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跨文化交际中翻译的语用失误及对应策略车蕾全球经济一体化加快，不同国家、不同地区之间的跨文化交流也越来越频繁，由于不同国家在生活习俗、常用语言规范、表达方式的不同，造就了跨文化交际翻译当中的语用失误，对彼此的交流、理解、沟通带来一定的影响。
跨文化交流不仅仅指同一个国家不同人群之间的交流，也包括不同国家之间人与人之间的交流。
而从翻译的方式来看，同样包括笔译与口译，由于笔译与口译之间的要求不同，因此在翻译所用时间，翻译标准度上也不尽相同。
本文就跨文化交际翻译当中出现的问题进行分析，在此基础上提出解决翻译语用失误的策略方法，为从事翻译工作者提供参考标准。
1导言语用翻译观是近十多年来出现的一种翻译新论，是语用学运用于翻译领域的结果。
何自然先生在他的《语用学与英语学习》(何自然，1997)中提出语用翻译可以通过两种语言的对比，分别研究语用语言等效和社交语用等效的问题。
他认为语用语言等效近似奈达的“动态对等翻译”（dynamicequivalenttranslation）。
语用翻译把翻译看作是一种跨文化交际活动，强调译文应再现原文的语用潜力，使译文与原文达到语用等效。
跨文化交际必须懂得语用学，因为它关系到如何正确使用和理解说话双方用以交际的语言。
人们在跨文化交际时，由文化差异造成的语用习惯差异是不可回避的事实，由此产生的语用失效会影响交际中的信息获得，导致信息错误和信息障碍，以致产生交际误解，影响交际的顺利进行。
要取得跨语言、跨文化交际的成功，必须注意英汉两种语言在语用方面的文化差异。
从语用学来说，交谈者要达到真正的理解，必须明白对方的交际意图，而交际意图往往是隐含的，这主要是靠语言所承载的民族文化及语言习惯来体现。
2翻译在跨文化当中的语用失误分析2.1原文信息与译文信息无法对等“在跨文化交流翻译当中，往往会发生这样的语用失误：原文信息与译文信息无法对等的情况。
语义信息会传达两种信息，即为表层意思和深层意思”。
摘要 语用失误分为语用语言失误和社交语用失误。
语用语言失误指语用者不能正确理解或恰当使用会话双方当时共用的语言形式和语用功能来进行达意时所产生的失误；社交语用失误指语用者无法在不同交际场合根据不同文化背景的人的语言习惯和特点进行交际时所产生的失误。
故语用语言失误产生于语言形式方面的失误；而社交语用失误产生于文化差异感知的失误。
本文着重分析产生这两类语用失误的具体原因。
关键词 语用失误;跨文化交际;文化差异;语用功能1 研究语用失误的意义英语教学的最终目的是培养学生的跨文化交际能力，根据华维芬（2000）的说法：在跨文化交际中，由于不同文化背景的人遵循不同的语用规则，会导致双方交流时出现语用失误现象。
然而，交际中语言出现语法错误是可以被谅解的，然而出现语言使用规则错误就很难被谅解了。
陈新仁和李民（2015）认为衡量英语交际是否成功的标准不再是语言形式或语言方式的表达是否符合本族语的要求，而是会话双方话语表达的可理解性、适切性和可接受性。
由此可见，英语教学只关注语言是否使用正确已经无法满足当今社会的要求。
即使语言表达形式完全正确，但一旦不符合当时的使用环境便会成为一个“笑话”。
因此，研究语用失误产生的原因非常有必要的。
2 语言和文化的关系语言和文化之间有着密不可分的关系，两者相互关联、彼此制约。
文化影响着语言的结构和内涵，而语言的差异部分也是由文化导致的；反过来，语言也影响着文化，是反应文化的一面镜子。
3 语用失误的定义与分类语用失误一词最早是由Jenny Thomas在其1983年发表的《跨文化语用失误一文中提出的。
她认为语用失误是指听话者“不理解说话者话语内容的含义。
”国内也有学者针对语用失误的定义发表了个人看法。
何自然被视为中国语用失误研究的引领者，她认为：“语用失误不是指一般遣词造句中出现的语言运用错误，而是说话不合时宜的失误，或者说话方式不妥、表达不合习惯等导致交际不能取得预期效果的失误。
浅谈跨文化交际的语用失误在日益增多的跨文化交际舞台上，由于对英语国家的社会文化背景了解不足或者不能够结合具体的语境来理解和使用英语，以至于在跨文化交际中产生语用失误。
本文就跨文化交际中的语用失误的定义，产生语用失误的原因、类别及日常生活中注意的对策做探讨，以便更好地增进跨文化交流。
标签：跨文化交际语用学语用失误（一）跨文化交际语用失误的出现随着改革开放的深入以及中国申奥成功，中国将在2008年举办奥运会，许多西方人来中国旅游或工作，同时也有很多中国人走出国门到其它国家学习和交流，这就要求更多的人能够很好地用英语与世界进行交流。
由于文化的不同，当我们用英语和外国人交流时，有时会产生一些误解，甚至无意间伤害了他们。
我们对别人的大多数误解不是因为我们不能听清楚他们所说的话，或是不能正确分析他们的语句，交谈过程中一个更为重要的难处在于——我们经常误解说话人的意图。
（二）语用原则和语用失误的关系传统的语用学研究将指示语、言语行为、会话含意理论、预设以及会话结构等作为研究的基本内容。
语用学家十分注重研究说话者的“意图”（intension）和自然意义与非自然意义的区分。
语用学家认为，人们在进行口语交际的过程中，谈话双方要想利用语言来表达、实现自己的意图，就必须共同遵守一些语用原则。
首先，谈话双方必须要遵守交际原则。
其次，谈话双方还必须得遵守“合作原则”。
最后，人们在交际过程中还要遵循礼貌原则。
语用失误不是指一般的语言运用错误，而是说话不合时宜的失误，或者说话方式不妥、表达不合习惯等导致交际不能取得预期效果的失误。
语用失误指交际中因不了解或忽视了英语本族人的语言习惯，误用了英语的其他表达方式或套用汉语的表达结构等。
（三）语用失误的分类英语语言学家托马斯（Jenny Thomas）在1983年发表了《跨文化语用失误》，对语用失误进行了定义分类。
语用失误可分为两类：1.语用——语言方面的失误。
语用——语言方面的失误与语言本身有关，是指所讲的习得语不符合这种语言本族人的语言习惯，误用了不合适的表达方式，或者不懂得习得语的正确表达方式，按母语的语言习惯直接套入习得语中去。
浅析跨文化交际中语用失误与语用能力培养跨文化交际是指不同国家不同文化背景人们之间的交际过程，成功的跨文化交际不仅需要我们具备良好的语言能力，而且也需要了解中西方文化之间的差异，增强其对目的语文化的领悟力和敏感性，提高社会文化能力，才能避免因文化差异所带来的跨文化语用失误。
一、语用失误的概念语用失误指的是：在跨文化中，交际双方因缺乏准确的理解和有效的语言使用能力而产生的对于话语或非语言信息的理解不当和表达失误。
语用失误这一概念最早是在二十世纪八十年代初由英国语言学家托马斯提出，她在其《跨文化语用失误》一文中指出：在外语学习中由于文化的差异造成的语用失误有两类：语用语言失误和社交语用失误。
1. 语用语言失误：语用语言失误只体现在语言本身，通常表现为语音、词汇、语法、句法、表达方式等方面的失误。
英国语言学家托马斯将语用语言失误归咎于对话语语用之意的错误认识，也就是说话者将本族语对某一词语或结构的语用意义套用在外语中，或表达方式不符合所使用的目的语的语言习惯而产生的失误。
2. 社交语用失误：社交语用失误是指不同文化的人在交往时，由于对对方文化背景、价值取向、思维模式、社会规范方面存在的差异缺乏了解，从而导致语言表达失误。
社交语用失误体现在以下几个方面：（一）隐私和禁忌文化差异体现在“隐私”和“禁忌”方面。
在中国文化语境中被认为是有礼貌的表达法，在英语国家的文化语境中未必是有礼貌的。
例如：中国人在一起闲聊时，经常会问及对方的年龄、收入、婚姻、家庭背景、宗教信仰等，这些在英语国家的文化语境中都被认为是禁忌和隐私的话题。
因此，我们在与西方人交谈时，应避免这类话题。
（二）恭维和赞扬中华民族是一个具有悠久历史、灿烂文化的文明礼仪之邦，崇尚谦虚美德。
例如：当别人赞扬你的英语说得很好，“Your English is quite fluent.”我们往往谦虚地说“哪里，哪里”或“一般，一般”，以表示对赞扬受之有愧。
而西方人却往往以迎合的方式接受别人的赞扬，说声“Thank you./Thanks a lot.”或“It’s very kind of you to say so.”表示欣然接受。
学习任何一门外语，都免不了接触语言相关的文化背景，当然，其中也包含诸如语法、社会等方面知识。
对此，若在实际的运用过程中无法正确理清以上几方面的关系，则在跨文化交流中难免会出现问题。
而这种的问题通常亦将表现出语言用语与社会用语两大方面。
[关键词]跨文化交际语用失误社会用语跨文化的交际过程，掌握语言仅是其一，能可基于不同的语境揣测到对方真正的会话含义，方能尽可能低避免语用失误，进而确保交际过程的顺利。
至于实际交际过程所涉及的相关认知语境，其中则分别包含了文化与思维两方面的要素。
一、跨文化语用失误表现（一）语用语言失误外语学习者，其之所以容易出现语用方面的失误，通常是因未能掌握语言的使用语境，或是依照了自身母语的套用方式来盲目套用了其他语言的表达方式。
1、套用了汉语的表达方式：如当中国售货员以“What do you want？”的方式问及外国顾客，则显然不符合英语习惯。
虽然，外国顾客亦能理解其所指为何意，但这确实是一种极不礼貌的行为，而正确的询问应是“What can I do for you？”2、违法了语言习惯。
如Mother：Jim，have you finished yourhomework？Jim：Yes，I have finished my homework，从此句的语法上来看，看似没有错误，但却违背了英语的表达习惯，并且让提问者认为说话者极不耐烦，故正确的说法应是“Yes，I have，”或“No，Ihaven't，”。
3、混淆相同表达在不同语言中的语用意义。
基于不同的语境，则相同的语言亦可表达不同的含义，如当外来游客问及中国路人“Shall I take this way？”。
若路人回以“Of course，”，雖也表达着当然之意，但却隐约包含不耐烦的情绪。
（二）社交语用失误社会用语上的失误，通常是因双方在社会文化背景方面有所差异而导致，且鉴于交谈双方的身份以及谈话语域的不同亦可能导致双方理解产生歧义。
跨文化交际中的语用失误及其应对策略随着全球化的发展和经济的全球化趋势，跨文化交际已经成为了一个非常重要的话题。
在跨文化交际中，语言是非常重要的工具，而语言中的语用也是一个非常重要的方面。
然而，由于不同的文化背景和语言背景之间的差异，跨文化交际中经常会发生语用失误。
本文将探讨跨文化交际中的语用失误及其应对策略。
一、语用失误的概念语用失误是指在跨文化交际中，由于不同的文化背景和语言背景之间的差异，使用不当的语用规则和习惯而导致的语言行为的不适当或无效。
语用失误可以参照Grice的合作原则进行研究。
合作原则是指在语言交际中，人们都有一个合作的目的，可以通过遵守一些基本原则来达到这个目的。
其中最重要的原则是：说话人应该说出真实的、相关的、明确的、完整的信息，听话人应该理解说话人的意图，不破坏交际双方的合作意愿。
在跨文化交际中，有时人们不知道如何遵守合作原则，就会发生语用失误。
二、语用失误的例子1、称呼和称谓的不当使用在不同的文化中，对于称呼和称谓的使用有着不同的规定。
在中国，我们通常会用称呼加姓氏来表示尊敬。
例如，我们会称呼老师为“张老师”，长辈为“张叔叔”或“张阿姨”。
然而，在西方国家，称呼和称谓的使用是非常严格的。
比如，在美国，称呼老师应该使用“先生”、“女士”或姓氏的缩写，而不是称呼张老师为“张先生”。
如果不知道这些规则，那么就很容易出现语用失误。
2、基于不同文化习俗的礼貌用语的误用礼貌用语在不同的文化中也是有很大的差异的。
在日本，人们通常用“ありがとうございます”表示感谢，而在西方国家，人们则会用“Thank you”表示感谢。
如果在跨文化交际中使用了不当的礼貌用语，就会出现语用失误。
3、基于不同文化习俗的非语言行为的误解在不同的文化中，非语言行为的习俗也是有很大的差异的。
比如，在中国，人们通常会给送别的人手中塞一些东西，以表达祝福和感谢之情。
然而，在西方国家，人们则会用拥抱和亲吻来表示感情。
如果在跨文化交际中，把这些非语言行为的习俗用错了，就会出现语用失误。
跨文化交际中的语用失误分析一、本文概述在全球化的今天，跨文化交际已经成为日常生活和工作中不可或缺的一部分。
然而，由于文化背景、社会习俗、语言习惯等方面的差异，跨文化交际中往往会出现各种语用失误，这些失误不仅可能导致沟通的障碍，甚至可能引发误解和冲突。
因此，对跨文化交际中的语用失误进行深入分析，具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。
本文旨在探讨跨文化交际中的语用失误现象，分析其产生的原因，并提出相应的应对策略。
文章首先回顾了相关理论和研究，界定了语用失误的概念和分类。
然后，结合具体案例，从语言习惯、社会习俗、价值观等方面分析了跨文化交际中常见的语用失误类型及其影响。
在此基础上，文章进一步探讨了如何提高跨文化交际能力，减少语用失误的发生。
本文的研究不仅对提高个体在跨文化交际中的能力有指导意义，也对促进不同文化间的理解和和谐共处具有积极意义。
二、语用失误的定义与分类在跨文化交际中，语用失误是一个核心概念，它涉及到语言使用者在交际过程中因文化差异而产生的误解或冲突。
语用失误不仅反映了语言本身的问题，更揭示了深层次的文化差异和认知冲突。
语用失误通常可以分为两类：语言语用失误和社交语用失误。
语言语用失误主要发生在语言使用的形式上，是由于对语言本身的误解或使用不当造成的。
例如，在一种文化中可能被视为礼貌或谦逊的表达，在另一种文化中可能被视为直接或冒犯。
这种失误通常是由于语言学习者对目的语的语言规则掌握不足或误解造成的。
社交语用失误则更加复杂，它涉及到语言使用者在交际过程中对文化规范、社会习俗和价值观的误解或忽视。
这种失误往往是由于交际双方对彼此文化的社会距离、行为准则和期望的误解造成的。
例如，在某些文化中，直接询问他人的年龄、婚姻状况或收入等私人信息被视为不礼貌或侵犯隐私，而在其他文化中则可能被视为友好或关心的表现。
在跨文化交际中，理解和避免语用失误至关重要。
这不仅需要语言学习者掌握语言本身的规则，更需要他们深入了解目的语的文化背景和社会习俗。
浅析跨文化交际语境下的语用失误跨文化交际是指不同文化背景的个体之间进行交流和互动的过程。
在这个过程中，由于各种原因，可能会发生语用失误。
语用失误是指在交际过程中，由于对语言使用规范或文化背景的不了解，导致交际双方之间发生误解或引起尴尬的情况。
本文将就跨文化交际语境下的语用失误进行浅析。
语言的表达方式在不同的文化中可能存在差异，这就容易导致跨文化交际中的语用失误。
在西方文化中，直接表达个人意见被视为一种自由和诚实的表现，而在东方文化中，过分直接表达个人意见可能被认为是不尊重他人或破坏社会和谐的行为。
当西方人以他们习惯的直接方式表达意见时，东方人可能会感到冒犯或受伤。
这种情况下，西方人并不是故意冒犯，而是由于不了解东方文化的习惯而发生了语用失误。
语言中的隐含意义和非语言暗示在不同文化中也可能存在差异，这也会导致跨文化交际中的语用失误。
在英语中，“你看起来很疲惫”可能被理解为对对方的关心和关怀，而在某些东方文化中，这样的说法可能被视为对对方外貌的负面评价。
当一个英语母语者用这样的话来安慰一个东方文化的人时，很可能引起对方的误解和困惑。
文化习俗和社会礼仪的差异也会导致跨文化交际中的语用失误。
在一些西方文化中，直接询问对方的年龄、婚姻状况或收入等个人隐私问题是不礼貌和不尊重的。
而在一些东方文化中，这样的问询被看作是对对方关心和尊重的表现。
当两个文化背景不同的人进行交流时，如果不了解对方文化中的这种差异，就很容易发生语用失误。
跨文化交际中的语用失误还可能涉及到言语的禁忌话题。
不同文化中存在着一些被视为敏感或禁忌的话题，例如宗教、政治、性别等。
在交流中触及这些话题可能会导致不愉快甚至冲突。
在跨文化交际中，我们需要避免触碰这些敏感话题，以免引起误解或争议。
跨文化交际语境下的语用失误是由于不同文化背景带来的语言和文化差异导致的。
要减少这种失误，我们需要增加对不同文化背景的了解和尊重，提高对不同文化习俗和社会礼仪的敏感度，避免使用可能引起误解或困惑的表达方式，并避免触碰敏感话题。
摘要语用失误是语用学研究的一个重大领域，是影响跨文化交际的重要障碍之一。
本文由导致跨文化交际语用失误所涉及的几大元素入手，如中外文化渊源差异、文化价值认同感差异、理解偏差的中外现状和将来趋势等进行讨论语用失误。
当今中外对语用的研究，重心由对语用的本义转向对引申义的研究，由此引起的中外文化渊源、文化价值认同感等一系列问题的语用研究。
本文从语用学的角度,针对跨文化交际的语用失误,分析语用失误的类型和原因,并进一步提出在跨文化交际中应注重对语用能力的提升。
关键词：交际障碍；语用失误；跨文化交际ABTRACTIn this study,in cross-cultural communication, pragmatic failure is an important area of pragmatics and one of the important barriers. This paper starts with several elements that lead to the pragmatic failures in cross-cultural communication, such as the differences in cultural origins, the differences in cultural value recognition, the current situation and future trend of the understanding deviation. Nowadays, the focusof Chinese and foreign studies on pragmatics has shifted from the original meaning of pragmatics to the extended meaning. From the perspective of pragmatics, analyzes the types and causes of pragmatic errors in cross-cultural communication, and further proposes that emphasis should be placed on the improvement of pragmatic competence in cross-cultural communication.Key words: Communication Disorder; Pragmatic Failure; Intercultural CommunicationContentsAnalysis and Countermeasures of Pragmatic Errors in Cross-cultural Communication (2)Introduction (2)Chapter I (7)Theoretical Basis (7)1.1.Theoretical Basis (7)2.1. Language pragmatic failure (8)2.2Social pragmatic failure (10)2.3. Non-verbal pragmatic failure (13)Chapter III (16)The cause analysis of pragmatic failure and strategies for Pragmatic Failures in Cross-cultural Communication (16)Conclusion (19)The solution study of Pragmatic Failures in Cross-cultural Communication (19)IntroductionPragmatic errors caused by the differences of various elements in cross-cultural communication have become a serious problem. Due to the fact that each country does not understand the cultural characteristics of native English speakers and non-native speakers, and there are differences in their beliefs, cultural value recognition and understanding, pragmatic errors occur in cross-cultural communication. Therefore, it is increasingly important to study pragmatic errors in cross-cultural communication. Expression in communication, use of vocabulary, sentence and culture value identity subtle difference also can cause communication barriers, in cross-cultural communication, we are no longer simply to express literal meaning, must be combined with the other person's social status, cultural background and environment, through a series of accurate analysis, the correct expression and understanding the true meaning of the speaker. Based on this theory, the study of pragmatics focuses on the cultural value recognition and understanding. With the development of linguistics, pragmatic errors have gradually become a hot topic among scholars. Languages have been formed for thousands of years, and their statusis not easily shaken. However, due to various cultural backgrounds, they all have fixed language structure and logical thinking. Pragmatics scholars believe that in communication, even if the speaker USES the correct and standard grammar, the deviation of the way of expression and the neglect of the cultural background and social rules can lead to communication barriers, which leads to pragmatic