器通过安装滚珠减少螺母和螺杆之间的摩擦;两根导管和螺母内的螺旋管状通道组合成两条各自独立的封闭的钢球“流到”。
齿轮齿条式转向器设计具有很大程度的反馈和直接转向"路感";它也通常不会有任何反弹,或呆滞。缺点是,它是不可调的,因此当它磨损唯一的解决办法更换。
循环球式转向器的优点是机械优势,因此,它被使用在较大较重的车辆,而齿轮齿条式原本仅限于较小和较轻;由于几乎普遍采用动力转向系统,不过,这已不再是一个重要的优势,导致越来越多地在新型汽车应用齿轮齿条式转向器。循环球式转向器设计在中心也有明显的冲击,或"死点"。凡一分钟交替方向盘出不来并不移动转向机构;这是很容易可调螺杆的端部来减少磨损,但它并不能完全消除或机制开始磨损很快。这项设计目前仍在使用中,在卡车和其他大型车辆,也应用于迅速转向,路感与稳健性,可维护性,和机械的优势相比不太重要的场合。较小程度的反馈,这样的设计也有时是一种优点;当前轮碰撞时，使用齿轮齿条转向的司机只有自己的大拇指受伤,造成方向盘揭开一边突然(因为驾驶教练告诉学生把自己的大拇指在前面的方向盘,而非放在左右的内边缘). 这种效果在像卡车一样的重型汽车更为明显;循环球式转向防止这种程度的反馈,只是因为它可以在正常情况下防止可取反馈。
转向连锁连接转向器和车轮通常符合一个阿克曼转向几何的变化,它交代了一个事实:当转向是,内轮转过的半径比外轮小得多，因此适合驾驶的直路,是不适合曲折。
由于车辆已成为较重而改用前轮驱动,为了扭转方向盘，通常的,主要的是体力。为了解决这一问题,汽车业发展的动力转向系统。有两种类型的助力转向系统-液压和电气/电子。还有一种液压-电动混合系统。
液压助力转向系统(hps)利用油压供应的一个发动机驱动泵,以协助将方向盘转转动。电动助力转向系统(EPS)方式,是较有效率的液压助力转向系统,由于电动助力转向汽车只需要提供协助时,方向盘被转动,而液压泵必须不断运行。在EPS的帮助下是很容易调节车型,最高车速,甚至驾驶的喜好。另外一个好处是,通过泄漏和处置动力转向液消除对环境构成危险。
动力转向的分支是速度可调转向而转向是大量辅助以低速行驶,稍微协助高速。汽车制造商认为,当要停车时驾驶人可能需要做出大量转向投入，但当时高速行驶时则不然。第一辆有这特点的汽车,是雪铁龙与其diravi，虽然改变了现代汽车转向系统资金的投入，但它改变了定心凸轮的压力，使得方向盘尽力去回到原来的位置。现代速度可调式动力转向系统,当速度增长时减少了活塞的压力,给予更直接的感受。这一特点在所有新车正逐渐成为司空见惯。
四轮转向(或全轮转向)是一种系统,当高速行驶时能增加车辆稳定型，而在低速行驶时可以减小转弯半径。
大多数的四轮转向系统,后轮转向通过单片机和驱动器实现。后轮一般不能反过来,有几个系统,包括Delphi的quadrasteer，该系统在本田的生产前线，当前轮低速时，允许后轮在相反方向转向。这使得车辆转弯半径较小,有时应用于大型卡车车辆及挂车。
附录B外文文献
Along with automobile electronic technology swift and violent development, the people also day by day enhance to the motor turning handling quality request. The motor turning system changed, the hydraulic pressure boost from the traditional machinery changes (Hydraulic Power Steering, is called HPS), the electrically controlled hydraulic pressure boost changes (Elect ric Hydraulic Power Steering, is called EHPS), develops the electrically operated boost steering system (Elect ric Power Steering, is called EPS), finally also will transit to the line controls the steering system (Steer By Wire, will be called SBW).
The machinery steering system is refers by pilot's physical strength achievement changes the energy, in which all power transmission all is mechanical, the automobile changes the movement is operates the steering wheel by the pilot, transmits through the diverter and a series of members changes the wheel to realize. The mechanical steering system by changes the control mechanism, the diverter and major part changes the gearing 3 to be composed.
