外刊时文选读
Text 1
Weekly Address: Ensuring Hardworking Americans Retire with Dignity
WASHINGTON, DC —In this week’s address, the President reiterated his commitment to middle-class economics, and to ensuring that all hard-working Americans get the secure and dignified retirement they deserve. While most financial advisers prioritize their clients’ futures, there are some who direct their clients towards bad investments in return for backdoor payments and hidden fees. That’s why earlier this week the Presiden t announced that he is calling on the Department of Labor to update rules to protect families from conflicts of interest by requiring financial advisers to put their clients’ best interest before their own profits.The President emphasized his promise to keep fighting for this policy and for others that benefit millions of working and middle class Americans.
Hi everybody. In America, we believe that a lifetime of hard work and responsibility should be rewarded with a shot at a secure, dignified retirement. It’s one of the critical components of middle-class life – and this week, I took new steps to protect it.
Six years after the crisis that shook a lot of people’s faith in a secure retirement, our economy is steadily growing. Last year was the best year for job growth since the 1990s. All told, over the past five years, the private sector has added nearly 12 million new jobs. And since I took office, the stock market has more than doubled, replenishing the 401(k)s of millions of families.
But while we’ve come a long way, we’ve got more work to do to make sure that our recovery reaches more Americans, not just those at the top. That’s what middle-class economics is all about—the idea that this country does best when everyone gets their fair shot, everybody does their fair share, and everyone plays by the same set of rules.
That last part—making sure everyone plays by the same set of rules—is why we passed historic Wall Street Reform and a Credit Card Bill of Rights. It’s why we created a new consumer watchdog agency. And it’s why we’re taking new action to protect hardworking families’ retirement security. If you’re working hard and putting away money, you should have the peace of mind that the financial advice you’re getting is sound and that your i nvestments are protected.
But right now, there are no rules of the road. Many financial advisers put their clients’ interest first – but some financial advisers get backdoor payments and hidden fees in exchange for steering people into bad investments. All told, bad advice that results from these conflicts of interest costs middle-class and working families about $17 billion every year.
This week, I called on the Department of Labor to change that –to update the rules and require that retirement advisers put the best interests of their clients above their own financial interests. Middle-class families cannot afford to lose their hard earned savings after a lifetime of work. They deserve to be treated with fairness and respect. And that’s what this rul e would do.
While many financial advisers support these basic safeguards to prevent abuse, I know some special interests will fight this with everything they’ve got.But while we welcome different perspectives and ideas on how to move forward, what I won’t accept is the notion that there’s nothing we can do to make sure that hard-working, responsible Americans who scrimp and save
can retire with security and dignity.
We’re going to keep pushing for this rule, because it’s the right thing to do for our work ers and for our country. The strength of our economy rests on whether hard-working families can not only share in America’s success, but can also contribute to America’s success.And that’s what I will never stop fighting for – an economy where everyone who works hard has the chance to get ahead.
Text 2
Planet of the phones
The smartphone is ubiquitous, addictive and transformative
THE dawn of the planet of the smartphones came in January 2007, when Steve Jobs, Apple’s chief executive, in front of a rapt audience of Apple acolytes, brandished a slab of plastic, metal and silicon not much bigger than a Kit Kat. ―This will change everything,‖ he promised. For once there was no hyperbole. Just eight years later Apple’s iPhone exemplifies the early 21st century’s defining technology.
Smartphones matter partly because of their ubiquity. They have become the fastest-selling gadgets in history, outstripping the growth of the simple mobile phones that preceded them. They outsell personal computers four to one. Today about half the adult population owns a smartphone; by 2020, 80% will. Smartphones have also penetrated every aspect of daily life. The average American is buried in one for over two hours every day. Asked which media they would miss most, British teenagers pick mobile devices over TV sets, PCs and games consoles. Nearly 80% of smartphone-owners check messages, news or other services within 15 minutes of getting up. About 10% admit to having used the gadget during sex.
The bedroom is just the beginning. Smartphones are more than a convenient route online, rather as cars are more than engines on wheels and clocks are not merely a means to count the hours. Much as the car and the clock did in their time, so today the smartphone is poised to enrich lives, reshape entire industries and transform societies—and in ways that Snapchatting teenagers cannot begin to imagine.
Phono sapiens
The transformative power of smartphones comes from their size and connectivity. Size makes them the first truly personal computer s. The phone takes the processing power of yesterday’s supercomputers—even the most basic model has access to more number-crunching capacity than NASA had when it put men on the Moon in 1969—and applies it to ordinary human interactions. Because transmitting data is cheap this power is available on the move. Since 2005 the cost of delivering one megabyte wirelessly has dropped from $8 to a few cents. It is still falling. The boring old PC sitting on your desk does not know much about you. But phones travel around with you—they know where you are, what websites you visit, whom you talk to, even how healthy you are.
The combination of size and connectivity means that this knowledge can be shared and aggregated, bridging the realms of bits and atoms in ways that are both professional and personal. Uber connects available drivers to nearby fares at cheaper prices; Tinder puts people in touch with
potential dates. In future, your phone might recommend a career change or book a doctor’s appointment to treat your heart murmur before you know anything is amiss.
As with all technologies, this future conjures up a host of worries. Some, such as ―text neck‖ (hunching over a smartphone stresses the spine) are surely transient. Others, such as dependency—smartphone users e xhibit ―nomophobia‖ when they happen to find themselves empty-handed—are a measure of utility as much as addiction. After all, people also hate to be without their wheels or their watch.
