二级公路毕业设计外文文献

土木工程专业毕业设计外文文献及翻译Here are two examples of foreign literature related to graduation design in the field of civil engineering, along with their Chinese translations:1. Foreign Literature:Title: "Analysis of Structural Behavior and Design Considerations for High-Rise Buildings"Author(s): John SmithJournal: Journal of Structural EngineeringYear: 2024Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of the structural behavior and design considerations for high-rise buildings. The author discusses the challenges and unique characteristics associated with the design of high-rise structures, such as wind loads and lateral stability. The study also highlights various design approaches and construction techniques used to ensure the safety and efficiency of high-rise buildings.Chinese Translation:标题：《高层建筑的结构行为分析与设计考虑因素》期刊：结构工程学报年份：2024年2. Foreign Literature:Title: "Sustainable Construction Materials: A Review of Recent Advances and Future Directions"Author(s): Jennifer Lee, David JohnsonJournal: Construction and Building MaterialsYear: 2024Chinese Translation:标题：《可持续建筑材料：最新进展与未来发展方向综述》期刊：建筑材料与结构年份：2024年Please note that these are just examples and there are numerous other research papers available in the field of civil engineering for graduation design.。

公路通行能力外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Highway Capacity And Levels of Service Capacity DefinedA generalized definition of capacity is: The capacity of any element of the highway system is the maximum number of vehicles which has a reasonable expectation of passing over that section (in either one or both directions) during a given time period under prevailing roadway and trafficconditions. A sampling of capacities for modern highway elements is as follows:Capacity in PassengerFacilityCars Freeways and expressways away from ramps and2000 weaving sections, per lane per hourTwo-Lane highways, total in both directions, per2000hourThree-lane highways, total in each direction, per2000hourTwelve-foot lane at signalized intersection, per hour1800of green signal time(no interference and idealprogression)In treating capacity，TRB Circular 212 divides freeways into components: basic freeway segments and those in the zone of influence of weaving areas and ramp junctions. Capacities of expressways，multilane highways，and two- and three-lane facilities also have the two components: basic and those in the zone of influence of intersections. Each of these is treated separately below.Speed-Volume-Capacity Relationships for BasicFreeway and Multilane Highway SegmentsA knowledge of the relationships among speed，volume，and capacity is basic to understanding the place of capacity in highway design and operation. Figurel3.1，which gives such a relationship for a single freeway or expressway lane, is used for illustrative purposes.If a lone vehicle travels along a traffic lane，the driver is free to proceed at the design speed. This situation is represented at the beginning of the appropriate curve at the upper left of Fig. 13.1. But as the number of vehicles in the lane increases, the driver's freedom to select speed is restricted. This restriction brings a progressive reduction in speed. For example，many observations have shown that，for a highway designed for 70 mph (113km/h)，when volume reaches 1900 passenger cars per hour，traffic is slowed to about 43 mph (69km/h). If volume increases further, the relatively stable normal-flow condition usually found at lower volumes is subject to breakdown. This zone of instability is shown by the shaded area on the right side of Fig. 13. 1. One possible consequence is that traffic flow will stabilize at about 2000 vehicles per hour at a velocity of 30 to 40 mph (48 to 64km/h) as shown by the curved solid line on Fig. 13. 1. Often，however , the quality of flow deteriorates and a substantial drop in velocity occurs; in extreme cases vehicles may come to a full stop. In this case the volume of flow quickly decreases as traffic proceeds under a condition known as …forced flow.‟ V olumes under forced flow are shown by the dashed curve at the bottom of Fig. 13. 1. Reading from that curve，it can be seenthat if the speed falls to 20 mph (32km/h)，the rate of flow will drop to 1700 vehicles per hour; at 10 mph （16km/h) the flow rate is only 1000;and,of course，if vehicles stop，the rate of flow is 0. The result of this reduction in flow rate is that following vehicles all must slow or stop，and the rate of flow falls to the levels shown. Even in those cases where the congestion lasts but a few seconds, additional vehicles are affected after the congestion at the original location has disappeared. A …shock wave’develops which moves along the traffic lane in the direction opposite to that of vehicle travel. Such waves have been observed several miles from the scene of the original point of congestion，with vehicles slowing or stopping and then resuming speed for no apparent reason whatsoever.Effects of the imposition of speed limits of 60, 50, and 40 mph are suggested by the dotted lines on Fig. 13. 1. A 55-mph (88km/h) curve could also be drawn midway between the 60 and 50 mph dotted curves to reflect the effects of the federally imposed 55-mph limit, but this is conjectural since the level of enforcement varies so widely.Vehicle spacing，or its reciprocal, traffic density, probably have the greatest effect on capacity since it generates the driver's feeling of freedom or constraint more than any other factor. Studies of drivers as they follow other vehicles indicate that the time required to reach a potential collision point，rather than vehicle separation，seems to control behavior. However，this time varies widely among drivers and situations. Field observations have recordedheadways (time between vehicles) ranging from 0. 5 to 2 sec, with an average of about 1. 5s.Thus，the calculated capacity of a traffic lane based on this 1. 5 s average, regardless of speed，will be 2400 vehicles per hour. But even under the best of conditions, occasional gaps in the traffic stream can be expected，so that such high flows are not common. Rather, as noted，they are nearer to 2000 passenger cars per hour.The ‘Level of Service’ ConceptAs indicated in the discussion of the relationships of speed, volume or density, and vehicle spacing, operating speed goes down and driver restrictions become greater as traffic volume increase. …Level of service‟ is commonly accepted as a measure of the restrictive effects of increased volume. Each segment of roadway can be rated at an appropriate level，A to F inclusive，to reflect its condition at the given demand or service volume. Level A represents almost ideal conditions; Level E is at capacity; Level F indicates forced flow.The two best measures for level of service for uninterrupted flow conditions are operating or travel speed and the radio of volume to capacity达到最大限度的广播，called the v/c ratio. For two- and three-lane roads sight distance is also important.Abbreviated descriptions of operating conditions for the various levels of service are as follows:Level A—Free flow; speed controlled by driver's desire，speed limits, orphysical roadway conditions.Level B—Stable flow; operating speeds beginning to be restricted; little or no restrictions on maneuverability from other vehicles.Level C—Stable flow; speeds and maneuverability more closely restricted.Level D—Approaches unstable flow; tolerable speeds can be maintained but temporary restrictions to flow cause substantial drops in speed. Little freedom to maneuver，comfort and convenience low.Level E—V olumes near capacity; speed typically in neighborhood of 30 mph (48km/h); flow unstable; stoppages of momentary duration. Ability to maneuver severely limited.Level F—Forced flow，low-operating speeds，volumes below capacity; queues formed.A third measure of level of service suggested in TRB Circular 212 is traffic density. This is，for a traffic lane，the average number of vehicles occupying a mile (1. 6km) of lane at a given instant. To illustrate，if the average speed is 50 mph，a vehicle is in a given mile for 72 s. If the lane carrying 800 vehicles per hour，average density is then 16 vehicles per mile ;spacing is 330 ft (100m)，center to center. The advantage of the density approach is that the various levels of service can be measured or portrayed in photographs.From: Clarkson H. Oglesby and R. Gary Hicks “Highwayengineering”, 1982公路通行能力和服务水平通行能力的定义道路通行能力的广义定义是：在繁忙的道路和交通条件下公路系统任何元素的通行能力是对在指定的时间通过一断面（一个或两个方向）的最大数量的车辆有一个合理的预期。

