王守仁《英国文学选读》笔记和课后习题详解-伊恩

第21单元约翰•福尔斯21.1复习笔记John Fowles(1926-2005)(约翰·福尔斯)1.Life(生平)John Fowles was born in Leigh-on-Sea,a small town in London suburbs.After briefly attending the University of Edinburgh,Fowles began compulsory military service in1945.World War II ended shortly after his training began,so Fowles never came near combat.Fowles then spent four years at Oxford,where he discovered the writings of the French existentialists,especially Camus and Sarte, whose ideas corresponding with his own about conformity and the will of the individual.He received a degree in French in1950.During his tenure in France and later in Greece,he began to write poetry and to overcome a long-time repression about writing.The critical acclaim and commercial success of The Collector allowed Fowles to devote all of his time to writing.His most commercially successful novel, The French Lieutenant’s Woman,appeared in1969.In the1970s,he also published essays,poetry,translations and reviews.Fowles died on November5,2005after a long illness.约翰·福尔斯出生于伦敦郊外的小镇莱昂西。

1. Heroic Couplet:A rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter, often “closed”, containing a complete thought, there being a fairly heavy pause at the end of the first line and a still heavier one at the end of the second. Commonly there is a parallel or antithesis within a line, or between the two lines.2. Dramatic monologue is a type of poem writing style in which a character, at some specific and critical moment, addresses an identifiable but silent audience, thereby unintentionally revealing his or her essential temperament and personality.（是一种诗的写作形式，是使一个角色在一些特殊的决定性时刻作为可辨认的但沉默的观众，由此无意的显示他或她的基本脾性。

）3. Blank verse is poetry written in regular metrical but unrhymed lines, almost always iambic pentameters. It has been described as "probably the most common and influential form that English poetry has taken since the 16th century.4. Iambic Pentameter: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, that is, with each foot an iamb.5. Sonnet（十四行诗）: an exact form of poetry in 14 lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed, was introduced to England from Italy。

第2单元威廉•莎士比亚Hamlet1.Why sleep is so frightening,according to Hamlet,since it can“end”“the heartache and the thousand natural shocks”?Key:Death means the end of life.If he dies,he may go to an unknown world and can never come back.In this sense,Hamlet cannot take revenge on his uncle for his father,failing to realize his will.Though“sleep”can end the heartache and the thousand natural shocks,it is a state of mind that Hamlet doesn’t know at all.He is frightened by the possible suffering in the long“dream”.He can’t predict what will happen in the sleep,may be good may be evil.2.Why would people rather bear all the sufferings of the world instead of choosing death to get rid of them,according to Hamlet?Key:According to Hamlet,because that people don’t know what lying there waiting for them in the unknown world,maybe something more terrible than that in the mortal world.3.What,after all,makes people lose their determination to take action?Please explain in relation to the so-called hesitation of Hamlet.Key:It is the fear for the unknown world after death and the lack of confidence for the future make people loose determination to take action.Hamlet doesn’tknow what would happen if he kills his uncle or kills himself,so he is hesitated. However,Hamlet’s hesitation should be seen from a different point of view.The main reason lies in his concern for his nation.Hamlet is a true man.He wants to change the dark existing world,but it is beyond his ability,so he has no idea what he should do.He knows his death can’t solve the problems deeply rooted in the society.So he hesitated about what he should do as the prince of Demark.His revenge is not everything for him.And he clearly knows that the sudden death of king may cause some disorders in the country.Thus he is confused about his action.Romeo and Juliet1.What does Romeo compare Juliet to in the beginning passage of the selection? Key:Romeo compares Juliet to the sun.2.What is Romeo and Juliet’s attitude toward being a Montague or a Capulet? Key:They think that since their family names hinder them from loving each other, they prefer that the names Montague and Capulet have nothing to do with themselves and even give them up.3.What does Romeo mean when he says“Look thou but sweet,/And I am proof against their enmity”?Key:It means that Romeo loves Juliet so much that he thinks that the love canprotect him from harm and dissolve the hatred between their families.Sonnet181.How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line?Key:The poet thinks that he should not“compare thee to a summer’s day”, because“Thou art more lovely and more temperate”.And,in the following part, he gives his reasons.2.What makes the poet think that“thou”can be more beautiful(fair)than summer and immortal?Key:Because the poet thinks that“thy eternal summer shall not fade”for they will be preserved and perpetuated in the lines he writes.。

