2015新目标英语中考专题复习资料 名词
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第二部分 中考题型全接触
基础题型篇
基础题型一 单项选择
§1 基础语法
(一)名词
01 命题趋势 考标导向化
近几年全国各地中考对名词的考查主要是词义辨析及名词所有格,名词变复数的规则也是各地中考的考点之一。随着“淡化语法,注重语言运用和交际”这一理念被广泛认同,预计2015年各地中考对名词辨析的考查将呈上升趋势。
02 定义 概念清晰化
名词是指人、地点、事物、行为、品质、抽象概念、感情等的名称的词。名词可分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。专有名词表示具体的人、事物、地点或机构的专有名称(如:Beijing,China,Jack)。普通名词表示某类人或某类事物的名称。普通名词又可分为个体名词(表示单个的人或事物,如:astronaut,building等)、集体名词(表示一群人或一些事物的总称,如:family,group等)、物质名词(表示无法分为个体的物质,如:water,rice等)和抽象名词(表示抽象概念的词,如:health,education等)。一般地说,个体名词和集体名词是可数的,称为可数名词,有单、复数之分;物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的,称为不可数名词,通常只有单数,但在某些具体情况下也可以用复数。
03 知识归类 知识网络化
❶可数名词和不可数名词
分类图解
可数名词 不可数名词
分单、复数两种形式 desk→desks
bus→buses 没有复数形式 tea
meat
前面可用基数词、不定冠词修饰
three boys;
an orange 不可以被基数词和不定冠词直接修饰,若表示数量可用“单位词+不可数名词” a piece of
paper; two
cups of tea
可数名词的复数前可用many, some,
any 修饰 many
teachers;
some
friends
可用much, some, any修饰 much
bread;
some milk
特例清单
◎有些名词既是可数名词,又是不可数名词,但意义有所不同。如: work(工作)—a work(著作)
glass(玻璃)—a glass(玻璃杯)
paper(纸)—a paper(报纸;文件;试卷)
tea(茶)—a tea(一种茶)(表示种类)
wood(木头)—a wood(小树林)
room(空间)—a room(房间)
chicken(鸡肉)—a chicken(小鸡)
light(光,光线)—a light(电灯)
fish(鱼肉)—fishes(各种各样的鱼)
exercise(锻炼,运动)—exercises(习题)
life(生活)—lives(生命)
orange(橘子汁)—an orange(橘子)
time(时间)—times(倍,次数)
hand(帮助)—a hand(手)
radio(无线电)—a radio(收音机)
【题组训练】
(
)1.(2014·襄阳)—What are you going to do when you grow up?
—My _______ is to become an astronaut.
A.hobby B.dream C.job D.advice
( )2.(2014·凉山)—Where are you going,Sam?
—There isn’t any ______ in the fridge. I’ll go and buy some.
A.vegetables B.beef C.eggs D.money
( )3.(2014·扬州)—What a good _____ you’ve given me! Thanks a
lot.
—My pleasure.
rmation B.news C.suggestion D.advice
( )4.(2014·乌鲁木齐)—I have great _____ in learning physics and I
am so worried. Could you help me?
—Sure,I’d be glad to.
A.interest
B.fun C.question D.trouble
( )5.(2014·菏泽)My teacher gave me much _____ on how to study
English well when I had some trouble.
A.advice B.question C.suggestion D.problem
❷可数名词的复数形式
分类图解
情况 构成方法 例词
一般情况 加-s cap→caps; dog→dogs; bike→bikes; driver→drivers
以字母s,
sh, ch, x等加-es bus→buses; wish→wishes; watch→watches; box→boxes
结尾
以辅音字母+y结尾 变y为i再加-es lady→ladies; century→centuries;
family→families; story→stories
以f或fe结尾 一般变f, fe为v,再加-es leaf→leaves; life→lives; half→halves; knife→knives
以o结尾 o前为辅音音素时加-es, o前为元音音素时加-s。 tomato→tomatoes; hero→heroes;
potato→potatoes; radio→radios;
zoo→zoos;例外,photo→photos;
piano→pianos
复合名词 将后一个词变为复数 tooth-brush→tooth-brushes;
film-goer → film-goers
两部分都变复数 man doctor→men doctors; woman
teacher→women teachers
特殊名词 改变内部元音字母 foot→feet; tooth→teeth; man→men; mouse→mice
词尾加-ren child→children
单复数同形 Chinese→Chinese; sheep→sheep;
deer→deer
特例清单
1.“数词+名词+形容词”构成的复合形容词,中间的名词须用单数形式。如:
five-year-old 5岁大的;
a five-pound note 一张5英镑的纸币
a six-foot-deep hole一个6英尺深的洞
a ten-story-high building一幢10层高的楼房
a two-inch-thick dictionary一本2英寸厚的字典
a 100-meter race一场百米赛跑
2.以-s结尾的名词,有的作单数使用,有的作复数使用。
(1)以-s结尾的学科类名词,一般是不可数名词。如:maths,
physics, politics等。
(2)表示由两部分构成的物体的名词,其形式上可数,若表达具体数目时,要借助数量词pair来表示,其单复数形式取决于pair的单复数形式。如:a pair of trousers一条裤子。
(3)以复数形式出现的书名、剧名、报纸、杂志名词,看作单数名词。如:The New York Times(《纽约时报》);The Arabian
Nights(《一千零一夜》)
(4)以-s结尾表示国家、组织或公司名称的专有名词,通常被看做单数。如:the United States(美利坚合众国);the United
Nations(联合国)
(5)以-s结尾表示群岛、山脉、瀑布等自然景观的专有名词,通常被看做复数。如:the Huangguoshu Falls(黄果树瀑布);the
Olympic Games(奥林匹克运动会)
(6)复合名词的复数形式分为两种:一是只将主体名词变为复数形式;二是如果是man,woman与其他名词组成的复合名词,那么两个名词都要变为复数形式。如:an apple tree→two apple trees; a woman teacher→some women teachers
【题组训练】
( )6.(2014·广安)—How many ______ are there?
—About fifty.
A.tomatos B.tomatoes C.tomato
( )7.(2014·内江)You can find many _______ about the famous film
star on the Internet.
A.news B.pictures C.tickets rmation
( )8.(2014·永州)—Whose _______ are these?
—I think they are John’s.
A.key B.keies C.keys
( )9.(2013·茂名)In autumn there are a lot of _____ on the ground.
A.leaf B.leafs C.leaves
( )10.(2013·贺州)—What kind of porridge would you like,Alice?
—I would like .
A.egg porridge B.eggs porridge
C.fish porridges D.fishes porridge
❸不可数名词的计量
分类图解
类型 英语 汉译 例子
个数单位词 piece 张 a piece of advice; two pieces of advice
drop 滴 a drop of ink; three drops of ink
pile 堆 a pile of wood; four piles of wood
容器单位词 cup 杯 a cup of coffee; seven cups of coffee
glass (玻璃)
杯 a glass of milk; eight glasses of milk
bottle 瓶 a bottle of juice; nine bottles of juice
box 盒、箱 a box of chalk; ten boxes of chalk
bag 袋 a bag of flour; eleven bags of flour
度量衡单位词 pound 磅 a pound of meat; fourteen pounds of
meat
kilo 公斤 a kilo of oil; two kilos of oil
特列清单
1.不可数名词表示数量时,可用a lot of,much,little,a little,some,no等修饰。如: