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ventilation of multiple-bed hospital wards in the tropics

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Theventilationofmultiple-bedhospitalwardsinthetropics:AreviewY.H.Yau*,D.Chandrasegaran,A.BadarudinDepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofMalaya,50603KualaLumpur,Malaysia

articleinfoArticlehistory:Received31August2010Receivedinrevisedform5November2010Accepted19November2010Availableonline27November2010Keywords:HospitalwardsIndoorairqualityEngineeringcontrolNumericalmethodTropicalclimatesabstractHospitalandhealthcarefacilitieshavediverseindoorenvironmentduetothedifferentcomfortandhealthneedsofitsoccupants.Currently,mostventilationstudiesrevolvearoundspecialisedareassuchasoperatingroomsandisolationrooms.Thispaperfocusesontheventilationofmultiple-bedhospitalwardsinthetropicalclimate,takingintoaccountthedesign,indoorconditionsandengineeringcontrols.Generalwardlayoutsaredescribedbriefly.Therequiredindoorconditionssuchastemperature,humidity,airmovementsandindoorairqualityinthewardspacesaresummarizedbasedonthecurrentguidelinesandpractices.Also,recentstudiesandengineeringpracticesinthehospitalindoorenviron-mentareelaborated.Usageofcomputationalfluiddynamicstoolsfortheventilationstudiesisdiscussedaswell.Asidentifiedduringthereview,thereisanapparentknowledgegapforventilationstudiesinthetropicscomparedwithtemperateclimates,asfactstudieshaveonlybeenpublishedforhospitalwardsincountrieswithatemperateclimate.Therefore,itishighlightedthatspecifictropicalstudiesalongwithnovelengineeringcontrolsarerequiredinaddressingtheventilationrequirementsforthetropics.Ó2010ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.

1.IntroductionHospitalandhealthcarefacilitieshavediverseindoorenvi-ronmentsduetothevaryingneedsofpatientsandhealthcareworkers.Theindoorenvironmentsrangefromasimplegeneralpractitioners’roomtoanoperatingroom.Furthermore,there-centpandemicofinfluenzacreatesthemaximumlikelihoodforairbornetransmissionbycongregatingcommunicableandvul-nerableindividualsinhealthcarefacilities.Atthistime,ventilationinhealthcarefacilitiesisimportantasitprovidesthermalcomfortandprotectionfromharmfulemissionsorairbornepathogenicmaterialstobothpatientsandhealthcareworkers[1].Typically,theventilationrequirementsforspacesaregovernedbybuildingcodes,regulationsandspecificguidelinesfurnishedbythelocalhealthauthoritiesandothers[2e5].Theserequirementsvarybycountry,dependingonthegeographicloca-tion,economicbackgroundandthecountry’sspecificneeds.

Thebenefitsofenvironmentalcontrolforisolationwardsandoperatingroomtheatreshavebeenrecordedandanalysedthor-oughly.However,thereisalackofventilationstudiesonopenwardfacilities,whichiswheremostpatientsareplaced,especiallyinthetropics.Recentoutbreaksofpandemicdiseaseshaveheightenedtherisksassociatedwiththesefacilities.Thus,inthispaper,thecurrentstateofknowledgeoftheventilationofmultiple-bedhospitalwardsisreviewed.

2.VentilationinhealthcarefacilitiesByandlarge,thepurposeofventilationinanyoccupiedspaceistoprovidefreshairtotheoccupantsandremoveheatgeneratedwithinaconfinedspace.Inhealthcarefacilities,theventilationsystemshouldalsohelppreventdiseasesandtreatpatients.Researchhasshownthatthedesigncharacteristicsofahealth-carefacility,whichincludeventilationandlayoutimprovements,canenhancethehealthoutcomeofthepatientsandprovideabetterworkingenvironmentforemployees[6].Therefore,overallhealth-carequalitycanbepartlyenhancedbyimprovingtheventilation.Manyreportshaveshownthatinfectiousdiseasesoccurduetoairbornetransmissionandsurfacecontaminationsbydropletnuclei.ThistopicisfurtherelaboratedinSection6.TransmissionofSevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome(SARS)hasbeendocumentedindifferentcircumstancesandlocationsworldwideandisfoundtobehighlycommunicableinhealthcaresettings[7,8].AirbornetransmissionsarenotonlylimitedtotheSARSepisodebutalsoextendtonosocomialinfections,whicharemoreprevalentin

Abbreviations:ACH,airchangesperhour;ASHRAE,Americansocietyofheating,refrigeratingandair-conditioningengineers;CDC,centersfordiseasecontrol;CFD,computationalfluiddynamic;HCW,healthcareworkers;HEPA,highefficiencyparticulateair;HICPAC,healthcareinfectioncontrolpracticesadvisorycommittee;IAQ,indoorairquality;MRSA,methicillin-resistantStaphylococcusaureus;RANS,ReynoldsaveragedNaviereStokes;RNG,re-normalisationgroup;SARS,severeacuterespiratorysyndrome;SBS,sickbuildingsyndrome;UV,ultraviolet;UVGI,ultravioletgermicidalirradiation;WHO,WorldHealthOrganization.*Correspondingauthor.Tel.:þ60379675210;fax:þ60379675317.

E-mailaddress:yhyau@um.edu.my(Y.H.Yau).

ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectBuildingandEnvironment

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专业英语科技论文写作

专业英语科技论文写作


Structure arrangement and writing Structure

Title Authors and Address Abstract Key words Where do I start?


Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion & Conclusion
NDD----New drug discovery 新药发现 NDC----New drug candidate 候选药物 LC---Leading compound 先导化合物 HTS---High-throughput screening 高通量筛选 NCE---new chemical entities 新颖化学实体 Me-too 模仿类药物 IND---Investigational new drug 申请作为临床研究新药 NDA---New drug application 申请作为注册新药 CRF----Case report form 病例报告表 ICF----Informed consent form 知情同意书 IB-----Investigator’s Brochure 研究者手册 CRO---Contract research organization 合同研究组织 QC-----Quality control QA----- Quality assurance TCM----Traditional Chinese Medicine OTC----Over The Counter 非处方药

刊物的宗旨和范围； 各栏目论文的长度、章节的顺序安排, 等；

采取何种体例格式? 如: 页边距、纸张大小、参 考文献的体例、图表的准备、等； 履行何种形式的同行评议?
ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010

ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010


Equipment Efficiency Changes
The following is a summary of updates to the equipment efficiencies required by 90.1-2010. Air conditioners and heat pumps. Efficiencies for air conditioners and heat pumps have been improved substantially in recent years. In fact, when compared to the 1989 standard, there is approximately a 17 percent Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) improvement in the larger sizes and 30 percent in the 5- to 20-ton category. For small, less than 5-ton, equipment the change is approximately 34 percent Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) improvement. Equipment schedules now incorporate a new term called Integrated Energy Efficiency Ratio (IEER). This new metric was developed for unitary products to replace Integrated Part Load Value (IPLV) and encourage designs that have better part-load performance. (Addendum S)
洁净工程专业英语