The greater fear is over privacy. The smartphone turns the person next to you into a potential publisher of your most private or embarrassing moments. Many app vendors, who know a great deal about you, sell data without proper disclosure; mobile-privacy policies routinely rival ―Hamlet‖ for length. And if leaked documents are correct, GCHQ, Britain’s signals-intelligence agency, has managed to hack a big vendor of SIM cards in order to be able to listen in to people’s calls. If spooks in democracies are doing this sort of thing, you can be sure that those in authoritarian regimes will, too. Smartphones will give dictators unprecedented scope to spy on and corral their unwilling subjects.
The naked app
Yet three benefits weigh against these threats to privacy. For a start, the autocrats will not have it all their own way. Smartphones are the vehicle for bringing billions more people online. The cheapest of them now sell for less than $40, and prices are likely to fall even further. The same phones that allow governments to spy on their citizens also record the brutality of officials and spread information and dissenting opinions. They feed the demand for autonomy and help protest movements to coalesce. A device that hands so much power to the individual has the potential to challenge authoritarianism.
The second benefit is all those personal data which companies are so keen on. Conventional social sciences have been hampered by the limited data sets they could collect. Smartphones are digital census-takers, creating a more detailed view of society than has ever existed before and doing so in real time. Governed by suitable regulations, anonymised personal data can be used, among many other things, to optimise traffic flows, prevent crime and fight epidemics.
The third windfall is economic. Some studies find that in developing countries every ten extra mobile phones per 100 people increase the rate of growth of GDP-per-person by more than one percentage point—by, say, drawing people into the banking system. Smartphones will remake entire industries, at unheard-of speed. Uber is a household name, operating in 55 countries, but has yet to celebrate its fifth birthday. WhatsApp was founded in 2009, and already handles 10 billion more messages a day than the SMS global text-messaging system. The phone is a platform, so startups can cheaply create an app to test an idea—and then rapidly go global if people like it. That is why it will unleash creativity on a planetary scale.
By their nature, seminal technologies ask hard questions of society, especially as people adapt to them. Smartphones are no different. If citizens aren’t protected from prying eyes, some will suffer and others turn their backs. Societies will have to develop new norms and companies learn how to balance privacy and profit. Governments will have to define what is acceptable. But in eight short years smartphones have changed the world—and they have hardly begun.
Text 3
Illicit e-commerce: The Amazons of the dark net
Business is thriving on the anonymous internet, despite the efforts of law enforcers THE first ever e-commerce transaction, conducted by students from Stanford and MIT in the early 1970s, involved the sale of a small quantity of marijuana. For decades afterwards, the online drugs trade was severely constrained by the ability of law enforcement to track IP addresses and the means of payment. The trickle of transactions threatened to become a flood with the emergence a few years ago of Silk Road, a drug-dealing site on the ―dark net‖. These e-depths cannot be reached through a normal browser but only with anonymising software called Tor. Buyers and sellers transact there pseudonymously in bitcoin, a crypto-currency.
Silk Road was shut last year with the arrest of Ross Ulbricht, the 29-year-old American whom investigators believe to be Dread Pirate Roberts, the sit e’s founder. Mr Ulbricht is due to stand trial in New York next January on charges that include computer hacking and money laundering. But law enforcers who predicted that Silk Road’s demise would mark the beginning of the end for online black-market bazaars were wrong. Instead, dozens of dark-net Amazons and eBays (also known as crypto-markets) have sprung up to fill the void. They are not only proving remarkably resilient but expanding their offerings and growing more sophisticated.
The number of for-sale listings in the 18 crypto-markets tracked by the Digital Citizens Alliance (DCA), an advocacy group, grew from 41,000 to 66,000 between January and August. The largest market until August, Silk Road 2.0 (whose logo, like its predecessor’s, features an Arab trader on a camel), has since been overtaken by two upstarts, Agora and Evolution, whose combined listings have grown by 20%, to 36,000 in the past two months. Each of these three has more listings than the original Silk Road ever did (see chart). It is unclear whether listings are a good measure of sales, which the markets do not disclose.
Vendors vary in size: the largest turn over several million dollars a month on a single site, the smallest a few hundred. They pay a fee to register and a commission per transaction, typically 3-6%. Buyers come from all over the world. Their purchases are sent by post—the vast majority appear to arrive undetected. Customer satisfaction is high.
Illegal and prescription drugs are the largest product category. (Some sellers are crooked pharmacists.) Silk Road 2.0, whose operators are avowedly libertarian, focuses almost exclusively on weed, powders and pills. Agora, whose mascot is an armed bandit, sells weapons, too. These are marketed mostly to Europeans, who face strict gun-control laws.
The fastest-growing of the big three, Evolution, is the least principled. Though, like the others, it bans child pornography, it hawks stolen credit-card, debit-card and medical information, guns and fake IDs and university diplomas. One-fifth of its listings are in its ―Fraud‖ section or in ―Guides and Tutorials‖, which often explain how to commit crimes. Some see Evolution’s rapid growth as a worrying sign that cyber-criminals are looking to fuse their identity-theft operations with the ―victimless‖ online drugs trade. (It is not, however, the most unsavoury corner of the dark net, where some make markets in contract killings.)
For drug buyers, online markets offer several advantages. They are less physically dangerous than street trades. This goes for dealers, too: a recent study found that a third or more of sales on Silk Road were to ―a new breed of retail drug dealer‖, a transformation of the wholesale market that ―should reduce violence, intimidation and territorialism.‖
Product quality is higher, largely thanks to an Amazon-like five-star customer-review system.
With 29 reviews for the average listing on Silk Road 2.0, a high score provides reassurance. MDMA (or ecstasy) is particularly popular on the site, presumably because the street version can be laced with lethal impurities. The dark net’s hundreds of forums provide further intelligence on dodgy gear and scammers. The FBI made over 100 purchases on Silk Road before closing it down. An agent testified that these showed ―high purity levels‖.