Usually may divide into according to the mechanical diverter form: The gear rack type, follows round the world -like, the worm bearing adjuster hoop type, the
worm bearing adjuster refers sells the type. Is the gear rack type and follows using the broadest two kinds round the world -like (uses in needing time big steering force).In follows round the world -like in the diverter, the input changes the circle and the output steering arm pivot angle is proportional; In the gear rack type diverter, the input changes the turn and the output rack displacement is proportional. Follows round the world -like the diverter because is the rolling friction form, thus the transmission efficiency is very high, the ease of operation also the service life are long, moreover bearing capacity, therefore widely applies on the truck. The gear rack type diverter with follows round the world -like compares, the most major characteristic is the rigidity is big, the structure compact weight is light, also the cost is low. Because this way passes on easily by the wheel the reacting force to the steering wheel, therefore has to the pavement behavior response keen merit, but simultaneously also easy to have phenomena and so on goon and oscillation, also its load bearing efficiency relative weak, therefore mainly applies on the compact car and the pickup truck, at present the majority of low end passenger vehicle uses is the gear rack type machinery steering system.
Along with the vehicles carrying capacity increase as well as the people to the vehicles handling quality request enhancement, the simple mechanical type steering system were already unable to meet the needs, the power steering system arise at the historic moment, it could rotate the steering wheel while the pilot to provide the boost, the power steering system divides into the hydraulic pressure steering system and the electrically operated steering system 2kinds.Hydraulic pressure steering system is at present uses the most widespread steering system.
The hydraulic pressure steering system increased the hydraulic system in the mechanical system foundation, including hydraulic pump, V shape band pulley, drill tubing, feed installment, boost installment and control valve. It with the aid of in the motor car engine power actuation hydraulic pump, the air compressor and the generator and so on, by the fluid strength, the physical strength or the electric power increases the pilot to operate the strength which the front wheel changes, enables the
pilot to be possible nimbly to operate motor turning facilely, reduced the labor intensity, enhanced the travel security.
The hydraulic pressure boost steering system from invented already had about half century history to the present, might say was one kind of more perfect system, because its work reliable, the technology mature still widely is applied until now. It takes the power supply by the hydraulic pump, after oil pipe-line control valves to power hydraulic cylinder feed, through the connecting rod impetus rotation gear movement, may changes the boost through the change cylinder bore and the flowing tubing head pressure size the size, from this achieved changes the boost the function. The traditional hydraulic pressure type power steering system may divide into generally according to the liquid flow form: Ordinary flow type and atmospheric pressure type 2 kind of types, also may divide into according to the control valve form transfers the valve type and the slide-valve type.
Along with hydraulic pressure power steering system on automobile daily popularization, the people to operates when the portability and the road feeling request also day by day enhance, however the hydraulic pressure power steering system has many shortcomings actually: ①Because its itself structure had decided it is unable to guarantee vehicles rotates the steering wheel when any operating mode, all has the ideal operation stability, namely is unable simultaneously to guarantee time the low speed changes the portability and the high speed time operation stability;②The automobile changes the characteristic to drive the pilot technical the influence to be serious; ③The steering ratio is fixed, causes the motor turning response characteristic along with changes and so on vehicle speed, transverse acceleration to change, the pilot must aim at the motor turning characteristic peak-to-peak value and the phase change ahead of time carries on certain operation compensation, thus controls the automobile according to its wish travel. Like this increased pilot's operation burden, also causes in the motor turning travel not to have the security hidden danger; But hereafter appeared the electrically controlled hydraulic booster system, it increases the velocity generator in the traditional hydraulic pressure power steering system foundation, enables the automobile along with the vehicle speed
change automatic control force size, has to a certain extent relaxed the traditional hydraulic pressure steering system existence question.
At present our country produces on the commercial vehicle and the passenger vehicle uses mostly is the electrically controlled hydraulic pressure boost steering system, it is quite mature and the application widespread steering system. Although the electrically controlled hydraulic servo alleviated the traditional hydraulic pressure from certain degree to change between the portability and the road feeling contradiction, however it did not have fundamentally to solve the HPS system existence insufficiency, along with automobile microelectronic technology development, automobile fuel oil energy conservation request as well as global initiative environmental protection, it in aspect and so on arrangement, installment, leak-proof quality, control sensitivity, energy consumption, attrition and noise insufficiencies already more and more obvious, the steering system turned towards the electrically operated boost steering system development.