第二部分章节题库第1单元杰弗里·乔叟Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.1. The Canterbury Tales contains in fact a general prologue and only _____ tales, of which two are left unfinished.【答案】24【解析】乔叟的代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》计划写120个故事，但最后只完成总序和24个故事，其中两个未完成。

2. The Canterbury T ales contains the _____ and 24 tales, two of which left unfinished. 【答案】General Prologue【解析】乔叟的代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》包括总序和24个故事，其中两个未完成。

3. Chaucer employed the _____ couplet in writing his greatest work The Canterbury Tales.【答案】heroic【解析】乔叟在《坎特伯雷故事集》中使用了英雄双韵体（heroic couplet）4. The _____ provides a framework for the tales in The Canterbury T ales, and itcomprises a group of vivid pictures of various medieval figures.【答案】Prologue【解析】《坎特伯雷故事集》的序言部分提供整本书的基本框架，生动地刻画了一群各种各样的中世纪人物画卷。

5. In The Canterbury Tales, from the character of _____, we may see a very vividsketch of a woman of the middle class, and a colorful picture of the domestic life of that class in Chaucer’s own day.【答案】the Wife of Bath【解析】《坎特伯雷故事集》中，乔叟通过对来自中产阶级的巴斯夫人的生动细腻的描写，展示了当时中产阶级多彩的生活画卷。

第25单元格雷厄姆•斯威夫特25.1复习笔记Graham Swift（1949-）（格雷厄姆·斯威夫特）1.Life（生平）Graham Swift,a prominent English writer,was born in London.He has ever studied in Cambridge,obtaining BA and MA.After graduated from college in1975, he taught English in several schools in London,and he did literary creativity in spare time.Swift is a writer with special apperception and opinions towards literary creativity.Characters of her works are usually mid-aged people,and by reflecting on their fate,Swift talks about history,life,love,marriage and death,etc.,vividly describing the life phenomena and contemporary spirit of the modern English society.Swift employs complicated narrative methods to indicate all kinds of relationships between personal experiences and historical events,revealing that by imagination and fiction,stories embody the nature of human being’s life experience.格雷厄姆·斯威夫特出生于伦敦，是英国当代杰出的小说家。

第10单元查尔斯•狄更斯10.1复习笔记Charles Dickens(1812-1870)(查尔斯•狄更斯)1.Life(生平)Charles Dickens was born into a clerk family in Portmouth,Hampshire in1812. When he was11,his father was put to a debtor’s prison,so he was forced to work ten hours a day in a warehouse.At fifteen,he began to work as a lawyer’s office boy and read at the British Museum in his spare time.The suffering of his childhood has provided writing materials for his works.In1833,his first book,Sketches by Boz, was published.In the same year,he got married and meanwhile was writing The Pickwick Papers,which helped Dickens rise to fame at25.His industry was tremendous and his energy inexhaustible.He wrote novels,autobiographies,travel books,wrote and performed plays,edited periodicals,and administered charitable organizations.After the separation from his wife,he began to give public readings from his works to increase income,which further undermined his health.In1870, while working on The Mystery of Edwin Drood at his country house,he suffered a stroke of apoplexy and died a day later.After a simple funeral according to his wish, he was buried in Westminster Abbey.查尔斯·狄更斯1812年出生于朴茨茅斯的一个小职员家庭。

