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Inhibition of growth and mycotoxin production of Aspergillus

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InhibitionofgrowthandmycotoxinproductionofAspergillusflavusandAspergillusparasiticusbyextractsofAgavespecies

EduardoSa´nchez,NormaHeredia,SantosGarcı´a*FacultaddeCienciasBiologicas,UniversidadAuto´nomadeNuevoLeo´n,Apdo.Postal124-F,SanNicola´s,N.L.66451,Me´xicoReceived22March2004;receivedinrevisedform9July2004;accepted15July2004

AbstractInthiswork,theeffectofethanolic,methanolicandaqueousextractsofAgaveasperrimaandAgavestriataongrowthandproductionofaflatoxin(inA&Mmedium)andcyclopiazonicacid(CPA;inCzpaek-Doxmedium)andongrowthincornunderstorageconditionswasdetermined.Aspergillusstrainswereinoculated(106conidiapermlofmediumorper6gofcorn),then

plantextractswereaddedandincubatedwithoutshakingat288Cfor8days(foraflatoxin-producinganalysis)orfor12days(forCPA-producinganalysis).AflatoxinwasassayedbyHPLCandcyclopiazonicacidbyabsorbanceat580nmusingtheErlichreagent.Theextractsthatmosteffectivelyinhibitedgrowthwerethosefromtheflowersofbothplants.TheseexhibitedanMICfrom0.5to2mg/mlinculturemedia.ExtractsfromscapeshowedanMICfrom15to30mg/mlinculturemedia.TheMICoftheflowerextractswashigher(N30mg/g)whenexaminedincorn.However,concentrationslowerthantheMICdrasticallyinhibitedproductionofaflatoxinsinculturemediumorincorn.HalfoftheMICinhibited99%oftheproductionofaflatoxinsand85%ofcyclopiazonicacid.D2004ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.

Keywords:Aflatoxins;Aspergillus;Cyclopiazonicacid;Naturalproducts

1.IntroductionMycotoxinsaresecondarymetabolitesproducedbyspecificfilamentousfungithatcontaminateagri-culturalcommodities.Theyaretoxictohumansandanimals,causesignificantreductionsincropyieldandcauseeconomiclosses(GouramaandBullerman,1995;Gqalenietal.,1996).Theiroccurrenceinvariouscountrieshasbeenwelldocumented(Bath-nagarandGarcı´a,2001).AspergillusflavusandAspergillusparasiticusareimportantcontaminantsofcertainfoodsandanimalfeedsbecauseoftheirabilitytoproduceaflatoxins(Farretal.,1989).Whenthesefungiinvadeandgrowincommoditiessuchaspeanuts,cornandcottonseed,theresultingcontaminationwithaflatoxinsoftenmakesthecommoditiesunfitforconsumption(Vardon,2003).Aflatoxinsareconsideredthemostcarcinogenic,

0168-1605/$-seefrontmatterD2004ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.07.009

*Correspondingauthor.Tel./fax:+528183763044.E-mailaddress:santos@microbiosymas.com(S.Garcı´a).

