新托福听力场景分析之地球环境学
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听力考试概述TOEFL: Test of English as a Foreign Language ibt: internet based test ETS :“What we cared about is whether a student has the ability to study in an academic environment劣势:• 机考形式 • 内容学术 • 耐受力要求高 优势:• 能刷高分 • 环境真实 四级通过----80六级通过----95 阅读—20 中国:77 18 口语—19 写作—20日本:70 韩国:84 1. 听力考试形式⏹ 答题形式:听--笔记--读题--确定答案⏹ 题目形式:单选;多选;排序;搭配;表格 ⏹ 语音形式:美音为主+国际语音 2.考试界面展示3.听力考试内容听力材料题目数量时间Conversation: 2-3个长对话5 2-3 min/conversationLecture:4-6个学术讲座6 4-6 min/lectureTotal:6-9(加试)34+ 60—90 minConversation考察场景⏹Office hour(可能涉及学术内容或与课程相关)⏹Service encounter(通常为非学术性内容)⏹讲座四大类话题:⏹Arts (艺术)⏹Life Science (生命科学)⏹Physical Science (自然科学)⏹Social Science (社会科学)听力能力提升之笔记一、Why to Take Notes?•无预览•对话/讲座持续时间长•防止听力过程中走神•训练听力思维能力二、How to Take Notes?•速记•听懂后总结•只记录核心观点•有一定结构性三、What Notes to Take?•主旨•分论点=: equal to, the same as≠: difference↑: increase, promote, enhance, improve, go up↓: decrease, fall, worsen, reduce+: plus, add, besides, moreover-: minus, deduct, except→: result in, lead to←: originate from, date back to√: correct, good, positive, affirmative×: wrong, bad, mistaken, negative☆: outstanding, elite∵: because, owing to, thanks to, since, as∴: therefore, consequently, as a result, so, hence ∑: total, amount~:about/around,or so,approximately∈:belong to, be part of, fall into, remain with,++:最高级best, most高:superior to,surpass低:inferior to2.列顺序{⒈⒉⒊Ⅰ;Ⅱ;ⅢA; B ; C3.做比较= Equals=/= Does not equal& And> Is more than< Is less than4.表因果→Leading to∴Therefore∵Because5.表年代1929→Since 1929←1929 1929 and earlierC. Century6.表增减↑To increase↓To decrease/ Per% Percent7.表举例e. g. -----For example8.其它常用符号♂Man; Men♀Woman; Women$ dollar£ pound€eurob.速记方法二:缩写1.拿掉所有元音msg messagestd standardmkt marketrspct respect2.保留前几个字母wk--------weekbd---------boardpl----------peoplebk---------bank,book3.后缀缩写able/ ible/ ble bling: Gtion: Nment: T/ mtize: Ztive: TVless: LSful: FLed: dent/ant: T4.后缀缩写impossible-----------impoblshopping-------------SHPGoccupation-----------OCPNamendment----------amdmtorganization----------ognzeffective----------------efctvregardless-------------rgdlsurgent------------------URGT五、文章结构及笔记方法论⏹完整的结构---从牌面分类到规则梳理⏹清晰的逻辑---由浅入深⏹个性的符号---拼音图片联用⏹主次分明---不含次要信息六、Conversation 结构七、conversation 笔记要点• 提出问题• 原因诊断1、原因诊断2、原因诊断3 • 解决方案1----拒绝+理由 • 解决方案2----拒绝+理由 • 最终解决方案 • 建议/保证问答 矛盾 八、1.Consultation-an engineering courseQ :上 Eng 课----take again Why ? Do better ?Half + rest = better next time Fill a form有form-----need sig必须滴!听力材料(student) Professor, I have a question about taking the engineering course that you’ll be teaching. I already took this course once, but I didn’t do very well on it, and I’d like to take it over again.