第12单元托马斯•哈代1.How does Tess react to Clare’s suggestion that they should leave their shelter? Why?Key:Tess refused Clare’s suggestion because she felt happy and content to live with Angel in the shelter.Inside the shelter there were affection and forgiveness, but outside were trouble and inexorability.Tess was unwilling to put an end to her happiness.For another,Tess feared that Angel's love to her and tolerance toward her impurity would not last long,so she would rather die than be despised by him in the future.2.What is the significance of Tess resting on an altar in the heathen temple? Key:In the author’s eye,she is just as pure and sacred as sacrifice on an altar.As a matter of fact,she’s not accepted by the society and has been despised by the hypocritical morality;she’s considered as a heathen.Tess considers the altar to be a comfortable place for her to stay because it’s just like home,and she is ready to sacrifice herself there.ment on this sentence：“‘Justice’was done,and the President of the Immortals(in Aeschylean phrase)had ended his sport with Tess”.In what sense is Tess’story tragic?Key:“Justice”is a sharp irony.Tess is the allusion to Prometheus,who stole fire(justice)for humans but suffered severe punishment(injustice)from Zeus. Generally,the moral atmosphere of the novel is not Christian justice at all,but pagan injustice.The forces that rule human life are absolutely unpredictable and not necessarily well-disposed to us.Tess’s final rest at Stonehenge at the end reminds us of a world where the gods are not just and fair,but whimsical and uncaring.What passes for“Justice”is in fact one of the pagan gods enjoying a bit of“sport,”or a frivolous game.Once she is executed,the fight or the“sport”is ended.Hardy’s idea about tragedy was influenced by Aeschylus(埃斯库罗斯),who thought that the stronger a person rebels against the fate,the deeper and tighter he will be trapped by the fate,and the nearer he will be on the way to destruction. Tess is a peasant girl who is very kind,responsible and diligent.However,she is vulnerable and weak.She is seduced by immoral Alec and abandoned by her beloved Clare.She has been always fighting against her fate,but she could never break away from her destiny.Finally,she kills the evil Alec,which leads to her self-destruction.She is the typically tragic heroine of the English literature.。

王守仁《英国⽂学选读》（第4版）配套题库-章节题库-第4、5单元【圣才出品】第4单元17世纪英国诗⼈Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.1. In the Revolution Period _____ towers over his age as William Shakespeare towers over the Elizabethan Age and as Chaucer towers over the Medieval Period.【答案】John Milton【解析】在英国资产阶级⾰命期间，约翰·弥尔顿可与伊丽莎⽩时代的莎⼠⽐亚和中世纪的乔叟相媲美。

2. The poems of John Donne belong to two categories: the _____ and the later _____. 【答案】youthful love lyrics；sacred verses【解析】受⽣活经历的影响，约翰·多恩的诗歌可分为两部分：年轻有活⼒的爱情诗和庄严的宗教诗。

3. In 1637 Milton wrote the finest pastoral elegy in English, _____, to memorize the tragic death of a Cambridge friend.【答案】Lycidas【解析】Lycidas是英国诗⼈⽶尔顿年轻时为溺海夭亡的剑桥同学⾦（Edward King）写的⼀⾸悼诗。

4. About the beginning of the 17th century appeared a school of poets called “ _____” by Samuel Johnson, the 18th century writer.【答案】Metaphysicals【解析】⾸先⽤“⽞学派”这名词的是18世纪英国诗⼈、批评家德莱顿。

第3单元弗朗西斯•培根Of Marriage and Single Life1.Is marriage an impediment or help to one’s career development?Key:Sometimes,marriage can be an impediment,and sometimes,it can help one develop his or her career as well,because it depends on the quality of the marriage.As the saying goes“A peaceful family will prosper”,so we can say that husbands and wives can benefit a lot from good marriages,while a terrible marriage will ruin both sides.In a good marriage,husband and wife will be happier,and they will help and encourage each other,which will be good for their careers.On the contrary,in an unhappy marriage,husband and wife usually quarrel a lot and things tend to be worse.2.In what sense are wife and children“a kind of discipline of humanity”?Key:A single man has no others to think about,so he is likely to think of himself and spend a lot of money on himself.What’s more,he tends to take any risk if he wants to,for he does not need to be responsible for anyone.However,a married man cannot be so go-as-you-please,because he has wife and children, and he must be responsible for them.Furthermore,he has to work hard to fulfill his wife and children’s expectation.He becomes a loving man,who not only loves his wife and children,but also loves others.A loving husband and a qualified father can contribute the greatest merit to the public to a large extent.In this sense,we can say that wife and children are“a kind of discipline of humanity”.3.Bacon prefers marriage to single life.Do you find his arguments convincing? Key:Yes,I think Bacon’s arguments are convincing.He proves his points by comparison.He clearly points out the disadvantages of single life and the advantages of marriage.For instance,a single person only cares about himself, and does not pay attention to the future;a married man tends to become responsible,tender,enthusiastic and warm-hearted.As the sentence goes “wives are young men’s mistresses,companions for middle age,and old men’s nurses”which means that when a man is young,his wife can make many decisions and arrangements for the family;when he comes to middle age,wife always stays with him as a companion;when he becomes old,wife will take care of him till the end of life.Even though a woman marries a bad husband,marriage offers a chance for husband to correct themselves.These points all are reasonable,which make Bacon’s arguments very convincing.Of Study1.We are now living in the age of“information explosion”.What lessons can we learn from Bacon’s“Of Studies”in our access to information?Key:According to Bacon’s opinion:“studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large,except they be bounded in by experience”.Weshould combine theory and practice together.That is,practicing what we have learned is quite important.Bacon’s idea that“some books are to be read only in parts;others to be read,but not curiously;and some few to be read wholly,and with diligence and attention.”also teaches us to use different methods of reading in terms of the quality and content of the book.When we face information,we should do some selections rather than easily trust them all.More importantly,we should have an independent mind.2.In what sense does reading make a full man?Key:As Bacon says“Histories make men wise,poets,witty;the mathematics, subtle;natural philosophy,deep;moral,grave;logic and rhetoric,able to contend”,we can know that different books and subjects have their different influences on people.Some books can make people wiser and make fewer mistakes;some books can make people wittier and more sensible to beauty; some books can make people think in a more scientific and accurate way…So reading can cultivate and better a man.In this sense,reading makes a full man.。