土木工程毕业设计英文参考文献1. Chen, Z., & Yang, J. (2015). Study on the Application of BIM Technology in Civil Engineering. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 549, 1097-1103.2. Wang, J., & Xu, H. (2014). Research on the Application of Big Data Technology in Civil Engineering. Advances in Computer Science Research, 32, 327-334.3. Wang, X., & Li, Z. (2017). Research on the Application of Internet of Things Technology in Civil Engineering. Advances in Engineering Research, 103, 209-214.4. Zhang, Y., & Hu, H. (2016). Study on the Application of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Civil Engineering. Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience, 13(11), 8320-8324.5. Li, J., & Liu, T. (2019). Research on the Application of 3D Printing Technology in Civil Engineering. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1140, 012042.6. Wu, H., & Liu, Y. (2018). Study on the Application of Robotics Technology in Civil Engineering. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 878, 646-651.7. Wang, Q., & Zhang, L. (2016). Research on the Application of Virtual Reality Technology in Civil Engineering. AppliedMechanics and Materials, 864, 485-490.8. Liu, Y., & Wang, X. (2017). Study on the Application of Green Building Technology in Civil Engineering. Advanced Materials Research, 1014, 146-150.9. Zhang, L., & Li, T. (2015). Research on the Application of Geographical Information System Technology in Civil Engineering. International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering, 9(2), 150-154.10. Zhou, H., & Yang, W. (2019). Study on the Application of Sustainable Development Technology in Civil Engineering. Journal of Sustainable Development, 12(5), 15-20.。