High ratings are sellers’ lifeblood. Reputation is crucial when clients know they cannot fall back on small-claims courts or arbitration. ―It’s the ultimate irony: a den of thieves who don’t know each other but need to trust each other,‖ says a researcher with the DCA who requested anonymity for reasons of security.
As drug sales move online, power is shifting to buyers. The big markets’ customer service and marketing strategies increasingly resemble those of legitimate retailers. They are quick to apologise for technical glitches. Two-for-one specials, loyalty discounts and promotional campaigns are common (on Smoke Weed Day, say). Other methods borrowed from the corporate world include mission statements, terms and conditions, and money-back gu arantees. ―It has become so prosaic it could be shoes,‖ says James Martin, author of ―Drugs on the Dark Net‖.
Markets are also innovating to cut fraud. In the free-for-all in the months after Silk Road’s closure, thousands of buyers lost bitcoins that were supposedly held in escrow, either because markets were hacked or because their administrators ran off with the money. The emerging solution is ―multi-signature‖ escrow, from where funds can be moved only with the approval of a least two of the three interested parties (buyer, seller and market). Some markets are trying to build a community of trusted buyers and sellers with invitation-only participation. Those whose customers had bitcoins stolen have begun to devise schemes to make them whole.
Sites that specialise in stolen card data display their own brand of customer-friendliness. Some offer a service that allows buyers to verify purchased cards are still active, using compromised merchant accounts. The client’s balance is automatically refunded the valu e of cards that are declined. (Cards sell for anywhere from $10 to $100 each.) Others batch their cards for sale according to the location of the hacked retailer, says Brian Krebs, a cyber-security blogger. Buyers favour cards stolen from consumers who live nearby because banks often treat transactions as suspicious if they take place far from the legitimate cardholder’s home address. A site that has pioneered this segmentation is McDumpals. Its logo features a gun-toting Ronald McDonald and its motto is ―I’m Swipin’ It‖.
Several factors make life hard for those looking to crack down on the dark net, including its technical complexity, the physical separation of buyers and sellers, and their mobility (vendors typically post on more than one market, allowing them to keep selling if a site goes offline). Tellingly, the only market forcibly closed since Silk Road was Utopia, which was shut by Dutch authorities soon after it opened in February. Some law enforcers want to target Tor, but even if that were technica lly possible it would cause ―collateral damage‖, points out Nicolas Christin of Carnegie Mellon University, because the software has worthy uses, such as to protect whistleblowers.
Moreover, the deep web’s denizens will continue to adapt. Jamie Bartlett, author of ―The Dark Net‖, predicts: ―The future of these markets is not centralised sites like Silk Road 2.0, but sites where…listings, messaging, payment and feedback are all separated, controlled by no central party‖—and thus impossible to close.
Text 4
The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst，Beautiful Inside My Head Forever，at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008. All but two pieces sold，fetching more than￡70m，a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids，in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street，Lehman Brothers，fried for bankruptcy.
The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some$65 billion，reckons Clare McAndrew. founder of Arts Economics，a research firm-double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to$50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth，enormous egos，greed，passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.
In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst’s sale. spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and saIer00ms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds，and in the most overheated sector--for Chinese contemporary art—they were down by nearly 90％in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world’s two big—gest auction houses，Sotheby’s and Christie’s，had to pay out nearly$200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.
The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40％down on their peak on average，though some have been far more fluctuant. But Edward Dolman，Christie’s chief executive. says：―I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom”
What makes this slump different from the last，he says，is that there are still buyers in the market. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds—death. debt and divorce still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.
21. In the first paragraph，Damien Hirst’s sale was referred to as“a last victory”because______.
A. the art market had witnessed a succession of victories
B-the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids
C. Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over a11 masterpieces
D. it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis
22. By saying“spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable”(Line 1-2，Para. 3)，the author suggests that______.
A. collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions
B. people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries
C. art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent
D. works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying
23. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008.
B. The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.
C. The art market generally went downward in various ways.
D. Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.
24. The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are______.
A. auction houses’ favorites
B. contemporary trends
C. factors promoting artwork circulation
D. styles representing Impressionists
25. The most appropriate title for this text could be______.
A. Fluctuation of Art Prices
B. Up-to-date Art Auctions
C. Art Market in Decline
D. Shifted Interest in Arts
Text 5
I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room—a women’s group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening，one man had been particularly talkative frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don’t talk to them. This man quickly nodded in agreement He gestured toward his wife and said，“She’s the talker in our family. ”The room burst into laughter；the marl looked puzzled and hurt. ―It’s true‖, he explained. “When I come home from work I have nothing to say. If she didn’t k eep the conversation going，we’d spend the whole evening in silence. ”
This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations，they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.
The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book Divorce Talk that most of the women she inter-viewed—but only a few of the men—gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year-a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.
In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his，or doing far more than their share of daily life—support work like cleaning，cooking and social arrangements. Instead. they focus ed on communication: ―He doesn’t listen to me.‖ ―He doesn’t talk to me.‖ I found，as Hacker observed years before，that most wives want their husbands to be，first and foremost，conversational partners，but few husbands share this expectation of their wives. In short，the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face，while a woman glares at the back of it，wanting to talk.
26. What is most wive s’ main expectation of their husbands?
A. Talking to them.
B. Trusting them.
C. Supporting their careers.
D. Sharing housework.
27. Judging from the context，the phrase“wreaking havoc”(Line 2，Para. 2)most probably means
A. generating motivation B，exerting influence
C. causing damage
D. creating pressure
28. All of the following are true EXCEPT______.
A. men tend to talk more in public than women
B. nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversation
C. women attach much importance to communication between couples
D. a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse
29. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?