(professor) Why do you want to try it again? Do you think you can do it better this time?(student) Well, I understood about half material last time, and if I concentrate on the rest of the material, I think I can do much better next time.(professor) It’s …uh…possible to repeat a course to try for a higher grade, as long as the appropriate form is filled out.(student) I’ve got the form right here, and I’ve already filled out most of it. All I need is your signature at the bottom.(professor) That’s fine. You really do seem prepared. Give me the form, and I’ll sign it. 2.Consultation-the grade reportQ:×收到grade report两周前出了move了?×Take all exam了?√等我在电脑上查查听力材料(student) I have a problem, and I hope you can help.(worker) What’s you problem?(student) I haven’t received my grade report from last quarter, and my friends have already received their grade reports.(worker) Grade reports from last quarter were mailed out two weeks ago. You haven’treceived yours yet?(student) No, I haven’t.(worker) Did you move in last quarter? Has your address changed? Um,…maybe the grade report went to the wrong address.(student) No I’m still in the same place. I haven’t moved. The address should be accurate.(worker) And did you take all of your final exams? If you missed an exam, then you grade report would be held up.(student) No I took all my exams…(worker) Then, uh, you should’ve received your grade report by now. Give me a moment, please, and I’ll look your grade report up in the computer system and see if I can figure out what the problem is.(student) Thanks very much for your help.九、Lecture笔记注意事项⏹听懂主旨、态度、结构即可作对大多数题目⏹顺序性原则---笔记结构清晰⏹出题点集中于主题,分论点,问答,观点和解释(原因)⏹经典段落结构不要听写要总结常见lecture结构:并列式1.Discussion-lakes地理课各种lake---怎么form的Lake Superior(LS)& Caspian Sea(CS)& Lake Baikal(LB)CS:ocean----cut offLS:glaciersLB:earth’s crust broke apart各种lake---怎么form的听力材料(woman 1) OK. Let’s see where we are on this project for geography class. Ourpresentation’s in two days, and I hope we’re almost ready.(man) I hope so, too. We are each going to look up information about a different lake-with an emphasis on how each lake formed-and we’ll each present information on the lake to the , to the class. My job was to look up information on Lake Superior, and I’ve done that.(woman 2) I’ve done my research on the Caspian Sea.(woman 1) And I’m already with information about Lake Baikal.(woman 2) Great. I’ll go first. I’ll be discussing the Caspian Sea, which is the largest inland body of water in the world. The Caspian Sea is a saltwater lake between Europe and Asia. It is believed that this lake was originally connected to the world’s ocean, which would account for its saltwater content. As the Earth’s plates moved, this arm of the ocean was cut off.