第3单元弗朗西斯•培根3.1复习笔记Francis Bacon（1561-1626）（弗朗西斯·培根）1.Life（生平）Bacon was an English philosopher,statesman,scientist,lawyer,jurist,author and the father of empiricism and modern science.Bacon was born in a noble family, son of Sir Nicholas Bacon.In1573,he entered Trinity College,Cambridge.After graduating at16he took up law.He completed his legal education and was called to the bar.At23,he became a member of the House of Commons.During the reign of James I,Bacon was appointed Lord High Chancellor,the head of the legal system of England and made a peer with the titles of Baron Verulam and Viscount St Alban. But three years later,he was accused of bribery and was deprived of his office and banished from London.In his after years,he focused on philosophy and science.培根是英国著名的哲学家、政治家、科学家、律师、法官、作家，被称为“经验主义和现代科学之父”。

第20单元多丽丝•莱辛20.1复习笔记Doris Lessing（1919-2013）（多丽斯·莱辛）1.Life（生平）Doris May Lessing,English novelist and short-story writer,was born in1919in Iran,where his father was a captain in the English army.In1925,when she was five years old,her family moved to a farm in Rhodesia(now Zimbabwe)of Africa.Her childhood was spent in isolation and loneliness,to overcome which she read the great novels of19th-century European literature.She actively participated in the struggle against racial discrimination and white men’s oppression of the black people.Lessing won the Nobel Prize for Literature in2007.多丽丝·莱辛，英国小说家和短篇故事作家，于1919年生于伊朗，父亲在英国军队里是上尉。

1925年，他们举家迁往非洲的罗德西亚（现津巴布韦）。

莱辛在那里的生活是孤独的，为了避免孤独，她开始读19世纪英国小说。

她积极参加反对种族歧视和白人镇压黑人的斗争。

莱辛于2007年获得诺贝尔文学奖。

2.Major Works（主要作品）The Grass is Singing（1950）《野草在歌唱》This Was the Old Chief’s Country（1951）《这原是老酋长的国度》Children of Violence（1952-1969）《暴力的儿女》The Golden Notebook（1962）《金色笔记》The Summer Before the Dark（1973）《黑暗前的夏天》Canopus in Argos:Archives（1979-1983）《南船星系中的老人星座：档案》The Good Terrorist（1985）《好恐怖分子》The Fifth Child（1988）《第五个孩子》3.Selected works（选读作品）◆A Woman on a Roof《屋顶丽人》The story happens in London:a woman,who is taking sun bath,comes into notice of the three men who are mending the house not far from her.The men try to strike up a conversation with her,but no matter what they do,the woman pays no attention to them.The plot of the story is very simple,but it has very profound meanings.The woman,who is lying on the roof,becomes the gazing object of the men. And it reveals that female becomes gazing objects of male in the modern society. This story also reveals the conflicts between classes in England.The woman represents the relatively upper class,while the three working men represent the lower hard-working class.《屋顶丽人》故事发生在伦敦，一个女人在屋顶晒日光浴，引起近处三个修房工人的注意。