The electrically operated boost steering system is the present motor turning system development direction, its principle of work is: EPS system ECU after comes from the steering wheel torque sensor and the vehicle speed sensor signal carries on analysis processing, controls the electrical machinery to have the suitable boost torque, assists the pilot to complete changes the operation. In the last few years, along with the electronic technology development, reduces EPS the cost to become large scale possibly, Japan sends the car company, Mitsubishi Car company, this field car company, US's Delphi automobile system company, TRW Corporation and Germany's ZF Corporation greatly all one after another develops EPS.Mercedes2Benz 和Siemens Automotive Two big companies invested 65,000,000 pounds to use in developing EPS, the goal are together load a car to 2002, yearly produce 300 ten thousand sets, became the global EPS manufacturer. So far, the EPS system in the slight passenger vehicle, on the theater box type vehicle obtains the widespread application, and every year by 300 ten thousand speed development.
Steering is the term applied to the collection of components, linkages, etc. which allow for a vessel (ship, boat) or vehicle (car) to follow the desired course. An
exception is the case of rail transport by which rail tracks combined together with railroad switches provide the steering function.
The most conventional steering arrangement is to turn the front wheels using a hand–operated steering wheel which is positioned in front of the driver, via the steering column, which may contain universal joints to allow it to deviate somewhat from a straight line. Other arrangements are sometimes found on different types of vehicles, for example, a tiller or rear–wheel steering. Tracked vehicles such as tanks usually employ differential steering — that is, the tracks are made to move at different speeds or even in opposite directions to bring about a change of course.
Many modern cars use rack and pinion steering mechanisms, where the steering wheel turns the pinion gear; the pinion moves the rack, which is a sort of linear gear which meshes with the pinion, from side to side. This motion applies steering torque to the kingpins of the steered wheels via tie rods and a short lever arm called the steering arm.
Older designs often use the recirculating ball mechanism, which is still found on trucks and utility vehicles. This is a variation on the older worm and sector design; the steering column turns a large screw (the "worm gear") which meshes with a sector of a gear, causing it to rotate about its axis as the worm gear is turned; an arm attached to the axis of the sector moves the pitman arm, which is connected to the steering linkage and thus steers the wheels. The recirculating ball version of this apparatus reduces the considerable friction by placing large ball bearings between the teeth of the worm and those of the screw; at either end of the apparatus the balls exit from between the two pieces into a channel internal to the box which connects them with the other end of the apparatus, thus they are "recirculated".
The rack and pinion design has the advantages of a large degree of feedback and direct steering "feel"; it also does not normally have any backlash, or slack. A disadvantage is that it is not adjustable, so that when it does wear and develop lash, the only cure is replacement.
The recirculating ball mechanism has the advantage of a much greater mechanical advantage, so that it was found on larger, heavier vehicles while the rack
and pinion was originally limited to smaller and lighter ones; due to the almost universal adoption of power steering, however, this is no longer an important advantage, leading to the increasing use of rack and pinion on newer cars. The recirculating ball design also has a perceptible lash, or "dead spot" on center, where a minute turn of the steering wheel in either direction does not move the steering apparatus; this is easily adjustable via a screw on the end of the steering box to account for wear, but it cannot be entirely eliminated or the mechanism begins to wear very rapidly. This design is still in use in trucks and other large vehicles, where rapidity of steering and direct feel are less important than robustness, maintainability, and mechanical advantage. The much smaller degree of feedback with this design can also sometimes be an advantage; drivers of vehicles with rack and pinion steering can have their thumbs broken when a front wheel hits a bump, causing the steering wheel to kick to one side suddenly (leading to driving instructors telling students to keep their thumbs on the front of the steering wheel, rather than wrapping around the inside of the rim). This effect is even stronger with a heavy vehicle like a truck; recirculating ball steering prevents this degree of feedback, just as it prevents desirable feedback under normal circumstances.
The steering linkage connecting the steering box and the wheels usually conforms to a variation of Ackermann steering geometry, to account for the fact that in a turn, the inner wheel is actually traveling a path of smaller radius than the outer wheel, so that the degree of toe suitable for driving in a straight path is not suitable for turns.
As vehicles have become heavier and switched to front wheel drive, the effort to turn the steering wheel manually has increased - often to the point where major physical exertion is required. To alleviate this, auto makers have developed power steering systems. There are two types of power steering systems—hydraulic and electric/electronic. There is also a hydraulic-electric hybrid system possible.