(man) Well, here’s what I found on Lake Superior. Lake Superior is, of course, one ofthe Great Lakes in North America, and it’s the largest freshwater lake in the world. Along with the other Great Lakes, it was formed by glaciers. Glaciers, covered the northern part of North America until 10000years ago and were responsible for carving the Great Lakes,including Lake Superior.(woman 1) OK, now for Lake Baikal, which is the lake I’ll be discussing. Lake Baikal’s in Russia, and it was formed when the earth’s crust broke apart at a fault. Because Lake Baikal formed over a split in the Earth’s crust, it’s a very deep lake, the deepest lake in theworld. Lake Baikal’s so deep that, even though its surface area is much smaller than the surface area of Lake Superior, it could hold the water of all the Great Lakes combined.(man) Well, it looks like we’ve all found information about each of these lakes, and, in particular, how they were formed. Now we need to talk about how we can present theinformation to the rest of the class.常见lecture结构:递进式2.Consultation- an anthropology paper人类学discuss选topic什么topic?eyesight test that the Roman military used看见A星,做archer;看不见A星,做foot solider跟人类学的relationship?“survival of the fittest”为什么?原因?Archer生存几率高,因为在后方就这么写吧!听力材料(student) 1. Thanks for seeing me, Dr. Barton.(professor) No problem. It’s my office hour… What did you want to talk about?(student) I wanted to discuss the topic I’ve chosen for the paper I’m supposed to be writing for you anthropology course. The topic I’m thinking about is a bit unusual.(professor) Oh you know, it has to be related to some aspect of anthropology that we’re studying… What topic did you have in mind?(student) I wanted to write about a test used by the Roman military to test soldiers’ eyesight. (pro fessor) Hmmm… an eyesight test used by the Roman military? Are you sure this is related to our anthropology class?... Well, tell me about it… What is the eyesight test that the Roman military used?(student) Well, it was a test that the Romans used to determine if their soldiers would fight as foot soldiers on the front lines or as archers behind the front lines. Roman soldiers were required to undergo certain tests to determine their ability to perform as soldiers. One of these tests was simply to count the stars in the constellation, the Big Dipper. This test determined the acuity of their vision. See. Look at this picture of the Big Dipper. You can see the seven stars in the BigDipper. The star at the bend of the handle of the Big Dipper is called Mizar, and Mizar is a binary star. If you look closely, there’s a second star called Alcor next to Mizar. If a Roman soldier’s eyesight was good enough to see Alcor, he could fight as an archer. If he couldn’t see Alcor, he had to fight on the front lines as a foot soldier.