1. Heroic Couplet:A rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter, often “closed”, containing a complete thought, there being a fairly heavy pause at the end of the first line and a still heavier one at the end of the second. Commonly there is a parallel or antithesis within a line, or between the two lines.2. Dramatic monologue is a type of poem writing style in which a character, at some specific and critical moment, addresses an identifiable but silent audience, thereby unintentionally revealing his or her essential temperament and personality.（是一种诗的写作形式，是使一个角色在一些特殊的决定性时刻作为可辨认的但沉默的观众，由此无意的显示他或她的基本脾性。

）3. Blank verse is poetry written in regular metrical but unrhymed lines, almost always iambic pentameters. It has been described as "probably the most common and influential form that English poetry has taken since the 16th century.4. Iambic Pentameter: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, that is, with each foot an iamb.5. Sonnet（十四行诗）: an exact form of poetry in 14 lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed, was introduced to England from Italy。

第1单元杰弗里•乔叟1.1复习笔记Geoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里·乔叟)(1343-1400)1.Life(生平)Geoffrey Chaucer,born in1343in London,is the founder of English poetry.He was the son of a wine merchant who had connections with the Court.He later became a courtier and comptroller.Chaucer’s learning was wide in scope.He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian.He had broad and intimate acquaintance with persons high and low in all walks of life,and knew well the whole life of his time,which left great impressions upon his works and particularly upon his variegated depiction of the English society of his time.He died in1400and was buried in Westminster Abbey,thus founding the Poets’Corner.杰弗里·乔叟于1343年出生于伦敦，他是英语诗歌之父。

他是一个与宫廷有联系的酒商的儿子。

他后来担任过侍臣和审计官。

乔叟知识渊博。

他精通拉丁语、法语和意大利语。

他结交广泛且易与人深交，无论是贵族还是贫民,因此他深谙所处世事。

这尤其有益于他在作品中对英国社会的刻画。

1/1十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台圣才电子书 第18单元爱德华•摩根•福斯特1.Why did Mr.Lucas want to stay at Colonus?Key:Because he was attracted by the place that impressed him very favorably.The trees were fine,and there was something very poetic in the spring of clear running water.The people too seemed kindly and civil.The place brought him happiness and peace.He liked Colonus very much and he feared that “old thoughts,old wearinesses might be waiting to rejoin him as soon as he left the shade of the planes,and the music of the virgin water.”2.How did Ethel make Mr.Lucas leave with the group?Key:Ethel asked Mr.Graham for help.Mr.Graham took Mr.Lucas onto the back of his mule all of a sudden,and rode away with him under the help of others.Mr.Lucas was taken away unwillingly.3.Is Mr.Lucas lucky or unlucky to have escaped the fall of the tree?Key:In the normal sense,we will think that it is lucky for Mr.Lucas to escape the fall of the tree,because he can continue his life and receive his daughter’s love.But as to himself,he may not feel that he is lucky,because as he left Colonus,he loses his own control over his life and he does not know what the meaning of his later life.In fact,we don’t know which result is better for him.。

第9单元夏洛蒂•勃朗特9.1复习笔记Charlotte Brontë(1816-1855)(夏洛蒂·勃朗特)1.Life(生平)Charlotte Brontëwas born in1816,the third daughter of a country clergyman. In1820,the Brontëfamily moved to Haworth,and her mother died the next year.In 1824,she and her sisters were sent to the Clergy Daughter’s School.Bad food and poor living conditions aggravated the ill-health of the two eldest girls,then Emily and Charlotte were brought home.At the age of15,Charlotte became a pupil at the school at Roe Head for a year,and later became governess in several families.In 1842,Charlotte went to Brussels as a teacher under their aunt’s patronage.But she returned within a year after falling unhappily in love with her married employer. 1846brought the publication of the Brontësisters’Poems by Currer,Ellis,and Acton Bell.In1847,Charlotte’s Jane Eyre was published,which was an immediate success.Visiting London in1849she began to move in literary circles and made the acquaintance of Thackeray and Mrs.Gaskell.In1854,Charlotte married her father’s curate,but a few months later she died of pneumonia during pregnancy.夏洛蒂·勃朗特1816年生于英国，是乡村牧师的第三个女儿。

