Instantaneous Active and ReactivePower Measuring Method in Three Phase Power System

Operating Instructions3-349-868-037/8.21Gossen Metrawatt GmbH Südwestpark 1590449 Nürnberg, Germany Phone +49-911-8602-111 Fax +49 911 8602-777e-mail ************************ENERGY MIDElectronic Energy Meters Direct conn. EM2281/EM2289Transformer conn. EM2381/2387/2389© Gossen Metrawatt GmbHEdited in Germany • Subject to change without notice / Errors excepted • A pdf version is available on the InternetAll trademarks, registered trademarks, logos, product names, and companynames are the property of their respective owners.1Scope of Delivery1Energy meter2Operating instructions (German and English)1Calibration certificate (with feature P9 only)Important information such as technical data, interface descrip -tions, and operating instructions for features can be found on the Internet. The link can be found on the cover page.2Safety Precautions – Symbols–Check the specified nominal voltage on the serial plate before placing the instrument into service.–Observe maximum pulse output voltage.–When wiring the instrument, make sure the connec -tor cables are not damaged, and that they are volt -age-free.–If it can be assumed that safe operation is no longer possible, the instrument must be immediately removed from service (disconnect input voltage!). Safe operation can no longer be relied upon if the instrument demonstrates visible damage.The device may not be placed back into operation until troubleshooting and repair have been per -formed, and calibration and dielectric strength have been tested and approved at our factory or an autho -rized service center.–Voltage conducting parts may be exposed if the cover is opened.If balancing, maintenance or repair of a live open instrument is required, this may only be carried out by trained personnel who are familiar with the dangers involved.–When connecting measuring current, it is important to provide for low-ohmic contact and to select an appropriate conductor diameter.Meanings of Symbols on the InstrumentDE MTP 17 B 002 MI-003 (EM228x) DE MTP 16 B 004 MI-003 (EM238x)DE MTP 20 B 004 (EM228x Z2)DE MTP 20 B 005 (EM238x Z2) Prototype test certificateTotal insulation,protection class II deviceWarning concerning a point of danger (attention, observe documentation!)This device may not be disposed of with the trash. Further information can be accessed on the Internet at by entering the search term “WEEE”.Metrology markwith indication of year (M16) and register no. of the notified body for module D, country-specific calibration validity periodMarking with stamp of the federally approved test laboratory(for recalibration only)Tamper-Proof Sealing – Opening the Meter / RepairsTamper-Proof Calibration Sealing with Manufacturer’s Seal (at the side)If the manufacturer’s seal is damaged or removed, all guarantee claims are rendered null and void.The meter may only be opened by authorized, trained per -sonnel in order to ensure flawless operation and to assure that the guarantee is not rendered null and void.If it can be ascertained that the meter has been opened by unauthorized personnel, no guarantee claims can be honored by the manufacturer with regard to personal safety, measuring accuracy, compliance with applicable safety measures or any consequential damages.Tamper-proof sealing for the terminal cover may be attached either to the left or the right of the terminal cover.3Rating Plate Entries4Connector Pin Assignments and Wire GaugeNote: Observe the wiring diagrams in the top and bot -tom terminal covers.Meas. Inputs, EM228X Direct Meter (top & bottom terminals)Meas. Inputs, EM238X Transf. Meter (bottom terminals)Terminal 23 (SØ1) import, terminal 25 (SØ2) export*Type of energy can also be selected with feature V2, V4. Underlined values are default values.!M161948EBY 816Connections Direct, EM228XTransformer, EM238XCurrent inputSolid wire ≤ 16 sq. mm Fine wire ≤ 25 mm 2 or ≤ 16 mm 2 with wire end ferrule Tightening torque: 3-4 NmSolid wire ≤ 4 sq. mm Tightening torque: 0,5-0,6 Nm Voltage inputN: solid wire ≤ 2.5 sq. mm Tightening torque: 0,4 NmSolid wire ≤ 4 sq. mm Tightening torque: 0,5-0,6 NmSØ pulse output Bus output, tariff input (power utility pulse)Solid wire ≤ 2.5 sq. mm Tightening torque: 0,4 Nm Solid wire ≤ 2.5 sq. mm Tightening torque: 0,4 NmTCP/IPRJ-45 (8P8C)Prototype test certificateAccuracy class / operating temperature Pulse outputType designation (article number)← Energy export / → energy import Nominal voltageImin - In (Imax.) / nominal frequency WarningProtective insulationSymbol for system type Year of manufacture Metrology markLED constant2D code orcalibration mark (feature P9)EBY 816Serial numberUp keyEnter keyCurrent/voltage transformer ratio Anti-reversing for the registers in both energy directionsBidirectional meter L2L1L3Voltage VoltageCurrent Current Current VoltageCurrent CurrentCurrentNVoltage Voltage VoltageCurrent Current Current L3L2L1NCurrentCurrentCurrentTCP/IPPulse Rates V1/V3, fixed V7V8V9,fixedV2/V4, programmable[pulses per kWh]Direct U228x1000100—— 1 ⋯ 1000 pls/kWhTransformer U2381 / U238xf (secondary)100 ...CT x VT = 1 (Q0)1000100 1000 500001...1000...10,000 pls/kWh CTxVT=1(Q0)U6/71000100 1000 200001...1000...10,000 pls/kWh CTxVT=1(Q0) U31000100 1000 500001...1000...10,000 pls/kWh CT, VT , progr. (Q1)1000100 1000 500001...1000...50,000 pls/kWh CT, VT, progr. (Q1)U6/71000100 1000 200001...1000...50,000 pls/kWh CT, VT, progr. (Q1)U31000100 1000 500001...1000...50,000 pls/kWh CTxVT; CT, VT, fixed (Q9) f (primary) f (primary)2 ⋯ 101000100—— 1 ⋯ 1000 pls/kWh 11 ⋯ 10010010——0.1 ⋯ 100 pls/kWh 101 ⋯ 1000101——0.01 ⋯ 10 pls/kWh 1001 ⋯ 10,0001100—— 1 ⋯ 1000 pls/MWh 10,001 ⋯ 100,0000.110——0.1 ⋯ 100 pls/MWh 100,001..1,000,0000.011——0.01 ⋯ 10 pls/MWh 6Display and Control Panel6.1Test LEDsThe test LEDs are located above the control keys. The left-hand LED indicates energy export, and the right-hand LED energy import. LED blinking frequency increases along with measured power. If all currents are smaller than start -ing current, both LEDs light up continuously.LED ConstantEM228x: 10,000 pls/kWh (direct meter)EM238x: 100,000 pls/kWh(transformer meter)6.2Resolution, Main Display (large characters) Energy Import Internally, increased resolution is used for counting. As a result, the total register may be a few digits higher than the sum of the individual registers in the last place when using multi-tariffs.*An additional place to the right of the decimal point is included for the calibration display in the case of a main display which can be calibrated (Q0 or Q9). And thus the leading digit is eliminated in the case of an 8-place display.**In the case of Q1, the secondary display can be calibratedQ0, for which reason display overflow is based on the secondary display.The normal display is shifted one place to the left if necessary.6.3Meanings of Symbols at the LCDuMain display , not calibrated (feature Q1, programmable CT/VT, see section 6.2). T1 ... T8: active tariffDisplay of instantaneous power in 4 quad -rants: positive or negative active power P , positive or negative reactive power Q.Correct connection:Continuous illumination of the phase symbols where P ≥ 0Phase failure:Symbol for affected phase is cleared from the display.Incorrect phase sequence:Phase symbols blink in following order: 3 - 2 - 1.The background illumination blinks red.Negative power:Respective phase symbol blinks.For bus connection: appears when the meter transmits a data packet.Key symbols for parameters configuration (see next column)Key Symbols for Parameters Configuration for Feature Q1 and V2, V4:Key and 2nd key bit blanked :Parameter CT, VT and SØ configurable according to features, disabling with enable key.Key displayed with one bit:Parameter CT, VT and SØ disabled, change after activating the enable key.Remaining feature combinations:Key blanked, 2nd key bit displayed:parameters CT, VT or SØ (which are or can be cali -brated) are preset at the factory, can be queried in the display mode, other parameters can be set by the user.Key displayed with 2nd bit: parameters which are or can be calibrated are preset at the factory; other parameters are disabled with the enable key and must be reset after clearing disabling.Values which are preset at the factory are printed addi -tionally on the rating plate.6.4LCD Background IlluminationBackground illumination is activated each time a key is activated. Background illumination goes off after about 2 minutes.Background illumination colors indicate various display menus:–White:query menus–Red:display of firmware version–Pink:parameters display and setting menu –Blinking red: in case of error6.5Key OperationQuerying Parameter ValuesIn addition to the LCD test, the UP and ENTER keys also make it possible to query currently set parameter val -ues, as well as to change parameters for certain fea -tures after first pressing the enable key .If no keys are pressed for a period of 1 minute, the meter is returned automatically to its standard display.Parameters can be changed for the following meters:Parameters CT and VT for U238x with feature Q1, Parameter SØ for U228x/U238x with feature V2/V4Further parameters in accordance with the interface description.a) Enabling Parameter ChangesThe enable key makes it possible to enable or disable parameter changes. It’s located underneath the top ter -minal cover between terminals 21 and 22 and is acti -vated with a pointed object (e.g. a ballpoint pen).Pressing the enable key activates the “change parame -ters” operating mode (key off):Pressing the enable key again disables the “change parameters” operating mode (key on):If no keys are pressed for a period of about 2 minutes, the “change parameters” operating mode is exited auto -matically and disabled (key on).b) Changing Parameter Values➭Briefly press the enabling key as described in pointa) above (this activates the “change parameters” operating mode).