failure.Nowadays many scholars found the original meaning and metaphorical meaning of the study of foreign language that focus on both sides of the subject and the culture origin of differences, as well as the difference between Chinese and foreign cultural value identity understanding deviation, for us to study of pragmatic failure in cross-cultural communication pointed out the direction. However, their research is only limited to the description on the surface of language and does not focus on pragmatic errors. Now, on the basis of Jenny Thomas' classification, scholars classify pragmatic errors into pragmatic language errors and social pragmatic errors. In cross-cultural communication, the verbal expression fails to achieve the desired effect of the target language, or the structure of the mother tongue is created, and inappropriate verbal expression leads to misunderstanding and communication barriers. Social pragmatic error refers to the pragmatic error caused by the misunderstanding of the cultural background of the other party in communication. The pragmatic failures in cross-cultural communication can be analyzed from their respective beliefs, cultural value identity and understanding. Some differences between English-speaking countries and Chinese in these aspects. English-speaking countries pay great attention to the pursuit and sublimation of personal values, especially the protection of personal privacy. Therefore, it can be known that in the communication of English speaking countries, such as marriage status, children, actual age, salary, religion, etc., are private and are forbidden to be asked. However, in China, tolerance is great, and people pay attention to the harmony and friendship between people and all things in the world. So the Chinese are more collectivist. In addition, English-speaking countries also have different time control. English-speaking countries more unknown's vision of the time, but the Chinese culture under the edification of the Chinese pay more attention to the history ofexploration, in the history of Chinese pay more attention to hierarchical, and junior to his birthright, and the English-speaking countries pay attention to equality, it also makes people to say in communication, taboo language and euphemism and politeness language is different. In the long run, the differences in understanding of language habits lead to pragmatic errors and hinder the smooth progress of communication.However, according to the cross-cultural pragmatic failures redefined in this thesis, the cross-cultural pragmatic failures should be divided into three categories: pragmatic, social and nonverbal pragmatic failures. The former two belong to the verbal level and the latter to the non-verbal auxiliary level. It provides a new perspective for further analysis and countermeasures of pragmatic errors in cross-cultural communication.People living in a common society are bound to abide by social rules. Social rules are norms that regulate people's behavior in society, including cultural background, cultural value identity, religious belief and other factors. There is an old saying: "no rules, no radius." Social rule is a constraint mechanism to regulate society, and it is a criterion to regulate social behavior that can be recognized by the whole society gradually formed by people in the society in the long-term historical background. In other words, without the existence of social rules, all social activities and social existence are difficult to unify activities. We violate social rules, according to the degree of violation, will be punished by the world, both social criticism, punishment, even legal sanctions. People have to follow certain social rules and follow them naturally.As an important part of society, speech is bound to be subject to certain social rules.Just as people's expression must follow social rules, people's speech expression must follow the rules of usage Shared and created by society, that is, the rules of social language. Social language rules belong to the category of social rules in cross-cultural communication. Just as it is natural for people to follow the social norms, the verbal expression is also the observance of the rules of social language, as well as the recognition of cultural value naturally generated after they understand the cultural background of various countries and communicate with thelanguage rules of various countries. As there are differences in social rules, there must be differences in social language rules, which leads to differences in cross-cultural communication. Due to the influence of many factors, the differences become more and more severe, which will be disastrous if it is ignored in the context of today's globalization. We tend to only pay attention to the learning of grammatical structures and ignore the understanding of logical thinking and cultural background. Between different cultures is not only reflected in the pragmatic language failure refers to the pragmatic meaning in the context of a particular language make communication both sides understand