A hydraulic power steering (HPS) uses hydraulic pressure supplied by an engine-driven pump to assist the motion of turning the steering wheel. Electric power steering (EPS) is more efficient than the hydraulic power steering, since the electric
power steering motor only needs to provide assist when the steering wheel is turned, whereas the hydraulic pump must run constantly. In EPS the assist level is easily tunable to the vehicle type, road speed, and even driver preference. An added benefit is the elimination of environmental hazard posed by leakage and disposal of hydraulic power steering fluid.
An outgrowth of power steering is speed adjustable steering, where the steering is heavily assisted at low speed and lightly assisted at high speed. The auto makers perceive that motorists might need to make large steering inputs while manoeuvering for parking, but not while traveling at high speed. The first vehicle with this feature was the Citro?n SM with its Diravi layout, although rather than altering the amount of assistance as in modern power steering systems, it altered the pressure on a centring cam which made the steering wheel try to "spring" back to the straight-ahead position. Modern speed-adjustable power steering systems reduce the pressure fed to the ram as the speed increases, giving a more direct feel. This feature is gradually becoming commonplace across all new vehicles.
Four-wheel steering (or all wheel steering) is a system employed by some vehicles to increase vehicle stability while maneuvering at high speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speed.
In most four-wheel steering systems, the rear wheels are steered by a computer and actuators. The rear wheels generally cannot turn as far as the Alternatively, several systems, including Delphi's Quadrasteer and the system in Honda's Prelude line, allow for the rear wheels to be steered in the opposite direction as the front wheels during low speeds. This allows the vehicle to turn in a significantly smaller radius — sometimes critical for large trucks or vehicles with trailers.
附录A 英文文献 Drive axle/differential All vehicles have some type of drive axle/differential assembly incorporated into the driveline. Whether it is front, rear or four wheel drive, differentials are necessary for the smooth application of engine power to the road. Powerflow The drive axle must transmit power through a 90°angle. The flow of power in conventional front engine/rear wheel drive vehicles moves from the engine to the drive axle in approximately a straight line. However, at the drive axle, the power must be turned at right angles (from the line of the driveshaft) and directed to the drive wheels. This is accomplished by a pinion drive gear, which turns a circular ring gear. The ring gear is attached to a differential housing, containing a set of smaller gears that are splined to the inner end of each axle shaft. As the housing is rotated, the internal differential gears turn the axle shafts, which are also attached to the drive wheels. Fig 1 Drive axle
附录A 外文文献 Electric Power Steering system 1.History In automobile development course, Steering system experienced four stages of development: from the initial mechanical Steering system (for your DNS setting Steering, abbreviation ) development for Hydraulic Steering system (Hydraulic Power Steering, abbreviation HPS), then again appeared electronically controlled Hydraulic Steering system (Electro Hydraulic Power Steering, abbreviation EHPS) and Electric Power Steering system (Steering, room Power as EPS). Assemble mechanical steering system of car parking and low-speed