(professor) So this eye test was based on the ability of the soldier to see Alcor next to Mizar. (student) Yes, exactly.(professor) Well, that’s a very interesting test, but I’m sure it’s related to the material in our anthropology class. Well, let’s put it away… how would you related this to the material in the anthropology course?(student) I’d related it to the idea of “survival of the fittest.”(professor) Um… interesting… and how would you related it to this concept? Survival of the fittest has to do with the idea that those who’s strongest or have some other physical or material advantage will be more likely to survival.(student) Well, this test for eyesight was used not only by Romans but also other groups of people for hundreds of years. The interesting point is that over time more people have been able to pass the test, and the fact that more people have been able to pass the test over time has been attributed to survival of the fittest. It was certainly true for Roman soldiers that those who passed the test had a better chance of surviving longer.(professor) And why was that? Why did Roman soldiers who passed the test stand a better chance of surviving longer?(student) Well, soldiers with better eyesight weren’t on the front line s. Those with bad eyesight were sent to the front lines and, more often than not, were killed on the front lines. Archers stood a better chance of survival and were around to father children, who would also tend to have better eyesight than those who failed the test. This is what supports the concept of survival of the fittest.(professor) 3. Umm. That’s an interesting idea. As long as you concentrate on the idea of survival of the fittest in your paper and use this example of an eye test to support the concept, I think you would have a solid paper.(student) That’s what I’ll do then. Thanks, Dr. Barton.•笔记:•笔记的目的:记录信息,防止遗忘•笔记的作用:帮助回忆文章,结合题目定位出题点•笔记的要素:主旨,结构(分论点),情感•笔记(听力)的提升:听懂句子---听懂文章---学会“读题”---掌握文章结构---针对文章要点进行笔记一级要点:分论点,段意二级要点:解释性,补充性内容。
历年托福考试试题及答案一、听力部分1. 讲座类听力题目:在一次关于海洋生物学的讲座中,教授讨论了珊瑚礁的生态作用和面临的威胁。
答案:A. 珊瑚礁为海洋生物提供栖息地。
B. 全球变暖导致珊瑚白化。
C. 过度捕鱼破坏了珊瑚礁的生态平衡。
2. 对话类听力题目:两位学生在图书馆讨论即将到来的历史考试。
答案:A. 学生A对考试感到紧张。
B. 学生B建议一起复习。
C. 他们决定在图书馆的咖啡厅见面。
二、阅读部分1. 学术类阅读题目:文章讨论了城市化对环境的影响。
答案:A. 城市化导致绿地减少。
B. 城市扩张增加了交通拥堵。
C. 城市规划应考虑环境保护。
2. 历史类阅读题目:文章探讨了工业革命对社会结构的影响。
答案:A. 工业革命促进了城市化。
B. 工人阶级的兴起改变了社会结构。
C. 工业革命导致了工作时间的增加。