第10单元查尔斯•狄更斯1.Magwitch“the convict”takes the risk of being“hanged”when he comes back to London to see Pip.How do you evaluate this meeting?Key:It is a surprising and unwilling meeting for Pip.He never thinks that it was a convict who fund him to be a gentleman in the upper class.He cannot accept this result.In Pip’s mind,Magwitch is just a fearsome convict who he saved when he was only a young boy.Now,Pip is a gentleman with a lot of money and lives as a nobleman.He looks down upon Magwitch.So,when he meets Magwitch,he feels anxious,dispirited,and even abhorrent.To him,this meeting is like a disaster. But to Magwitch,it is a willing meeting.He is very happy,excited and proud.2.What is the meaning of“gentleman”n the context of the novel?Key:In the context of the novel,“gentleman”means a man who has good education,high social status and material wealth.However,at that time,the essence of a gentleman is that he comes from pure gens,or is perfectly bred.So, the word“gentleman”in the novel has a derogatory meaning.Pip once was a poor,but sympathetic and kind-hearted boy.He was simple and innocent.He dreamed of being a blacksmith like his brother-in-law Joe and earns his living by himself.But after he met Estella,he couldn’t help but fell in love with her. However Estella despised him for his being poor.So,he wanted to be a gentleman just for Estella.And he got a funded from someone to be a gentleman.He became a gentleman,but he lost his virtues.He was selfish and cold-hearted to his poor old friends.When Joe came to London,to see him,he was unwilling and reluctant to meet him and was cruel to him.Pip’s definition of gentleman was narrowed by the influence of Miss Havisham and Estella who see social status, high education and material wealth as the essential components of being a gentleman.The author wants to to criticize the evil capitalism and the dark society.3.What can you learn about the character of Pip through his conversations with the unexpected visitor?Key:Through his conversation with the unexpected visitor,we can find that Pip is arrogant,snobbish,indifferent,but is innately sympathetic and regretful.Pip’s idealism and immaturity often lead him to perceive the world rather narrowly, and his tendency to oversimplify situations based on superficial values leads him to behave badly toward the people who care about him.He is a“round character”in the novel.。

王守仁《英国文学选读》（第3版）课后习题详解（第12单元托马斯第12单元托马斯?哈代1.How does Tess react to Clare’s suggestion that they should leave their shelter? Why?Key:Tess refused Clare’s suggestion because she felt happy and content to live with Angel in the shelter.Inside the shelter there were affection and forgiveness, but outside were trouble and inexorability.T ess was unwilling to put an end to her happiness.For another,T ess feared that Angel's love to her and tolerance toward her impurity would not last long,so she would rather die than be despised by him in the future.2.What is the significance of Tess resting on an altar in the heathen temple? Key:In the author’s eye,she is just as pure and sacred as sacrifi ce on an altar.As a matter of fact,she’s not accepted by the society and has been despised by the hypocritical morality;she’s considered as a heathen.Tess considers the altar to be a comfortable place for her to stay because it’s just like home,and she is ready to sacrifice herself there.ment on this sentence：“‘Justice’was done,and the President of the Immortals(in Aeschylean phrase)had ended his sport with Tess”.In what sense is Tess’story tragic?Key:“Justice”is a sharp irony.Tess is the allusion to Prometheus,who stole fire(justice)for humans but suffered severe punishment(injustice)from Zeus. Generally,the moral atmosphereof the novel is not Christian justice at all,but pagan injustice.The forces that rule human life are absolutely unpredictable and not necessarily well-disposed to us.Tess’s final rest at Stonehenge at the end reminds us of a world where the gods are not just and fair,but whimsical and uncaring.What passes for“Justice”is in fact one of the pagan gods enjoying a bit of“sport,”or a frivolous game.Once she is executed,the fight or the“sport”is ended.Hardy’s idea about tragedy was influenced by Aeschylus(埃斯库罗斯),who thought that the stronger a person rebels against the fate,the deeper and tighter he will be trapped by the fate,and the nearer he will be on the way to destruction. Tess is a peasant girl who is very kind,responsible and diligent.However,she is vulnerable and weak.She is seduced by immoral Alec and abandoned by her beloved Clare.She has been always fighting against her fate,but she could never break away from her destiny.Finally,she kills the evil Alec,which leads to her self-destruction.She is the typically tragic heroine of the English literature.。