毕设外文文献+翻译1外文翻译外文原文CHANGING ROLES OF THE CLIENTS、ARCHITECTSAND CONTRACTORS THROUGH BIMAbstract:Purpose –This paper aims to present a general review of the practical implications of building information modelling (BIM) based on literature and case studies. It seeks to address the necessity for applying BIM and re-organising the processes and roles in hospital building projects. This type of project is complex due to complicated functional and technical requirements, decision making involving a large number of stakeholders, and long-term development processes.Design/methodology/approach–Through desk research and referring to the ongoing European research project InPro, the framework for integrated collaboration and the use of BIM are analysed.Findings –One of the main findings is the identification of the main factors for a successful collaboration using BIM, which can be recognised as “POWER”: product information sharing (P),organisational roles synergy (O), work processes coordination (W), environment for teamwork (E), and reference data consolidation (R).Originality/value –This paper contributes to the actual discussion in science and practice on the changing roles and processes that are required to develop and operate sustainable buildings with the support of integrated ICT frameworks and tools. It presents the state-of-the-art of European research projects and some of the first real cases of BIM application inhospital building projects.Keywords:Europe, Hospitals, The Netherlands, Construction works, Response flexibility, Project planningPaper type :General review1. IntroductionHospital building projects, are of key importance, and involve significant investment, and usually take a long-term development period. Hospital building projects are also very complex due to the complicated requirements regarding hygiene, safety, special equipments, and handling of a large amount of data. The building process is very dynamic and comprises iterative phases and intermediate changes. Many actors with shifting agendas, roles and responsibilities are actively involved, such as: the healthcare institutions, national and local governments, project developers, financial institutions, architects, contractors, advisors, facility managers, and equipment manufacturers and suppliers. Such building projects are very much influenced, by the healthcare policy, which changes rapidly in response to the medical, societal and technological developments, and varies greatly between countries (World Health Organization, 2000). In The Netherlands, for example, the way a building project in the healthcare sector is organised is undergoing a major reform due to a fundamental change in the Dutch health policy that was introduced in 2008.The rapidly changing context posts a need for a building with flexibility over its lifecycle. In order to incorporate life-cycle considerations in the building design, construction technique, and facility management strategy, a multidisciplinary collaboration is required. Despite the attempt for establishing integrated collaboration, healthcare building projects still facesserious problems in practice, such as: budget overrun, delay, and sub-optimal quality in terms of flexibility, end-user?s dissatisfaction, and energy inefficiency. It is evident that the lack of communication and coordination between the actors involved in the different phases of a building project is among the most important reasons behind these problems. The communication between different stakeholders becomes critical, as each stakeholder possesses different setof skills. As a result, the processes for extraction, interpretation, and communication of complex design information from drawings and documents are often time-consuming and difficult. Advanced visualisation technologies, like 4D planning have tremendous potential to increase the communication efficiency and interpretation ability of the project team members. However, their use as an effective communication tool is still limited and not fully explored. There are also other barriers in the information transfer and integration, for instance: many existing ICT systems do not support the openness of the data and structure that is prerequisite for an effective collaboration between different building actors or disciplines.Building information modelling (BIM) offers an integrated solution to the previously mentioned problems. Therefore, BIM is increasingly used as an ICT support in complex building projects. An effective multidisciplinary collaboration supported by an optimal use of BIM require changing roles of the clients, architects, and contractors; new contractual relationships; and re-organised collaborative processes. Unfortunately, there are still gaps in the practical knowledge on how to manage the building actors to collaborate effectively in their changing roles, and todevelop and utilise BIM as an optimal ICT support of the collaboration.This paper presents a general review of the practical implications of building information modelling (BIM) based on literature review and case studies. In the next sections, based on literature and recent findings from European research project InPro, the framework for integrated collaboration and the use of BIM are analysed. Subsequently, through the observation of two ongoing pilot projects in The Netherlands, the changing roles of clients, architects, and contractors through BIM application are investigated. In conclusion, the critical success factors as well as the main barriers of a successful integrated collaboration using BIM are identified.2. Changing roles through integrated collaboration and life-cycle design approachesA hospital building project involves various actors, roles, and knowledge domains. In The Netherlands, the changing roles of clients, architects, and contractors in hospital building projects are inevitable due the new healthcare policy. Previously under the Healthcare Institutions Act (WTZi), healthcare institutions were required to obtain both a license and a building permit for new construction projects and major renovations. The permit was issued by the Dutch Ministry of Health. The healthcare institutions were then eligible to receive financial support from the government. Since 2008, new legislation on the management of hospital building projects and real estate has come into force. In this new legislation, a permit for hospital building project under the WTZi is no longer obligatory, nor obtainable (Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, 2008). This change allows more freedom from the state-directed policy, and respectively,allocates more responsibilities to the healthcare organisations to deal with the financing and management of their real estate. The new policy implies that the healthcare institutions are fully responsible to man age and finance their building projects and real estate. The government?s support for the costs of healthcare facilities will no longer be given separately, but will be included in the fee for healthcare services. This means that healthcare institutions must earn back their investment on real estate through their services. This new policy intends to stimulate sustainable innovations in the design, procurement and management of healthcare buildings, which will contribute to effective and efficient primary healthcare services.The new strategy for building projects and real estate management endorses an integrated collaboration approach. In order to assure the sustainability during construction, use, and maintenance, the end-users, facility managers, contractors and specialist contractors need to be involved in the planning and design processes. The implications of the new strategy are reflected in the changing roles of the building actors and in the new procurement method.In the traditional procurement method, the design, and its details, are developed by the architect, and design engineers. Then, the client (the healthcare institution) sends an application to the Ministry of Healthto obtain an approval on the building permit and the financial support from the government. Following this, a contractor is selected through a tender process that emphasises the search for the lowest-price bidder. During the construction period, changes often take place due to constructability problems of the design and new requirements from the client.Because of the high level of technical complexity, and moreover, decision-making complexities, the whole process from initiation until delivery of a hospital building project can take up to ten years time. After the delivery, the healthcare institution is fully in charge of the operation of the facilities. Redesigns and changes also take place in the use phase to cope with new functions and developments in the medical world.The integrated procurement pictures a new contractual relationship between the parties involved in a building project. Instead of a relationship between the client and architect for design, and the client and contractor for construction, in an integrated procurement the client only holds a contractual relationship with the main party that is responsible for both design and construction. The traditional borders between tasks and occupational groups become blurred since architects, consulting firms, contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers all stand on the supply side in the building process while the client on the demand side. Such configuration puts the architect, engineer and contractor in a very different position that influences not only their roles, but also their responsibilities, tasks and communication with the client, the users, the team and other stakeholders.The transition from traditional to integrated procurement method requires a shift of mindset of the parties on both the demand and supply sides. It is essential for the client and contractor to have a fair and open collaboration in which both can optimally use their competencies. The effectiveness of integrated collaboration is also determined by the client?s capacity and strategy to organize innovative tendering procedures.A new challenge emerges in case of positioning an architect in a partnership with the contractor instead of with the client. In case of the architect enters a partnership with the contractor, an important issues is how to ensure the realisation of the architectural values as well as innovative engineering through an efficient construction process. In another case, the architect can stand at the client?s side in a strategic advisory role instead of being the designer. In this case, the architect?s responsibility is translating client?s requirements and wishes into the architectural values to be included in the design specification, and evaluating the contractor?s proposal against this. In any of this new role, the architect holds the responsibilities as stakeholder interest facilitator, custodian of customer value and custodian of design models.The transition from traditional to integrated procurement method also brings consequences in the payment schemes. In the traditional building process, the honorarium for the architect is usually based on a percentage of the project costs; this may simply mean that the more expensive the building is, the higher the honorarium will be. The engineer receives the honorarium based on the complexity of the design and the intensity of the assignment. A highly complex building, which takes a number of redesigns, is usually favourable for the engineers in terms of honorarium. A traditional contractor usually receives the commission based on the tender to construct the building at the lowest price by meeting the minimum specifications given by the client. Extra work due to modifications is charged separately to the client. After the delivery, the contractor is no longer responsible for the long-term use of the building. In the traditional procurement method, all risks are placed with theclient.In integrated procurement method, the payment is based on the achieved building performance; thus, the payment is non-adversarial. Since the architect, engineer and contractor have a wider responsibility on the quality of the design and the building, the payment is linked to a measurement system of the functional and technical performance of the building over a certain period of time. The honorarium becomes an incentive to achieve the optimal quality. If the building actors succeed to deliver a higher added-value thatexceed the minimum client?s requirements, they will receive a bonus in accordance to the client?s extra gain. The level of transparency is also improved. Open book accounting is an excellent instrument provided that the stakeholders agree on the information to be shared and to its level of detail (InPro, 2009).Next to the adoption of integrated procurement method, the new real estate strategy for hospital building projects addresses an innovative product development and life-cycle design approaches. A sustainable business case for the investment and exploitation of hospital buildings relies on dynamic life-cycle management that includes considerations and analysis of the market development over time next to the building life-cycle costs (investment/initial cost, operational cost, and logistic cost). Compared to the conventional life-cycle costing method, the dynamic life-cycle management encompasses a shift from focusing only on minimizing the costs to focusing on maximizing the total benefit that can be gained. One of the determining factors for a successful implementation of dynamic life-cycle management is the sustainable design of the building and building components, which means that the design carriessufficient flexibility to accommodate possible changes in the long term (Prins, 1992).Designing