高斯混合模型 0802_Reynolds_Biometrics-GMM

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−1ixturemodelisparameterized.Theseparametersarecollectiv2DouglasReynolds

λ={wi,µi,Σi}i=1,...,M.(3)

ThereareseveralvariantsontheGMMshowninEquation(3).Thecovariancematrices,Σi,canbefullrankorconstrained

tobediagonal.Additionally,parameterscanbeshared,ortied,amongtheGaussiancomponents,suchashavingacommon

covariancematrixforallcomponents,Thechoiceofmodelconfiguration(numberofcomponents,fullordiagonalcovariance

matrices,andparametertying)isoftendeterminedbytheamountofdataavailableforestimatingtheGMMparametersand

howtheGMMisusedinaparticularbiometricapplication.

ItisalsoimportanttonotethatbecausethecomponentGaussianareactingtogethertomodeltheoverallfeaturedensity,

fullcovariancematricesarenotnecessaryevenifthefeaturesarenotstatisticallyindependent.Thelinearcombinationof

diagonalcovariancebasisGaussiansiscapableofmodelingthecorrelationsbetweenfeaturevectorelements.Theeffect

ofusingasetofMfullcovariancematrixGaussianscanbeequallyobtainedbyusingalargersetofdiagonalcovariance

Gaussians.

GMMsareoftenusedinbiometricsystems,mostnotablyinspeakerrecognitionsystems,duetotheircapabilityofrep-

resentingalargeclassofsampledistributions.OneofthepowerfulattributesoftheGMMisitsabilitytoformsmooth

approximationstoarbitrarilyshapeddensities.Theclassicaluni-modalGaussianmodelrepresentsfeaturedistributionsby

aposition(meanvector)andaellipticshape(covariancematrix)andavectorquantizer(VQ)ornearestneighbormodel

representsadistributionbyadiscretesetofcharacteristictemplates[1].AGMMactsasahybridbetweenthesetwomodels

byusingadiscretesetofGaussianfunctions,eachwiththeirownmeanandcovariancematrix,toallowabettermodeling

capability.Figure1comparesthedensitiesobtainedusingaunimodalGaussianmodel,aGMMandaVQmodel.Plot(a)

showsthehistogramofasinglefeaturefromaspeakerrecognitionsystem(asinglecepstralvaluefroma25secondutterance

byamalespeaker);plot(b)showsauni-modalGaussianmodelofthisfeaturedistribution;plot(c)showsaGMMandits

tenunderlyingcomponentdensities;andplot(d)showsahistogramofthedataassignedtotheVQcentroidlocationsofa

10elementcodebook.TheGMMnotonlyprovidesasmoothoveralldistributionfit,itscomponentsalsoclearlydetailthe

multi-modalnatureofthedensity.

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-6-4-20246(a) HISTOGRAM

(b) UNIMODAL GAUSSIAN

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-6-4-20246****************************************************************************************************(c) GAUSSIAN MIXTURE DENSITY

(d) VQ HISTOGRAM

Fig.1.Comparisonofdistributionmodeling.(a)histogramofasinglecepstralcoefficientfroma25secondutterancebyamalespeaker(b)maximumlikelihooduni-modalGaussianmodel(c)GMMandits10underlyingcomponentdensities(d)histogramofthedataassignedtotheVQcentroidlocationsofa10elementcodebook.GaussianMixtureModels∗3

TheuseofaGMMforrepresentingfeaturedistributionsinabiometricsystemmayalsobemotivatedbytheintuitive

notionthattheindividualcomponentdensitiesmaymodelsomeunderlyingsetofhiddenclasses.Forexample,inspeaker

recognition,itisreasonabletoassumetheacousticspaceofspectralrelatedfeaturescorrespondingtoaspeaker’sbroadpho-

neticevents,suchasvowels,nasalsorfricatives.Theseacousticclassesreflectsomegeneralspeakerdependentvocaltract

configurationsthatareusefulforcharacterizingspeakeridentity.Thespectralshapeoftheithacousticclasscaninturnbe

representedbythemeanµioftheithcomponentdensity,andvariationsoftheaveragespectralshapecanberepresentedby

thecovariancematrixΣi.BecauseallthefeaturesusedtotraintheGMMareunlabeled,theacousticclassesarehiddenin

thattheclassofanobservationisunknown.AGMMcanalsobeviewedasasingle-stateHMMwithaGaussianmixture

observationdensity,oranergodicGaussianobservationHMMwithfixed,equaltransitionprobabilities.Assuminginde-

pendentfeaturevectors,theobservationdensityoffeaturevectorsdrawnfromthesehiddenacousticclassesisaGaussian

mixture[2,3].

MaximumLikelihoodParameterEstimation

GiventrainingvectorsandaGMMconfiguration,wewishtoestimatetheparametersoftheGMM,λ,whichinsome

sensebestmatchesthedistributionofthetrainingfeaturevectors.Thereareseveraltechniquesavailableforestimatingthe

parametersofaGMM[4].Byfarthemostpopularandwell-establishedmethodismaximumlikelihood(ML)estimation.

TheaimofMLestimationistofindthemodelparameterswhichmaximizethelikelihoodoftheGMMgiventhetraining

data.ForasequenceofTtrainingvectorsX={x1,...,xT},theGMMlikelihood,assumingindependencebetweenthe

vectors1,canbewrittenas,

p(X|λ)=T󰀅

t=1p(xt|λ).(4)

Unfortunately,thisexpressionisanon-linearfunctionoftheparametersλanddirectmaximizationisnotpossible.However,

MLparameterestimatescanbeobtainediterativelyusingaspecialcaseoftheexpectation-maximization(EM)algorithm[5].