三、口语部分1. 独立口语任务题目:描述一个你认为对环境有益的举措,并解释为什么。
答案:我认为骑自行车上班是一个对环境有益的举措。
首先,它减少了汽车尾气排放,有助于减少空气污染。
其次,骑自行车是一种健康的出行方式,可以减少对化石燃料的依赖,从而降低对环境的影响。
2. 综合口语任务题目:阅读一段关于太阳能的短文,然后听一段讲座,之后总结两者的主要观点。
答案:短文提到太阳能是一种可再生能源,可以减少对化石燃料的依赖。
讲座中,教授强调了太阳能技术的进步,使得太阳能变得更加经济实惠和高效。
两者都强调了太阳能在减少环境污染和促进可持续发展方面的潜力。
四、写作部分1. 独立写作任务题目:你是否同意以下观点:现代科技使人们的生活更加复杂,而不是更简单。
答案:我同意这个观点。
现代科技虽然带来了便利,但也增加了人们的压力。
例如,智能手机让人们随时在线,导致工作与生活的界限模糊。
此外,信息过载使得人们难以集中注意力,处理大量信息。
因此,现代科技在简化生活的同时,也带来了复杂性。
2. 综合写作任务题目:阅读一篇关于城市绿化的文章,然后听一段讲座,之后写出两者的主要观点和你的立场。
2022年1月托福听力真题回忆及参考答案2022年1月4日托福听力真题回忆及参考答案Conversation1.学生的排练地点和别人冲突了让他换一个讨论了一些舞台技术最后建议她找另一个教授咨询2.教授欣赏学生的表演邀请她参加一个event,但是学生要工作时间冲突,她向教授推荐她舍友,她帮教授做网站3.学生想找tutor4.学生找教授讨论一个画家5.一个学生来采访图书馆的工作人员,工作人员说退休以后还要继续读书,因为平时没时间读6.学生来找老师,说画的都很相似,老师说这些画landmark的,主要是卖给来旅游的,不是卖给当地人的Lecture1.讲的间歇泉形成原理和温泉比照自然影响不大人类有两个影响一个是用地热发电另一个是采矿最后说了解决方法2.美国两个realistic的画家3.鲸鱼是由陆地进化的证据4.多任务同时完成和自律的关系5.。
I负责momery,m负责creative,当人在演奏的时候l会不active,m反而会active8.从地球推测出的某某zone,只有在这种zone里才可能有生命。
professor说这个是不对的,在黄石公园发现一种东西能在很热的水里生存9.短故事在美国流行,短故事要能在短时间内读完,有一个good ending 2022年1月5日托福听力真题回忆及参考答案Conversation 对话【版本1】1. 男生找到了一个在动物园的internship,找老师换组。
2. 男生找教授讨论他的论文选题,然后讲了阿基米德测王后皇冠是否是纯金的故事。
3. C女生关于如何增加自己社团会员数,请教老师。
4. C女生问教授关于暑期实习的名单确定时间,她想选暑期课。
5. 女老师代替走的老师去管climbing club。
6. part time job去弄电影。
【版本2】1心理专业的学生想找兼职,去了学生中心的地方无人应答,就去心理中心,刚好老师有个放心理电影的任务交给了他。
2. 学生去问老师关于作业里面的Creative part,他的topic是D,然后这个他要即兴作曲3 电影俱乐部如何扩充2022年1月11日托福听力真题回忆及参考答案Conversation 对话1. 探讨照片,然后说到了向日葵的向阳问题。
12月17日托福听力真题答案及解析(宁波新东方版)2016年12月17日托福听力真题Conversation 1那个男生想研究美国移民的问题,但他分不清老师上课提到过的primary sources和secondary sources。
然后老师解释了,有一本关于华盛顿书倌的书就是secondary,书里华盛顿的信就是primary。
学生提到了以前人口普查中欧洲人移民到美国的一些人口数据,老师说这是primary,但她让学生在历史的大背景下思考这个数据,例如数据库说了German,但当时世界上并没有德国这个国家,德国是一些分散的小国家。
然后学生提到了一本关于爱尔兰人移民到费城的书。
老师提醒他这个书只说了在费城的爱尔兰移民,如果要用这个,还需要考虑别的地方的爱尔兰移民。
2016年12月17日托福听力真题Lecture 1心理学课,讲FRIM的在研究人脑中的作用。
教授先讲通常人们以为brain parts 对应不同functions并且好像可以通过FRIM来进行验证,但是教授说其实FRIM 的应用没有那么简单,不能轻易得出结论。
然后距离说lobe的作用是帮助人们记忆,而另一个部分FRIM发现cortex似乎和记忆有关,但是其实cortex主要帮助人们学习语言(color, meaning),然后教授说明语言学,最后教授说FRIM应该被用来解释brain parts的correlation而不是divide functions。
2016年12月17日托福听力真题Lecture 2艺术,studio art class,讲水彩画有多脆弱,in terms of the media水彩画use。
先讲笔脆弱,因为会fade away,还有纸脆弱,因为纸是木头做成的,里面的东西会生成酸,酸然后会腐蚀纸,解决方法是用一种新型的笔,可以防止褪色,不同的颜色褪色程度也不同,但说这些不是为了限制同学们选择颜色,最后要frame,frame下要加一张glass,frame的好处不仅保护作品还能升值。
2020年12月托福听力真题回忆及参考答案托福听力的练习中,其实真题的练习效果更明显。
对于临近考试期的同学,大家要重点关注最新一期的考试内容。
具体的12月的托福听力真题内容有哪些呢?如何更好的练习这部分内容呢?下面小编为大家整理了详细的内容,供大家参考!2020年12月1日托福听力真题回忆及参考答案Conversation1.一个心理学学学生要dinninghall帮忙在餐桌贴标签,以协助新生交朋友2.学生问老师6th edition的生物课本能不能用求补充~Lecture1.爱因斯坦相对论,空间扭曲,发现一些plnet和jupiter类似,但是没有host star所以可能不是planet2.museum management,博物馆中摆放未完成的画,创造studio的感觉,让visitor可以看画作是怎么完成的3.一个物质,睡觉时抗噪音干扰能力更高,帮助大家有better learning ability。