based on the principles of life-cycle management affects the role of the architect, as he needs to be well informed about the usage scenarios and related financial arrangements, the changing social and physical environments, and new technologies. Design needs to integrate people activities and business strategies over time. In this context, the architect is required to align the design strategies with the organisational, local and global policies on finance, business operations, health and safety, environment, etc.The combination of process and product innovation, and the changing roles of the building actors can be accommodated by integrated project delivery or IPD (AIA California Council, 2007). IPD is an approach that integrates people, systems, business structures and practices into a process that collaboratively harnesses the talents and insights of all participants to reduce waste and optimize efficiency through all phases of design, fabrication and construction. IPD principles can be applied to a variety of contractual arrangements. IPD teams will usually include members well beyond the basic triad of client, architect, and contractor. At a minimum, though, an Integrated Project should include a tight collaboration between the client, the architect, and the main contractor ultimately responsible for construction of the project, from the early design until the project handover. The key to a successful IPD is assembling a team that is committed to collaborative processes and is capable of working together effectively. IPD is built on collaboration. As a result, it can only be successful if the participants share and apply common values and goals.3. Changing roles through BIM applicationBuilding information model (BIM) comprises ICT frameworks and tools that can support the integrated collaboration based on life-cycle design approach. BIM is a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. As such it serves as a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its lifecycle from inception onward (National Institute of Building Sciences NIBS, 2007). BIM facilitates time and place independent collaborative working. A basic premise of BIM is collaboration by different stakeholders at different phases of the life cycle of a facility to insert, extract, update or modify information in the BIM to support and reflect the roles of that stakeholder. BIM in its ultimate form, as a shared digital representation founded on open standards for interoperability, can become a virtual information model to be handed from the design team to the contractor and subcontractors and then to the client.BIM is not the same as the earlier known computer aided design (CAD). BIM goes further than an application to generate digital (2D or 3D) drawings. BIM is an integrated model in which all process and product information is combined, stored, elaborated, and interactively distributed to all relevant building actors. As a central model for all involved actors throughout the project lifecycle, BIM develops andevolves as the project progresses. Using BIM, the proposed design and engineering solutions can be measured against the client?s requirements and expected building performance. The functionalities of BIM to support the design process extend to multidimensional (nD), including: three-dimensional visualisation and detailing, clash detection, material schedule, planning, costestimate, production and logistic information, and as-built documents. During the construction process, BIM can support the communication between the building site, the factory and the design office– which is crucial for an effective and efficient prefabrication and assembly processes as well as to prevent or solve problems related to unforeseen errors or modifications. When the building is in use, BIM can be used in combination with the intelligent building systems to provide and maintain up-to-date information of the building performance, including the life-cycle cost.To unleash the full potential of more efficient information exchange in the AEC/FM industry in collaborative working using BIM, both high quality open international standards and high quality implementations of these standards must be in place. The IFC open standard is generally agreed to be of high quality and is widely implemented in software. Unfortunately, the certification process allows poor quality implementations to be certified and essentially renders the certified software useless for any practical usage with IFC. IFC compliant BIM is actually used less than manual drafting for architects and contractors, and show about the same usage for engineers. A recent survey shows that CAD (as a closed-system) is still the major form of technique used in design work (over 60 per cent) while BIM is used in around 20 percent of projects for architects and in around 10 per cent of projects for engineers and contractors.The application of BIM to support an optimal cross-disciplinary and cross-phase collaboration opens a new dimension in the roles and relationships between the building actors. Several most relevant issues are: the new role of a model manager; the agreement on the access right and IntellectualProperty Right (IPR); the liability and payment arrangement according to the type of contract and in relation to the integrated procurement; and the use of open international standards.Collaborative working using BIM demands a new expert role of a model manager who possesses ICT as well as construction process know-how (InPro, 2009). The model manager deals with the system as well as with the actors. He provides and maintains technological solutions required for BIM functionalities, manages the information flow, and improves the ICT skills of the stakeholders. The model manager does not take decisions on design and engineering solutions, nor the organisational processes, but his roles in the chain of decision making are focused on:the development of BIM, the definition of the structure and detail level of the model, and the deployment of relevant BIM tools, such as for models checking, merging, and clash detections;the contribution to collaboration methods, especially decision making and communication protocols, task planning, and risk management;and the management of information, in terms of data flow and storage, identification of communication errors, and decision or process (re-)tracking.Regarding the legal and organisational issues, one of the actual questions is: “In what way does the intellectual property right (IPR) in collaborative working using BIM differ from the IPR in a traditional teamwork?”. In terms of combine d work, the IPR of each element is at tached to its creator. Although it seems to be a fully integrated design, BIM actually resulted from a combination of works/elements; for instance: the outline of the building design, is created by the architect, the design for theelectrical system, is created by the electrical contractor, etc. Thus, in case of BIM as a combined work, the IPR is similar to traditional teamwork. Working with BIM with authorship registration functionalities may actually make it easier to keep track of the IPR.How does collaborative working, using BIM, effect the contractual relationship? On the one hand,collaborative working using BIM does not necessarily change the liability position in the contract nor does it obligate an alliance contract. The General Principles of BIM A ddendum confirms: …This does not effectuate or require a restructuring of contractual relationships or shifting of risks between or among the Project Participants other than as specifically required per the Protocol Addendum and its Attachments? (ConsensusDOCS, 2008). On the other hand, changes in terms of payment schemes can be anticipated. Collaborative processes using BIM will lead to the shifting of activities from to the early design phase. Much, if not all, activities in the detailed engineering and specification phase will be done in the earlier phases. It means that significant payment for the engineering phase, which may count up to 40 per cent of the design cost, can no longer be expected. As engineering work is done concurrently with the design, a new proportion of the payment in the early design phase is necessary.4. Review of ongoing hospital building projects using BIMIn The Netherlands, the changing roles in hospital building projects are part of the strategy, which aims at achieving a sustainable real estate in response to the changing healthcare policy. Referring to literature and previous research, the main factors that influence the success of the changing roles can be concluded as: the implementation of an integrated procurementmethod and a life-cycle design approach for a sustainable collaborative process; the agreement on the BIM structure and the intellectual rights; and the integration of the role of a model manager. The preceding sections have discussed the conceptual thinking on how to deal with these factors effectively. This current section observes two actual projects and compares the actual practice with the conceptual view respectively.The main issues, which are observed in the case studies, are: the selected procurement method and the roles of the involved parties within this method;the implementation of the life-cycle design approach;the type, structure, and functionalities of BIM used in the project;the openness in data sharing and transfer of the model, and the intended use of BIM in the future; and the roles and tasks of the model manager.The pilot experience of hospital building projects using BIM in the Netherlands can be observed at University Medical Centre St Radboud (further referred as UMC) and Maxima Medical Centre (further referred as MMC). At UMC, the new building project for the Faculty of Dentistry in the city of Nijmegen has been dedicated as a BIM pilot project. At MMC, BIM is used in designing new buildings for Medical Simulation and Mother-and-Child Centre in the city of Veldhoven.The first case is a project at the University Medical Centre (UMC) St Radboud. UMC is more than just a hospital. UMC combines medical services, education and research. More than 8500 staff and 3000 students work at UMC. As a part of the innovative real estate strategy, UMC has considered to use BIM for its building projects. The new development of the Faculty ofDentistry and the surrounding buildings on the Kapittelweg in Nijmegen has been chosen as a pilot project to gather practical knowledge and experience on collaborative processes with BIM support.The main ambition to be achieved through the use of BIM in the building projects at UMC can be summarised as follows: using 3D visualisation to enhance the coordination and communication among the building actors, and the user participation in design;integrating the architectural design with structural analysis, energy analysis, cost estimation, and planning;interactively evaluating the design solutions against the programme of requirements and specifications;reducing redesign/remake costs through clash detection during the design process; andoptimising the management of the facility through the registration of medical installations andequipments, fixed and flexible furniture, product and output specifications, and operational data.The second case is a project at the Maxima Medical Centre (MMC). MMC is a large hospital resulted from a merger between the Diaconessenhuis in Eindhoven and St Joseph Hospital in Veldhoven. Annually the 3,400 staff of MMC provides medical services to more than 450,000 visitors and patients. A large-scaled extension project of the hospital in Veldhoven is a part of its real estate strategy. A medical simulation centre and a women-and-children medical centre are among the most important new facilities within this extension project. The design has been developed using 3D modelling with several functionalities of BIM.The findings from both cases and the analysis are as follows.Both UMC and MMC opted for a traditional procurement method in which the client directly contracted an architect, a structural engineer, and a mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) consultant in the design team. Once the design and detailed specifications are finished, a tender procedure will follow to select a contractor. Despite the choice for this traditional method, many attempts have been made for a closer and more effective multidisciplinary collaboration. UMC dedicated a relatively long preparation phase with the architect, structural engineer and MEP consultant before the design commenced. This preparation phase was aimed at creating a common vision on the optimal way for collaboration using BIM as an ICT support. Some results of this preparation phase are: a document that defines the common ambition for the project and the collaborative working process and a semi-formal agreement that states the commitment of the building actors for collaboration. Other than UMC, MMC selected an architecture firm with an in-house engineering department. Thus, the collaboration between the architect and structural engineer can take place within the same firm using the same software application.Regarding the life-cycle design approach, the main attention is given on life-cycle costs, maintenance needs, and facility management. Using BIM, both hospitals intend to get a much better insight in these aspects over the life-cycle period. The life-cycle sustainability criteria are included in the assignments for the design teams. Multidisciplinary designers and engineers are asked to collaborate more closely and to interact with the end-users to address life-cycle requirements. However, ensuring the building actors to engage in an integrated collaboration to generate sustainable design solutions that meet the life-cycle。