➭See the operating overview on the back with regardto changing the parameters.➭Press and hold the ENTER key until the firmware ver -sion appears (red background).➭Press the UP key. The display test appears.Briefly press and hold the ENTER key in order to dis -play two further test patterns.➭Then repeatedly press the UP key until the parame -ter to be changed appears at the display.➭Briefly press the ENTER key in order to access thesetting menu.➭The input cursor blinks at the leftmost entry posi -tion. Each tine the ENTER key is pressed the cursor is advanced to the next position to the right. The value of the blinking digit can be increased bypressing the UP key. When the rightmost digit is ac -knowledged by pressing the ENTER key, the se -lected value is accepted and SAVinG appears briefly at auxiliary display 2. If no keys are pressed for a period of about one minute, the setting menu is exited.➭Press and hold the ENTER key or wait for one minutein order to change to the normal display.➭Press the enable key once again. This disables the“change parameters” operating mode.Disabling takes place automatically after 2 minutes.Meter /Feature CTxVT min.CTxVT max.Normal display Calibration display *Unit U2281, U2289——123456.7823456.789kWh U 238xQ01112345.6782345.6789kWh Q92412345.6782345.6789kWh 540123456.783456.7890kWh 414001234567.834567.890kWh 401400012345678345678.90kWh 400140000123456.783456.7890MWh 400014000001234567.834567.890MWh 400001100000012345678345678.90MWh Q1 **14u12345.67**kWh 540u123456.7**kWh 41400u1234567**kWh 4014000u12345.67**MWh 400140000u123456.7**MWh 40001100000u1234567**MWhMain display (active energy* in kWh or MWh)Auxiliary display 1 (active power* in kW or MW)* EM238x transformer meter: CT and VT are taken into account Auxiliary display 2 (e.g. IN, OUT for import or export)In case of error: error code alternates with current display (M2/M3: reactive energy* in kVArh or MVArh)(M2/M3: reactive energy or power in kVAr(h) or MVAr(h)*) Power: negative sign for exportEnable Key→→Repair and Replacement Parts Service RecalibrationRecalibration can be conducted at any time by our fed -erally approved test laboratory (EBY-8).GMC-I Service GmbH Service CenterBeuthener Straße 4190471 Nürnberg, Germany Phone +49-911-817718-0Fax +49-911-817718-253e-mail ***************************This address is only valid in Germany. Please contact our representatives or subsidiaries for service in other coun -tries.Industrial Product Support If required please contact:Gossen Metrawatt GmbH Industrial Product Support Hotline Phone +49-911-8602-500Fax +49-911-8602-340e-mail *************************************Read and adhere to the complete supplementary product documentation which can be found on the Internet at > Englisch > Products > Industrial Measurement > Energy Meters > EM2281 ... EM23897Switching Amongst TariffsHardware ControlledTariff inputs Ta and Tb are each connected with refer -ence to Tn.Level 0: < 12 VLevel 1: > 45 V (max. 265V permissible!)Software Controlled (not included in MID scope of approval)In the case of meters with bus (featureW1 … W7), four further tariffs can be selected (software controlled).8Overview of Bus Systems–LON-Bus (feature W1)–M-Bus (feature W2)–Modbus TCP (feature W4)–Modbus RTU (feature W7)Interface descriptions for energy meters with bus connectioncan be found on the Internet at .9Error Messages – ResetDisplayIf an error occurs, the respective error code and active energy or instantaneous power are displayed alter -nately.LOVoLt errorIn case of LOVoLt error (phase voltages too low), the background illumination and bus connection are deacti -vated for meters with feature U3 (100...110 V L-L) with bus connections TCP/IP and Modbus RTU (W4 and W7).The counter reading profile (feature Z1) cannot be viewed as long as the error is pending. The remaining meter function is not affected.10Repair and RecalibrationNote for Test LaboratoriesDirect measuring meter: Testing is only possible with source which supply currents superimposed on volt -ages.Calibration DisplayDisplay of energy values with increased resolution can be selected for testing or calibration purposes.➭Press and hold the ENTER key once to this end. Thefirmware version is displayed with a red back -ground.