driving, when the driver's steering control burden too heavy, in order to solve this problem, the American GM in the 1950s took the lead in the car hydraulic steering system. But, hydraulic steering system can't juggle vehicles to speed portability and high speed, so the steering stability Koyo in Japan in 1983, with the company introduced the application of speed sensing function of hydraulic steering system. This new type of steering system can provide speed increased with the decreasing steering, but complicated structure, cost is higher, and cannot overcome hydraulic system itself has many shortcomings, is a cross between a hydraulic steering and electric power steering the transition between the products. In 1988, Japan Suzuki company first in small cars equipped with Cervo Koyo company development on the steering column, power type electric power steering system; In 1990, Japan Honda NSX in sports car company adopted self-developed rack power type electric power steering system, henceforth unveils the electric power steering in cars applications history 2.Working principle Electric power steering system are as follows: first, the working principle, torque sensor measured on steering wheel drivers on the manipulation of the moment, the wheel speed sensors detect the vehicle driving speed, then present the two signals to ECU; According to the built-in control strategy: ECU, calculates the ideal target booster torque, into current instructions to motor; Then, the power generated by the torque motor slowdown institutions amplification on steering system in mechanical manipulation of the moment, and the driver together to overcome resistance torque, realize to the vehicle steering. 3. Working process
附录 附录A Braking system function is to make the car driving in accordance with the requirements of the pilot required even slow down park; They offend car has in various road conditions (including in the slope stability) in car; Make the downhill cars speed to be stable. For car up the role of brake is only in the car and role with the direction of the car driving direction opposite forces, and the size of these forces are random, do not control, so cars must be installed on a series of special equipment to achieve the function. Automobile brake system is to point to to ensure that the car in technology, improve the safe driving car average speed, etc., and the admiration installed in the car brake special brake institutions. In general automobile brake system including crane brake system and parking brake two sets of independent device. One crane brake device is a driver with feet to manipulate, and it said the foot brake. Parking brake device is a pilot with the hand, so it says of the manipulation of the hand brake. The function of the crane brake system is to make the car slow down or running in the shortest distance parking within. And parking brake function is to make had stopped the car on the road all keep still. But, sometimes, in an emergency, two braking device can be used at the same time and increase the effect of auto brake. Some special purpose of cars and often in the mountains cars, long and frequently brake will lead to crane brake system overheating, so in these cars often add all sorts of different types of auxiliary braking equipment, so as to speed up the hill stability. According to the braking energy situation, brake system can also be divided into human brake system, power brake system, and servo brake system, three. Human brake system to the driver's physical strength as braking energy; Power brake system engine power to the transformation of the air pressure or hydraulic braking energy as; And servo brake system is the most human and engine power as a brake energy. In addition, according to the braking energy transfer mode, brake system and can be divided into mechanical and hydraulic, pneumatic type and assolenoid style wait until a few kinds.