以下是一些关于交通工程学的常用参考文献，供您参考：1. "Traffic Engineering" by Roger P. Roess, Elena S. Prassas, and William R. McShane- 本书是一本广泛使用的交通工程学教材，涵盖了交通工程学的基本原理、设计和操作等方面。

2. "Transportation Engineering: An Introduction" by C. Jotin Khisty and B. Kent Lall- 这本书介绍了交通工程学的理论和实践，包括交通规划、交通流量理论、交通信号控制等内容。

3. "Highway Engineering" by Martin Rogers- 该书涵盖了公路工程的各个方面，包括公路规划、设计、建设和维护等内容。

4. "Principles of Transportation Engineering" by Partha Chakroborty and Animesh Das- 这本书介绍了交通工程学的基本原理和概念，包括交通流理论、道路设计、交通规划等内容。

5. "Traffic Engineering Handbook" by Institute ofTransportation Engineers (ITE)- 这本手册是一个全面的交通工程参考资料，包括交通规划、交通流理论、交通信号控制、交通安全等方面的信息。

6. "Transportation Planning Handbook" by Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)- 这本手册涵盖了交通规划的各个方面，包括需求预测、交通模型、交通政策等内容。

以上仅是一些常用的参考文献，还有许多其他书籍和论文可供参考。

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2006International Mechanical Engineering Education Conference A Joint Conference by Beijing,China,March31-April4,2006CMES and ASMEApplication and developmentOf case based reasoning in fixture designSchool of mechanical engineeringJiangsu University,Jiangsu,212013Abstract:Based on the case based designing(CBD)methodology,the fixture similarity is in two respects:the function and the structure information.Then,the computer aided fixture design system is created on case based reasoning(CBR),in which the attributes of the main features of workpiece and structure of fixture as case index code are designed for the retrieve of the similar cases,and the structure and hierarchical relation of case library are set up for store.Meanwhile,the algorithm based on the knowledge guided in the retrieve of the similar cases,the strategy of case adapt at ion and case storage in which the case ident if cat ion number is used to distinguish from similar cases are presented.The application of the system in some projects improves the design efficiency and gets a good result.Keywords:case based reasoning;fixture design;computer aided design(CAD)Fixtures are devices that serve as the purpose of holding the workpiece securely and accurately,and maintaining a consistent relationship with respect to the tools while machining.Because the fixture structure depends on the feature of the product and the status of the process planning in the enterprise,its design is the bottleneck during manufacturing,which restrains to improve the efficiency and leadtime.And fixture design is a complicated process,based on experience that needs comprehensive qualitative knowledge about a number of design issues including workpiece configuration,manufacturing processes involved,and machining environment.This is also a very time consuming work when using traditional CADtools(such as Unigraphics,CATIA or Pro/E),which are good at performing detailed design tasks,but provide few benefits for taking advantage of the previous design experience and resources,which are precisely the key factors in improving the efficiency.The methodology of case based reasoning(CBR)adapts the solution of a previously solved case to build a solution for a new problem with the following four steps:retrieve,reuse,revise,and retain[1].This is a more useful method than the use of an expert system to simulate human thought because proposing a similar case and applying a few modifications seems to be self explanatory and more intuitive to humans.So various case based design support tools have been developed for numerous areas[2-4],such as in injection molding and design,architectural design, die casting die design,process planning,and also in fixture design.Sun used six digitals to compose the index code that included workpiece shape,machine portion, bushing,the1st locating device,the2nd locating device and clamping device[5].But the system cannot be used for other fixture types except for drill fixtures,and cannot solve the problem of storage of the same index code that needs to be retained,which is very important in CBR[6].1Construction of a Case Index and Case Library1.1Case indexThe case index should be composed of all features of the workpiece,which are distinguished from different ing all of them would make the operation in convenient.Because the forms of the parts are diverse,and the technology requirements of manufacture in the enterprise also develop continuously,lots of features used as the case index will make the search rate slow,and the main feature unimportant,for the reason that the relative weight which is allotted to every feature must diminish.And on the other hand,it is hard to include all the features in the case index.Therefore,considering the practicality and the demand of rapid design,the case index includes both the major feature of the workpiece and the structure of fixture. The case index code is made up of16digits:13digits for case features and3digits for case identification number.The first13digits represent13features.Each digit is corresponding to an attribute of the feature,which may be one of“*”,“？”,“1”,“2”,…,“A”,“B”,…,“Z”,…,etc.In which,“*”means anyone,“?”uncertain,“0”nothing.The system rules:fixture type,workpiece shape,locating model cannot be “*”or“?”.When the system is designed,the attribute information of the three items does not have these options,which means the certain attribute must be selected.The last three digits are the case identification number,which means the13 digits of the case feature are the same,and the number of these three digits is used for distinguishing them.The system also rules:“000”is a prototype case,which is used for retrieval,and other cases are“001”,“002”,…,which are used for reference cases to be searched by designers.If occasionally one of them needs to be changed as the prototype case, first it must be required to apply to change the one to“000”,and the former is changed to referential case automatically.The construction of the case index code is shown in Fig.1.1.2Case libraryThe case library consists of lots of predefined cases.Case representation is one of the most important issues in case based reasoning.So compounding with the index code,.1.3Hierarchical form of CaseThe structure similarity of the fixture is represented as the whole fixture similarity,components similarity and component similarity.So the whole fixture case library,components case library,component case library of fixture are formed ually design information of the whole fixture is composed of workpiece information and workpiece procedure information,which represent thefixture satisfying the specifically designing function demand.The whole fixture case is made up of function components,which are described by the function components’names and numbers.The components case represents the members.(function component and other structure components，main driven parameter,the number,and their constrain relations.)The component case(the lowest layer of the fixture)is the structure of function component and other components.In the modern fixture design there are lots of parametric standard parts and common non standard parts.So the component case library should record the specification parameter and the way in which it keeps them.2Strategy of Case RetrievalIn the case based design of fixtures,the most important thing is the retrieval of the similarity,which can help to obtain the most similar case,and to cut down the time of adaptation.According to the requirement of fixture design,the strategy of case retrieval combines the way of the nearest neighbor and knowledge guided.That is, first search on depth,then on breadth;the knowledge guided strategy means to search on the knowledge rule from root to the object,which is firstly searched by the fixture type,then by the shape of the workpiece,thirdly by the locating method.For example, if the case index code includes the milling fixture of fixture type,the search is just for all milling fixtures,then for box of workpiece shape,the third for1plane+2pine of locating method.If there is no match of it,then the search stops on depth,and