the deviation caused by error, specific as phonetics, vocabulary, grammar mistakes of words, but also in social pragmatic failure and even pragmatic failures in cross-cultural nonverbal communication in auxiliary language, body posture, object object language, etc., including communication, communication, communication error. It is urgent to study pragmatic failure.People of different cultures in communication often understanding deviation or not meet expectations, such as their don't know the culture of native English speakers and between non-native characteristic, follow each other beliefs, cultural values, identity and understand the differences between the differences with the social language rules caused by lacking of awareness of cross-cultural communication breakdown, linguists called pragmatic failures.And with these words with science research community in order to smooth progress of communication all over the world, has started the study of pragmatics, and the term "pragmatic failure" began in the British linguist Jenny Thomas (1983), and the pragmatic failure into linguistic pragmatic failure and social pragmatic failure, points out that "as long as the perception by the speaker's discourse with the speaker intends to express or think should be obedient people perceived meaning is different, then creates a" pragmatic failures. He Ziran(1997) believes that "pragmatic failure is not the linguistic failure in general diction and sentence construction, but the failure in speaking out of turn, or the improper way of speaking or expression out of habit.The existing definition of Thomas and He Ziran only studies the verbal errors and ignores the importance of non-verbal AIDS. Verbal expression accounts for about one-third of verbal communication, and the remaining two-thirds is done with nonverbal assistance. Therefore, the existing pragmatic errors should be redefined as: in cross-cultural communication, one of the communicating parties is called pragmatic errors because of the misunderstanding caused by the verbal and non-verbal AIDS. Pragmatic failures can be divided into pragmatic and social pragmatic failures. Language pragmatic failure lies only in the language itself, the native language speakers live move hard stretched out the form structure, in the desire to express the meaning but not the pragmatic failures caused by clear of her intention, is due to express the original meaning of language and word meaning understanding deviation caused, often characterized by semantics, grammar, structure, expression of pragmatic failure, this also caused the social pragmatic failures. However, according to the cross-cultural pragmatic failures redefined in this paper, the cross-cultural pragmatic failures should be divided into three categories: pragmatic, social and nonverbal pragmatic failures. The former two belong to the verbal level and the latter to the non-verbal auxiliary level. It provides a new perspective for further analysis of Chinese students' misunderstanding in cross-cultural communication ,This thesis mainly adopts the literature research method to study the views of scholars on pragmatic errors.Taking pragmatic failures as the focus of pragmatics research, scholars' research shows that the study of language culture learning and background is no longer just the study of language learning, but the study of the ultimate purpose of pragmatic failures and the development direction of pragmatic failures. By means of discussion and practical verification, linguists have shown how to reasonably express their own words so that both sides can achieve the desired effect. By analyzing the understanding deviation caused by pragmatic failure, linguists have analyzed the relationship between discourse communication and cultural background. Different cultural backgrounds lead to different communication modes. There are also studies on language strategies that affect cross-cultural communication errors, and show howhuman verbal communication develops and what factors restrict human communication, which plays a very important role in our study of pragmatic errors.The first chapter introduces the background and current situation of the research, the purpose and significance of the research, the research methods and the structure of the paper.The second chapter introduces relevant theoretical research and theoretical basis.The third chapter introduces the types of pragmatic failures,The fourth chapter analyzes the causes of pragmatic failures, The fifth chapter summarizes the pragmatic failures.Chapter ITheoretical Basis1.1.Theoretical BasisThomas and definition of pragmatic failure, this article studies verbal pragmatic failures, the British linguist Jenny Thomas (1983) for further study of pragmatic failures, and the pragmatic failures can be divided into linguistic pragmatic failure and social pragmatic failure and points out that the speaker of words do not tally with the anticipated effect to make each other understand deviation cause pragmatic failure. He Ziran (1997) holds that pragmatic errors are not only linguistic