➭Press the UP key twice. The calibration display ap -pears with a pink background.See section 6.2 with regard to resolution depending on type and feature.Recalibration can be conducted at any time by our fed -erally approved test laboratory (EB-8) (see repair and service address on the back of the folder).Calibration capability is valid for 8 years in Germany.11Manufacturer’s GuaranteeThe energy meters are guaranteed for a period of 3 years after shipment. The manufacturer’s guarantee covers materials and workmanship. Damages resulting from use for any other than the intended purpose or operating errors, as well as any and all consequential damages, are excluded.12Ambient Conditions13Return and Environmentally Sound DisposalThe instrument is a category 9 product (monitoring and control instrument) in accordance with ElektroG (Ger -man electrical and electronic device law). This device is subject to the WEEE directive. Furthermore, we make reference to the fact that the current status in this regard can be accessed on the Internet at www.gos by entering the search term WEEE.We identify our electrical and electronicdevices in accordance with WEEE 2012/19/EU and ElektroG using the symbol shown at the right per DIN EN 50419.These devices may not be disposed of with the trash.14CE DeclarationThe instrument fulfills all requirements of applicable EU directives and national regulations.We confirm this with the CE mark. The CE Declaration of Conformity is available upon request. See cover page for the link.Tariff Input Tb Ta Tariff 100Tariff 201Tariff 310Tariff 411Error CodeMeaningCause / Remedy 0L0voltAll phase voltages < 75%Check connection 0VHi1Maximum value for U1 exceededCheck connection 0 V Hi 2Maximum value for U2 exceededCheck connection 0 V Hi3Maximum value for U3 exceededCheck connection 1Hi1Maximum value for I1exceededCheck connection 1Hi2Maximum value for I2exceededCheck connection 1Hi3Maximum value for I3exceededCheck connection 0SYnc Frequency measuring errorMeter connected to direct voltage0C0mInterface error Check connection EnErgY Meter defective Send device to repair service 0cALib Balancing required 0AnALog DC offset too high0MemErr Memory errorSend device to repair service 0 C ERTTemper-proof calibration logReplace device!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Operating temperature range –25 ... +55 °C Storage temperature range –25 ... +70 °C Relative humidity < 75% annual average Elevation to 2000 m DeploymentIndoors mechanical classification M1electromagnetic classification E2Protection (built-in device)front panel: IP 51Protection terminal areaIP20Key for ControlsKeysENTER key (press briefly)ENTER key (press and hold)UP key (press briefly)Abbreviations ct Transformation ratio, currentI NN conductor current (calculated)SØSØ pulse output THD Distortion component (for voltage andcurrent)vt Transformation ratio, voltage Features M1Multifunctional variant:measurement of U, I, P , Q, S, PF, f, THD, InM2Measurement of reactive energy M3Multifunctional variant:measurement of U, I, P , Q, S, PF, f, THD, In, reactive energyQ1Programmable transformation ratios Q9Fixed transformation ratios V2/V4Programmable SØV9Customer-specific SØ rate W1 ... 7Bus connections Z1Counter reading profile (only possible with bus)Z2Certified meter reading profilelonglonglong→→→→→→。

1、电气间隙爬电距离测定Measuring of clearance and creepage distance2、工频耐压试验Test of power-frequency withstand voltag3、额定冲击耐受电压试验Test of rated impulse withstand voltage4、绝缘电阻测定Measuring of insulating resistance5、漏电电流测定Measuring of leakage current6、保护特性试验Protective characteristic test7、三相动作特性试验Test of three-phase operating characteristic8、断相动作特性试验Test of phase failure operating characteristic9、重复定位精度试验Test of repeated accuracy of positioning10、触头换接时间试验Test of time of transfer contact11、保护电路有效性试验Test of effectiveness of protective circuit12、温升试验Temperature- rise test13、耗散功率测定Measuring of dissipation power14、额定运行短路分断能力试验Test of rated service short-circuit breaking capacity15、额定运行极限分断Test of rated service limiting breaking capacity16、额定短时耐受电流试验Test of rated short-time withstand current17、带熔断器的断路器的性能试验Test of performance of integrally-fused circuit-breaker18、辅助触头的操作性能试验Test of operating performance of auxiliary contact19、辅助触头的非正常接通与分断能力试验Test of abnormal making and breaking capacities of auxiliary contact 20、辅助触头的正常接通与分断能力试验Test of normal making and breaking capacities of auxiliary contact 21、辅助触头的额定限制短路电流试验Test of rated conditional short-circuit current of auxiliary contact 22、临界负载电流试验Test of critical load current23、耐湿热性能试验Test of resistance to damp-heat24、传导射频发射试验Test for conducted radiofrequency emissions25、辐射射频（RF）发射试验Test for radiated radiofrequency emissions26、静电放电干扰性试验Tests for immunity to electrostatic discharges27、射频电磁场试验Tests for radiated radiofrequency electromagnetic field28、快速瞬变（5/50ns）抗干扰性试验Tests for immunity to electrical fast transients (5/50ns)29、浪涌（1.2/50Us～8/20Us）抗干扰性试验Surge immunity tests (1.2/50Us~8/20Us)30、电压瞬时跌落和短时中断抗干扰性试验Test for immunity to voltage dips and