第1单元杰弗里•乔叟1.How is the setting of the tales described?With such a setting,could you predict the general tone of the tales that are to follow?Key:(1)Chaucer sets the tales in the spring,describing both the natural world and people—the natural world shows a kind of renewal and rebirth,and people begin to stir after the long sleep of winter.Chaucer’s description of the landscape is lively(欢快的)and fresh(清新的),since he speaks of budding flowers, growing crops and singing birds.(2)According to such a setting,we can predict that the general tone of the tales will be light,sprightly(活泼的、愉快的)and humorous.2.In your own words,summarize the character of the Knight from the brief introduction in this excerpt.Key:According to the excerpt,we can see that the Knight has followed chivalry—truth,honor,freedom and courtesy.He had fought many battles for the faith of people.He is a brave,wise,modest and“truly perfect gentle-knight”.3.Without comparison with the translated version,are there words still recognizable to you in the original Middle English version?Key:Yes,there are many words can be recognized.Because many words only contain few different letters compared with the modern words.What’s more,sometimes,we can recognize the words by guess or by the sense-group.。

第6单元浪漫主义诗人（1）William BlakeThe Lamb1.Does this poem describe a lamb or the mind of the child who is speaking to the lamb?What is the relation of the lamb and the child to God?Key:The poem describes the mind of the child who is speaking to the lamb by which shows the gentleness and tenderness of the lamb.The lamb is the symbol of the child to the God.It shows the love of God that he creates the lamb and Jesus is often called the lamb of the God.So,the poem not only appreciates the kindness of the lamb but also praise the mysterious power which creates the lamb.In this sense,God,Jesus and the lamb combine together.2.What does the Lamb stand for?Key:The Lamb stands for Jesus Christ,who was offered by God as the final sacrifice for the sins of humankind.The Lamb and Jesus have virtues in common: gentleness,tenderness,kindness and compassion.So,the Lamb also stands for these good attributes.The Tiger1.Why does the poet mention the Lamb?Do you think both the Lamb and theTiger can illuminate each other?Key:The Tiger is corresponding to The Lamb.Both the poems show the poet’s exploration,understanding and plaint of the mysterious creation.In this poem, the poet implies that the Tiger as well as the Lamb are both created by God.So the Tiger and the Lamb share the same creator and have some kind of relationship.Yes,I think both the Lamb and the Tiger can illuminate each other.The lamb represents the kind and gentle humanities,but it lacks the motivation to make progress.While the tiger will cause the social misery,unrest or even disruption, but it can stimulate people’s creativity.So the tiger becomes the symbol of strength and courage.In this sense,the Tiger and the Lamb can illuminate each other.2.What is the symbolic meaning of the tiger?What idea does the poet want to express?Key:The tiger symbolizes the God’s power in creation and it becomes the embodiment of beauty,strength,vitality and complexity.The poet’s idea is that God not only create the kind lamb but also create the tough tiger.So God is mysterious and complicated and nobody can indeed know about God.The Sick Rose1.In what sense do you think the rose is“sick”?Key:On a superficial and literal level,the rose is invaded by the worm and become sick.On a deeper level,the“sick”rose has several symbolic meanings: a)the rose symbolizes young girls,and the worm refers to impure love of men, which defiles the girls’chastity.Thus,the girls are destroyed.b)The rose symbolizes the toiling masses that are under the exploitation and oppression of the capitalism represented by the worm.It means that there is something wrong with the whole social system.c)The rose symbolizes the soul and spirit of man, while the worm symbolizes the ugly and evil aspects of humanity.The rose is “sick”,because that innocence is replaced by experience,and the virtues are replaced by the evil as well.2.Should there be any symbolic meanings for the night and the storm?If so,what meanings would you suggest?Key:Yes,there are some symbolic meanings for the night and the storm.Based on the symbolic meanings of the rose and the worm,we can find that the night and the storm symbolize the deceit and impure love of men,the progress of capitalism and the process of gaining experience.Robert BurnsA