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词汇学讲义

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Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Words and Vocabulary 1.1 The Definition of a Word (p. 2) A word is a minimal1 free2 form3 of a language that has given sound4, meaning5 and syntactical function6. (line 6)

1.2 Vocabulary (p. 2) Vocabulary refers to all the words in a language1 and all the words used in particular historical period, a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline, etc.2 and all the words possessed by an individual, a group of people, etc.3 (line 7 FB)

1.3 Sound and Meaning (p. 3) 1. The connection between the sound and meaning is arbitrary. (line 4) 2. The relationship between the sound and meaning is conventional. (line 8)

1.4 (The reasons for the occurrence of the differences between) sound (form) and (written) form (p. 3) 1. The English alphabet was from Latin. Each letter couldn‟t be used to copy one sound in number correspondently. (2nd para.) 2. Sound form develops faster than the written form over years. (3rd para.) 3. The scribes of the early time deliberately changed the spelling either to make a line even or for being easily recognized. (3rd para.) 4. Printing technique widens the gap, i. e. Printing machines fix the written form. (4th para.) 5. Borrowings make the gap wider. (5th para.)

1.5 Classification of Words 1. 5.1 Basic Word Stock and Non-basic Vocabulary (by use frequency) 1.5.1.1 Basic Word Stock (p. 5) Definition: It refers to the words that are used most frequently, form the foundation of the vocabulary over centuries and become the core of the language

Characteristics: 1) All national character --- All the people use them in all kinds of conditions; 2) Stability --- They are stable in a relative long time; 3) Productivity --- Very easily people can use them to create new words, for they are mostly monosyllable; 4) Polysemy --- They are usually polysemic; 5) Collocability --- They are easily used with other elements to form expressions, idiomatic usage, proverbial saying, and the like. * Empty words and some full words like numerals are usually without some of the characteristics mentioned above, but with “all national character”.

1.5.1.2 Non-basic Vocabulary (p. 7) Definition: It refers to the words that are used by part of people or in special place, field etc. (without all national character)

Categories of the non-basic vocabulary 1. Terminology (p.7) Definition It refers to the formal1 words that are used by scientists2 in their scientific work3.

2. Jargon (p. 7) Definition It refers to the informal1 words, specialized or technically used by the people of the same trade, profession, art, science, etc.2 in the work3.

3. Slang (p. 8) Definition It refers to the informal1 words occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech2, made up of short-lived coinage and figure of speech mainly used by young people3 in place of standard terms.

4. Argot (p. 9) Definition It refers to the informa1l words that are used by the criminals2 in special conditions3. 5. Dialectal Words (p. 9) Definition They refer to the words used by the people of the same country or region.

6. Archaisms (p. 9) Definition They are the formal1 words used by scholars2 in literature study3, but in the ancient time they might be used widely.

7. Neologisms (p. 9) Definition They are the neutral1 words with new and specialized (usually technical) meaning used by young people2 in special conditions in the daily life3.

1.5.2 Content Words and Functional Words (by notion) (p. 10) 1.5.2.1 Content Words / Full Words / Notional Words Definition: They refer to the words that are full in meaning, both in grammatical function and lexical meaning. (Textbook: Content words denote clear notion.) (1st para.)

Categories: 1. noun 2. verb, 3. adjective, 4. adverb 5. numeral

1.5.2.2Functional Words / Empty Words / Form Words Definition They are the words that are more important in grammatical meaning than in lexical meaning. (Textbook: their chief function is to express the relation between notions --- the relation between words as well as between sentences.) (2nd para).