errors, but also improper expression errors. However, the importance of non-verbal assistance has been gradually valued by the broad masses, which is defined as: one party of the two sides of communication is called pragmatic failure because of the misunderstanding of the other party caused by verbal expression and non-verbal assistance. Pragmatic failures can be divided into pragmatic and social pragmatic failures. Languagepragmatic failure lies only in the language itself, the native language speakers live move hard stretched out the form structure, in the desire to express the meaning but not the pragmatic failures caused by clear of her intention, is due to express the original meaning of language and word meaning understanding deviation caused, often characterized by semantics, grammar, structure, expression of pragmatic failure, this also caused the social pragmatic failures.Chapter II2.Main Types of Pragmatic Errors in Cross-culturalCommunication2.1. Language pragmatic failurePragmatic language failure refers to the errors caused by the misunderstanding of the pragmatic meaning of language in a specific context, which include errors in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. Due to the subtle influence of the native culture and the factors of their own learning ability, when learning English pronunciation, they will have an accent, ignore consonants, wrong pronunciations, wrong vowels, and ambiguous stressed syllables, resulting in phonetic errors. V ocabulary is caused by the influence of Chinese language structure which leads to the deviation of English meaning comprehension and the improper use of similar words. Grammar is caused by the confusion of tense and voice in communication. For example, Chinese students and foreign students live together in the dormitory. In themiddle of the night, Chinese students play music. The Chinese students answered, "It's 1 o 'clock at night." obviously, the Chinese students did not understand that the foreign students' specific question meant that they should have gone to sleep quietly instead of listening to music recklessly. Therefore, we must pay attention to the appropriateness of language in language communication. Pragmatic linguistic errors are mainly considered from the perspective of communicative parties.First of all, it is taken for granted that the other side can fully understand their own words, and the improper way of expression leads to pragmatic failure, such as the conversation between English speakers and Chinese.Chinese: Has Marry been set free?English speaker:What happened to her?Here the problem is a typical Chinese style of question sentence structure, and if the Chinese mean free this is Mary, general meaning come to Mary for me to play, but the English country people will think Mary accident of imprisonment its consequences, so in the appropriate context of discourse to combine their cultural background and sentence comprehensive analysis to ensure the smooth progress of communication.Again, such asEnglish speaker: Thank you.Chinese: It is my duty to do It.This is a conversation in which the Chinese accompany the English speakers to the exhibition, the English speakers express their thanks, and the Chinese reciprocate. Thank you for your company. Although the polite response of Chinese people is quite different from the normal humble response in Chinese culture, due to the cultural background of the two sides, the semantics in the speech are quite different. However, according to the normal understanding of the guests, the correct answer should be "It is my pleasure. Because English-speaking people think of "duty" as a greater responsibility and psychological burden is too heavy, contrary to social norms and other meanings, which will be uncomfortable and cause communication barriers.2.2Social pragmatic failureThe social pragmatic failure is that different cultural backgrounds have different views on the appropriate language behavior in a specific context. As a result, English-speaking countries and Chinese people misunderstand the real meaning of their words in the complex social culture, resulting in communication barriers. For example, according to Chinese traditional virtues, respecting the old and caring for the young is a virtue beyond reproach to Chinese students. Anglophone elders, however, see the attention given to her as a sign of old age and distemper, causing difficulties in communication. Differences in cultural background and cultural values lead to this social pragmatic failure. People from different cultural backgrounds may have a wrong understanding of inappropriate speech patterns. Behaviors that are generally accepted in one culture are not recognized or even discarded in another culture. What is appropriate and appropriate to express in one culture is considered naive and ignorant in another culture. These ubiquitous differences in the sense of value identity lead to communication difficulties and obstacles between English-speaking countries and Chinese people. Learners of English are influenced by the logical thinking