洁净工程专业英语

洁净厂房词汇中英文对照,大家补充.更衣室Changing Room一更First Changing Room手消室Hands Disinfection Room气闸室Airlock Room洁具室Cleaning Tools Room清洗室Cleaning Room模具室Dies Room内包装室Immediate Package Room安全门Emergency Door外包清室Outer Package Removing Room存料间Storage Room of Raw Materials粉碎室Pulverizing Room备料室Materials Preparing Room硬胶室Hard Capsules Filling Room 软胶室Soft Capsules Room制粒干燥室Granulating and Drying Room总混间Blending Room中间站Intermediate Station压片室Tablets Room Compression Room包衣室Coating Room配浆间Coating Mixture Preparing Room 铝塑包装间Packing Room传递窗Transferring Window外包装室Outer Packing Room蒸馏水室Water Purifying Room质检室Quality Control Room浓配室Concentrated Solution Room稀配室Diluted Solution Room灌封室Filling and Sealing Room存瓶室Ampul Storage Room洗瓶室Ampul Cleaning Room灭菌间Sterilizing Room灯检室Light Inspection Room粉针室Lyophilized Sterile Powder Room 冷冻干燥机Lyophilizer项目管理翻译词汇GMP英语PIC/S的全称为：Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention/Pharmaceutical Inspection Cooperation Scheme, PIC/S(制药检查草案), 药品检查协会(PIC/S) ,也有人称PIC/S为医药审查会议/合作计划（PIC/S）PIC的权威翻译：药品生产检查相互承认公约API(Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient) 原料药又称：活性药物组分Air Lock 气闸Authorized Person 授权人Batch/Lot 批次Batch Number/Lot-Number 批号；Batch Numbering System 批次编码系统；Batch Records 批记录；Bulk Product 待包装品；Calibration 校正；Clean area 洁净区；Consignment（Delivery）托销药品。

空调工程计算书

空调工程计算书

摘要本设计为金运来宾馆空调工程设计，该建筑占地面积623.9㎡，建筑面积4991.5㎡。

主要有：空调冷热、湿负荷计算；空调方案选择分析；空调风系统焓湿图分析、送风量确定、末端空调设备选择计算；风管、风口布置、风管选择计算；空调水系统、凝水系统的选择布置；送排风、防排烟系统选择计算；冷热源、空调泵、定压装置等选择计算；冷却塔、冷却泵、冷却水系统选择计算；集水器、分汽缸、保温、减震、噪声防止等选择计算及水管、风管、制冷机房的布置。