short-time interruptions 31、弹性部件的耐老化试验V erification of ageing of elastic components32、耐热性能的试验Test of resistance to heat33、着火危险试验Resistance to abnormal heat and fire34、抗锈性能试验Resistance to rusting电路的基本概念及定律电源source电压源voltage source电流源current source理想电压源ideal voltage source理想电流源ideal current source伏安特性volt-ampere characteristic电动势electromotive force电压voltage电流current电位potential电位差potential difference欧姆Ohm伏特V olt安培Ampere瓦特Watt焦耳Joule电路circuit电路元件circuit element电阻resistance电阻器resistor电感inductance电感器inductor电容capacitance电容器capacitor电路模型circuit model参考方向reference direction参考电位reference potential欧姆定律Ohm’s law基尔霍夫定律Kirchhoff’s law基尔霍夫电压定律Kirchhoff’s voltage law（KVL）基尔霍夫电流定律Kirchhoff’s current law（KCL）结点node支路branch回路loop网孔mesh支路电流法branch current analysis网孔电流法mesh current analysis结点电位法node voltage analysis电源变换source transformations叠加原理superposition theorem网络network无源二端网络passive two-terminal network有源二端网络active two-terminal network戴维宁定理Thevenin’s theorem诺顿定理Norton’s theorem开路（断路）open circuit短路short circuit开路电压open-circuit voltage短路电流short-circuit current交流电路直流电路direct current circuit (dc)交流电路alternating current circuit (ac)正弦交流电路sinusoidal a-c circuit平均值average value有效值effective value均方根值root-mean-squire value (rms)瞬时值instantaneous value电抗reactance感抗inductive reactance容抗capacitive reactance法拉Farad亨利Henry阻抗impedance复数阻抗complex impedance相位phase初相位initial phase相位差phase difference相位领先phase lead相位落后phase lag倒相，反相phase inversion频率frequency角频率angular frequency赫兹Hertz相量phasor相量图phasor diagram有功功率active power无功功率reactive power视在功率apparent power功率因数power factor功率因数补偿power-factor compensation串联谐振series resonance并联谐振parallel resonance谐振频率resonance frequency频率特性frequency characteristic幅频特性amplitude-frequency response characteristic 相频特性phase-frequency response characteristic截止频率cutoff frequency品质因数quality factor通频带pass-band带宽bandwidth (BW)滤波器filter一阶滤波器first-order filter二阶滤波器second-order filter低通滤波器low-pass filter高通滤波器high-pass filter带通滤波器band-pass filter带阻滤波器band-stop filter转移函数transfer function波特图Bode diagram傅立叶级数Fourier series三相电路三相电路three-phase circuit三相电源three-phase source对称三相电源symmetrical three-phase source对称三相负载symmetrical three-phase load相电压phase voltage相电流phase current线电压line voltage线电流line current三相三线制three-phase three-wire system三相四线制three-phase four-wire system三相功率three-phase power星形连接star connection(Y-connection)三角形连接triangular connection(D- connection ,delta connection) 中线neutral line电路的暂态过程分析暂态transient state稳态steady state暂态过程，暂态响应transient response换路定理low of switch一阶电路first-order circuit三要素法three-factor method时间常数time constant积分电路integrating circuit微分电路differentiating circuit磁路与变压器磁场magnetic field磁通flux磁路magnetic circuit磁感应强度flux density磁通势magnetomotive force磁阻reluctance我是铲车，我喜欢足球!猴子帐号：yindongx等级：军士长积分：5396经验：3269留言[引用] 2005-12-12 15:10:52.0 第3楼电动机直流电动机dc motor交流电动机ac motor异步电动机asynchronous motor同步电动机synchronous motor三相异步电动机three-phase asynchronous motor单相异步电动机single-phase asynchronous motor旋转磁场rotating magnetic field定子stator转子rotor转差率slip起动电流starting current起动转矩starting torque额定电压rated voltage额定电流rated current额定功率rated power机械特性mechanical characteristic继电器-接触器控制按钮button熔断器fuse开关switch行程开关travel switch继电器relay接触器contactor常开(动合)触点normally open contact常闭(动断)触点normally closed contact时间继电器time relay热继电器thermal overload relay中间继电器intermediate relay可编程控制器（PLC）可编程控制器programmable logic controller 语句表statement list梯形图ladder diagram半导体器件本征半导体intrinsic semiconductor掺杂半导体doped semiconductorP型半导体P-type semiconductorN型半导体N--type semiconductor自由电子free electron空穴hole载流子carriersPN结PN junction扩散diffusion漂移drift二极管diode硅二极管silicon diode锗二极管germanium diode阳极anode阴极cathode发光二极管light-emitting diode (LED)光电二极管photodiode稳压二极管Zener diode晶体管（三极管）transistorPNP型晶体管PNP transistorNPN型晶体管NPN transistor发射极emitter集电极collector基极base电流放大系数current amplification coefficient场效应管field-effect transistor (FET)P沟道p-channelN沟道n-channel结型场效应管junction FET（JFET）金属氧化物半导体metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS)耗尽型MOS场效应管depletion mode MOSFET（D-MOSFET）增强型MOS场效应管enhancement mode MOSFET（E-MOSFET）源极source栅极grid漏极drain跨导transconductance夹断电压pinch-off voltage热敏电阻thermistor开路open短路shorted我是铲车，我喜欢足球!