浅谈差速器 普通行星齿轮差速器由行星架（差速器壳），半轴齿轮等零件组成。它将发动机的动力，直接驱动差速器壳体内的轴，再由行星齿轮驱动左、右两半轴，并分别驱动左、右车轮。差速器的设计应满足：左半轴转速与右半轴转速之和等于两倍的行星架转速。当两侧车轮以纯滚动的形式做等距行驶时，会减少轮胎和路面的摩擦.差速器的这种调整是自动的，这里涉及到“最小能耗原理”，即地球上所有物体都倾向于耗能最小的状态。例如把一粒豆子放入一个碗内，豆子会自动停留在碗底，而不会留在碗壁，因为碗底是能量消耗最低的位置（位能），它会自动选择静止（动能最小）而不会不断地运动。同样的道理，汽车转弯时所有的驱动轮，左、右车轮与行星架的速度是相等的，而在汽车转弯时的三个平衡状态被破坏，导致内侧轮转速减小，横向轮RPM增加。 汽车差速器是驱动桥的主要部件。其功能是传递两侧半轴的动力，同时允许两半轴以不同的速度旋转，同时能够满足按照国家标准的自动的最低能量消耗的趋势，在转弯时自动接受转向半径来调整右轮转速，由于横向摩擦轮拖动现象，内侧车轮有滑动现象，现在两个驱动轮可以产生两个相反方向的附加力，因此符合最小的能源消耗原理, 这不可避免地导致了两侧车轮的速度差，从而摧毁了三个平衡关系，并通过半轴齿轮体现出来。迫使行星齿轮产生自转，使外侧半轴转速更快，内侧半轴减速，从而实现两侧车轮转速的差异。 如果任意一侧驱动轴上的驱动轮都使用一个整体的刚性连接，那么这两个轮子只能以相同的角度旋转。所以，当车辆的转向轮驱动时，由于外侧车轮比内侧车轮横过的距离大，将使外侧车轮在滚动的同时产生延迟，内侧车轮在滚动的同时产生滑动。即使车轮在凹凸不平的道路上跑直线，因为虽然道路是直，但轮胎滚动半径范围（轮胎制造误差，磨损不同，通过不均或气压不等所造成的车轮滑动）轮毂时，不仅会加剧轮胎的磨损滑动，增加动力性和燃油消耗，还能使车辆的转向困难，制动性能变得差.为了使车轮尽可能不会发生滑动的结构，必须保证车轮可以以不同的角度旋转。 轴间差速器：通常驾驶的轿车轮毂轴承支撑在主轴上，能够以任何角度旋转，驱动车轮分别与两根半轴刚性连接，在两根半轴之间有一个差速器，这种差速器称为轴间差速器。 如果使后轮轴成为一个整体，他将无法使两侧的车轮转速有差异，即不能做自动调整。为了解决这个问题，早在一百年前，法国雷诺汽车公司创始人路易斯·雷诺设计了一个差速器。 现代汽车上的差速器通常是根据其工作特性分为齿轮式差速器和限滑差速器两大类。 1.开模差速器 诺基开模差速器的结构是典型的行星齿轮组的结构，只有太阳轮和小齿轮环外
1 Introduction The key task for the automobile industry and its suppliers in future lies in speedily developing and implementing ecologically sound and economically justifiable mobility systems. Light metals such as aluminum and magnesium along with glass and carbon fiber reinforced materials, ceramics and composites have opened up the potential for considerable weight reduction and for "green" vehicle concepts which can be realized economically. Aluminum in particular can provide the impetus for new designs for the next millennium. Decades ago, the use of aluminum in auto construction was seen as an "experiment"; Today it is a vital factor in reducing weight and thus lowering fuel consumption. The average passenger car today contains 60 to 70 kg of aluminum, and current developments point to a doubling of this amount in the next few years. Motor vehicles both now and in future must meet requirements for: greater performance, greater safety, comfort, low pollution. Lightweight construction is not just about reducing weight; it is a question of -striking the right balance between reduced weight and structural efficiency. In vehicle construction this normally means making the best use of the generally very tight space available for individual components so as to allow weight to be minimized while still meeting all stiffness, strength, natural frequency or acoustical requirements. To achieve this, stresses must be distributed throughout the structure as evenly as possible. Modern numerical analysis methods such as FEA allow a very detailed analysis of system behavior, provide cost-efficient support for the complex process of optimization and thus make a huge contribution to advances in lightweight construction. Packaging, safety considerations, reproducibility and price place restrictions on the degree of weight reduction achievable. The broad range of expertise available to Krupp Presta AG allows the company to analyze customer specifications for steering systems and provide appropriate solutions. 