A. The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.
B. Marriage break-up steins from sex inequalities.
C. Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.
D. Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.
30. In the following part immediately after this text，the author will most probably focus on______.
A. a vivid account of the new book Divorce Talk
B. a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoon
C. other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the US
D. a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew Hacker
Text 6
Over the past decade，many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors-habits-among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without thinking often in response to a carefully designed 8et of daily cues.
“There are fundamental public health problems，like dirty hands instead of a soap habit，that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits，”said Dr. Curtis，the director of the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene＆Tropical Medicine. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically. ”
The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to-Procter＆Gamble. Colgate，Palmolive and Unilever had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines
If you look hard enough，you’ll find that many of the products we use every day-chewing gums，skin moisturizers，disinfecting wipes，air fresheners，water purifiers，health snacks，teeth whiteners, fabric softeners，vitamins-are results of manufactured habits. A century ago，few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today，because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns，many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate，Crest or one of the other brands.
A few decades ago，many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far—off springs，and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water a11 day long. Chewing gum，once bought primarily by adolescent boys，is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals，slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.
“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns，”said Carol Berning，a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter＆Gamble，the company that
sold $ 76 billion of Tide，Crest and other products last year. ―Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives，and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.‖
Through experiments and observation，social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through ruthless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged，controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.
31. According to Dr. Curtis，habits like hand washing with soap______.
A. should be further cultivated
B. should be changed gradually
C. are deeply rooted in history
D. are basically private concerns
32. Bottled water，chewing gum and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to______.
A reveal their impact on people’s habits
B. show the urgent need of daily necessities
C. indicate their effect on people’s buying power
D. manifest the significant role of good habits
33. Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits?
A. Tide.
B. Crest.
C. Colgate.
D. Unilever.
34. From the text we know that some of c onsumer’s habits are developed due to______.
A. perfected art of products
B. automatic behavior creation
C. commercial promotions
D. scientific experiments
35. The author’s attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is______.
A. indifferent
B. negative
C. positive
D. biased
英语诗歌是一个包含丰富社会生活内容和艺术内涵的世界 ,欣赏它 ,有多种方法 ,如对比法 ,背景分析法 ,艺术分析法等等。下面是由带来的关于英美诗歌名篇选读，欢迎阅读! 【篇一】关于英美诗歌名篇选读 A Musical Instrument Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806 - 1861) What was he doing, the great god Pan, Down in the reeds by the river? Spreading ruin and scattering ban, Splashing and paddling with hoofs of a goat, And breaking the golden lilies afloat With the dragon-fly on the river. He tore out a reed, the great god Pan, From the deep cool bed of the river; The limpid water turbidly ran, And the broken lilies a-dying lay, And the dragon-fly had fled away Ere he brought it out of the river. High on the shore sat the great god Pan, While turbidly flowed the river; And hacked and hewed as a great god can With his hard bleak steel at the patient reed, Till there was not a sign of a leaf indeed To prove it fresh from the river. He cut it short did the great god Pan