4.日本对法国艺术的影响5.美国移民历史 poll、Push 两个factor2020年12月8日托福听力真题回忆及参考答案Conversation1.学生越过老师去申请了一个什么职务,但是实际上是要学校选举的2.老师推荐写澳大利亚自己开窍的印象派画家3.女生找教授问为什么自己上次交的作业分数低,教授说她交晚了,并说下次presentation女生还有机会提高分数,然后女生说自己想的演讲内容,最后说之后paper也想写这个主题,教授让她讲完presentation再补充4.音乐小组5.考古课作业陶器6.课堂作业团队合作咨询Lecture1.月球上可能有水2. 地形变化板块理论3.岩画4.气候变化反射理论5.心理学实验孩子合作2020年12月14日托福听力真题回忆及参考答案C1-工作得学分听力内容女生想找Nathan问一下自己无法参加在art museum当志愿者的第二个training session,因为这跟她的考试时间冲突。
托福听力中和土星有关的知识今天咱们来聊一聊土星,这可是一个超级有趣的星球呢!土星在天空中看起来就像一颗亮晶晶的星星,不过它比咱们看到的普通星星大多了。
它离咱们地球特别特别远,如果坐宇宙飞船去的话,得飞好久好久。
土星有一个特别酷的东西,那就是它的光环。
这个光环就像一个超级大的呼啦圈,一圈一圈的,可漂亮啦。
这些光环是由好多好多小冰块和小石块组成的。
想象一下,就像无数个亮晶晶的小珠子围在土星的周围,在太阳光的照耀下,会闪闪发光,就像一条璀璨的项链。
土星很大很大,大到能装下好多好多地球呢。
如果把地球比作一个小弹珠,那土星就是一个超级大的篮球。
它还有好多好多的卫星,就像它的小伙伴一样,一直围绕着它转呀转。
这些卫星每一个都有自己的特点。
比如说土卫六,它是土星卫星里比较出名的一个。
土卫六上面有很多很多的甲烷湖,甲烷就像咱们地球上的水一样,在土卫六上形成了湖泊。
不过甲烷湖可不能像地球的湖水那样用来游泳,因为甲烷对咱们来说是一种很危险的气体。
在托福听力里,可能会听到关于科学家对土星的探索。
那些科学家们可勇敢啦,他们开着宇宙飞船,带着各种各样的仪器,就为了去看看土星到底是什么样子的。
他们就像一群探险家,在宇宙这个大冒险乐园里,朝着土星出发。
有一个故事呢,有个小科学家,他从小就特别着迷土星。
他在书上看到土星的图片,就想着一定要去近距离看看。
他努力学习,长大后终于成为了一名真正的宇宙探索科学家。
他坐上飞船飞向土星的时候,心里又紧张又兴奋。
当他看到土星那巨大的身躯和美丽的光环时,他激动得都快哭了。
他用仪器探测土星的各种数据,发现了很多以前人们不知道的秘密。
比如说土星的大气层里有一些特殊的气流,这些气流就像地球上的风一样,不过速度超级快,比地球上最强的龙卷风还要快好多呢。
土星还有季节的变化呢,就像咱们地球有春夏秋冬一样。
不过土星的季节变化可慢多了,因为它绕着太阳转一圈需要好多年的时间。
当土星的某个季节来临时,它的光环看起来也会有点不一样,有时候会显得更亮,有时候又会稍微暗一点。
托福听力部分历年真题详解2024版Introduction托福考试中的听力部分是考生们普遍感到较为困惑和挑战的一部分。
为了帮助考生们更好地应对托福听力考试,本篇文章将详细解析2024年的托福听力部分历年真题,并提供一些有效的解题技巧和策略。
Section 1 - Conversation第一节 - 对话In this section, you will listen to a conversation between two people. The conversation may be about everyday topics such as shopping, studying, or planning activities. This part of the test aims to assess your ability to understand and grasp spoken information in different contexts.Sample Question:Question: What is the main purpose of the conversation?Answer: The main purpose of the conversation is to discuss the plan fora group project.解析:这道题目要求考生理解对话的主要目的。
通过仔细倾听和分析对话内容,我们可以确定对话是关于一个小组项目计划的讨论。
因此,正确答案是"The main purpose of the conversation is to discuss theplan for a group project."Section 2 - Lecture第二节 - 讲座In this section, you will listen to a lecture or a speech by a professor. The lecture will cover academic topics and the speaker will often provide examples and explanations to support their main points. This part of the test assesses your ability to comprehend and extract information from lectures.Sample Question:Question: What is the professor's opinion about the new research findings?Answer: The professor's opinion is that the new research findings are promising, but further studies are needed to confirm the results.解析:这道题目要求考生理解教授对新的研究发现的观点。