2 Requirements to be met by steering systems The steering is an important part of the feel of a car. The steering system should make driving an enjoyable experience with no unpleasant vibration from the road surface while guaranteeing the required hand- sing. It is also important that high safety requirements be met, both under normal conditions and in crash situations. The key criteria for the steering system are thus as follows:rolling friction, torsional stiffness /strength, Damping, temperature, corrosion, durability / fatigue, weight. Crash kinematics and energy absorption steering column requirements:natural frequency / stiffness, mass, damping, space, strength (crash, misuse), ergonomics, handling, acoustics, crash kinematics and energy absorption. Other basic conditions:interfaces with adjacent components, installation, joining techniques, price. 3 Materials material light weighting can be achieved by using either stronger or lighter material. When stiffness or natural frequency are Important sizing criteria, low density materials with a high modulus of elasticity by quired. Non-exotic materials must be selected which are readily recyclable, low in price and display good durability.Further requirements are set by the manufacturing and joining processes. Steel, aluminum, magnesium and a variety of plastics are the materials of choice for steering systems.
汽车专业英语 主编：李崑 课后专业词汇汇总（带音标） 汇总：徐艳民 1 automobile ['?:t?m?ubi:l, ,?:t?m?'bi:l]汽车（美） assembly line [?'sembli]装配线 petroleum refining [pi'tr?uli?m, p?-]石油提炼 body and frame车身与车架 engine ['end?in] 发动机、引擎 drive line 传动系统 running gear 控制装置 suspension[s?'spen??n]悬架系统 unitized body ['ju:nitaizd]整体式车身 gasoline engine ['ɡ?s?li:n]汽油机 diesel engine ['di:z?l]柴油机 gas turbine['t?:bain, -bin]燃气轮机 battery ['b?t?ri]电池、电池组 fuel cell燃料电池 hybrid power ['haibrid][pau?]混合动力系统 piston ['pist?n]活塞 rotary engine ['r?ut?ri]转子发动机 vehicle ['vi:ikl, 有时发'vi:hi-]交通工具、车辆 transmission [tr?nz'mi??n, tr?ns-, trɑ:n-]变速器 drive shaft传动轴 differential [,dif?'ren??l]差速器 rear axle ['?ks?l]后轴、后桥 rear-wheel drive后轮驱动 front-wheel drive 前轮驱动 braking system 制动系统 wheel车轮 tire 轮胎 steering system 转向系统 spring [sp ri?]弹簧 shock absorber [??k] [?b's?:b?]减震器 Macpherson strut [m?k'f?:sn] [str?t]麦弗逊式悬架 torsion bar ['t?:??n]扭力杆 strut rod 支撑杆 stabilizer bar ['steibilaiz?]横向稳定杆 2 internal combustion engine [in't?:n?l] [k?m'b?st??n] ['end?in]内燃机 fuel 燃料 external combustion engine [ik'st?:n?l]外燃机 steam engine 蒸汽机 intermittent combustion engine[,int?'mit?nt]间隔燃烧式发动机 continuous combustion engine [k?n'tinju?s]连续燃烧式发动机 turbine engine ['t?:bain, -bin]涡轮发动机 rocket engine ['r?kit]火箭发动机 jet (or reaction) engine喷气式发动机 Wankel engine汪克尔发动机、转子发动机 stroke [str?uk]冲程、行程 cooling system冷却系统 fuel system燃料系统 ignition system [iɡ'ni??n]点火系统 spark-ignition engine 火花点燃式发动机 compression-ignition engine 压燃式发动机 liquid-cooled 用液体冷却的、水冷的 air-cooled 用空气冷却的、风冷的 3 cylinder block 气缸体 cylinder ['silind?]气缸 connecting rod 连杆 crankshaft['kr??k,?ɑ:ft]曲轴 cylinder head气缸盖 combustion chamber[k?m'b?st??n] ['t?eimb?]燃烧室 valve气门、阀 camshaft['k?m?ɑ:ft]凸轮轴 flywheel ['flaiwi:l]飞轮 intake manifold 进气歧管 exhaust manifold ['m?nif?uld]排气歧管 carburetor [,kɑ:bju'ret?, 'kɑ:-]化油器 fuel injector 燃料喷射器 cast iron ['ai?n]铸铁 aluminum [?'lju:min?m]铝 cooling fluid 冷却液 spark plug [pl?ɡ]火花塞 intake valve进气门 exhaust valve[iɡ'z?:st]排气门 cam凸轮 gear齿轮 belt皮带 chain链条 overhead camshaft (OHC) 凸轮轴上置式 rpm=revolutions per minute[,rev?'lju:??n]转速、转数/分钟 horsepower ['h?:s,pau?]马力、功率 intake system 进气系统 sensor ['sens?, -s?:]传感器 oxygen sensor ['?ksid??n]氧传感器 fuel induction system[in'd?k??n]燃料吸入系统 4 fuel tank 燃料箱、油箱 fuel line燃料管路 fuel pump 燃料泵、燃油泵 fuel filter [filt?]燃料滤清器 PCM (power train control module) 动力系统控制模块（计算机）