Categories: 1. preposition 2. conjunction 3. auxiliaries 4. article

1.5.3 Native Words and Borrowed Words (by origin) (p. 10)

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第一讲__汉语词汇学

第一讲__汉语词汇学


3.因声求义
• • • • • • • （1）寻求词的声音与物的声音直接对应。 知了、布谷；当啷、滴答；叽里咕噜、噼里啪啦；呸、哼 （2）寻找非原始词及其赖以产生的原始词之间的语音联系。 韭，《说文》：“韭，菜名，一种而久者，故谓之韭。” 仲：《白虎通》：“仲，中也”。仲裁，即位于中间者裁决。 ◆音义关系 东汉刘熙的《释名》中，就注意到从字的语音形式角度来解释字义。 如: 刀末曰锋，言若蜂刺之毒利也。 北宋，王圣美发明“右文说”，认为：“凡字，其类在左，其义在右。 如木类，其左皆从木。所谓右文者，如戔，小也。水之小者曰浅，金 之小者曰钱，歹而小者曰残，贝之小者曰贱。诸如此类，皆以戔为义 也。” 到了清代，段玉裁提出“凡同声多同义”，王念孙提出“声同字异， 声近义同”，提炼出了“因声求义”的理论。 杨树达《积微居小学金石论丛•形声字声中有义略证》：燕声、宴声 字多含“白”义。鸟之白颈者谓之燕；马之白窍者为之驠；马尾本白 者谓之騴；白鱼谓之鰋。
第一讲 汉语词汇学绪论
• 一 词汇学：一门年轻而又古老的科学 • 语义学的一个分支学科,又称词汇语义学。在语文学 时期，词汇学是语言学的组成部分，曾经与语音学、 语法学并列；在现代语言学里，一般认为音系学、 句法学、语义学是语言学的三个组成部分。 • 二 词汇学类别 • 1.普通词汇学、个别词汇学 • 前者指的是研究语言中的词汇的一般规律的词汇学 子学科。如张永言《词汇学简论》；后者是研究某 种具体语言的词汇的独特规律的词汇学子学科，如 陆国强的《现代英语词汇学》。
• 印泥：秦汉之际，秘密的信息书于竹简木牍上，书毕把竹 简木牍合严，再用绳子捆捆扎，在绳子结扣处用粘泥封住， 然后加盖印章，作为信验，以防私拆。这个粘泥块称为封 泥。因而后世红印色称为印泥。
（四）词的理据的分析法、探求法
词汇学第九讲 (1)PPT教学课件

词汇学第九讲 (1)PPT教学课件

– Words are arbitrary symbols and are independent identities so far as their outer facet---spelling and pronunciation, is concerned. But semantically, all words are related in one way or another, hence sense relations. In light of sense relations, words can be classified semantically.
2020/12/10
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9.1 Sense Relations
• Types of sense relations • --Polysemy（一词多义）
--Hyponymy(上下义关系)---semantic inclusion
– Synonymy(同义关系)---semantic similarity – Antonymy(反义关系)---semantic opposition – Homonymy(同形或同音异义关系)
2020/12/10
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• Synchronic approach(共时角度） Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meaning of the same word in a historical period of time, the basic meaning of a word is considered to be the core of word meaning, called as central meaning. The derived meaning, no matter how numerous, are secondary.
英语词汇学4PPT课件

英语词汇学4PPT课件

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b. Bound roots: Quite a number of roots derived from foreign sources, esp. from Greek and Latin, belong to the class of bound morphemes. A root, whether it is free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.
脚
foot
ped
uniped, pediform
音
sound phon
phonetics, microphone
日
sun
sol
solar, insolation
月 moon lun
lunar， lunatic
星 世界 生命
star world life
astro(er) cosm(o) bi(o)
Notice what the following words have in common: e.g. -tain contain, detain retain (L tenere "to hold")
-ceive conceive, deceive receive. (L capere "to take") revive vitamin vital vivacious vivid In Modern English, they are not words, and not free morphemes; they cannot exist on their own. Nor can they be used to form new words, because these items have no identity outside the small group of words in which they appear. So on formal grounds, ceive, -tain are considered bound morphemes or bound roots which always occur in morphemic sequences, i.e. in combination with roots or affixes.
词汇学知识点

词汇学知识点

词汇学知识点词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支，研究词汇的形态、构词法、含义、语法功能和使用规律等方面的知识。

词汇学知识点有助于我们更深入地了解语言的结构和规律，提高我们的语言运用能力和沟通能力。

下面将就词汇学的一些重要知识点进行详细介绍。

1. 词汇的分类根据词性的不同，词汇可以分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、介词、连词和感叹词等不同种类。

名词是表示人、事、物、地点或抽象概念的词，如“学校”、“朋友”；动词是表示动作或状态的词，如“看”、“跑”；形容词是用来描述名词或代词的性质或特征的词，如“美丽”、“聪明”；副词是用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词，如“很”、“非常”。

2. 词汇的构词法构词法是指词汇的构成规律和方法。

词汇可以通过加前缀、后缀、派生、复合、缩略、转化等方式形成新词。

比如，“美”+“丽”=“美丽”；“快”+“速”=“快速”；“快速”+“度”=“快速度”。

3. 词汇的含义词汇的含义是指词汇所代表的概念或事物。

词汇的含义可以根据词义的延伸、转义、比喻、象征等方式进行词义推论。

比如，“明星”原指天空中的星星，后引申为受人尊敬或崇拜的人。

4. 词汇的语法功能词汇在句子中具有不同的语法功能，如名词可以作主语、宾语、定语、表语等；动词可以表示主谓关系、宾语关系、状语关系等；形容词和副词可以修饰名词或代词等。

5. 词汇的使用规律词汇在语言运用中有一定的使用规律，比如词的搭配、语法环境、语言风格等。

正确地运用词汇有助于提高语言表达的准确性和丰富性。

通过以上对词汇学知识点的介绍，我们可以更系统地了解词汇在语言中的作用和重要性，进一步提高我们的语言水平和表达能力。

希望大家都能在学习词汇学知识点的过程中取得更好的成绩，展现自己在语言运用方面的能力。

【正文结束】。