InternationalJournalofFoodMicrobiology98(2005)271–279www.elsevier.com/locate/ijfoodmicromutagenicandteratogenicsubstancesfoundnaturallyinfoodsandfeeds(Conner,1993).Thesemetabolitescauseliverdamagetohumansandtomostexperimen-talanimalspeciestested(Gradeletetal.,1997).Consumptionofmycotoxin-contaminatedfoodshasbeenassociatedwithseveralcasesofhumanpoisoning,ormycotoxicosis,sometimesresultingindeath(Bath-nagarandGarcı´a,2001).Cyclopiazonicacid(CPA)isanothertoxicsecon-darymetaboliteproducedbyA.flavus(Gqalenietal.,1996).Itcausesnecrosisofliverorgastrointestinaltissueandnecroticchangesinskeletalmuscleandkidney(Dorneretal.,1984).However,therearesuggestionsthattheteratogenicpotentialofCPAislow(Morriseyetal.,1984).IsolatesofA.flavushavebeenreportedtoco-produceaflatoxinsandCPA,aswellasothertoxinsindifferentamounts(MartinsandMartins,1999).Theco-productionofthesecompoundsinfoodsandfeedsmayresultinadditiveorsynergisticeffectsonconsumers,thusincreasingthetoxigenicpotentialofA.flavus(MartinsandMartins,1999).Manyconsumersdemandfoodswithoutpreserva-tivesandassociatehealthfulandsafefoodswithfreshorminimallyprocessedproducts(Maloetal.,1997).Duetotheincreasingpublicawarenessofthepollutive,residual,carcinogenicandphytotoxiceffectsofmanysyntheticfungicides,theimportanceofalternativeindigenousproductstocontrolphyto-pathogenicfungiisgainingpopularity(Gould,1996;Bankole,1997).Laboratoriesthroughouttheworldhavefoundthousandsofphytochemicalsthathaveinhibitoryeffectsonalltypesofmicroorganismsinvitro(Cowan,1999).Muchefforthasbeendevotedtothesearchfornewantifungalmaterialsobtainedfromnaturalsourcesforuseinfoodandgrain,andmanynaturallyoccurringantimicrobialshavebeenidenti-fiedinplants(BeuchatandGolden,1989).However,disappointinglyfewofthemhavebeendevelopedforuseinfoods(Shelef,1984).PlantsofthegeneraAgave,knowninMexicoasbmagueyQ,arewidelydistributed,exhibitanexcep-tionaladaptationtodroughtenvironmentsandprovideusefulproductssuchasnaturalfibers,beveragesandpottedplants(Garcı´a-Mendoza,1995).Furthermore,areportfromourlaboratoryhasshownthatthespeciesAgavelecheguilla(lecheguilla)exhibitsantifungalactivity(Verasteguietal.,1996).

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地衣芽孢杆菌W10及其抗菌蛋白对桃褐腐病的抑制作用

地衣芽孢杆菌W10及其抗菌蛋白对桃褐腐病的抑制作用

园艺学报，2015，42 (10)：1879–1888.Acta Horticulturae Sinicadoi：10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0243；http：//www. ahs. ac. cn 1879地衣芽孢杆菌W10及其抗菌蛋白对桃褐腐病的抑制作用纪兆林1，贺惠文1，周慧娟2，韩峰1，童蕴慧1，叶正文2，徐敬友1,*（1扬州大学园艺与植物保护学院，江苏扬州 225009；2上海市农业科学院林木果树研究所，上海 201403）摘 要：地衣芽孢杆菌菌株W10菌液及其产生的抗菌蛋白对贮藏期桃褐腐病都有较好的抑制作用，高浓度（1 × 1010 cfu · mL-1菌液，3.0 mg · mL-1抗菌蛋白）效果更好。

在较低温度（4 ℃）和湿度（RH 70% ~ 75%）条件下，高浓度菌液和抗菌蛋白在病菌定殖前处理桃果能收到较好的防病效果。

钙离子[0.1%Ca(NO3)2]能提高W10菌液及抗菌蛋白对桃果实褐腐病的防治效果，能明显推迟始病时间。

W10菌液和抗菌蛋白浸果处理能显著降低贮藏期的自然腐烂率，与多菌灵效果类似；通过对果肉色差L*值、果实硬度、可溶性固形物含量、失重率等品质指标参数的测定，发现菌液和抗菌蛋白处理均不会影响果实品质。