本设计根据设计要求及实际情况采用了较合理的方案。

通过对几种常用冷热源方案的比较分析，并结合本建筑实际情况，本设计采用螺杆型冷水机组和汽-水换热器的冷热源组合方式，冷热源机房位于地下室。

关键词负荷空调制冷通风SummaryThis design is the air conditioning project of Jinyunlai hotel. The building covers 623.9 m2 and its building area is 4991.5 m2.It mainly has the hot, the wet load computation; Air conditioning design proposal choice analysis; the air conditioning wind system enthalpy wet chart analysis, delivers the amount of wind determination, the terminal air conditioning equipment choice computation; wind tube, gusty area arrangement, wind tube choice computation; air conditioning aqueous system, condensing water system choice arrangement computation; delivers a row of wind, guards against discharges fume the system choice computation; The cold heat source, the air conditioning pump, choice computation and so on constant pressure unit; the cooling tower, cooling pumps, the cooling water system choice computation; The water collector, divides the cylinder, the heat preservation, the absorption of shock, the noise prevents and so on the choice computation and the water pipe, the wind tube, the refrigeration engine room arrangement. This design basis designed the request and the actual situation has used a more reasonable plan.After analyzing several uaual cooling and heating resources and the building feature, we decide to use water-cooling screw unit and vapor-water heat exchanger as the cooling and heating resources of air conditioning system relatively. The machine room of above equipments is placed in the underground floor.Key word The load Air conditioning Refrigeration Ventilates目录摘要 (1)1.1项目概况 (1)1.2室外设计参数 (1)1.3室内设计参数 (2)1.4其他设计依据 (2)1.4.1建筑材料： (2)1.4.2建筑材料传热系数 (2)1.4.3照明 (3)1.5设计原则 (3)2 空调冷热、湿负荷计算 (4)2.1 冷负荷计算 (4)2.1.1 外墙和屋面传热冷负荷 (4)2.1.2 外窗的温差传热冷负荷 (4)2.1.3 外窗太阳辐射冷负荷 (4)2.1.4 内围护结构的传热冷负荷 (5)2.1.5 人体冷负荷 (5)2.1.6 灯光冷负荷 (5)2.1.7 设备冷负荷 (6)2.1.8 伴随散湿过程的潜热冷负荷 (6)2.2热负荷计算 (6)2.2.1围护结构的耗热量 (6)2.2.2 门窗缝隙渗入冷空气的耗热量 (7)2.3 湿负荷计算 (7)2.4 冷热、湿负荷汇总 (10)2.5 新风量的确定 (10)2.5.1 单个房间空调系统最小新风量的确定 (11)2.5.2 多个房间空调系统最小新风量的确定 (11)3 冷、热源的确定 (12)3.1 冷、热源种类的选择 (12)3.2 三种方案的经济性比较 (13)3.3 冷水机组的选择 (15)4 空调系统的设计方案 (16)4.1 各种空调系统的特征及使用性 (16)4.2 几种空调系统的工况分析 (18)4.2.1 露点送风空调系统 (18)4.2.2 单风道V A V空调系统 (18)4.2.3 风机盘管+新风空调系统 (19)4.2.4 VRV变制冷剂流量多联分体式空调系统 (20)4.3 本工程各空调区域的设计方案 (20)4.3.1 客房空调系统 (20)4.3.2 大堂空调系统 (21)4.3.3 商场、餐厅空调系统 (21)4.4 空调系统送风量计算及设备选择校核 (21)4.4.1 风机盘管+新风系统 (21)4.4.2 全空气系统 (23)5 气流组织的设计 (27)5.1 气流组织的基本概念 (27)5.2 空调送风口与回风口选择计算 (27)5.2.1 送风口的选择计算 (27)5.2.2 回风口的选择计算 (29)5.3 空间气流分布的形式 (30)5.4 风管系统最不利环路压力损失计算 (30)6 冷、热源有关设备的选择 (32)6.1 冷冻水泵的选择 (32)6.1.1 水泵的流量计算 (32)6.1.2 水泵的扬程计算 (32)6.1.3冷冻水水系统的最不利环路的阻力 (32)6.2 冷却水系统的选择计算 (34)6.2.1 冷却塔选择计算 (34)6.2.2 冷却水泵的选择计算 (34)6.3 膨胀水箱的选择计算 (34)6.4 汽-水换热器的选择计算 (35)7 空调水系统的设计及计算 (37)7.1 空调水系统方式的选择 (37)7.2 冷冻水管路布置及管径的确定 (39)7.2.1 冷冻水管的计算 (39)7.2.2 凝结水管管径按下表选取： (39)7.3 水系统的泄水和排气 (39)7.3.1 泄水设计 (39)7.3.2 排气设计 (39)8 系统的保温、消声和隔振 (41)8.1 保温层的计算 (41)8.1.1 防止结露的保温层厚度 (41)8.1.2 保温层的经济厚度 (41)8.1.3 保温层厚度的确定 (42)8.2噪声及隔声、减振处理 (42)8.2.1 噪声来源 (42)8.2.2 消声、隔声处理 (42)8.2.3 减振设计 (43)9 通风系统的设计 (45)9.1 通风方式的选择 (45)9.2 排风量的计算 (45)9.2.1 地下室通风量的计算 (45)9.2.2 卫生间排风量的计算 (45)9.3 空调建筑的防火防烟措施 (46)9.3.1 建筑设计的防火和防排烟分区 (46)9.3.2 空调设计与防火防烟 (46)9.4 前室与楼梯间的正压送风 (47)9.5 排烟系统的计算 (48)参考文献 (49)附录2-1 各个房间夏季冷负荷与新风量 (50)附录2-2 各个房间冬季热负荷与新风量 (52)附录2-3 各个房间逐时冷负荷汇总 (54)1 设计原始资料1.1项目概况该建筑为上海金运来宾馆，地上八层，地下一层，占地面积623.94 m2，建筑面积为4991.52 m2，空调面积为3746.37 m2。