of their mother tongue in language expression and use English according to the structure of their mother tongue. This deep-rooted cultural atmosphere interferes with our learning of English, which we call negative cultural transfer. The greater the cultural differences between English-speaking countries and Chinese, the greater the negative cultural transfer gap, and the higher the failure rate of pragmatic mistakes. Some typical examples of negative cultural transfer in the failure of social pragmatics, which is one of the important reasons for the failure of cross-cultural communication.Cultural background differences lead to social pragmatic errors in greeting, personal, euphemism, polite language and taboo words.Social pragmatic failures of greeting and person.For exampleA student greets an English-speaking teacher with "Hello ,the teacher John."This kind of pragmatic mistake is a typical mistake in English and Chinese modes. In English countries, we should use Sir, Madam, Mr, Mrs, Miss, Ms and theirsurnames to address each other. We can't use personal occupation as the address. Chinese call teacher Li, doctor Lin, manager Wu and so on. It can be seen that the differences in cultural backgrounds lead to the failure of communication everywhere. There are also privacy issues that English speakers refuse to answer and loathe.And privacy protections for English speakers cannot be ignored."Older?" "From where? "How many people in the family?""what is your occupation?" "how much is your salary?"And so on. Although the Chinese are not willing to answer, but the Chinese will polite polite response, English speakers will directly refuse or even reduce contact. This protection of privacy is also due to cultural differences.The social pragmatic failure of polite language, polite language can make you grasp the right time in communication and praise the other party appropriately to make the communication go smoothly, polite language in the conversation from time to time to use polite words transition dialogue, so that the conversation goes on smoothly. Pragmatic rules are relatively existing and common among countries, but the most important thing is to understand the cultural background of both sides and to restore the appropriateness of language to the greatest extent. Different language structures have similarities and great differences in details, which require the joint efforts of both sides in communication to grasp the similarities of conversation as far as possible to common communication, so that the two sides can communicate smoothly. The two sides of the communication with different cultural backgrounds grasp the use and flexibility of pragmatic rules, and measure the communicative standards and forms of expression.An English-speaking student goes to a Chinese student's home for dinner and says "I can eat all of this food" to show his satisfaction with the food, but the Chinese student thinks there is not enough food for him! If Chinese people invite friends from English-speaking countries to dinner, they always say humbly, "there is no good food to serve, please excuse me until you arrive, please help yourself!" People in English-speaking countries think, "since you invited me to dinner, shouldn't you treat me well? Wouldn't it be better to have a good reception?" It can be seen that theunderstanding of table manners is also very deviated, and the social pragmatics mistakes are not properly grasped, which leads to the departure of the party.Social pragmatic failure of taboo words and euphemism. Taboo words and euphemism are mutually complementary and closely attached to each other. Since there are some taboos, euphemism should be used to avoid them to ensure smooth communication. Taboo words and euphemisms exist in most languages, which are the product of the long-term formation of the society. However, euphemisms are relatively generated from this, enabling people to follow the principle of politeness in their lives, and thus language has broad commonality. In English-speaking countries of "old" euphemism is particularly, mapping in English-speaking countries people taboo "old" social mentality, old man most single life had come to the English countries, sad lonely, so the "old" is a taboo, resulting in English-speaking countries, known as "senior citizens" elderly (an senior citizen), it is stray flower defeated , but euphemistically called hale and hearty. Chinese people more grief, Chinese culture is not to "old" is the taboo, national tradition also has the traditional culture of "respect", the old man most has children to take care of, in the home is "the home has a old if there is a treasure" of say, universal respect and care for, old "in the Chinese culture far from a daunting word, instead it gives a person the sense with a kind of" respected ". People like to use "old" to show respect, love, respect, such as "you old, old gentleman, old cadres, old revolutionary old professor" and so on, these are the title of respect for the elderly, it seems friendly. But this is forbidden in English-speaking