returns to the upper layer,and retrieves all the relative cases on breadth.Retrieval algorithms:1)According to the case index information of fixture case library,search the relevant case library;2)Match the case index code with the code of each case of the case library,and calculate the value of the similarity measure;3)Sort the order of similarity measure,the biggest value,which is the most analogical case.Similarity between two cases is based on the similarity between the two cases. features.The calculation of similarity measure depends on the type of the feature.The value of similarity can be calculated for numerical values,for example,compareWorkpiece with the weight of50kg and20kg.The value can also be calculated between non numerical values,for example,now the first13digits index code is all non numerical values.The similarity measure of a fixture is calculated as follows:where S is the similarity measure of current fixture,n is the number of the indexfeature,is the weight of each feature,is the similarity measure ofthe attribute of the i2th feature with the attribute of relative feature of the j-thcase in the case library.At the same time,,the value counts as follows:.Where is the value of the index attribute of the i-th feature,and is the value of attribute of the relative i-th feature of the j-th case in case library.So there are two methods to select the analogical fixture.One is to set the value. If the values of similarity measure of current cases were less than a given value,those cases would not be selected as analogical cases.When the case library is initially set up,and there are only a few cases,the value can be set smaller.If there are lots of analogical cases,the value should get larger.The other is just to set the number of the analogical cases(such as10),which is the largest value of similarity measure from the sorted order.3Case adaptation and Case Storage3.1Case adaptationThe modification of the analogical case in the fixture design includes the following three cases:1)The substitution of components and the component;2)Adjusting the dimension of components and the component while the form remains;3)The redesign of the model.If the components and component of the fixture are common objects,they can be edited,substituted and deleted with tools,which have been designed.3.2Case storageBefore saving a new fixture case in the case library,the designer must consider whether the saving is valuable.If the case does not increase the knowledge of the system,it is not necessary to store it in the case library.If it is valuable,then the designer must analyze it before saving it to see whether the case is stored as a prototype case or as reference case.A prototype case is a representation that can describe the main features of a case family.A case family consists of those cases whose index codes have the same first13digits and different last three digits in the case library.The last three digits of a prototype case are always“000”.A reference case belongs to the same family as the prototype case and is distinguished by the different last three digits.From the concept that has been explained,the following strategies are adopted:1)If a new case matches any existing case family,it has the same first13digits as an existing prototype case,so the case is not saved because it is represented well by the prototype case.Or is just saved as a reference case(the last3digits are not“000”, and not the same with others)in the case library.2)If a new case matches any existing case family and is thought to be better at representing this case family than the previous prototype case,then the prototype case is substituted by this new case,and the previous prototype case is saved as a reference case.3)If a new case does not match any existing case family,a new case family will be generated automatically and the case is stored as the prototype case in the case library.4Process of CBR in Fixture DesignAccording to the characteristics of fixture design,the basic information of the fixture design such as the name of fixture,part,product and the designer,etc.must be input first.Then the fixture file is set up automatically,in which all components of the fixture are put together.Then the model of the workpiece is input or designed.The detailed information about the workpiece is input,the case index code is set up,and then the CBR begins to search the analogical cases,relying on the similarity measure, and the most analogical case is selected out.If needed,the case is adapted to satisfy the current design,and restored into the case library.The flowchart of the process is shown in Fig.3.5Illustrating for Fixture Design by CBRThis is a workpiece(seeFig.4).Its material is45#steel.Its name is seat.Its shape is block,and the product batch size is middle,etc.A fixture is turning fixture that serves to turn the hole,which needs to be designed.The value of feature,attribute,case index code and weight of the workpiece is show n in Tab.2.Through searching,and calculating the similarity,the case index code of the most similar case is19325513321402000,and the detailed information is show n in Tab.3.The similarity is calculated as follows:So the value of similarity measure of the fixture which needs to be designed with the most analogical case in case library is0.806,and the structure of the most analogical case is shown in Fig.5.After having been substituted the component,modified the locating model and clamp model,and adjusted the relative dimension,the new fixture is designed,and the figure is show n in Fig.6.As there is not the analogical fixture in the case library,the new fixture is restored in to the case library.The case index code is19325513311402000.6ConclusionCBR,as a problem solving methodology,is a more efficient method than an expert system to simulate human thought,and has been developed in many domains where knowledge is difficult to acquire.The advantages of the CBR are as follows:it resembles human thought more closely;the building of a case library which has self learning ability by saving new cases is easier and faster than the building of a rule library;and it supports a better transfer and explanation of new knowledge that is more different than the rule library.A proposed fixture design framework on the CBR has been implemented by using Visual C++,UG/Open API in U n graphics with Oracle as database support,which also has been integrated with the32D parametric common component library,common components library and typical fixture library. The prototype system,developed here,is used for the aviation project,and aids the fixture designers to improve the design efficiency and reuse previous design resources.Reference[1]Mechanical Engineering Education Committee Member of Chinese Ministry of Education for University.Development Strategy of Mechanical Engineering Education[J].China University Teaching.2005№1:p9～12[2]Zhiqing Yao.Higher Engineering Education for21Century Students Quality of Engineering Education and its Training Types[J]．Beijing:Higher education press,1999：340～353[3]Guicheng Wang．Study and Practice of the Comprehensive Teaching Reform “Four in One”[J].Proceedings of the first International Conference on Higher Education of Mechanical Engineering，Beijing:China Machine Press.2002.10[4]Guicheng Wang.Study and Practice of the Students quality for Mechanical Engineering Education,Training Types and Teaching Content[M]Research Reports, University of Jiangsu.2002.5[5]Daosheng Zhou and Xiaoyang Tao.Practical Creativity[M].Nanjing：Nanjing Normal University Press.2000.8[6]Xiangwen Yin and Yuntang Chen.Theory and Practice[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2005.1[7]Fangqu Xu.Creativity and Creative Education[M].Shanghai：Shanghai Education Press.1998.12[8]Pengkui Xu.Training Ways of Creative People for Higher Engineering Education J.Society top and bottom.V ol.18,5(2003)p78～80[9]Chuan Xiao.Innovation in Education[J].Research of education，1999№11。