2019年4月13日托福阅读机经1.鸟类栖息地Bird Colonies。
2.新西兰兔。
3.新西兰农场经济Farming New England in Colonial Times。
4.鸟类筑巢。
5.西班牙对印加文化的记录Documenting the Incas6.梯田Terrace7.美国东海岸经济带。
8.动物进化。
19.美索不达米亚和埃及Mesopotamian and Egyptian Settlements Patterns10.Spider’s Coloration for Prey,主要关于crab spider捕食,说了蜘蛛的变色,是为了变成和花想配的颜色然后去埋伏去捕食那些蜜蜂的,但它的变色更多是为了猎物而不是为了躲避捕食者。
11.关于狼群回归生态系统12.尼罗河Nile Floods13.飞蛾的形成The moth diversity14.欧洲两次工业革命15.整篇主要说一个地区的人民是靠什么为生的,本来说是主要靠种玉米吃玉米,但是一些专家不认为这样,认为玉米只是占一小部分,还有很多别的食物来源。
16.两河流域不同的地理环境导致了文化等的不同。
217.The dawn of life生命起源讲18.19世纪欧洲经济Economic Changes in Late-Nineteenth-Century Europe19.Understanding the Construction of the Egyptian Pyramids金字塔看作一部分high-ranking可以获得永生的象征20.Early Farming in the Colorado Plateau21.新西兰农场经济32019年4月13日托福听力机经Conversation1.男生与女生交流宿舍舍友关系,以及商量排球比赛,提供场地等问题。
2.学生问宿管她妹妹来能不能拿到guest pass;3.学生说了primary资料和second资料,然后说他要做一个关于欧洲德国的迁移研究,老师说你用primary数据要注意;4.一个男学生有些一首诗,教授说他教不了因为他只会分析,给了两个建议(1)上一个教授的课。
TOEFL听力学科背景知识大全托福听力背景知识辅导:天文学从古至今,人们对宇宙的探索从未停止过。
在望远镜(telescope)发明前,人们对宇宙的了解都基于肉眼的观察。
我国古代有天圆地方之说,而西方则有古希腊天文学家托勒密(Ptolemy)提出的地心说。
在十六世纪,哥白尼(Kopernik)提出了日心说,颠覆了地球是宇宙中心的理论,而伽利略(Galileo)发明的望远镜为观测天体提供了更好的条件,也为哥白尼的学说找到了证据。
意大利哲学家布鲁诺(Bruno)为了维护日心说在罗马百花广场被教会处以火刑的故事广为人知。
考到有关于天文学的话题,astronomy和cosmology这两个单词。
天文学(astronomy)指的是研究宇宙空间天体、宇宙的结构和发展的学科,内容包括天体的构造、性质和运动规律。
而宇宙学(cosmology)指的是从整体的角度来研究宇宙的结构和演化的天文学分支学科。
因此,天文学的概念更加广泛,宇宙学是其分支学科。
天文学研究的天体(celestial body)包括恒星(star)、行星(planet)及其卫星(satellite),小行星(asteroids)、彗星(comet)、流星(meteor)、陨石(meteorite)等。
这些天体又组成了星系(galaxy)、星团(star cluster)、星群(asterism)。
我们比较熟悉的是地球所处的太阳系(solar system),这也是人类唯一能够直接观测的星系,而太阳系只是由无数恒星系组成的银河系(milky way galaxy)中的普通一员。
太阳系可以分成几个部分:(1) 太阳:包括了光球(photosphere)、色球层(chromosphere)和日冕(solar corona)。
光球即我们平时看到的太阳圆面;色球层指的是紧贴光球的大气;日冕是太阳大气的最外层。
在日全食(solar eclipse)中,我们可以看到色球层和日冕。
新托福听力场景分析之地球环境学
在上一讲中,我们涉及到了地理地质学,下面我们进一步来研究一下地球环境学科。前
者往往和化学以及考古学有所交叉。后者的内容更接近我们的实际生活或认知,比如环境变
化。当然也会涉及到许多场景词汇,广大考生在备考过程中还是要认真复习备考。下面朗阁
托福培训中心的专家将带领大家具体看一下地球环境学类的听力段子应该如何应对。
一、概述
这一学科要求考生们要关注一些时事,并且扩大自己知识面,开拓视野。可以和地理地
质学科一起关注。
☆ 大气环境,例如赤道无风带,大气环流,全球气候变化。
☆ 地面环境,例如风能,地下水的研究与保护。
☆ 海洋环境,例如海底热液,潮汐能。
☆ 其他话题,可能和天文学,生物学,地理地质学等产生交叉。
在此,考生最好能积累背景知识,多浏览一些原汁原味的报刊杂志,比如Scientific
Americans、National Geographical等等,多积累相关词汇,熟悉发音。当然,刚才也提到
了,新托福听力段子所涉及的话题往往千变万化且有所交叉,考生在熟悉背景知识的同时也
要打牢基础,培养快速辨音能力和短时记忆能力,才能以不变应万变。
二、案例分析
请看一个地球环境学的经典案例:
E.G. TPO17 Milankovitch Hypothesis
听力原文:
1) Ok, so we have been talking about theories that deal with the effects of human
activity on the climate. But today I’d like to talk a little bit about other theories
that can explain variations in climate. And one of the best-known is called the
Milankovitch Hypothesis
Q:What is the lecture mainly about?