Automobile Brake System The braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes. Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake. The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the parking brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set. The brake system is composed of the following basic c omponents: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by cylinders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the car. The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure).
驱动桥设计 随着汽车对安全、节能、环保的不断重视，汽车后桥作为整车的一个关键部件，其产品的质量对整车的安全使用及整车性能的影响是非常大的，因而对汽车后桥进行有效的优化设计计算是非常必要的。 驱动桥处于动力传动系的末端，其基本功能是增大由传动轴或变速器传来的转矩,并将动力合理地分配给左、右驱动轮，另外还承受作用于路面和车架或车身之间的垂直力力和横向力。驱动桥一般由主减速器、差速器、车轮传动装置和驱动桥壳等组成。 驱动桥作为汽车四大总成之一，它的性能的好坏直接影响整车性能，而对于载重汽车显得尤为重要。驱动桥设计应当满足如下基本要求： 1、符合现代汽车设计的一般理论。 2、外形尺寸要小，保证有必要的离地间隙。 3、合适的主减速比，以保证汽车的动力性和燃料经济性。 4、在各种转速和载荷下具有高的传动效率。 5、在保证足够的强度、刚度条件下，力求质量小，结构简单，加工工艺性 好，制造容易，拆装，调整方便。 6、与悬架导向机构运动协调，对于转向驱动桥，还应与转向机构运动协调。智能电子技术在汽车上得以推广使得汽车在安全行驶和其它功能更上一层楼。通过各种传感器实现自动驾驶。除些之外智能汽车装备有多种传感器能充分感知交通设施及环境的信息并能随时判断车辆及驾驶员是否处于危险之中，具备自主寻路、导航、避撞、不停车收费等功能。有效提高运输过程中的安全，减少驾驶员的操纵疲劳度，提高乘客的舒适度。当然蓄电池是电动汽车的关键，电动汽车用的蓄电池主要有：铅酸蓄电池、镍镉蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、锂电池、锌—空气电池、飞轮电池、燃料电池和太阳能电池等。在诸多种电池中，燃料电池是迄今为止最有希望解决汽车能源短缺问题的动力源。燃料电池具有高效无污染的特性，不同于其他蓄电池，其不需要充电，只要外部不断地供给燃料，就能连续稳定地发电。燃料电池汽车(FCEV)具有可与内燃机汽车媲美的动力性能，在排放、燃油经济性方面明显优于内燃机车辆。
智能汽车中英文对照外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 翻译： 基于智能汽车的智能控制研究 摘要：本文使用一个叫做“智能汽车”的平台进行智能控制研究，该小车采用飞思卡尔半导体公司制造的MC9S12DG128芯片作为主要的控制单元，同时介绍了最小的智能控制系统的设计和实现智能车的自我追踪驾驶使用路径识别算法。智能控制智能车的研究包括:提取路径信息,自我跟踪算法实现和方向和速度控制。下文介绍了系统中不同模块的各自实现功能，最重要部分是智能车的过程智能控制：开环控制和闭环控制的应用程序包括增量式PID控制算法和鲁棒控制算法。最后一步是
基于智能控制系统的智能测试。 关键词：MC9S12DG128；智能控制;开环控制；PID；鲁棒； 1.背景介绍 随着控制理论的提高以及信息技术的快速发展,智能控制在我们的社会中发挥着越来越重要的作用。由于嵌入式设备有小尺寸、低功耗、功能强大等优点，相信在这个领域将会有一个相对广泛的应用,如汽车电子、航空航天、智能家居。如果这些技术一起工作，它将会蔓延到其他领域。为了研究嵌入式智能控制技术，“智能汽车”被选为研究平台,并把MC9S12DG128芯片作为主控单元。通过智能控制,智能汽车可以自主移动,同时跟踪的路径。 首先,本文给读者一个总体介绍智能车辆系统的[2、3]。然后,根据智能车辆的智能控制:提取路径信息,自我跟踪算法实现中,舵机的方向和速度的控制。它提供包括了上述四个方面的细节的智能车系统信息。此外,本文强调了智能车的控制过程应用程序包括开环控制、闭环增量PID算法和鲁棒算法。 2.智能车系统的总体设计 该系统采用MC9S12DG128[4]作为主芯片，以及一个CCD传感器作为交通信息收集的传感器。速度传感器是基于无线电型光电管的原理开发。路径可以CCD传感器后绘制收集的数据，并且系统计算出相应的处理。在同时，用由电动马达速度测试模块测量的智能汽车的当前速度进行响应的系统。最后，路径识别系统利用所述路径信息和当前的速度，以使智能汽车在不同的道路条件的最高速度运行。图1示出了智能车辆系统的框图。
底盘平移台chassis shuttle 车辆转移台bus transfer 前围角板front wall angle cover 后围侧板rear wall side cover 保险杠bumper 三类底盘three type chassis 左侧围应力蒙皮R/S stretching skin (road side) 中涂floating coat 拼装台collector 切割轮口wheel -arch cutting 内饰trim 线束harness 返工re-doing 轮罩护板wheel house 发车前准备pre-delivery 举升hoist 小批量产品be pilot 2 套two kits 配电站power transformer substation 裙板skirt 发动机托架engine holding frame 诊断报警系统diagnosis and alarming system 互换性interchangeability 缩微图纸microfiche files 总装final assembly 磷化phosphate 仪表板dash board 切齐trimming 结构完整性structure integrity 自动愈合的防腐材料self-healing corrosion preventative material 长途客车inter-city bus 改装厂refitting factory 遮阳板sun visor 随车工具tool box 钢化玻璃toughened grass 异形钢管special steel pipe 全天候空调系统full range A/C 强制通风ram-air ventilation 停机时间downtime 无公害柴油clean diesel 宽敞悬臂式座椅roomy cantilevered seat 防滑地板no-skid floor 织物纹里铝合金textured aluminum extrusion 爬坡能力grade ability
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：汽车制动系统 文献、资料英文题目： 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业：汽车检测与维修 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14
Automobile Brake System The braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes. Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake. The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set. The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by the slave cy linders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the car. The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure). Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the