外刊经贸知识选读复习自考
《外刊经贸知识选读》 第一章 一、术语 1. 制成品manufactured goods 2. 资本货物capital goods 3. 国际收支balance of payments 4. 经常项目current account 5. 有形贸易项目visible trade account 6. 无形贸易项目invisible trade account 7. 贸易顺差trade surplus 8. 贸易逆差trade deficit 9. 易货贸易barter 10. 补偿贸易compensation trade 11. 反向贸易counter-trade 12. 组装生产assembly manufacturing 13. 工商统一 税industrial and commercial consolidated tax 14. 合资企业joint venture
15. 延期付款deferred payment 16. 买方信贷buyer credit 17. 卖方信贷supplier credit 18. 软贷款(低息贷款)soft loan 19. 最惠国待 遇MFN treatment(Most Favored nation treatment) 20. 永久性正常贸易关 系PNTR(Permanent Normal Trading Relations) 21. 国民收入NI(National Income) 22. 国民生产总值GNP(Gross National Product) 23. 国内生产总值GDP(Gross Domestic Product) 24. 国际复兴和开发银 行IBRD(International Bank for Reconstruction and D evelopment) 25. 国际开发协 会IDA(International Development Association) 26. 国际金融公 司IFC(International Finance Corporation) 27. 经济合作和发展组 织OECD(Organization for Economic Cooperation an
旺旺英语 Lesson 15 Weekly Commodities (telex) 每周商品行情 Commodities 1商品行情（-） econews by Kate Kavanagh Oil prices seesaw to three-month low in “big bang week London”, Oct. 31 (afp)—the attention of commodities dealers was last week captured initially by events on the stock exchange, where Monday’s big bang was muffled by computer failures, but turned later to the troubled oil market. （法新社）10月31日电：在“伦敦大爆炸改革周”中，石油价格起伏不定，跌至三个月来的最低点。——上周商品交易者们的注意力先是被股票交易所发生的事情吸引，那里的计算机出了故障从而抑制了周一的“大爆炸改革”；但随后，交易者们的注意力又转向了混乱的石油市场。 The unexpected departure of sheik ahmed zaki yamani from his post as Saudi Arabian oil minister aggravated existing uncertainty concerning the future direction of oil prices in view of severe world oversupply. 在国际市场严重供大于求的情况下，沙特阿拉伯石油部长亚马尼的突然离职使本来就起伏不定的油价变得更加难以预料。 Unstable crude prices in turn prompted falls in platinum and gold, the latter to its lowest since early September, aggravated by the withdrawal of investment support as the dollar regained ground. 动荡的原油价格反过来又加速了白金和黄金的降价，而且由于美元重收失地，投资者纷纷撤回投资，黄金还降到了九月初以来的最低点。 Sterling’s decline lent some support to the base metal sector, where lead and zinc rallied on the continuing lack of a solution to the labour dispute affecting australia’s broken hill mines. 英镑的贬值使贱金属的价格有所上升。由于影响到澳大利亚Broken Hill矿山的劳工纠纷迟迟得不到解决，贱金属里的铅和锌的价格止跌回升。 Coffee fluctuated wildly on uncertainty over brazil’s role in the market but sugar and cocoa kept to a narrow range in quiet conditions. 咖啡的价格由于巴西在市场上的角色不稳定而疯狂波动，可是糖和可可的价格在平静中起伏不大。 The grain sector was dulled by the prospect of lower-than-expected soviet imports this season, despite improved british export figures. 本季度，尽管英国的出口量增加了，谷物市场还是因为苏联的进口比预想的低而显得清淡。 Commodities 2 商品行情2 Econews(London) Gold: lower. After coming in for early support on news of strike action affecting mines belonging to gold fields of south Africa, values declined in line with platinum and new york advices as miners were encouraged to return to work by management promises of negotiation. The fall in oil prices also brought pressure to bear but good resistance at around the 400 dollars per ounce level permitted a brief rally. However, values suffered a late decline to below 400 dollars per ounce in line with new york as the dollar strengthened on news of a decline in the u.s. budget trade and a cut in the bank of japan’s discount rate. 黄金：跌了。由于南非金矿受到罢工影响，黄金的价格上升，但随后资方承诺谈判，矿工复工，使得其价值又随着白金的贬值和纽约交易所的行情报告跌了下来。油价的下降同样给市场带来了压力，但在每盎司大约400美元的水平上的强力支撑使金价短时止跌。然而，美国国家预算批准的海外采购的减少和日本削减银行贴现率的消息使美元变得坚挺，金价随后下降到每盎司400美元以下，和纽约交易所标明的价格一样。 Latest figures from the south African chamber of mines showed a 4.6 per cent drop in gold production during the first nine months of 1986 to 488,854 kilos against 504,996 during the same 1985 period. 南非矿业协会的最新数字表明，1986年前9个月的黄金产量与1985年同期相比，下降了4. 6％，由504,996公斤减少到481,854公斤。
备注：教学进程一栏可根据教学内容的多少自定页数。
备注：教学进程一栏可根据教学内容的多少自定页数。
第一讲英美诗歌的韵步 第一节韵步的定义与种类 韵步（foot，也被称为音步），是由音节(syllable)组成的，因此，首先要了解什么是音节。 音节由音素（phone）构成，它是语音中最小的不可再分解的单位，是字母组合后的读音标记。音素靠听觉辨认，字母靠视觉辨认，音素属于读音系统，字母属于拼写系统。例如，scansion [′sk?n∫зn]由8个字母拼写而成，只有7个音素。英语音素分为元音（vowel）和辅音(consonant)，共有48个。 音节是英语的发音单位，由一个元音或者由一个元音同一个或若干个辅音构成。音节可分为单音节、双音节、多音节三类。 单音节：you，day，me，big，make，bar等。 双音节：begin，open，foolish，summer，mountain等。 多音节：wonderful，revolution，satisfactory等。 辅音也可构成音节，如people，rhythm中的ple和thm都属于一个音节。 每个英语单词都有一个重读音节，其重读音节是固定的。如husband，共两个音节，第一个音节重读；express有两个音节，第二个音节重读；beautiful有三个音节，第一个音节重读；religion有三个音节，第二个音节重读；subterranean有四个音节，第三个音节重读。 在短语或句子中，冠词和介词一般不重读。如在in the morning，on a desk中，in、the、on、a都不重读。 弄清楚什么是音节，就可以理解什么是韵步了。 韵步是一个或两个重读音节和一个或两个非重读音节的排列组合。其类型如下： 韵步类型表