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译院土木工程与建筑系年级专09级工程管理二班姓曹向佩学附FIDIC1.Engineer and Engineers RepresentativeThe duties and authority of the engineer and engineersrepresentative1.1 Engineer's Duties and Authority1.1.1. The Engineer shall carry out the duties specified in the Contract.1.1.2. The Engineer may exercise the authority specified in or necessarily to be implied from the Contract, provided, the specific approval of the Employer before exercising any such authority, particulars of such requirements shall be set out in Part II ofthese Conditions. Provided further that any requisite approval shall be deemed to given by the Employer for any such authority exercised by the Engineer.1.1.3. Except as expressly stated in the Contract, the Engineer shall the Engineer and . Any such delegation or revocation shall be in writing and shall not take effectuntil a copy thereof delivered to the Employer and the Contractor. Any communication given by the Engineer's Representative to the Contractor in accordance with such delegation shall given by the Engineer. provided that :1.3.1. Any failure of the Engineer’s Representative to disapprove any work, materials or Plant shall not prejudice the authority of the Engineer to disapprove such works, materials or Plant and to give instructions for the rectification thereof;1.3.2. If the Contractor questions any communication of the Engineer's Representative .1.4 Appointment of AssistantsThe Engineer or the Engineer's representative may appoint any number of person to assist the Engineer's Representative in the carrying out of . Such assistants shall so far as such instructions may be necessary to enable them carry out their duties and to secure their acceptance of materials, Plant or workmanship as being in accordance with the Contract, and any instructions given by any of them for those purposes shall be deemed to given by the Engineer's representative.1.5 Instructions in WritingInstructions given by the Engineer shall be in writing, provided that if for any reason the Engineer considers it necessary to give any such instruction orally, the Contractor shall comply with such instruction. Confirmation in writing of such oral instruction given by the Engineer, whether before or after the carrying out of the instruction, shall be deemed to be an instruction within the meaning of this Sub-Clause. Provided further that if the Contractor, within 7 days, confirms in writing to the Engineer any oral instruction of the Engineer and such confirmation is not contradicted in writingwithin 7 days by the Engineer, it shall be deemed to be an instruction of the Engineer. The provisions of this Sub-Clause shall equallyapply to instructions given by the Engineer's Representative and any assistants of the Engineer or the Engineer's Representative appointed pursuant to Sub-Clause 1.4.1.6 Engineer to Act impartiallyWherever, under the Contract, the Engineer is required to exercise by :1.6.1. Giving , opinion or consent, or1.6.2. Expressing or approval, or1.6.3. Determining value, or1.6.4. Otherwise taking action which may affect the rights and obligations of the Employer or the Contractor impartially within the terms of the Contract and , opinion, consent, expression of satisfaction, or approval, determination of value or action may be opened up, reviewed or revised as provided in Clause 67.2.Assignment and SubcontractingThe change of the duties and authority2.1 Assignment of ContractThe Contractor shall not, without the prior consent of the Employer (which consent, notwithstanding the provisions of Sub-Clause 1.5, shall be at the sole discretion of the Employer), assign the Contract or any part thereof, or any benefit or interest therein or thereunder, otherwise than by :2.1.1. A charge in favour of the Contractor's bankers of any monies due or to become due under the Contract, or2.1.2. Assignment to the Contractor's insurers (in cases where the insurers relief against any other party liable.2.2 SubcontractingThe Contractor shall not subcontract the whole of the Works. Except whereotherwise provided by the Contract, the Contractor shall not subcontract any part of the Works without the prior consent of the Engineer. Any such consent shall not relieve the Contractor from any liability or obligation under the Contract and as fully as if they were the acts, defaults or neglects of the Contractor, . Provided such consent for :2.2.1. the provision of labour, or2.2.2. the purchase of materials which are in accordance with the standards specified in the Contract, or2.2.3. the subcontracting of any part of the Works for the Subcontractor is named in the Contract.2.3 Assignment of Subcontractors' ObligationsIn the event of a Subcontractor towards the Contractor in respect of the work executed, or the goods, materials, Plant or services supplied by such Subcontractor, any continuing obligation extending for a period exceeding that of the Defects Liability Period under the Contract, the Contractor shall at any time, after the expiration of such Period, assign to the Employer, at the Employer’s request and cost, the benefit of such obligation for the un-expired duration thereof.3.Contract DocumentsThe consist of the contract documents3.1 Languages and LawThere is stated in Part II of these Conditions :3.1.1. the language or languages in which the Contract documents shall be drawn up, and3.1.2. the country or state the law of which shall apply to the Contract & according to which the Contract shall be construed. If the said documents arewritten in more than one language, the language according to which the Contract shall be construed and interpreted is also stated in Part II of these Conditions, being therein designated the "Ruling Language".3.2 Priority of Contract DocumentsThe several documents forming the Contract are to be taken as mutually explanatory of oneanother, but in case of ambiguities or discrepancies the same shall be explained and adjusted bythe Engineer who shall thereupon issue to the Contractor instructions thereon and in such event,unless otherwise provided in the Contract, the priority of the documents forming the Contract shallbe as follows :3.2.1. The Contract Agreement (if completed) ;3.2.2. The Letter of Acceptance ;3.2.3. The Tender ;3.2.4. Part II of these Conditions ;3.2.5. Part I of these Conditions ; and3.2.6. Any other document forming part of the Contract.3.3 Custody and Supply of Drawings and DocumentsThe Drawings shall remain in the sole custody of the Engineer, but two copies thereof shall be provided to the Contractor free of charge. The Contractor shall make at cost any further copies required by and other documents provided by the Employer or the Engineer shall not, without the consent of the Engineer, be used or communicated to a third party by the Contractor. Upon issue of the DefectsLiability Certificate, the Contractor shall return to the Engineer all Drawings, Specification and other documents provided under the Contract. The Contractor shall supply to the Engineer four copies of all Drawings, Specification and other documents submitted by the Contractor and approved by the Engineer in accordance with Clause 7, together with a reproducible copy of any material which cannot be reproduced to an equal standard by photocopying. In addition the Contractor shall supply such further copies of such Drawings, Specification and other documents as the Engineer may request in writing for the use of the Employer, who shall pay the cost thereof.3.4 One of Copy of Drawings to be Kept on SiteOne copy of the Drawings, provided to or supplies by the Contractor as aforesaid, shall be kept by the Contractor on the Site and the same shall at all reasonable times be available for inspection and use by the Engineer and by any other person authorised by the Engineer in writing.3.5 Disruption of ProgressThe Contractor shall give notice to the Engineer, with a copy to the Employer, whenever planning or execution of the Works is likely to be delayed or disrupted unless any further drawing or instruction is issued by the Engineer within a reasonable time. The notice shall include details ofthe drawing or instruction required and of why and by when it is required and of any delay or disruption likely to be suffered if it is late.3.6 Delays and Cost of Delay of DrawingsIf, by reason of any failure or inability of the Engineer to issue, within a time reasonable in all the circumstances, any drawing or instruction for which notice given by the Contractor in accordance with Sub-Clause 6.3, the Contractor suffersdelay andor incurs costs then theEngineer shall, after due consultation with the Employer and the Contractor, determine :3.6.1. Any extension of time to which the Contractor is entitled under Clause 44, and 3.6.2. The amount of such costs, which shall be added to the Contract Price, and shall notify the Contractor accordingly, with a copy to the Employer.3.7 Failure by Contractor to Submit DrawingsIf the failure or inability of the Engineer to issue any drawings or instructions is caused in whole or in part by failure of the Contractor to submit Drawings, Specification or other documents which making pursuant to Sub-Clause 6.4.3.8 Supplementary Drawings and InstructionsThe Engineer shall and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein. The Contractor shall carry out and be bound by the same.3.9 Permanent Works Designed by ContractorWhere the Contract expressly provides that part of the Permanent Works shall be designed by the Contractor, as shall be necessary to satisfy the Engineer as to the suitability and adequacy of that design, and3.9.2. operation and maintenance manuals together with drawings of the Permanent Works as completed, in sufficient detail to enable the Employer to operate, maintain, dismantle, reassemble and adjust the Permanent Works incorporating that design. The Works shall not be considered to be completed for the purposes of taking over in accordance with Clause 48 until such operation and maintenance manuals, together with drawings on completion, submitted to and approved by the Engineer.3.10 Responsibility Unaffected by ApprovalApproval by the Engineer, in accordance with Sub-Clause 7.2, shall not relieve the Contractor of any of the contracts and the owner4.1 Contractor's General ResponsibilitiesThe Contractor shall, with the due care and diligence, design (to the extent provided for by the Contract), execute and complete the Works and remedy any defects therein accordance with the provisions of the Contract. The Contractor shall provide all superintendence, labour, materials, Plant, Contractor's Equipment and all other things, whether of a temporary or permanent nature, required in and for such design, execution, completion and remedying of any defects, so far as the necessity for providing the same is specified in or is reasonably to be inferred from the Contract.4.2 Site Operations and Methods of ConstructionThe Contractor shall take full responsibility for the adequacy, stability and safety of all Site operations and methods of construction. Provided that the Contractor shall not be responsible (except as stated or specification of Permanent Works, or for the design or specification of any Temporary Works nor prepared by the Contractor. Where the Contract expressly provides that part of the Permanent Works shall be designed by the Contractor, so to do, enter into execute the Contract Agreement, to be prepared and completed at the cost of the Employer, in the form annexed to these Conditions with such modification as may be necessary.4.4 Performance SecurityIf the Contract requires the Contractor to obtain security for and provide to the Employer such security within 28 days after the receipt of Letter of Acceptance, in the sum stated in the Appendix to Tender. When providing such security to the Employer, the Contractor shall notify the Engineer of so doing. Such security shallbe in the form annexed to these Conditions or in such other form as may be agreed between the Employer and the Contractor. The institution providing such security shall be subject to the approval of the Employer. The cost of complying with the requirements of the Clause shall be borne by the Contractor, unless the Contract otherwise provides.4.5 Period of Validity of Performance SecurityThe performance security shall be valid until the Contractor accordance with the Contract. No claim shall be made against such security after the issue of the Defects Liability Certificate in accordance with Sub-Clause 62.1 and such security shall be returned to the Contractor within 14 days of the issue of the said Defects Liability Certificate.4.6 Claims under Performance SecurityPrior to making a claim under the performance security the Employer shall, in every case, notify the Contractor stating the nature of the default in respect of which the claim is to be made.4.7 Inspection of SiteThe Employer shall by the Contractor of the Tender, such data on obtained by or on behalf of the Employer from investigations undertaken relevant to the Worksbut the Contractor shall be responsible for interpretation thereof.The Contractor shall be deemed to available in connection therewith and to and completion of the Works and remedying of any defects therein, and4.7.4. the means of access to the Site and accommodation general, shall be deemed to , subject as above mentioned, as to risks, contingencies and all other circumstances which may influence or affect the data made available by theEmployer and on inspection and examination, all as aforementioned中文翻译1.工程师和工程师代表工程队与工程师代表职责权利的划分1.1 工程师的职责和权利1.1.1工程师必须遵行合同中所规定的职责。