关键词：桃；地衣芽孢杆菌；抗菌蛋白；桃褐腐病菌；生物防治；果实品质中图分类号：S 662.1 文献标志码：A 文章编号：0513-353X（2015）10-1879-10 Preservative Effects of Bacillus licheniformis W10 and Its Antifungal Protein on Storage Peach FruitsJI Zhao-lin1，HE Hui-wen1，ZHOU Hui-juan2，HAN Feng1，TONG Yun-hui1，YE Zheng-wen2，and XU Jing-you1,*（1College of Horticulture and Plant Protection，Yangzhou University，Yangzhou，Jiangsu 225009，China；2Forestry and Fruit Research Institute，Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Shanghai 201403，China）Abstract：The biocontrol effects of Bacillus licheniformis W10 bacterial suspension and its antifungal protein on peach brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola in storage peach fruits and the effects on fruit quality were investigated. The results showed that the fruit disease suppression of B. licheniformis W10 bacterial suspension and antifungal protein were significantly higher than that of the control. Inoculation of bacterial suspension and antifungal protein prior to M. fructicola gave a better biocontrol effect，and the higher concentrations of bacterial（1 × 1010 cfu · mL-1）and antifungal protein（3.0 mg · mL-1）performed better control effects. The environmental conditions，such as temperature and humidity，affected biocontrol effects of W10 bacterial suspension and antifungal protein. The influence of environment conditions on the activity of antifungal protein was less than that on bacterial suspension. Moreover，lower temperature（4 ℃）and relative humidity（RH 70%–75%）were favorable to prevent peach brown rot by W10 bacterial suspension and its antifungal protein. The W10 bacterial suspension and antifungal protein amended with收稿日期：2015–06–09；修回日期：2015–09–23基金项目：国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金项目（CARS-31-2-02）；江苏省农业科技自主创新资金项目[CX（14）2015，CX（15）1020]；扬州大学高层次人才科研启动基金项目（5018/137010407）* 通信作者Author for correspondence（E-mail：jyxu@）Ji Zhao-lin，He Hui-wen，Zhou Hui-juan，Han Feng，Tong Yun-hui，Ye Zheng-wen，Xu Jing-you.Preservative effects of Bacillus licheniformis W10 and its antifungal protein on storage peach fruits. 1880Acta Horticulturae Sinica，2015，42 (10)：1879–1888. calcium[0.1% Ca(NO3)2] could enhance the biocontrol effects，and obviously put off the occurrence of peach brown rot. In addition，the bacterial suspension and antifungal protein significantly reduced the natural decay rates of peach fruits during storage，and the effects were equal to carbendazim. Moreover，both W10 bacterial suspension and antifungal protein treatments did not have effects on external and internal fruit appearance，such as chromatic aberration parameter L* of flesh，flesh firmness，soluble solids content and weight loss. Therefore，the B. licheniformis W10 is a potential biocontrol factor for peach brown rot.Key words：peach；Bacillus licheniformis；antifungal protein；Monilinia fructicola；biological control；fruit quality褐腐病又称菌核病、果腐病等，是记载最早的果品采后病害（Ogawa et al.，1995）。

喜树植物内生真菌

喜树植物内生真菌

abstract亚氯酸钠（SC）是众所周知的微生物抑制剂，最近对鲜切产品的酶促褐变抑制作用强。

我们调查了SC对多酚氧化酶（PPO）及其底物，绿原酸（CA）的影响，因为与酶促褐变抑制的机制有关。

结果表明，PPO催化的CA（1.0mM）的褐变反应（33U /mL）在pH 4.6下被1.0mM SC显着抑制。

通过天然聚丙烯酰胺鉴定了两种PPO同种型凝胶电泳，两者都被SC（3.0mM）灭活。

这表明SC作为一种PPO抑制剂以防止酶促褐变。

此外UV-Vis扫描和LC-MS分析，也研究了SC对CA的稳定性在酸性（pH 4.5）和碱性条件（pH 8.3）的影响。

结果表明，在SC（3.0mM）存在下，CA（0.1mM）降解为奎尼酸和咖啡酸以及其他中间体。

因此，SC的抗褐变性可归因于两个作用方式：直接灭活多酚氧化酶和氧化降解酚类底物。

1.Introduction酶促褐变是广泛发生在水果，蔬菜和茶叶的色彩反应。

褐变反应需要氧，酚类化合物和多酚氧化酶（PPO），通常由酶催化将单酚氧化成邻二酚和邻二酚醌，其进行进一步的非酶聚合导致褐色的形成。

虽然酶促褐变有利于某些食物的颜色和味道的形成，例如茶，咖啡和可可等物品，但是会损害各种鲜切水果和蔬菜的品质和销售，如莴苣，马铃薯，苹果，梨，香蕉和桃，在加工过程中易于发生酶促褐变。