绝密★考试结束前 全国2018年4月高等教育自学考试 外刊经贸知识选读试题 课程代码:00096 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂二写在答题纸上三 选择题部分 注意事项: 1.答题前,考生务必将自己的考试课程名称二姓名二准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上三 2.每小题选出答案后,用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑三如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号三不能答在试题卷上三 一二单项选择题(本大题共15小题,每小题2分,共30分) 在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个可以替代句中划线的单词或词组,请将其选出并将答题卡(纸)的相应代码涂黑三错涂二多涂或未涂均无分三 1.The pattern of China’s foreign trade has changed substantially since China opened to the outside world. A.considerably B.partially C.scarcely D.suddenly 2.The sophistication of the industrial structure needs the support of advanced technology. A.building B.upgrade https://www.doczj.com/doc/e213689039.html,pletion D.reform 3.A number of countries in the EU are confronted with debt problems. A.angry B.disappointed C.concerned D.faced 4.By opening the district to foreign investments,competition was introduced into its economy. A.exclusive B.recommended C.brought D.imposed 5.If an enterprise is within the zone,it will enjoy a preferential tax rate. A.high B.favored C.low D.free 6.American industry was booming by the autumn of1942. A.flourishing B.diminishing C.decreasing D.changing 7.A surplus of exports over imports will boost employment. A.influence B.harm C.promote D.dampen
《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料 Lesson One China in the Market Place 一、术语： manufactured goods 制成品 capital equipment 资本货物 balance of payments 国际收支 current account 经常项目 visible trade account 有形贸易项目 invisible trade account 无形贸易项目 trade surplus 贸易顺差 trade deficit 贸易逆差 barter 易货贸易 compensation trade 补偿贸易 counter-trade 反向贸易 assembly manufacturing 组装生产 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税 joint venture 合资企业 deferred payment 延期付款 buyer credit 买方信贷 supplier credit 卖方信贷 soft loan 软贷款（低息贷款） MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇 PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系 NI: National Income 国民收入 GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值 GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行 IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会 IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司 OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织 BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行 EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体 EU: European Union 欧洲联盟 FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资 二、词语释义： exacerbate: deteriorate 恶化 disrupt: interrupt 中断 in the wake of: following 继┉之后 breakdown: analysis by classification 分类分析 buoyant: brisk 上扬的，增产的 run-down: reduction
第三讲英美诗歌的押韵 押韵（rhyme）是指一个音节的读音在以后音节读音中的重复，或是一个单词的最后一个音节或几个音节的读音在以后音节相应位置的读音重复。 从押韵的位置看，押韵主要有头韵(alliteration)、尾韵(end rhyme)和中间韵或腹韵（internal rhyme）。尾韵又分全韵（perfect rhyme）和非全韵(imperfect rhyme)两种。全韵要求押韵的辅音和元音都相同，非全韵又包括只是元音相同但辅音不押韵的元韵（assonance）和只押辅音不押元音的和韵(consonance)，另外，还有从拼写上看起来似乎押韵但实际读音并不押韵的目韵（eye rhyme, visual rhyme or sight rhyme）等。 第一节头韵 头韵是指一行（节）诗中几个词开头的辅音相同，形成押韵。如克里斯蒂娜?罗塞蒂的《歌》前两诗节： When I am dead, my dearest, Sing no sad songs for me; Plant thou no rose at my head, Nor shady cypress tree: Be the green grass above me With showers and dewdrops wet; And if thou wilt, remember, And if thou wilt, forget. 1 (Christina Rossetti: Song) 第一行的dead / dearest，第二行的sing / sad / songs，第五行的green / grass，第六行的with / wet押头韵。 又如柯尔律治的《古舟子咏》第103~第106行： The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free, We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea. 2 （Samuel Taylor Coleridge: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner） 1当我离开人间，最亲爱的，/ 别为我哀歌悲切；/ 我的墓前不要栽玫瑰，/ 也不要柏树茂密；// 愿绿草覆盖我的身躯，/ 沾着湿润的灵珠雨水；/ 假如你愿意，就把我怀念，/ 假如你愿意，就把我忘却。（徐安祥译）2好风吹送，浪花飞涌，/ 船行时留下纹路；/ 这幽静海面，在我们以前/ 从来没有人闯入。（杨德豫译）
自考《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料 Lesson One China in the Market Place 一、术语： manufactured goods 制成品 capital equipment 资本货物 balance of payments 国际收支 current account 经常项目 visible trade account 有形贸易项目 invisible trade account 无形贸易项目 trade surplus 贸易顺差 trade deficit 贸易逆差 barter 易货贸易 compensation trade 补偿贸易 counter-trade 反向贸易 assembly manufacturing 组装生产 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税 joint venture 合资企业 deferred payment 延期付款 buyer credit 买方信贷 supplier credit 卖方信贷 soft loan 软贷款（低息贷款） MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇 PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系 NI: National Income 国民收入 GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值 GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会 IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司 OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行 EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体 EU: European Union 欧洲联盟 FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资