Red,Red Rose1.How does the narrator in the poem express his love?Key:The narrator uses rhetoric devices in this poem to express his love,such as simile and exaggeration.At first,the poet compares his lover to a red rose and beautiful melody,which are very lovely and attractive to himself and arouse the love in his heart.And then,the poet say that he will not change his love for his lover even though“the seas gang dry”and“the rocks melt wi’the sun”as well as“the sands o’life shall run”.What’s more,the narrator directly speaks out his love as well-“So deep in luve am I/And I will luve thee still,my dear”.2.Why is this poem so touching to the readers?Key:Because this poem shows a kind of true love and real feelings of the poet toward his lover,which is always touching to people.In the poem,the poet expresses his ardent and steadfast love in a very powerful and efficient way,and it really can arouse the love feelings in the readers’hearts.Auld Lang Syne1.What does“cup o’kindness”imply?Key:The poem is a narrative poem praising friendship.After reading the whole poem we can find that“cup o’kindness”implies the friendship between the narrator and his friends.2.How do you know the people in the poem used to be friends and are now old? Key:“Cup o’kindness”is mentioned twice in this poem-in the second and thelast sections-which refer to their reunion.The people in the poem used to be friends and now they are old.After the first“cup o’kindness”,the author begins to recall their joyful life;they have run in the brae,picked up the fine gowans,and wandered a long and weary journey,paddled in the stream all the day.But all the nice memory has been the history“Sun’auld lang syne”.Then comes to the present gathering,there is one more“cup o’kindness”to imply that how much the author really cherishes the friendship and wish it to last forever.William Wordsworth1.What is the relation between the poet and nature as described in the poem? Key:The beauty of the nature can make the poet happy and joyful,make his mind pure with little thought,and offer him consolation and serenity.2.Do you think nature can have healing effect on mind?Key:Yes,I think that nature can have healing effect on mind.Nature is free from pressure and worries.It is full of beauty and attractions.While human beings have to deal with many troubles,and every now and then they need to have a good rest and get rid of their troubles from their minds.Throwing oneself into the bosom of nature is an effective way to relax and enjoy the true pleasure and beauty.When you are in nature,you will forget about those annoying matter that troubles you and your soul will be purified.Samuel Taylor Coleridge1.Coleridge claimed that the poem was“composed in a sort of reverie brought on by two grains of opium”.Could you find similar cases in the Chinese literary history?Key:Yes,Li Bai liked drinking and sometimes he wrote poems in a trance state.2.Can we say this poem has no coherent meaning and is wrapped up in an atmosphere of the supernatural and the fantastic?Give your opinions.Key:Yes,we can.The poet wrote this poem after he took the opium,and his thoughts were fragmental.He just wrote down what occurred to him.Thus,there were only pieces of meaning rather than coherent meaning.At the same time,the poem is wrapped up in an atmosphere of the supernatural and the fantastic.The poet mentioned“Alph,the sacred river”,“a waning moon was haunted/By woman wailing for her demon-lover”,and“His flashing eyes,his floating hair!/Weave a circle round him thrice”…-these give people a sense of the supernatural and fantastic.。

第8单元浪漫主义诗人(2)Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.1. _____ was memorized and honored as “the heart of all hearts” after his death.【答案】Percy Bysshe Shelley【解析】在雪莱死后，他的墓碑上题刻着“众心之心”。

2. _____ is George Gordon Byron’s poetic drama with the material taken from Biblical story.【答案】Cain【解析】拜伦诗剧《该隐》，其是拜伦根据《圣经·创世记》中该隐杀死弟弟亚伯的故事创作的。

3. Percy Bysshe Shelley wrote an elegy _____ lamenting the early death of his fellow-poet _____.【答案】Adonais；John Keats【解析】《阿都尼斯》是雪莱为济慈作的挽歌。

4. _____ and _____ gave great impetus to the rise of the Romantic Movement.【答案】The French Revolution；the English Industrial Revolution【解析】法国大革命和英国工业革命极大地推动了浪漫主义运动的兴起。

5. _____ was the first poet in Europe who sang for the working people. His political lyrics are among the best of their kind in the whole sphere of European romantic poetry.【答案】Percy Bysshe Shelley【解析】珀西·比希·雪莱（Percy Bysshe Shelley）深受自由与及竞拍思想的影响，一生都执著地反抗社会的残忍与不公，战争与剥削。