cultures. English speakers don't usually call people "old" to their faces, so how old are you? Although it may seem polite, the other person will not like it, because he may think you are laughing at his lack of usefulness. At the same time of language learning, communicative competence is reflected not only in the correctness of the grammatical structure of language, but also in the appropriateness of social pragmatic language.The aim of language learning is to cultivate students with language communication, and the cultivation of communicative ability and cultural background of learning and teaching have a close relationship, when learning a language, if simply learning language syntax and does not include the culture background, not tounderstand the social rules of the language, and cannot accurately, in communication. Let the students enhance their awareness of the culture of English-speaking countries, subtly, improve the understanding of the culture of English-speaking countries, cultivate the sense of cultural value and correct cultural perception.There are a lot of social pragmatic errors in cross-cultural communication, so it is particularly important to study social pragmatic errors, which not only helps to reduce pragmatic errors in cross-cultural communication, but also promotes the effective conduct of cross-cultural communication. Through a concrete analysis of the various manifestations of the study of social pragmatic errors, we can explore the underlying historical causes such as historical formation, cultural values and sense of identity. To understand and analyze the culture of English-speaking countries and improve the understanding of different cultures is also an effective way to reduce social pragmatic errors in communication.For exampleIn China, people may ask one another, "how old are you?What kind of work do you do ?And how much does it pay? "And so on.In the context of China's extensive and profound culture is an appropriate speech act, popular and cordial. But in foreign countries where English is the native language, they pay special attention to privacy protection and inviolability, which will lead to antipathy, and they will directly refuse to answer, thus causing communication barriers.2.3. Non-verbal pragmatic failurePragmatic failures in cross-cultural non-verbal communication are embodied in auxiliary language, body posture and object language and other aspects, including communicative behavior, communicative mode, communicative situation mistakes. Nonverbal communication is to assist and create the right atmosphere so that the speaker can express the meaning of the conversation more accurately. Facial expression is the main expression of communication, while smile is the leading part ofexpression. In the same social situation, people from different cultures have different understandings of smile. For example, if people in English-speaking countries hear the other side of the joke during the meal habit of whispering, low-key and elegant continue to eat. Chinese people, however, laugh and share jokes with those around them to create a harmonious atmosphere. People in English-speaking countries, however, believe that they interfere with other people's normal eating and cause communication problems. For example, when a person makes a mistake, he/she reflects on himself/herself with an expression of guilt and self-reproach, while making a humble and careful apology in his/her tone. In this way, he/she can express his/her guilt in a coherent auxiliary language and express his/her attitude and body with an expression that makes people feel that they are worthy to be taught.Gestures reinforce confidence and courage in the words they are trying to express.For exampleThe speaker say, "we can only succeed in this way."At the same time, the others with their heads up, their bodies straight, their drummers, and their enthusiasm, express their firm ideals and beliefs.Object including gestures, eye, face, expression, atmosphere, etc., can play in the appropriate atmosphere using the appropriate expression make communication smoothly, for example: conversation, people use gestures, eye, posture, and pause tone hint at his words, transition, emphasizing the importance of making words can make each other understand more. It can be seen from this that if we ignore the assistance of non-verbal communication, it will replace the adjustment, emphasis and cooperation of verbal communication. In verbal communication, you will complete the sentences in accordance with the grammatical structure with fear, but in interpersonal communication, you will violate or be unfamiliar with the cultural background of the other party, and the use of inappropriate auxiliary language in an inappropriate atmosphere will still hinder the smooth communication.There is also a big difference in the expression of eyes between English-speaking countries and Chinese people in communication. Chinese people do。
浅析跨文化交际中的语用失误作者：王革李玲来源：《教育教学论坛》2014年第04期摘要：我国改革开放以来，尤其加入世贸组织后，国际交流越来越多，英语学习越来越被重视。
如今，每个人似乎都会说几句英语，但是语言能力并不代表交际能力。
在跨文化交际中，因语用失误，导致双方误解的现象频频发生。