“英美诗歌选读”课程教学大纲 教研室主任：王莉执笔人：曹英慧 一、课程基本信息 开课单位：外国语学院 课程名称：英美诗歌选读 课程编号：04188043 英文名称：Selected Readings of British and American Poetry 课程类型：专业方向限选课 总学时：36 理论学时：实验学时： 学分：2 开设专业：英语专业 先修课程：英国文学史及选读（04102613） 二、课程任务目标 （一）课程任务 《英美诗歌赏析》是一门英语专业文学方向限选课程。对于英语专业学生来说，诗歌作为英语语言学习的重要组成部分，是英语知识结构的一个不可或缺的部分。诗歌所包含的语言特征、修辞手段和细腻的感情都是英语语言丰富表现能力的集中体现。另外，诗歌也是增进英语语言能力的重要途径。诗歌的字里行间都充满了意义，弦外之音、话外之语，它对语言的超常使用将使人们对英语的多种表现手法更加敏感，对英语的特殊表达习惯更加熟悉。总之，学习诗歌是英语专业学生提高英语水平、提高人文素养以及丰富自己的语言和思想的重要手段。 本课程按照诗歌主题为脉络，介绍诗歌基本知识，梳理英美诗歌的不同流派及其风格，使学生掌握相关韵律法则，引导学生品味诗歌之美，挖掘诗歌内涵，感受诗人寄托在诗中的思想和情愫，进而能够独立进行诗歌阅读、欣赏甚至诗歌翻译及创作。 （二）课程目标 具体来说，本课程的教学应达到以下目的和要求： 1. 基本诗歌阅读能力：使学生初步了解英、美诗歌的特点、常见修辞手法，英语诗歌的基本要素、相关知识； 2. 初步鉴赏能力：能读懂难度适中的英文诗歌，理解字面意思，并能指出主题、韵律形式等，帮助学生进一步感受诗歌中的象征、意象等，挖掘诗歌内涵，领会诗歌的奥妙。
《外刊经贸知识选读》 第一章 —、术语 1. 制成品manufactured goods 2. 资本货物capital goods 3. 国际收支balance of payments 4. 经常项目current account 5. 有形贸易项目visible trade account 6. 无形贸易项目invisible trade account 7. 贸易顺差trade surplus 8. 贸易逆差trade deficit 9. 易货贸易barter 10. 补偿贸易compensation trade 11. 反向贸易counter-trade 12. 组装生产assembly manufacturing 13. 工商统一税industrial and commercial consolidated tax 14. 合资企业joint venture 15. 延期付款deferred payment 16. 买方信贷buyer credit 17. 卖方信贷supplier credit 18. 软贷款(低息贷款)soft loan 19. 最惠国待遇MFN treatment (Most Favored nation treatment) 20. 永久性正常贸易关系PNTR(Permanent Normal Trading Relations) 21. 国民收入NI(National Income) 22. 国民生产总值GNP(Gross National Product) 23. 国内生产总值GDP(Gross Domestic Product) 24. 国际复兴和开发银行IBRD(lnternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development) 25. 国际开发协会IDA(lnternational Development Association) 26. 国际金融公司IFC(lnternational Finance Corporation) 27. 经济合作和发展组织OECD(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) 28. 国际清算银行BIS(Bank for International Settlement) 29. 欧洲经济共同体EEC(European Economic Community) 30. 欧洲联盟EU(European Union) 31. 外商直接投资FDI(Foreign Direct Investment) 32. The special Economic Zone 经济特区 33. a well-placed source —位高层消息灵通人士 34. infrastructure 基础设施 35. capital stock 实际资本 36. consumer goods 消费品 37. preferential tax rate 优惠税率 38. cooperative enterprise 合作(经营)企业 39. ETDZ ( Economic &Technical Development Zone )经济技术开发区 40. entrepreneurship 企业家精神 41. means of production 生产资料 42. stock-taking 评估
《英国文学史及选读》课程教学大纲 一．课程基本情况： 1．编号：01015065, 01015096 (翻译方向)； 02015055,02015106 (教育方向) 2．层次与学制：本科, 四年制 3．总学时：68 4．学期与周学时：第五，六学期；周学时: 2 5．学分：2 6．执笔人：夏丹 二、课程性质与任务： 本课程为英语（翻译，教育方向）专业必修课。 该门课程在英语专业人才培养中旨在使学生从英国历史、语言、文化发展的角度，掌握英国文学各个时期的主要文学、文化思潮，文学流派，主要作家及其代表作，同时帮助学生对英国文学的发展有深刻的了解和认识，并通过介绍一些最基本的文化理论和批评方法，对部分在思想上艺术上有代表性，有影响的作家及作品进行分析、导读，增强学生对英国文学的形成和发展的理解，提高他们对文学作品的鉴赏能力和文学修养。 三、课程的基本要求 1．课程的要求：学完本课程，学生应该掌握如下能力： ①对于英国文学史有整体性的把握； ②掌握分析和鉴赏文学作品的能力； ③独立完成千字左右的文学作品评析的英文论文； ④掌握文学概念和相关文学流派的专业知识。 2．质量标准：在第五学期完成英国文学史中从中古时期到启蒙时期的文学流派及相关作家，完成两篇以上的英文作品分析论文；第六学期完成从浪漫主义时期到现代主义文学相关内容的学习，并整体把握整个英国文学史的脉络，完成三篇以上的英文作品分析论文。同时检验学生是否了解、认识英国文学各个时期的主要文化、文学流派、主要作家及其代表作品，了解英国文学的发展历史，并能够用最基本的文化理论和批评方法，理解、分析文学作品，提高文学鉴赏力、语言表达能力，提高文学修养。 四、课程内容与学时分配 第五学期： 第一章序言 (2 学时) 使学生对英国文学史和主要流派具有提纲挈领的认识。 第二章中古世纪时期（2学时） 使学生掌握英国文学的起源及其形式和主要代表作品 第三章杰弗里?乔叟 (2学时)
e to order, reason and rules.启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。他们大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。 5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizi ng, became a very popular means of public education.其实，当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念，就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。 6. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great wr iters like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defo e, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿，亚历山大.蒲柏，约瑟夫.艾迪森与理查.斯蒂尔（这两位是现代散文的先驱），乔纳森.斯威夫特，丹尼尔.迪福，理查.B.谢立丹，亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔.约翰逊。 7. In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.在文学领域，启蒙主义运动还使人们重新对古典时代的著作产生兴趣。 8. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.他们认为理想的艺术应基于秩序，逻辑，确切及情感控制的基础上，而文学作品的价值评判标准应该看它是否为人文主义服务。 9. Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.由此一种温文尔雅，充满灵性的知识分子文学艺术发展起来。 10. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature.在几乎所有的文学形式中，新古典主义者们都设定了创作的规矩与条框。 11. Drama should be written in the heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter r hymed in two lines); the three unities of time, space and action should b e strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to, and t ype characters rather than individuals should be represented.戏剧必须用英雄体偶剧（抑扬五音步的押韵双行诗）写就；时间，地点，事件三要素必须要