广泛的研究专注于通过瞄准来控制褐变PPO，底物（氧和酚）或最终产物褐变反应。

基于工作机制，褐变抑制剂可以分为六组，包括还原药剂，酸化剂，螯合剂，络合剂，酶处理和酶抑制剂。

在所有测试的抑制剂中，还原剂，例如抗坏血酸酸及其衍生物，半胱氨酸和谷胱甘肽有效控制褐变，并且抗坏血酸钙配方已在鲜切苹果产业广泛应用。

与目前使用的还原剂比较的主要缺点是那些还原剂通常与被广泛应用于鲜切行业、以防病原体污染的消毒剂不相容，因为大多数消毒剂如氯，臭氧和二氧化氯本质上是具有氧化性的。

由于褐变控制解决方案经常是从一批到一批苹果重复使用，缺乏适当的消毒处理可能会导致潜在的食源性人类病原体引起污染。

专业英语复习资料

专业英语复习资料

英译汉：acetylpanaxydol 乙酰基人参环氧炔醇ecosystem 生态系统 inulin 菊粉nutraceutical 营养物质 polydextrose 葡聚糖sorbitol 山梨（糖）醇β-galactosidases β-牛乳糖醇balancing 营养平衡 glycine 甘氨酸meal replacements 膳食替代品 pantothenic acid 泛酸V5 amylases 淀粉酶 malic acid 苹果酸Food and Drug Administration（FDA）美国食品与药品监督局The Word Trade Organization（WTO）国际贸易组织汉译英：适应性（获得性）免疫 adaptive immune 遗传性过敏 atopic allergy碳水化合物，糖类 carbohydrate 双糖类 disaccharide叶酸 folate 乳酸乳球菌 Lactococcus lactis代谢组学 metabolomics 低聚糖，寡糖 oligosaccharide多聚糖 polysaccharide 抗性淀粉 resistant starideβ-胡萝卜素β-carotene 类胡萝卜素 carotenoid推荐的膳食供给量 RDA（recormmended dietary allowance）添加剂 adjuncts英译汉：1、It was the advances in understanding the relationship between nutrition and health，often at the molecular level，that led to the concept of “functional food”(also referred to as “nutraceuticals”or “ pharmaceutical food”)as a practical and new approach to achieveoptimal health and possibly reduce the risk of disease.翻译：对营养和健康之间关系的理解是经常建立在分子水平上，即将功能食品（又指“营养制品”或“药用食品”）的概念作为一种实际的新方法，以达到最佳健康状况并尽可能减少疾病风险。

真菌毒素限量标准及其在中药中的研究进展

真菌毒素限量标准及其在中药中的研究进展

真菌毒素限量标准及其在中药中的研究进展李峻媛1, 2，万丽1，杨美华2*1. 成都中医药大学，四川成都 6111372. 中国医学科学院中国协和医科大学药用植物研究所，北京 100193摘 要：对人类健康影响较大的黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素A、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇等7种真菌毒素及其药理毒性进行介绍，并综述了近年来一些主要国际组织和我国等地区现行的真菌毒素限量标准情况。

这些限量标准主要针对食品中的真菌毒素和中药材中的黄曲霉毒素，而研究表明药用植物及其产品也有被其他真菌毒素污染的情况。

为此，讨论了在我国建立中药材中真菌毒素限量标准的紧迫性和重要性，以期为我国建立中药材中真菌毒素限量标准提供参考。

关键词：中药；真菌毒素；限量标准；黄曲霉毒素；脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇中图分类号：R282 文献标志码：A 文章编号：0253 - 2670(2011)03 - 0602 - 08Limit standard of mycotoxins and advances in studies on its application in Chinese materia medicaLI Jun-yuan1, 2，WAN Li1，YANG Mei-hua21. Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China2. Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing,100193, ChinaKey words: Chinese materia medica; mycotoxins; limit standard; aflatoxins; deoxynivalenol真菌毒素（mycotoxin）是由真菌产生的具有毒性的二级代谢产物，主要包括黄曲霉毒素、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、展青霉素、赭曲霉毒素A、玉米赤霉烯酮等，可广泛污染农作物、植物及其副产品等。