高斯混合模型 0802_Reynolds_Biometrics-GMM
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−1ixturemodelisparameterized.Theseparametersarecollectiv2DouglasReynolds
λ={wi,µi,Σi}i=1,...,M.(3)
ThereareseveralvariantsontheGMMshowninEquation(3).Thecovariancematrices,Σi,canbefullrankorconstrained
tobediagonal.Additionally,parameterscanbeshared,ortied,amongtheGaussiancomponents,suchashavingacommon
covariancematrixforallcomponents,Thechoiceofmodelconfiguration(numberofcomponents,fullordiagonalcovariance
matrices,andparametertying)isoftendeterminedbytheamountofdataavailableforestimatingtheGMMparametersand
howtheGMMisusedinaparticularbiometricapplication.
ItisalsoimportanttonotethatbecausethecomponentGaussianareactingtogethertomodeltheoverallfeaturedensity,
fullcovariancematricesarenotnecessaryevenifthefeaturesarenotstatisticallyindependent.Thelinearcombinationof
diagonalcovariancebasisGaussiansiscapableofmodelingthecorrelationsbetweenfeaturevectorelements.Theeffect
ofusingasetofMfullcovariancematrixGaussianscanbeequallyobtainedbyusingalargersetofdiagonalcovariance
Gaussians.
GMMsareoftenusedinbiometricsystems,mostnotablyinspeakerrecognitionsystems,duetotheircapabilityofrep-
resentingalargeclassofsampledistributions.OneofthepowerfulattributesoftheGMMisitsabilitytoformsmooth
approximationstoarbitrarilyshapeddensities.Theclassicaluni-modalGaussianmodelrepresentsfeaturedistributionsby
aposition(meanvector)andaellipticshape(covariancematrix)andavectorquantizer(VQ)ornearestneighbormodel
representsadistributionbyadiscretesetofcharacteristictemplates[1].AGMMactsasahybridbetweenthesetwomodels
byusingadiscretesetofGaussianfunctions,eachwiththeirownmeanandcovariancematrix,toallowabettermodeling
capability.Figure1comparesthedensitiesobtainedusingaunimodalGaussianmodel,aGMMandaVQmodel.Plot(a)
showsthehistogramofasinglefeaturefromaspeakerrecognitionsystem(asinglecepstralvaluefroma25secondutterance
byamalespeaker);plot(b)showsauni-modalGaussianmodelofthisfeaturedistribution;plot(c)showsaGMMandits
tenunderlyingcomponentdensities;andplot(d)showsahistogramofthedataassignedtotheVQcentroidlocationsofa
10elementcodebook.TheGMMnotonlyprovidesasmoothoveralldistributionfit,itscomponentsalsoclearlydetailthe
multi-modalnatureofthedensity.
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(b) UNIMODAL GAUSSIAN
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(d) VQ HISTOGRAM
Fig.1.Comparisonofdistributionmodeling.(a)histogramofasinglecepstralcoefficientfroma25secondutterancebyamalespeaker(b)maximumlikelihooduni-modalGaussianmodel(c)GMMandits10underlyingcomponentdensities(d)histogramofthedataassignedtotheVQcentroidlocationsofa10elementcodebook.GaussianMixtureModels∗3
TheuseofaGMMforrepresentingfeaturedistributionsinabiometricsystemmayalsobemotivatedbytheintuitive
notionthattheindividualcomponentdensitiesmaymodelsomeunderlyingsetofhiddenclasses.Forexample,inspeaker
recognition,itisreasonabletoassumetheacousticspaceofspectralrelatedfeaturescorrespondingtoaspeaker’sbroadpho-
neticevents,suchasvowels,nasalsorfricatives.Theseacousticclassesreflectsomegeneralspeakerdependentvocaltract
configurationsthatareusefulforcharacterizingspeakeridentity.Thespectralshapeoftheithacousticclasscaninturnbe
representedbythemeanµioftheithcomponentdensity,andvariationsoftheaveragespectralshapecanberepresentedby
thecovariancematrixΣi.BecauseallthefeaturesusedtotraintheGMMareunlabeled,theacousticclassesarehiddenin
thattheclassofanobservationisunknown.AGMMcanalsobeviewedasasingle-stateHMMwithaGaussianmixture
observationdensity,oranergodicGaussianobservationHMMwithfixed,equaltransitionprobabilities.Assuminginde-
pendentfeaturevectors,theobservationdensityoffeaturevectorsdrawnfromthesehiddenacousticclassesisaGaussian
mixture[2,3].
MaximumLikelihoodParameterEstimation
GiventrainingvectorsandaGMMconfiguration,wewishtoestimatetheparametersoftheGMM,λ,whichinsome
sensebestmatchesthedistributionofthetrainingfeaturevectors.Thereareseveraltechniquesavailableforestimatingthe
parametersofaGMM[4].Byfarthemostpopularandwell-establishedmethodismaximumlikelihood(ML)estimation.
TheaimofMLestimationistofindthemodelparameterswhichmaximizethelikelihoodoftheGMMgiventhetraining
data.ForasequenceofTtrainingvectorsX={x1,...,xT},theGMMlikelihood,assumingindependencebetweenthe
vectors1,canbewrittenas,
p(X|λ)=T
t=1p(xt|λ).(4)
Unfortunately,thisexpressionisanon-linearfunctionoftheparametersλanddirectmaximizationisnotpossible.However,
MLparameterestimatescanbeobtainediterativelyusingaspecialcaseoftheexpectation-maximization(EM)algorithm[5].