AA hypothesis that explains how changes in Earth’s motions affect climate.
BA hypothesis that explains why the shape of earth’s orbit varies over time.
CReasons it is difficult to find evidence to support hypotheses about the
climate.
DAnalyses of the accuracy of data collected in different ways.
分析:
这是一道简单的主旨题。我们之前说过,新托福听力段子一般会在前几句出现主旨,所
以考生一定要留意前几句的内容。录音文本中的划线部分为重点。只要抓住了variations in
climate,就可以轻松选出A。在记笔记时,重点标出“climate 变”即可。
2) Now, when Milankovitch first proposed this theory in the 1920s, many of his
colleagues were skeptical. Milankovitch didn’t have any proof. Actually there
wouldn’t be any evidence to support his hypothesis until the 1970s, when
oceanographers were able to drill deep into the seafloor and collect samples, samples
which were then analyzed by geologists...and this showed that earth’s climate had
changed pretty much the way Milankovitch’s hypothesis suggested it would. So this
evidence was pretty strong support for the Milankovitch Hypothesis. And by the 1980s,
most people accepted this theory.
However, in the late 1980s, some scientists were exploring Devil’s Hole …Well,
the Devil’ s Hole findings contradicted the ones obtained during the 1970s, so
basically the question was, were the ages of one or both the samples were wrong,
or were scientists misunderstanding the significance of the evidence.
Q:What is the significance of the evidence found on the ocean floor?
AIt negated earlier evidence that Milankovitch found.
BIt led the development of new methods to measure global climate changes.
CIt helped Milankovitch first formulate his hypothesis.
DIt confirmed Milankovitch’s hypothesis.
分析:
解这道题的关键在于ocean floor。原文中提到pretty strong support,所以应该是支
持性的,选D。考生注意,只要出现不同理论,一定要搞清楚理论列出来的目的,即它所支
持的内容是什么。
16. What did calcite deposits from Devil’s Hole reveal?
AInaccurate information about long-term climate changes.
BEvidence that contradicted Milankovitch’s hypothesis.
CEvidence that climate changes occur only locally.
DVariations in Earth’s orbit that had little impact on climate.
分析:
这道题故意绕了个弯子。我们前面提到,米兰科维奇假说在70年代被证实,在此前是没
有证据的;下文又说80年代时在魔窟里发现的方解石样本又与70年代sea floor中发现的样
本相冲突,因此可以得出结论:魔窟里的发现是不支持米兰科维奇假说的。所以选B。
背景知识:
米兰科维奇假说认为地球运动的变化,特别是绕太阳轨道的变化,这些变化会导致太阳
到达地球能量的不同。并且正是这些从太阳到达地球能量的不同导致了地球气候的变化。
三、考点追踪
地球环境的听力段子难度不会太大,主要考察以下几点:
☆ 主旨靠前
考生一定要竖起耳朵仔细听前几句。
☆ 上下文逻辑关系
这不仅要看逻辑信号词,还得留心段与段之间的关系,体会一下是支持还是反对。如果
有不同理论或研究调查的出现,要搞清每个支持什么观点。
☆ 表示判断的词
比如这里出现的support和contradict。
☆ 分类顺序词
理论中可能会涉及到许多因素,记笔记时要分条列点,注意条理性,这也能加快找答案
的速度。
地球环境学的听力段子在新托福听力中屡见不鲜,官方指南中也有相关的题目,考生可
以去练习。其实,熟悉话题对考生来说作用有两个:巩固场景词汇和心理适应。在做题的过
程中积累词汇,同时适应这方面的内容,在考试中遇到就不会那么慌乱。朗阁海外考试研究
中心的专家在此提醒大家,知彼知己,百战不殆,要想成功,一定要做足各个场景的功课。