英美诗歌选读第四讲 [大] [中] [小] 英美诗歌的基本押韵格式 押韵格式（rhyme scheme）指的是一首诗中各押韵诗行的组合形式。一般说来，每首诗都由数量不同的诗行组成，每一行的结尾都按照其读音的相同或类似而押韵，并表现出规律性。 押韵格式分为定型诗歌格式和普通诗歌格式。前一种格式主要有十四行诗体、斯宾塞诗体、回旋诗体等押韵格式；普通诗歌格式主要有双行押韵格式（aa）、隔行交互押韵格式（abab）和吻韵格式（abba）。 第一节基本押韵格式 一、双行押韵格式（aa） 它是英语诗歌最基本押韵格式，主要用于双行诗节（couplet）。双行诗节指两行押韵或不押韵的诗行。双行诗节可以单独成为诗节，也可以存在于其他诗节中。七行体（又称皇韵体，rhyme royal）诗和八行体（octa rima）诗用双行诗节结束，莎士比亚的十四行诗也是用双行诗节结束全诗。 双行诗节分开放双行诗节（open couplet）和完整双行诗节（closed couplet）两种。完整双行诗节如果是用抑扬格五韵步写成，就被称为英雄双行诗节（heroic couplet）。 开放双行诗节指的是跨行的双行诗体，即两行诗有共同的语法和逻辑结构，但第二行的意思需要继续下去，直到在后面的诗行中结束。如济慈叙述希腊神话中的美少年长诗《恩弟米安》开始几行： A thing of beauty is a joy for ever： Its loveliness increases；it will never Pass into nothingness；but still will keep A bower quiet for us，and a sleep Full of sweet dreams，and health，and quiet breathing. Therefore，on every morrow，are we wreathing A flowery band to bind us to the earth， Spite of despondence，of the inhuman dearth Of noble natures (1) （John Keats：Endymion） 这些诗行的特点是： 首先，每两行押韵，即ever / never，keep / sleep，breathing / wreathing，earth / dearth 押韵。 其次，第一行是完整句，第二行要表达的意思跨入下面数行才结束。 双行诗节是英语中最短的诗节，在印刷安排上，有时按两行一个诗节的形式分开排列，有时连续排在一起。每个诗节的押韵不重复，即下一个诗节同上一个诗节不能押相同的韵，必须转韵，因此，整首诗的押韵格式就成了aabbccdd，一直往下推。 完整双行诗节不仅要求两行诗押韵相同，而且要把意思表达完整。英雄双行诗节是完整双行诗节中的一种，它是英语诗歌之父乔叟最喜爱的诗体，如他的《坎特伯雷故事》总引中对骑士的介绍：
Lesson 1 China in the Market Place市场经济中的中国(Excerpts)（摘录） Barry Coulthurst examines the development of China’s trade policy and the present state of the overseas links --巴里库尔塞斯特对中国贸易政策的演变和当前与海外经济往来状况的研究 自从中华人民共和国成立以来，中国对外贸易的模式发生了巨大的变化。20世纪50年代，中国向苏联和东欧国家出口农产品换取制造品和资本设备，用于侧重于重工业发展所必须的工业化项目。1958~1959年的―大跃进‖最初在工农业生产上带来收益，但随后又导致了严重的经济平衡。三年自然灾害(1959-1961)加剧了经济问题，造成1960-1962年间的国民收入和对外贸易额的减少。 20世纪60年代，苏联经济和技术援助撤走，导致了中国与苏联及经互会成员国的贸易转向于日本和西欧国家的贸易。中国对外贸易政策的一贯宗旨是重视与第三世界国家发展贸易关系。 ―文化大革命‖期间（1966-1976）工农业生产一落千丈，交通运输限制更加严重，中国对外贸易的增长再次中断。 The Sino-USA agreement on trade relations, which came into force（解释：施行）in February 1980, accords China most-favoured nation treatment.（最惠国待遇） 在实现四个现代化中起着很大作用的对外贸易在近几年发展很快。1978年2月于日本签订了一个主要贸易协定，根据这个协定，中国向日本出口每盒石油换取工业设备和技术。1978年中国也与欧共体签订了长期贸易协定，继1979年初与美国的外交关系正常化以后，中美贸易发展迅速。美国遵照1980年1月25日生效的中美贸易关系协定给与中国最惠国待遇。 Breakdown分类A commodity breakdown of China’s trade shows that fuels （燃料）accounted for 24 per cent of total exports in 1982, 中国的贸易商品分类表明，1982年燃料占总出口的24%，食品占13%，纺织纤维和矿砂占7%，制造品占55%（最重要的产品是纺织品、化工产品、机械及运输设备）。自从新中国建立以来，中国一直重视进口资本设备已使加强工业部门。但是1982年进口的主要是食品，占进口总额的22%，轻工业产品占20%，机械和运输设备占17%。 During the past few years a major objective of the Chinese authorities（权威、权力）has been to reduce（减少）the proportion（比例）of agricultural exports, while increasing that of industrial and mineral products. A wide variety（多样性）of industrial goods are now exported and Chinese capital equipment has been used by a number of developing countries to establish projects in areas such as agriculture, forestry, light industry, food processing, water conservation and transport and communications. 过去几年，中国当局的主要贸易目标一直是减少农产品出口的比例，增加工业和矿产品的出口比例。中国现在出口种类繁多的工业品，许多发展中国家采用中国的资本设备，用于农业、林业、轻工业、食品加工业、水保护、交通和通信领域中的建设项目 The Balance Shifts 收支平衡变化The US dollar value of Chinese exports increased at an average rate of almost 18 per cent per annum between 1978 and 1983, while imports increased by approximately （大约）11 per cent per annum. As a result, the visible trade surplus （有形贸易顺差）rose sharply from US $ 1.4 billion in 1981 to US $ 4.4 billion in 1982 and US $ 3.7 billion in 1983. Exports grew much faster than imports during this period not only because of the strong emphasis placed on exporting by China’s economic planners, but also because a number of industrial projects were postponed in 1979. Official（官方）recognition（承认）that foreign technology could play a major role in modernising the Chinese economy had caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978 placing undue strain on the national economy. Grain imports have fallen sharply over the past few years ---- China became a net grain exporter in 1984 ---- and in 1983 the country started to export soyabeans and cotton. 1978-1983年建，中国出口额按美元计算，平均每年增长率近18%，每年进口额增长率约是11%。因此有形贸易顺差从1981年的14亿美元猛增到1982年的44亿美元，1983年是37美元。同期的出口比进口增长快得多，这不仅是因为中国的经济决策者十分重视出口，还因为许多工业项目推迟到了1979年。官方认识到，在中国经济走向现代化的过程中外国技术起着主要作用，这种认识导致1978年进口增长50%以上，给国民经济造成了不应有的重负。在过去几年粮食进口急剧减少—1984年中国成为粮食净出口国---1983年中国开始出口大豆和棉花。