猴子帐号：yindongx等级：军士长积分：5396经验：3269留言[引用] 2005-12-12 15:11:29.0 第4楼基本放大器放大器amplifier正向偏置forward bias反向偏置backward bias静态工作点quiescent point (Q-point)等效电路equivalent circuit电压放大倍数voltage gain总的电压放大倍数overall voltage gain饱和saturation截止cut-off放大区amplifier region饱和区saturation region截止区cut-off region失真distortion饱和失真saturation distortion截止失真cut-off distortion零点漂移zero drift正反馈positive feedback负反馈negative feedback串联负反馈series negative feedback并联负反馈parallel negative feedback共射极放大器common-emitter amplifier射极跟随器emitter-follower共源极放大器common-source amplifier共漏极放大器common-drain amplifier多级放大器multistage amplifier阻容耦合放大器resistance-capacitance coupled amplifier 直接耦合放大器direct- coupled amplifier输入电阻input resistance输出电阻output resistance负载电阻load resistance动态电阻dynamic resistance负载电流load current旁路电容bypass capacitor耦合电容coupled capacitor直流通路direct current path交流通路alternating current path直流分量direct current component交流分量alternating current component变阻器（电位器）rheostat电阻（器）resistor电阻（值）resistance电容（器）capacitor电容（量）capacitance电感（器，线圈）inductor电感（量），感应系数inductance正弦电压sinusoidal voltage集成运算放大器及应用差动放大器differential amplifier运算放大器operational amplifier(op-amp)失调电压offset voltage失调电流offset current共模信号common-mode signal差模信号different-mode signal共模抑制比common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR)积分电路integrator（circuit）微分电路differentiator（circuit）有源滤波器active filter低通滤波器low-pass filter高通滤波器high-pass filter带通滤波器band-pass filter带阻滤波器band-stop filter波特沃斯滤波器Butterworth filter切比雪夫滤波器Chebyshev filter贝塞尔滤波器Bessel filter截止频率cut-off frequency上限截止频率upper cut-off frequency 下限截止频率lower cut-off frequency 中心频率center frequency带宽Bandwidth开环增益open-loop gain闭环增益closed-loop gain共模增益common-mode gain输入阻抗input impedance电压跟随器voltage-follower电压源voltage source电流源current source单位增益带宽unity-gain bandwidth频率响应frequency response频响特性（曲线）response characteristic 波特图the Bode plot稳定性stability补偿compensation比较器comparator迟滞比较器hysteresis comparator阶跃输入电压step input voltage仪表放大器instrumentation amplifier隔离放大器isolation amplifier对数放大器log amplifier反对数放大器antilog amplifier反馈通道feedback path反向漏电流reverse leakage current相位phase相移phase shift锁相环phase-locked loop(PLL)锁相环相位监测器PLL phase detector 和频sum frequency差频difference frequency波形发生电路振荡器oscillatorRC振荡器RC oscillatorLC振荡器LC oscillator正弦波振荡器sinusoidal oscillator三角波发生器triangular wave generator方波发生器square wave generator幅度magnitude电平level饱和输出电平（电压）saturated output level我是铲车，我喜欢足球!猴子帐号：yindongx等级：军士长积分：5396经验：3269留言[引用] 2005-12-12 15:11:55.0 第5楼功率放大器功率放大器power amplifier交越失真cross-over distortion甲类功率放大器class A power amplifier乙类推挽功率放大器class B push-pull power amplifier OTL功率放大器output transformerless power amplif ier OCL功率放大器output capacitorless power amplifier直流稳压电源半波整流full-wave rectifier全波整流half-wave rectifier电感滤波器inductor filter电容滤波器capacitor filter串联型稳压电源series (voltage) regulator开关型稳压电源switching (voltage) regulator集成稳压器IC (voltage) regulator晶闸管及可控整流电路晶闸管thyristor单结晶体管unijunction transistor（UJT）可控整流controlled rectifier可控硅silicon-controlled rectifier峰点peak point谷点valley point控制角controlling angle导通角turn-on angle门电路与逻辑代数二进制binary二进制数binary number十进制decimal十六进制hexadecimal二-十进制binary coded decimal （BCD）门电路gate三态门tri-state gate与门AND gate或门OR gate非门NOT gate与非门NAND gate或非门NOR gate异或门exclusive-OR gate反相器inverter布尔代数Boolean algebra真值表truth table卡诺图the Karnaugh map逻辑函数logic function逻辑表达式logic expression组合逻辑电路组合逻辑电路combination logic circuit 译码器decoder编码器coder比较器comparator半加器half-adder全加器full-adder七段显示器seven-segment display时序逻辑电路时序逻辑电路sequential logic circuitR-S 触发器R-S flip-flopD触发器 D flip-flopJ-K触发器J-K flip-flop主从型触发器master-slave flip-flop置位set复位reset直接置位端direct-set terminal直接复位端direct-reset terminal寄存器register移位寄存器shift register双向移位寄存器bidirectional shift register 计数器counter同步计数器synchronous counter异步计数器asynchronous counter加法计数器adding counter减法计数器subtracting counter定时器timer清除（清0）clear载入load时钟脉冲clock pulse触发脉冲trigger pulse上升沿positive edge下降沿negative edge时序图timing diagram波形图waveform脉冲波形的产生与整形单稳态触发器monostable flip-flop双稳态触发器bistable flip-flop无稳态振荡器astable oscillator晶体crystal555定时器555 timer模拟信号与数字信号的相互转换模拟信号analog signal数字信号digital signalAD转换器analog -digital converter (ADC)DA转换器digital-analog converter (DAC)半导体存储器只读存储器read-only memory（ROM）随机存取存储器random-access memory（RAM）可编程ROM programmable ROM（PROM。

<Electrical and electronic technology>Chapter One: DC Circuit and analysis methodsThe basic concept : the composition and role of the circuit ; understand and master circuit current; voltage and electromotive force ; the physical meaning of electric power and energy ; understand the meaning of the voltage and electromotive force ; current reference direction ; understand and master the basic circuit element resistors; inductors; capacitors V - Ante ; as well as a voltage source including the constant voltage source ; the current source including the constant current source of the external characteristics ; understand circuit power of the three working status and characteristics ; understand the concept of electrical equipment components ratings ; and three modes of operation ; understand the concept of the potential ; understanding the relationship between the potential and voltage .Basic laws and theorems : mastering Kirchhoff's current and voltage law and Ohm's law and its applications ; with particular emphasis on Σ I = 0 and Σ U = significance 0:00 two sets of positive and negative numbers ; and Ohm's law in the sign significance. Analysis basis and method : Understanding resistance in series or parallel ; hybrid solution method to master the equivalentresistance of the resistor