本文将从跨文化交际和语用失误理论展开，着重介绍并以例证分析日常跨文化交际中常见的语用失误，并在此基础上呼吁英语学习者培养跨文化交际意识，提高跨文化交际能力，减少语用失误。
关键词：跨文化交际；语用失误；误解中图分类号：G642 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-9324（2014）04-0009-02一、跨文化交际与语用失误当今，随着经济全球化，国际交流日益频繁，在工作、学习、旅游中难免会出现与来自不同国家、不同文化背景的人们进行交流与沟通的情况。
因此，具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程就是跨文化交际（胡文仲，1999）。
在跨文化交际的过程中，交际受阻或者失败，甚至会影响双方感情的事件时有发生。
很多人把这种交际失败简单地归纳为语言的失误，但是越来越多的事实证明，只懂语言并不能解决所有的交际问题。
而是由于社会文化、思维方式、风俗习惯等的差异，导致跨文化交际中出现语用失误与误解现象。
语用学，即语言实用学，是语言学的一个新领域，它研究在特定情景中的特定话语，特别是研究在不同的语言交际环境下如何理解语言和运用语言（何自然，1987）。
就语用失误，何自然教授指出，语用失误（pragmatic failure）不是指一般的遣词造句中出现的语言运用错误（performance errors），而是说话不合时宜的失误，或者说话方式不妥、表达不合习惯等导致交际不能取得预期效果的失误。
Thomas说过，在言语交际中，说话人没能根据标准的语法编码模式去遣词造句，他顶多被认为是“说得不好”（speaking badly）；但没有按照语用原则来处理话语，他就会被认为是“表现不好”（behaving badly），被认为是“不真诚的、存心欺骗的或居心不良的人”（何自然，1998）。
龙源期刊网 http://www.qikan.com.cn 浅析跨文化交际中的语用失误 作者：章光虎 来源：《成才之路》2010年第33期
摘要：在人类文化的发展过程中，语言与文化始终是同步发展变化，它们相互依存、相互影响。如果不了解目的语国家的社会环境和文化背景，就不了解目的语国家的语言结构和语言习惯，在跨文化交际中，就会由于文化心理和交往规则的不同而发生碰撞，产生文化冲突和交际障碍，甚至导致交际失败。这就是所谓的“语用失误”现象。本文从语用失误的定义、分类、产生的原因以及如何培养语用能力几方面，分析了跨文化交际中的语用失误这一现象。
关键词：跨文化交际；语用失误；母语迁移；思维模式
21世纪是一个富有挑战性的世纪，随着我国对外开放政策的进一步深入、世界贸易组织的加入、网络时代的到来，这一切使得我国与国际间的交往越来越频繁，英语的地位显得越来越重要。面对这一机遇与挑战，学生理所当然把英语看成是走向社会、进行对外交往的必要工具。我国广大教师也越来越深刻地体会到培养学生的英语能力，提高他们的英语水平，只着眼于教会学生理解和分析规范的语句，或者只要求他们多听多说是不够的；一些英语的应用原则，简称为英语语用原则，不可不教，否则，学生在与操英语的本族人进行交流时，也就是在跨文化交际中，就会出现语用失误，并常常会因此而产生误解，引起文化休克。
一、语用失误的定义 最早研究语用失误的是英国著名语用学家Jenny Thomas，她在1983年发表的《跨文化语用失误》(Cross-Cultural Pragmatic Failure)一文中指出，语用失误是不能理解话语的含义(The inability to understand what is meant by what is said)。由此，我们可以得出跨文化交际的语用失误是指文化不同的交际者在交际过程中因未能准确及时地理解话语的隐含意义而导致的误解、不和乃至冲突等现象。我国对语用失误的研究始于何自然等，他们从1984年开始采用Thomas的理论对英汉语用差异进行了调查研究，对语用失误这一概念也作出了许多解释与说明。跨文化语用失误指的是在跨文化交际过程中，说话人不自觉地违反了交际规范、社会规约。或者不合时间空间、不看对象、不顾交际双方的身份、地位、场合等，违背目的语特有的文化价值观念，使交际行为中断或失败，使语言交际遇到障碍，导致交际不能取得预期效果或达到完美的交际效果。这种失误不是指语法错误，而是指说话方式不妥，或不符合表达习惯，或不合时宜等，导致交际不能取得预期效果的失误。例如，一位在中国工作多年的英国教师到学校礼堂去看电影，路上遇到他的学生，学生处于礼貌就打招呼说：“Are you going to the cinema？”这位英国教师觉得很奇怪，心想你们明明知道我去看电影，还要问我这个问题，学生走之后，他说道：“What a stupid question!” 龙源期刊网 http://www.qikan.com.cn 二、 语用失误的分类 1. 语言本身的语用失误 包括两个方面，其一是不符合说英语的本族人的语言习惯，误用英语的表达方式；其二是不懂英语的正确表达式，按母语的词义和结构套用英语。比如外宾来中国参观，行程结束时，外宾感觉很满意，就对陪同人员说：“Thank you very much.”陪同人员答道：“It’s my duty to do so.”中方用这样的答语是用于汉语环境下恰当的言语行为，有时还可以用复合式的言语行为，即陈述+说明：不用谢——这是我应该做的。在汉语中这绝非有意的冷待，而是谦逊的答礼。可外宾期望听到：“It’s my pleasure.”他们认为“duty”是另有他意，他们的理解就是：不用谢，我是没有办法才这样做的，因为这是我的职责；否则我是不会来陪你的。所以外宾事后回顾说：“我当时听到这句话感到非常诧异。”
浅析跨文化交际语境下的语用失误跨文化交际语境下的语用失误是指在与不同语言和文化背景的人交流时，由于不同的语言习惯、文化观念等因素而产生的语言使用错误或不当的情况。
这种失误可能会导致误解、冲突或尴尬的局面，甚至可能影响交流双方的关系。
了解和避免跨文化交际语境下的语用失误对于有效地进行跨文化交流至关重要。
一个常见的语用失误是直译。
直译是指将原文的词汇、短语或句子逐字逐句地翻译成目标语言，而不考虑目标语言的语言习惯和文化背景。
这种失误可能导致意思混淆或不恰当的表达。
一些中国学生在英语写作中会使用中式英语，这是因为他们直接从中文翻译而来，而没有考虑到英语的表达习惯和思维方式。
语用失误还包括使用错误的礼貌语和不恰当的称呼。
在不同的文化中，对待长辈、上司、客人等的称呼和礼貌用语是不同的。
如果不了解这些文化差异，人们可能会使用错误的称呼或不恰当的礼貌用语，给对方留下不尊重或不礼貌的印象。
在某些文化中，称呼陌生人为“先生”或“女士”是正常的，但在其他文化中可能被认为是过于正式或冷漠。
文化背景差异也可能导致语用失误。
不同的文化对于身体语言、面部表情和眼神交流的理解和使用方式也有所不同。
在一些西方文化中，笑容被认为是友善和热情的表达方式，但在一些东方文化中，保持面部表情中立被认为是文化礼节的一部分。
如果不了解这些差异，人们可能会错误地解读对方的意图或给对方带来误解。
除了以上提到的几个例子，还有很多其他类型的语用失误，例如使用不恰当的幽默、使用含有歧视性词语或言论等。
为了避免这些失误，人们需要增强对不同语言和文化背景的了解，并尊重对方的价值观和习惯。
积极主动地学习和练习目标语言的交际技巧也是减少语用失误的重要手段。
通过与来自不同文化背景的人进行交流和互动，加强对语言使用和文化习惯的认识，有助于提高自己的跨文化交际能力。
跨文化交际语境下的语用失误是难免的，但可以通过增强对不同语言和文化背景的了解、避免直译、正确使用礼貌语和称呼、注意文化差异等手段来减少这些失误的发生。
中日跨文化交际语用失误分析及对策跨文化交际语用失误是交际双方因不理解对方的意图而发生的沟通失误。
通过分析导致中日跨文化交际语用失误的成因，即语言差异、文化背景和习惯差异导致的社交理念差异、以及受文化定势的影响，针对性地提出改进意见，降低中日交流过程中误会发生的可能性。
标签：中日跨文化交际；语用失误；语言；社交理念；文化定势引言近年来，中日两国互赴旅游、留学、工作热潮持续升温。
以中国游客赴日旅游为例，2015年出现了井喷式增长。
日本政府观光局公布的统计资料显示，2015年1月至10月中国大陆赴日游客超428.4万人，较去年同期增长112.9%，中国游客的消费观念也给日本民众以强大的冲击，催生了“爆买”一词，并在年度日本十大流行语票选中拔得头筹〔1〕。
与此同时我们也遗憾的看到，根据凤凰卫视的一档《寰宇大战略》日本智库言论MPU的调查显示，84.3%的日本人对中国印象不佳，而对日本有负面印象的中国人也高达64.5%。
一方面是日益频繁的交际，另一方面是对彼此印象的恶化，两者严重矛盾，长此以往势必影响中日民间交往的健康发展。
中日两国的关系用“一衣带水的邻邦”来形容恰如其分，撇开长久以来的政治恩怨、地缘纠葛，细想起来，飞行距离短且感受不到时差、似曾相似的语言、源远流长的文化渊源、趋近的黄皮肤黑头发，都可以成为两国民众“相熟”并增进感情的理由。
然而事实上中日民众的交际存在诸多文化碰撞下的“水土不服”，又鉴于对这些现象背后深层次的误读，助推了双方在互为差评师的道路上渐行渐远。
本文试图立足于跨文化语用失误角度，探究导致中日交际语用失误的成因，并相应提出改善对策，以期对中日跨文化交际朝着正向发展提供一些参考。
一、跨文化交际语用失误的概念和分类语用失误（Pragmatic Failure）是由英国语言学家托马斯（Jenny Thomas）于上世纪八十年代提出的。
她在“跨文化语用失误”（Cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure）一文中使用了语用失误（Pragmatic Failure），以区别于以往的语用错误（Pragmatic Error）概念。
跨文化交际中的语用失误分析与对策跨越不同文化背景的交际经常会发生故障。
语言学家将人们在言语交际中，因没有达到完满交际效果的差错，统称为语用失误。
本文结合中西文化对比，以英汉语交际为例分析了跨文化交际中的语用失误的原因，并提出了几种避免或克服这种现象的对策。
标签：跨文化交际语用失误对策一、前言近几年来，经济的迅猛发展与技术的飞速进步把我们带到了一个全球化的时代，来自不同文化背景的人际之间的交流也越来越频繁。
值得注意的是，不同的知识背景，甚至同一个信息也会由不同的人理解为不同的意思，这些都会引起交际障碍，这就是交际失败。
这种交际失败导致某人的意图没有真正被对方理解。
然而在跨文化交际中大多数的交际失败都是由语用失误引起的。
正因如此，语用失误的研究对跨文化交际、二语习得等学科有重要意义。
本文结合中西文化对比，以英汉语交际为例分析了跨文化交际中的语用失误的原因，并提出了几种避免或克服这种现象的对策。
为了了解跨文化交际中的语用失误，本文先介绍了跨文化交际和语用失误，并分析了两者之间的联系。
然后本文重点讨论了引起跨文化交际中的语用失误的原因。
最后针对前面所讨论的原因提出了一些相应的对策。
二、跨文化交际不同文化的交际活动随着人类经济和文化的发展而频繁。
有很多方式可以用来表示跨文化交际，如：“intercultural communication”和“cross-cultural communication”，而大多数人们采用“intercultural communication”。
在很多情况下，“intercultural communication”和“cross-cultural communication”是相同的意思，但是Gudykunst和Kim在他们的《跨文化交际理论》的序言中对它们进行了区分，认为前者是不同文化现象的比较，而后者是不同文化背景的人们的相互影响。
“intercultural communication”的研究一般都认为包括“cross-cultural communication”。