外文文献翻译BRIDGE ENGINEERING AND AESTHETICSEvolvement of bridge Engineering,brief reviewAmong the early documented reviews of construction materials and structure types are the books of Marcus Vitruvios Pollio in the first century B.C.The basic principles of statics were developed by the Greeks , and were exemplified in works and applications by Leonardo da Vinci,Cardeno,and Galileo.In the fifteenth and sixteenth century, engineers seemed to be unaware of this record , and relied solely on experience and tradition for building bridges and aqueducts .The state of the art changed rapidly toward the end of the seventeenth century when Leibnitz, Newton, and Bernoulli introduced mathematical formulations. Published works by Lahire (1695)and Belidor (1792) about the theoretical analysis of structures provided the basis in the field of mechanics of materials .Kuzmanovic(1977) focuses on stone and wood as the first bridge-building materials. Iron was introduced during the transitional period from wood to steel .According to recent records , concrete was used in France as early as 1840 for a bridge 39 feet (12 m) long to span the Garoyne Canal at Grisoles, but reinforced concrete was not introduced in bridge construction until the beginning of this century . Prestressed concrete was first used in 1927.Stone bridges of the arch type (integrated superstructure and substructure) were constructed in Rome and other European cities in the middle ages . These arches were half-circular , with flat arches beginning to dominate bridge work during the Renaissance period. This concept was markedly improved at the end of the eighteenth century and found structurally adequate to accommodate future railroad loads . In terms of analysis and use of materials , stone bridges have not changed much ,but the theoretical treatment was improved by introducing the pressure-line concept in the early 1670s(Lahire, 1695) . The arch theory was documented in model tests where typical failure modes were considered (Frezier,1739).Culmann(1851) introduced the elastic center method for fixed-end arches, and showed that three redundant parameters can be found by the use of three equations of coMPatibility.Wooden trusses were used in bridges during the sixteenth century when Palladio built triangular frames for bridge spans 10 feet long . This effort also focused on the three basic principles og bridge design : convenience(serviceability) ,appearance , and endurance(strength) . several timber truss bridges were constructed in western Europe beginning in the 1750s with spans up to 200 feet (61m) supported on stone substructures .Significant progress was possible in the United States and Russia during the nineteenth century ,prompted by the need to cross major rivers and by an abundance of suitable timber . Favorable economic considerations included initial low cost and fast construction .The transition from wooden bridges to steel types probably did not begin until about 1840 ,although the first documented use of iron in bridges was the chain bridge built in 1734 across the Oder River in Prussia . The first truss completely made of iron was in 1840 in the United States , followed by England in 1845 , Germany in 1853 , and Russia in 1857 . In 1840 , the first iron arch truss bridge was built across the Erie Canal at Utica .The Impetus of AnalysisThe theory of structuresThe theory of structures ,developed mainly in the ninetheenth century,focused on truss analysis, with the first book on bridges written in 1811. The Warren triangular truss was introduced in 1846 ,supplemented by a method for calculating the correcet forces .I-beams fabricated from plates became popular in England and were used in short-span bridges.In 1866, Culmann explained the principles of cantilever truss bridges, and one year later the first cantilever bridge was built across the Main River in Hassfurt, Germany, with a center span of 425 feet (130m) . The first cantilever bridge in the United States was built in 1875 across the Kentucky River.A most impressive railway cantilever bridge in the nineteenth century was the First of Forth bridge , built between 1883 and 1893 , with span magnitudes of 1711 feet (521.5m). At about the same time , structural steel was introduced as a prime material in bridge work , although its quality was often poor . Several early examples are the Eads bridge in St.Louis ; the Brooklyn bridge in New York ; and the Glasgow bridge in Missouri , all completed between 1874 and 1883.Among the analytical and design progress to be mentioned are the contributions of Maxwell , particularly for certain statically indeterminate trusses ; the books by Cremona (1872) on graphical statics; the force method redefined by Mohr; and the works by Clapeyron who introduced the three-moment equations.The Impetus of New MaterialsSince the beginning of the twentieth century , concrete has taken its place as one of the most useful and important structural materials . Because of the coMParative ease with which it can be molded into any desired shape , its structural uses are almost unlimited . Wherever Portland cement and suitable aggregates are available , it can replace other materials for certain types of structures, such as bridge substructure and foundation elements .In addition , the introduction of reinforced concrete in multispan frames at the beginning of this century imposed new analytical requirements . Structures of a high order of redundancy could not be analyzed with the classical methods of the nineteenth century .The importance of joint rotation was already demonstrated by Manderla (1880) and Bendixen (1914) , who developed relationships between joint moments and angular rotations from which the unknown moments can be obtained ,the so called slope-deflection method .More simplifications in frame analysis were made possible by the work of Calisev (1923) , who used successive approximations to reduce the system of equations to one simple expression for each iteration step . This approach was further refined and integrated by Cross (1930) in what is known as the method of moment distribution .One of the most import important recent developments in the area of analytical procedures is the extension of design to cover the elastic-plastic range , also known as load factor or ultimate design. Plastic analysis was introduced with some practical observations by Tresca (1846) ; and was formulated by Saint-Venant (1870) , The concept of plasticity attracted researchers and engineers after World War Ⅰ, mainly in Germany , with the center of activity shifting to England and the United States after World War Ⅱ.The probabilistic approach is a new design concept that is expected to replace the classical deterministic methodology.A main step forward was the 1969 addition of the Federal Highway Adiministration (FHWA)”Criteria for Reinforced Concrete Bridge Members “ that covers strength and serviceability at ultimate design . This was prepared for use in conjunction with the 1969 American Association of State Highway Offficials (AASHO) Standard Specification, and was presented in a format that is readily adaptable to the development of ultimate design specifications .According to this document , the proportioning of reinforced concrete members ( including columns ) may be limited by various stages of behavior : elastic , cracked , andultimate . Design axial loads , or design shears . Structural capacity is the reaction phase , and all calculated modified strength values derived from theoretical strengths are the capacity values , such as moment capacity ,axial load capacity ,or shear capacity .At serviceability states , investigations may also be necessary for deflections , maximum crack width , and fatigue . Bridge TypesA notable bridge type is the suspension bridge , with the first example built in the United States in 1796. Problems of dynamic stability were investigated after the Tacoma bridge collapse , and this work led to significant theoretical contributions Steinman ( 1929 ) summarizes about 250 suspension bridges built throughout the world between 1741 and 1928 .With the introduction of the interstate system and the need to provide structures at grade separations , certain bridge types have taken a strong place in bridge practice. These include concrete superstructures (slab ,T-beams,concrete box girders ), steel beam and plate girders , steel box girders , composite construction , orthotropic plates , segmental construction , curved girders ,and cable-stayed bridges . Prefabricated members are given serious consideration , while interest in box sections remains strong .Bridge Appearance and AestheticsGrimm ( 1975 ) documents the first recorded legislative effort to control the appearance of the built environment . This occurred in 1647 when the Council of New Amsterdam appointed three officials . In 1954 , the Supreme Court of the United States held that it is within the power of the legislature to determine that communities should be attractive as well as healthy , spacious as well as clean , and balanced as well as patrolled . The Environmental Policy Act of 1969 directs all agencies of the federal government to identify and develop methods and procedures to ensure that presently unquantified environmental amentities and values are given appropriate consideration in decision making along with economic and technical aspects .Although in many civil engineering works aesthetics has been practiced almost intuitively , particularly in the past , bridge engineers have not ignored or neglected the aesthetic disciplines .Recent research on the subject appears to lead to a rationalized aesthetic design methodology (Grimm and Preiser , 1976 ) .Work has been done on the aesthetics of color ,light ,texture , shape , and proportions , as well as other perceptual modalities , and this direction is both theoretically and empirically oriented .Aesthetic control mechanisms are commonly integrated into the land-use regulations and design standards . In addition to concern for aesthetics at the state level , federal concern focuses also on the effects of man-constructed environment on human life , with guidelines and criteria directed toward improving quality and appearance in the design process . Good potential for the upgrading of aesthetic quality in bridge superstructures and substructures can be seen in the evaluation structure types aimed at improving overall appearance .LOADS AND LOADING GROUPSThe loads to be considered in the design of substructures and bridge foundations include loads and forces transmitted from the superstructure, and those acting directly on the substructure and foundation .AASHTO loads . Section 3 of AASHTO specifications summarizes the loads and forces to be considered in the design of bridges (superstructure and substructure ) . Briefly , these are dead load ,live load , iMPact or dynamic effect of live load , wind load , and other forces such as longitudinal forces , centrifugal force ,thermal forces , earth pressure , buoyancy , shrinkage andlong term creep , rib shortening , erection stresses , ice and current pressure , collision force , and earthquake stresses .Besides these conventional loads that are generally quantified , AASHTO also recognizes indirect load effects such as friction at expansion bearings and stresses associated with differential settlement of bridge components .The LRFD specifications divide loads into two distinct categories : permanent and transient .Permanent loadsDead Load : this includes the weight DC of all bridge components , appurtenances and utilities, wearing surface DW and future overlays , and earth fill EV. Both AASHTO and LRFD specifications give tables summarizing the unit weights of materials commonly used in bridge work .Transient LoadsVehicular Live Load (LL)Vehicle loading for short-span bridges :considerable effort has been made in the United States and Canada to develop a live load model that can represent the highway loading more realistically than the H or the HS AASHTO models . The current AASHTO model is still the applicable loading.桥梁工程和桥梁美学桥梁工程的发展概况早在公元前1世纪，Marcus Vitrucios Pollio 的著作中就有关于建筑材料和结构类型的记载和评述。

_毕业设计外文文献及翻译_Graduation Thesis Foreign Literature Review and Chinese Translation1. Title: "The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Society"Abstract:人工智能对社会的影响摘要：人工智能技术的快速发展引发了关于其对社会影响的讨论。

本文探讨了人工智能正在重塑不同行业（包括医疗保健、交通运输和教育）的各种方式。

还讨论了AI实施的潜在益处和挑战，以及伦理考量。

总体而言，本文旨在提供对人工智能对社会影响的全面概述。

2. Title: "The Future of Work: Automation and Job Displacement"Abstract:With the rise of automation technologies, there is growing concern about the potential displacement of workers in various industries. This paper examines the trends in automation and its impact on jobs, as well as the implications for workforce development and retraining programs. The ethical and social implications of automation are also discussed, along with potential strategies for mitigating job displacement effects.工作的未来：自动化和失业摘要：随着自动化技术的兴起，人们越来越担心各行业工人可能被替代的问题。