强度理论的发展和展望

第21卷第6期 工 程 力 学 Vol.21 No.6 2004年 12 月 ENGINEERING MECHANICS Dec. 2004

——————————————— 收稿日期：2003-11-13；修改日期：2004-02-18 基金项目：国家自然科学基金研究项目(58770402，59779028，59924033，50078046)，国家教育部重要科学技术项目和博士点基金研究项目(20020698050)和国家人事部博士后科学基金研究项目(2001-5，2001-14) 作者简介：*俞茂宏(1934)，男，浙江宁波人，教授，博士生导师，从事材料强度和结构强度的研究(E-mail: mhyu@mail.xjtu.edu.cn)； M. Yoshimine (1968)，男，日本东京人，副教授，东京大学博士，现在西安交通大学进行博士后研究； 强洪夫(1965)，男，江苏武进人，第二炮兵工程学院副教授，国立新加坡大学博士后，博士生导师，从事固体计算力学研究； 昝月稳(1960)，男，山西运城人，高级工程师，博士，从事岩石力学与工程，铁道工程研究； 肖 耘(1966)，男，湖北武汉人，研究员，从事航天工程研究与设计； 李林生(1971)，男，安徽巢湖人，副研究员，从事航天工程研究与设计； 盛祖铭(1942)，男，上海市人，研究员，从事航天工程研究与设计 文章编号：1000-4750(2004)06-0001-20

强度理论的发展和展望

*俞茂宏1，M. Yoshimine 1，强洪夫2，昝月稳1，肖 耘3，李林生3，盛祖铭3

(1. 西安交通大学建筑工程与力学学院，西安 710049；2. 第二炮兵工程技术学院，西安 710025；3. 中国运载火箭技术研究院，北京100076)

摘 要：强度是各种地上、地下、水下和上天结构的共同的最基本要求。强度理论是研究材料在复杂应力下屈服

和破坏规律的学科。由于各种土木、水利、机械、航空、军工等工程结构中的材料，大多处于复杂应力作用下，

因此强度理论得到广泛的研究和应用。强度理论是各种工程结构强度计算和设计必需的基础理论。它们也是固体

力学、材料强度学研究从弹性到塑性，从弹性到软化或硬化，从弹性到脆塑性，以及从线性到非线性的开始。对

材料在复杂应力状态下强度理论(屈服准则、破坏准则等)的发展进行了总结。给出了80多种准则的方程式，反映

出强度理论研究的“百花齐放，百家争鸣”。讨论了各种准则的分类和它们之间的关系，以及在研究和工程应用

中的合理选择破坏准则问题。还总结了三大系列强度理论、统一屈服准则、统一强度理论和其他各种强度理论。

最后讨论了强度理论的发展展望，包括：真三轴试验和假三轴试验；强度理论的经济效益；各向异性材料和

复合材料的破坏准则；多孔隙材料和多相材料的破坏准则；其它各种特殊材料的强度理论；安定性、多轴疲劳、

蠕变、损伤、断裂和相关现象；强度理论的计算机程序实施和角点奇异性；特殊环境下的强度理论问题；强度理

论的美；强度理论研究的不同层次。

在连续介质和工程应用的框架下讨论强度理论的发展和展望。

关键词：材料强度理论和结构强度理论；复杂应力状态；屈服准则；破坏准则；强度理论；单剪强度理论；双剪

强度理论；统一强度理论

中图分类号：O346, TU318, TU34, TU41 文献标识码：A

ADVANCES AND PROSPECTS FOR STRENGTH THEORY

*YU Mao-hong1 , M. Yoshimine1 , QIANG Hong-fu 2 , ZAN Yue-wen1 ,

XIAO Yun3 , LI Lin-sheng3 , SHENG Zu-ming3

(1. School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China;

2. Xi’an Reaserch Institute of Hi-Tech., Hongqing Town, Xi’an 710025, China; 3. China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, Beijing 100076, China) Abstract: Strength theory deals with the yield and failure of materials under complex stress state. Strength theory includes the yield criteria and failure criteria as well as the multi-axial fatigue criteria, multi-axial creep condition and material models in computational mechanics and computer codes, etc. It is an important foundation 2 工 程 力 学

for researches on the strength of materials and structures. Strength theory is widely used in physics, mechanics, material science and engineering including civil, mechanical, hydraulic, aeronautic and astronautic, etc. It is of great significance in theoretical research and engineering application, and is also very important for the effective utilization of materials. Particularly for design purposes, it is important that a reliable strength prediction be available for various combinations of multi-axial stresses. It is an interdisciplinary field where physicists, mechanical and civil engineers interact in a closed loop. Strength theory is a very unusual and wonderful subject. The object is very simple, but the problem is very complex. It is one of the earliest objects, but it is still remaining open up to now. Great considerable efforts have been devoted to the formulation of strength theories and to their correlation with test data, but no single model or criterion has emerged which is fully adequate. Hundreds of models or criteria were proposed. It seems as if an old Chinese word said: “let a hundred flowers bloom and a hundred schools of thought contend”. About 85 equations of failure criteria are presented in this paper. This paper presents a summary of the advances in strength theory (including yield criteria, failure criterion, etc.) of materials under complex stress. About 80 kinds of failure criteria are reviewed and the relationship among them is discussed. The criteria are categorized and guidelines on selection of reasonable and failure criteria in researches and engineering applications are offered. The prospects for strength theories in the near future is also briefly discussed. It includes true triaxial test and confining tri-axial test (conventional triaxial test or false triaxial test), economic effect of strength theory, failure criterion for anisotropic materials and composite materials, failure criterion for porous materials and multi-phase materials, strength theories for other special materials, relations with shakedown, polyaxial fatigue, creep, damage and fracture, corner singularity and computational implementation of strength theories in computer codes, strength theories of materials under different environment, the esthetics of strength theories and researches in strength theory at different scales. The advances in strength theories are summarized under the framework of continuum and engineering application.