circuit ; as well as diversion; skilled application of pressure points formula ; master the method for determining the load circuit; circuit elements ; power supply ; control circuit power balance analysis ; master with branch current method ; the principle of superposition ; Thevenin theorem and power equivalent transformation methods such as analysis; calculation circuit ; grasp calculation circuit potential of each point . Chapter 2: sinusoidal AC circuitBasic concepts : understanding the three elements of a sinusoidal AC : amplitude; frequency and initial phase ; understand the concept of RMS and the phase difference ; grasp sine amount phasor notation ; master volume and conversion methods sinusoidal phase between the amount ; understanding sinusoidal instantaneous power AC circuits ; reactive power; apparent power concept ; master active power; power factor concept ; understand the concept of impedance ; grasp complex calculation methods ; master phasor diagram of the painting .Basic laws and theorems : Understand the basic laws of phasor form circuits ; as well as phasor form ohm theorem.Analysis basis and method : mastering a single parameter AC circuit voltage and current phasor relationship; that therelationship between size and phase relationships ; understand impedance in series or parallel ; hybrid solution method to master the equivalent impedance of the circuit ; as well as diversion; the partial pressure of the formula phasor type of skilled application ; master circuit judge load nature ; master method phasor method ; phasor diagram ; as well as calculating the phase relationship between the size of the relationship and the simple sinusoidal circuit ; grasp active power; reactive power and apparent power calculation methods ; to improve understanding of the inductive load power factor approach.Chapter 3 : Three-phase AC circuitBasic concepts: symmetric three-phase voltage to understand the concept of understanding the concept of the phase voltage ; phase current and line voltage and line current ; to understand the concept of three-phase symmetrical and asymmetrical loads understand the concept of a three-phase symmetry of the circuit; the negative voltage and current ; grasp the three-phase load connection method ; understand three-phase four -wire power supply circuit in the middle of the action ; understanding the three-phase circuit active power ; apparent power and reactive power concept of .Analysis basis and method : mastering phase symmetrical load Y connection and △ connection ; the line voltage and phase voltage and line current and phase current magnitude and phase relationships; and lines; calculate the phase voltages and currents ; master the three-phase unbalanced load when the Y connection and there is midline ; calculate the line current and neutral current ; grasp three-phase circuit active power; apparent power and reactive power calculations.Chapter 4: Common semiconductor devicesBasic concepts : understanding the formation and unidirectional conductive semiconductor basic knowledge and PN junction ; grasp diode voltage characteristics and unidirectional conductivity characteristics; to understand the main parameters and significance diodes ; master diode circuit symbol ; understanding silicon regulator the structure and main parameters of the regulator control circuit symbols ; understand the basic structure of the transistor and the current amplification; and the understanding of the characteristic curve of the transistor in the enlarged area ; and the cutoff characteristics of the saturation region ; the main parameters of the transistor understood master NPN type and PNP transistor circuit symbol .Analysis basis and method : the diode forward voltage withstand positive bias diode conduction withstand reverse voltage reverse bias diode cutoff . When subjected to reverse breakdown voltage regulator tube current limiting resistor under the action of the voltage across the regulator stable and unchanging applying a reverse voltage is greater than the stable voltage ; whether the person ; the regulator reverse cutoff ; If the regulator withstand the forward voltage regulator turns on with the diode same . Ideal diode and the ideal regulator : for idealized treatment that forward voltage is zero ; the reverse cutoff infinite resistance .Triode work in the enlarged area : emitter junction is forward biased voltage withstand ; collector junction withstand reverse bias voltage ;Transistors in saturation : the emitter junction is forward biased withstand voltage ; collector junction bear positive bias voltage ;Transistor in cutoff region : emitter junction withstand reverse bias voltage ; collector junction under reverse bias voltage ;Difficulties: including diodes and regulator circuit analysis ; transistor three working state judgment and the judgment of the transistor type ; polarity and materials.Chapter 5: Basic amplifier circuitBasic concepts : understanding the role of the composition of various common-emitter amplifier circuit part of the pole ; understanding zoom works; understanding the static and dynamic amplification circuit ; understand the role of quiescent operating point ; understanding amplifying circuit AC parameters: input resistance ; output resistance and the magnification of the significance.Analysis basis and method : direct access and communication pathways master painting ; grasp static analysis methods: estimation method and graphical method ; grasp the DC load line painting ; grasp the dynamic analysis methods: micro- computing small signal ac equivalent circuit parameters becomes law ; graphic method for qualitative analysis will ; stable quiescent operating point to understand the processes and principles ; understanding emitter 's basic characteristics and uses.Key elements: a fixed bias circuit ; voltage divider type amplifier circuit quiescent operating point of the three circuits emitter and slightly changed equivalent circuit. Will draw DC path and exchange accessChapter VI : Integrated Operational AmplifierBasic concepts : operational amplifier integrated graphics symbols and pins purposes ; negative feedback amplifier circuit and depth of negative feedback ; integrated operational amplifier ideal conditions and basic performance ; analysis of three basic op amp circuit ; integrated operational amplifier basic application Circuit ie : addition; subtraction ; integral and differential circuits ; consisting operational amplifier ; the main parameters ; proportional arithmetic circuit ; integrated operational amplifier applications ; model ideal conditions for integrated operational amplifier.Chapter 7: DC Power SupplyBasic concepts : Understanding DC power supply and the role of four areas : transformer ; rectifier ; filter and regulator ; understanding of single-phase half- wave bridge rectifier principle ; understand the principle of the filter circuit ; voltage regulator circuit. Understand the integrated voltage regulator applications.Analysis basis and method : Mastering half-wave ; bridge rectifier circuit calculating the average load voltage ; current; and the calculation of the average current rectifier diode and themaximum reverse voltage. Will draw half-wave ; wave bridge rectifier ; and the rectifier output load current; voltage polarity. Chapter 8: combinational logic circuitBasic concepts : logical relations ; and logic ; or logic; non-logical ; there is a corresponding basic gates ; and doors; or doors and NAND gate . Combination gate circuit ; a NAND gate ; NOR gate ; NOR gate ; three-state gate ; with the XOR gates and OR gates and the like. Should have a gate symbols; logic and logical expressions. Logical formula logic algebra is important to simplify the formula logical relationship should memorize and master simple formulaic approach .Analysis basis and method : combinational logic analysis and design is the focus of this chapter ; in particular; is a combination of logical analysis ; master steps.Difficulty: logical expression simplification and combinational logic circuit designChapter IX : sequential logic circuitsBasic concepts : basic RS flip-flop ; synchronous RS flip-flop logic symbols and logic functions ; JK flip-flop and D flip-flop ; is to learn the focus of this chapter. After the bistable ; CP pulseleading edge trigger and the trigger edge ; the difference between the symbols . Registers and counters should have analytical methods and points.Analytical basis and Methods: trigger -based ; to find CP relationship between each trigger to determine the frontier or back porch ; painting the output waveform ; identify the key points of transition until the next pulse occurs .Difficulty: analysis of synchronous counter。

三电平NPC整流器新型直接功率控制策略李宁;王跃;王兆安;张辉【摘要】在电压型三电平NPC整流器的控制策略中,直接功率控制(DPC)策略具有算法简单、动态性能好的优点.分析了电压型三电平NPC整流器DPC策略的基本原理,推导了三电平NPC整流器DPC策略数学模型,研究了各矢量对系统瞬时功率的影响,提出了一类新颖的无需交流电压传感器的三电平NPC整流器DPC策略.该新型策略在实现系统瞬时功率控制的同时,还兼具直流电容电压波动控制能力.仿真和实验验证了提出方法的正确性和有效性.【期刊名称】《电气传动》【年(卷),期】2015(045)010【总页数】5页(P43-46,67)【关键词】三电平NPC整流器;直接功率控制策略;数学模型;交流电压传感器;直流电容电压波动【作者】李宁;王跃;王兆安;张辉【作者单位】西安理工大学自动化与信息工程学院,陕西西安710048;西安交通大学电气工程学院,陕西西安710049;西安交通大学电气工程学院,陕西西安710049;西安交通大学电气工程学院,陕西西安710049;西安理工大学自动化与信息工程学院,陕西西安710048【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TM464电压型三电平中点钳位（NPC）整流器是目前最常用的多电平整流器［1］，相比于传统的两电平整流器，三电平整流器具有输出功率大、输出波形THD小、器件电压应力和系统EMI低等多方面的优点，因而被广泛地应用于各种中高压大功率场合［2-3］。

高性能控制策略是三电平NPC整流器的研究热点。

目前，最常用的控制策略是电压定向控制（VOC）策略。

1991年，Ohnishi T教授提出了直接功率控制策略（DPC）［4-10］。

与VOC策略相比，DPC策略直接选择合适的矢量实现对瞬时功率的控制，因而具有算法简单、动态响应更好等优点［11-17］。

然而，由于三电平NPC整流器的特殊性及矢量复杂性，DPC策略的应用远不如VOC策略广泛。